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Case IH axial-flow combines

Case IH Axial-Flow combines are a flagship line of combine harvesters produced by Case IH, featuring a pioneering single-rotor axial-flow design that integrates threshing and separation in a continuous axial path, resulting in gentler crop handling, higher grain quality, and reduced mechanical complexity compared to traditional tangential-flow machines.^[1]^[2] The development of the Axial-Flow system began in the late 1950s at International Harvester's East Moline facility in Illinois, where engineers like Elof Karlsson and Mel Van Buskirk conducted secretive testing in a locked garage to protect the innovative rotary concept from competitors.^[3] After overcoming challenges such as handling tough straw crops through iterative prototypes and high-speed film analysis, International Harvester introduced the first production models—the 1440 (135 hp) and 1460 (170 hp)—in the fall of 1977, marking a revolutionary shift in combine design with an open concave and cylinder system that emphasized simplicity, adaptability, and capacity.^[1]^[4] This introduction, under the model designation 1460, was met with initial skepticism due to its unconventional side straw discharge but quickly gained acceptance for its efficiency in diverse crops, leading to over 160,000 units produced by 2013 across multiple series.^[1] Over the decades, the Axial-Flow line has evolved through over 14 generations, incorporating advancements like turbocharged engines in 1979, electro-hydraulic controls in the 1420 model of 1981, and the Advanced Farming Systems (AFS) precision agriculture kit in the 2100 series of 1995.^[1]^[5] Key series milestones include the 1600 series (1986) with 70% capacity increases, the AFX8010 (2003) featuring a 375 hp engine and 330-bushel grain tank, and Tier 4 emissions-compliant models in the 130 and 230 series (2012).^[1] The design's core strength lies in its fewer moving parts—reducing maintenance needs—and matched system capacity for smooth crop flow, which has made it particularly suited for high-volume operations in grains, rice, and specialty crops.^[4]^[1] In modern iterations, such as the redesigned AF9 and AF10 models launched in 2024, and the new Axial-Flow 160 and 260 series introduced for the 2025 harvest, Axial-Flow combines deliver up to 775 horsepower from longitudinally mounted Cursor 13 or 16 engines, with grain tank capacities reaching 20,000 liters and unload rates of 210 liters per second.^[2]^[6] These flagship machines integrate subscription-free connectivity via Dual Pro1200 displays, Harvest Command automation for operator efficiency, and factory-installed precision technologies including AFS guidance with three years of correction support, ensuring high productivity while minimizing fuel use and downtime.^[2] The enduring legacy of Axial-Flow technology underscores Case IH's commitment to rotary harvesting innovation, with production centered at the Grand Island, Nebraska facility.^[4]

History and Development

Origins at International Harvester

In the late 1950s, International Harvester (IH) engineers advanced a rotary threshing concept originally conceived by Elof Karlsson, focusing on an axial-flow design that utilized a single longitudinal rotor for both threshing and separating grain, aiming to supplant traditional cylinder-and-concave drum systems paired with straw walkers. Key contributors included Mel Van Buskirk for initial drawings, Dave Gustafson who joined in 1969, and others like Camille Beert and Ken Johnson, working in a highly secretive locked facility at the East Moline, Illinois plant to protect the innovative approach from competitors. This development built on decades of prior research dating back to the late 1950s but intensified in the 1970s with rigorous prototyping, including test units retrofitted into existing 15-series combine chassis and high-speed filming of grain flow at 400 frames per second using bundled crops. Significant resources were invested in engineering and testing to refine crop adaptability, grain quality, and throughput, addressing issues like handling tough straw that initially caused blockages. IH pursued this radical shift amid intensifying competition in the 1970s farm machinery market, where established players like John Deere and Massey Ferguson dominated with conventional designs, prompting IH to seek a technological edge through simplified, more efficient harvesting. Production of the new axial-flow combines began at the East Moline facility, leveraging IH's established manufacturing infrastructure for combines. The motivation stemmed from early lab findings that an open rotor system outperformed straw walkers in grain separation efficiency, though it required overcoming internal skepticism about deviating from proven methods. The first axial-flow models, the 1440 and 1460, launched in fall 1977 at the Farm Progress Show, introducing a single-rotor configuration that centralized threshing and separation along the crop flow axis. Despite the breakthrough, the rollout faced significant apprehension within IH due to the design's departure from industry norms, such as side-mounted straw discharge, leading to a cautious initial production run of just 300 units sold to select producers for real-world validation. This limited debut allowed IH to gather critical feedback, setting the stage for broader adoption of the technology in subsequent years.

Evolution Through Mergers and Innovations

Following the 1977 launch of the axial-flow combine by International Harvester, the technology's development accelerated through key corporate mergers that consolidated resources and expanded global capabilities. In 1985, Tenneco's J.I. Case acquired International Harvester's agricultural division, forming Case IH and uniting the legacies of two pioneering companies to become the second-largest farm equipment manufacturer worldwide. This merger ensured continuity in axial-flow production at the East Moline, Illinois facility while integrating Case's distribution network. In 1999, Case Corporation merged with New Holland N.V., a Fiat Group company, to create CNH Global, a multinational entity that bolstered research, development, and market access for axial-flow models across diverse regions. Production adaptations reflected these corporate shifts, with axial-flow manufacturing relocating from East Moline to the Grand Island, Nebraska plant in 2005 to increase capacity and efficiency. In 2014, CNH Industrial began producing the Axial-Flow 4000 series at its Harbin, China facility to serve Asian markets, marking the first localized assembly for the line and enabling tailored adaptations like enhanced rice harvesting configurations originally introduced in 1978. These moves supported global expansions, including the 1980 introduction of the Model 1470 hillside combine for sloped terrains, contributing to over 160,000 units produced by 2013. Technological milestones under Case IH emphasized incremental enhancements in capacity, operator comfort, and automation. The 1986 launch of the 1600 series delivered 25% to 70% capacity increases through larger rotors and improved cleaning systems, while the 1995 2100 series introduced a redesigned cab with 23% more glass for better visibility and expanded cleaning areas for higher throughput. In the 2000s, the 2012 introduction of the 130/230 series incorporated Tier 4 Interim emissions compliance via selective catalytic reduction technology, reducing environmental impact without performance trade-offs. The 2010s brought advanced automation, including the 2018 debut of Harvest Command in the 250 series for real-time adjustments to ground speed, rotor speed, and cleaning fans, alongside the Pro-Drive transmission option for seamless shifting in varying conditions. The line's enduring reliability was celebrated in 2017 during its 40th anniversary, with limited-edition models like the retro-styled 7150 highlighting decades of gentle threshing and grain quality preservation that minimized losses across crops. Recent advancements, such as the 2019 updates to the 150 and 250 series featuring FPT Industrial engines for improved fuel efficiency and optional tracked undercarriages for better traction in wet fields, continue to prioritize grain integrity and operator productivity. Further evolutions include 2021 enhancements to the 150 series for increased power and productivity, the 2023 introduction of the 260 series with advanced connectivity, and the 2024 launches of the AF9 and AF10 models offering up to 775 horsepower, 20,000-liter grain tanks, and subscription-free precision technologies for enhanced efficiency. These developments have solidified axial-flow combines as a benchmark for high-efficiency harvesting worldwide.^[7]^[8]

Axial-Flow Technology

Principle of Operation

The axial-flow system in Case IH combines employs a single horizontal rotor, typically 30 inches (762 mm) in diameter with varying lengths depending on the model, that rotates at adjustable speeds typically ranging from 220 to 1200 RPM to process crop material through impact and axial movement.^[9] This rotor design facilitates threshing by accelerating the crop against rasp bars and a surrounding concave, separating grain kernels from the straw via centrifugal force without the need for straw walkers.^[5] The process relies on continuous axial flow, where material moves lengthwise along the rotor, promoting gentle, grain-on-grain threshing that minimizes damage.^[10] Crop material enters the system through the header and feeder house, where an initial beater or impeller accelerates it into the rotor inlet. Inside the rotor, the material is drawn forward by the rotating rasp bars, impacting against adjustable concave sections to release kernels, which then fall through perforations to the underlying cleaning shoe due to gravity and centrifugal action.^[11] The remaining straw and chaff continue along the rotor's length, guided by cage vanes that control material flow and prevent blockages, before exiting at the rear of the machine. Rotor speeds can be varied to suit different crops, such as lower speeds for delicate grains to reduce cracking.^[10] Key components include the adjustable concave sections, which allow for fine-tuning the clearance to optimize threshing efficiency; rasp bars mounted on the rotor for initial crop acceleration and separation; and rotor cage vanes that direct airflow and material progression.^[5] The beater or impeller at the front ensures even feeding into the rotor, preventing uneven loads.^[11] In contrast to conventional cylinder-thresher designs, which use a smaller cylinder for threshing followed by straw walkers for separation, the axial-flow system integrates both functions into one continuous rotor operation, leveraging centrifugal force for ongoing separation and reducing mechanical complexity.^[10] This approach enables higher throughput while maintaining grain integrity through lower-impact processing.^[5]

Advantages and Key Components

The axial-flow technology in Case IH combines provides significant performance benefits over conventional designs, including higher throughput capacity due to efficient rotor-based separation that handles larger volumes without increased power demands.^[12] Early models demonstrated significant increases in capacity compared to straw-walker combines in certain crops, attributed to the single-rotor system's streamlined crop flow.^[13] This design also minimizes grain damage through gentle threshing and separation, resulting in superior grain quality with lower breakage rates, particularly in fragile crops like rice or corn.^[14] Additionally, the technology enhances adaptability across diverse crops such as wheat, soybeans, and small grains, with consistent performance in varying field conditions.^[15] Fuel efficiency is improved by the simplified crop path, which reduces energy loss and engine load during operation.^[16] Key supporting components include the Cross-Flow cleaning system, which uses dual cross-flow fans to ensure even air distribution across the sieves, preventing overload on slopes and delivering clean grain samples regardless of terrain.^[17] The grain tank, with capacities up to 410 bushels in larger models, pairs with high-capacity unloading augers achieving rates of up to 4.5 bushels per second for rapid field emptying.^[14] Operator-focused features, such as the ergonomic cab with advanced automation like AFS Harvest Command, provide real-time monitoring and automatic adjustments for rotor speed and cleaning fans to optimize flow without manual intervention.^[18] Over time, innovations have further enhanced the system, including the introduction of straw choppers in 1981 to improve residue management and soil incorporation.^[1] In the 2000s, advanced hydrostatic drives were integrated for smoother propulsion and better traction control in varied terrains.^[19] Emissions technology advanced with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems in 2012, meeting Tier 4 Final standards while maintaining fuel efficiency and reducing particulate output.^[1] The design's fewer moving parts—compared to conventional combines—contribute to lower maintenance needs and higher reliability over extended harvest seasons.^[5] From an environmental and operator perspective, axial-flow combines generate lower dust levels during operation due to enclosed crop processing, improving air quality in the cab and field.^[15] SCR technology further cuts emissions, supporting sustainable farming practices.^[20] Optional track systems reduce soil compaction through lower ground pressure and increased flotation compared to wheeled models.^[14] Enhanced cab visibility and automation features, including auto-leveling cleaning shoes, minimize operator fatigue and boost overall productivity.^[11]

Model Series

14 Series

The 14 Series represented the inaugural lineup of Axial-Flow combines introduced by International Harvester in the fall of 1977, marking the debut of rotary threshing technology in commercial harvesting equipment. The series launched with two models: the 1440, powered by a 135 HP engine with 436 cubic-inch displacement, featuring a 24-inch rotor and a 145-bushel grain tank; and the 1460, equipped with a 170 HP version of the same engine, a 24-inch rotor, and a larger 180-bushel grain tank.^[1] These machines utilized manual hydraulic controls and an open-center hydraulic system, with an optional automatic header height control (AHHC) and 4,750 square inches of sieve area, emphasizing simplicity and reliability in the initial design.^[1] In 1978, the series expanded with the 1480 model, which offered 190 HP from the 436 cubic-inch engine, a wider 30-inch rotor for increased capacity, and a 208-bushel grain tank paired with 6,420 square inches of sieve area.^[1] That year also saw the introduction of rice-special variants for the 1460 and 1480, incorporating a 466 cubic-inch engine option, specialized rice rotors, and track or tire configurations adapted for wet-field conditions.^[1] The first 300 units of the 14 Series—primarily 1440 and 1460 models—were produced starting in 1977, establishing early field presence for the Axial-Flow concept.^[21] Subsequent variants addressed specialized needs. The 1470 hillside model arrived in 1980 with 210 HP from a DT-466 engine, a 24-inch rotor, 145-bushel tank, four-wheel drive, and capability for up to 48% slopes.^[1] Also in 1980, the 1482 PTO-driven pull-type combine required a 130 HP tractor, featured a 30-inch rotor and 245-bushel tank, and incorporated bar grates along with a redesigned rotor for improved performance.^[1] The smallest model, the 1420, debuted in 1981 with 112 HP from a 358 cubic-inch engine, a compact 20-inch rotor, and 125-bushel tank, targeting lighter-duty operations.^[1] Unique features evolved incrementally across the series. In 1980, electric fan speed adjustment was added for better residue management, while 1981 brought electro-hydraulic controls, a three-blade discharge beater, and the initial straw chopper option to enhance residue handling without compromising threshing efficiency.^[1] Overall, the 14 Series set early benchmarks for capacity and grain quality in rotary combines, outperforming conventional designs in sample uniformity and throughput during initial evaluations.^[1]

16 Series

The 16 Series axial-flow combines were introduced in 1986 as successors to the 14 Series, marking the first models released under the newly formed Case IH brand following the 1985 merger of International Harvester and J.I. Case.^[22]^[1] These self-propelled combines offered equivalents in size and function to their predecessors, including the 1620 with 124 horsepower and a 125-bushel grain tank, the 1640 with 150 horsepower and a 145-bushel tank, the 1660 with 180 horsepower and a 180-bushel tank, and the 1680 with 225 horsepower and a 210-bushel tank.^[22]^[1] Variants included the 1670 hillside model, rated at 235 horsepower with a 210-bushel tank for sloped terrain operations, and the 1682 pull-type model designed for tractor-pulled applications with comparable threshing capacity to the 1680.^[1]^[23] Standard power came from International Harvester D-series engines, such as the D-358 for the 1620 and D-466 variants for larger models, with a shift to more efficient CDC (Case Developed Cummins) engines beginning in 1989, including the 6T-590 for the 1620 and 6TA-830 for the 1680.^[1] In 1990, the series received an update featuring a longer shoe sieve that enlarged the cleaning area, enhancing separation efficiency in varied crop conditions.^[1] The rotor design built directly on the 14 Series foundation, retaining the single axial-flow rotor for gentle crop handling while incorporating refinements for higher throughput.^[1] Key innovations included adjustable cage vanes that allowed operators to optimize material flow, contributing to capacity gains of up to 70% in the 1640 and 1660 models and 25% in the 1680 compared to prior series benchmarks.^[1] Larger clean grain augers—7 inches for the 1640 and 1660, and 8 inches for the 1680—supported these improvements, alongside electro-hydraulic controls carried over from the 1420 for precise header and reel adjustments.^[1] Post-merger styling featured updated Case IH decals and red-white color schemes, reflecting the brand's unified identity, while additions like a 1990 audible grain-tank full alarm and improved right-side service access further boosted operator convenience.^[1] This series represented a pivotal transition in axial-flow technology, emphasizing expanded productivity for high-yield crops like corn and soybeans through refined engineering that reduced losses and increased daily output without major redesigns.^[22]^[1]

16-4/6/8 Series

The 16-4/6/8 series, launched in 1993, comprised the 1644, 1666, and 1688 models as direct upgrades to the 16 series, emphasizing enhanced processing capacity through refined axial-flow systems.^[24]^[1] These variants addressed growing demands for higher throughput in grain harvesting by building on the core 16 series platform while introducing targeted mechanical improvements.^[21] Key specifications included increased engine power across the lineup, with the 1644 delivering 180 horsepower from a 5.9-liter turbocharged and intercooled Cummins 6TA-590 engine, the 1666 providing 215 horsepower from an 8.3-liter turbocharged Cummins 6T-830, and the 1688 offering 260 horsepower from an 8.3-liter turbocharged and aftercooled Cummins 6TA-830.^[1]^[25] Grain tank capacities were consistent with the late 16 series designs, at 145 bushels for the 1644, 180 bushels for the 1666, and 210 bushels for the 1688, supporting extended operation without frequent unloading.^[1] The series retained proven Cummins engine options, ensuring compatibility and serviceability in field applications.^[1] Distinctive features focused on elevating threshing and separation efficiency for greater throughput, including the debut of the Cross-Flow Cleaning Fan to optimize material flow and reduce losses, alongside expanded cleaning systems that increased the chaffer and sieve area by 25.9% on the 1644 and 1666 models and 23.7% on the 1688.^[1] These models also integrated initial cab comfort enhancements, such as improved ergonomics and visibility, foreshadowing the broader operator-focused transitions in the 21 series.^[24] Building briefly on the cleaning area expansions from the 1990 16 series, these updates further refined residue handling and grain quality in varied crops.^[1] Positioned as a transitional lineup between 1980s foundational designs and 1990s productivity advances, the 16-4/6/8 series prioritized reliability and adaptability in diverse environmental conditions, from wet soils to high-yield fields, through robust components like upgraded transmissions and brakes on 1994 models.^[21]^[25] This focus helped maintain the axial-flow principle's reputation for gentle crop handling while scaling capacity for modern farming operations.^[1]

21 Series

The 21 Series of Case IH axial-flow combines was introduced in 1995, marking a significant update following the demerger of Case IH from Tenneco and the formation of the independent Case Corporation.^[1] This series comprised three models designed to enhance productivity in mid-sized to large operations: the 2144 with 180 horsepower from a 5.9-liter engine and a 145-bushel grain tank; the 2166 offering 215 horsepower from an 8.3-liter engine and a 180-bushel grain tank; and the 2188 providing 260 horsepower from an 8.3-liter engine with a 210-bushel grain tank.^[1] These models built on the capacity foundations established in the preceding 16 Series, incorporating higher power outputs to handle increased throughput while maintaining the core axial-flow threshing system.^[1] Specifications for the 21 Series emphasized elevated engine performance compared to earlier generations, with rotor configurations carried over as standard from prior series—typically 24-inch rotors for the 2144 and 2166 models, and a 30-inch rotor for the larger 2188 to accommodate its greater capacity.^[21] All models featured pressure- and flow-compensated hydraulics along with wet disc brakes for reliable operation in varied field conditions.^[21] A key innovation in the 21 Series was the introduction of a new deluxe cab, which provided 23% more glass area for superior visibility and an ergonomic layout to reduce operator fatigue during extended harvest days.^[1] The cab included a theater-style right-hand console, a multi-function propulsion lever, and an A-post instrumentation center, complemented by an improved access ladder and a focalized mounting system for smoother rides.^[1] Lighting enhancements featured stadium-style designs as standard, with an optional package adding after-cut, side flood, rear work, and service lights to support all-day operations.^[1] Maintenance was simplified through hinged service panels, enhanced safety shielding, service platforms, handrails, and guards, allowing quicker access to critical components without compromising safety.^[1] These developments directly addressed operator demands for improved comfort and efficiency, enabling longer, more productive harvest sessions with reduced physical strain and better overall usability in demanding environments.^[1]

23/25 Series

The 23 series of Case IH axial-flow combines, introduced in 1998, represented a continuation of the axial-flow design with enhanced power for mid-to-large scale farming operations. Key models included the 2344 with 174 horsepower and a 145-bushel grain tank, the 2366 offering 240 horsepower and an 180-bushel tank, the 2377 at 250 horsepower with a 190-bushel capacity, and the flagship 2388 delivering 280 horsepower and a 210-bushel tank.^[1]^[26] These models featured power upgrades over prior series, with grain tank sizes comparable to those in the 21 series, while incorporating standard deluxe cabs with automatic temperature control and tailings volume monitoring for improved operator comfort and efficiency.^[1] In 2005, production of the 23 series shifted from East Moline, Illinois, to the Grand Island facility in Nebraska, streamlining manufacturing for ongoing enhancements.^[1]^[21] Unique to this series was a new hydraulically driven rotary air screen, 27% larger on the 2388 model, which improved cleaning performance by enhancing airflow and debris removal.^[1] Power upgrades continued, with the 2366 reaching 250 horsepower by 2003 and the 2388 increasing to 285 horsepower in 2006.^[1] The 25 series, launched in 2007 as an evolution of the 23 series, included the 2577 with 265 horsepower and a 230-bushel grain tank, and the 2588 offering 305 horsepower with a 290-bushel capacity.^[1] These models introduced the Power-Clean Evacuation System, featuring a hydraulic fan and optional rotary brush for superior residue management and reduced downtime in high-volume harvesting.^[1] Unload rates were elevated to 2.4 bushels per second, supporting faster field emptying, while modular design elements allowed for easier customization and adaptation to larger operations, bridging toward the more compact 010 series that followed.^[1]

010/120 Series

The 010/120 series of Case IH axial-flow combines represented a compact lineup introduced in the early 2000s, specifically designed for smaller-scale farming operations and entry-level markets seeking efficient, maneuverable harvesting solutions. The series debuted in 2003 with the AFX8010 (375 horsepower from a 10.3-liter engine) and AFX9010 (466 horsepower from a 13-liter engine) models, featuring a 30-inch by 104-inch rotor, a 330-bushel grain tank, and a self-leveling cleaning system with 10,075 square inches of area.^[1]^[27] These initial models incorporated a 54-inch wide feeder and emphasized simplicity and reliability for tight field access. In 2007, the series was refreshed with the 7010, 8010, and 9010 variants, building on the foundational axial-flow design while enhancing power and capacity for improved productivity in diverse crops. The 7010 delivered 350 horsepower from a 9.0-liter engine paired with a 315-bushel grain tank and an 8,370-square-inch cleaning area, targeting lighter-duty applications.^[1] The 8010 stepped up to 400 horsepower (with a 450-horsepower peak) from a 10.3-liter engine, a 350-bushel tank, a 21- or 24-foot unloading auger, and a 3.2-bushels-per-second unload rate, making it suitable for mid-sized operations.^[1] The 9010, as the range-topping model, offered 460 horsepower standard (boosting to 532 under load) with a 13-liter engine and an 11,000-liter (approximately 312-bushel) grain tank, providing greater capacity for varied terrain.^[1]^[28] By 2009, the lineup transitioned to the 7120, 8120, and 9120 models, integrating refinements such as biodiesel compatibility (B5 for 7010/8010 and B100 for 8010) and updated engines for better efficiency. The 7120 maintained 360 horsepower (400 peak) with a 315-bushel tank and 8.7-liter engine, while the 8120 increased to 420 horsepower and a 350-bushel tank using a 10.3-liter engine.^[1] The 9120 topped the series at 483 horsepower from a 12.9-liter engine and a 350-bushel tank, aligning power trends with larger 23/25 series models for enhanced separation in tougher conditions.^[1] Production of the 010/120 series concluded around 2011, marking the shift toward subsequent larger-frame designs. Key specifications across the series included a consistent 30-inch rotor diameter for gentle crop handling and full hydraulic drives for all major components, reducing mechanical complexity and enabling smoother operation compared to belt-driven predecessors.^[1] The cleaning systems varied by model size, with the smaller 010 variants (7010/7120) featuring 8,370 square inches and the 120 variants (8010/8120/9010/9120) up to 10,075 square inches, ensuring effective residue separation without excessive grain loss. Distinguishing the series were innovative features like in-cab rotor reversing to automatically clear clogs and maintain flow during high-volume harvesting, a compact footprint optimized for narrow rows and smaller fields, and incorporation of threshing technologies derived from the 23 series for consistent performance in small grains and row crops.^[1] Additional enhancements, such as spiked-tooth rasp bars, extended wear options on the rotor, and a two-speed powered rear axle introduced in 2004, further supported durability in entry-level environments.^[1] These attributes made the 010/120 series a practical choice for cost-conscious operators, balancing advanced axial-flow principles with affordability until the line's phase-out.

88 Series

The Case IH 88 Series axial-flow combines were introduced in 2009 as mid-sized models bridging the gap between smaller and larger harvesters, comprising the 5088 with 265 horsepower and a standard 250-bushel grain tank, the 6088 with 305 horsepower and a 300-bushel grain tank, and the 7088 with 325 horsepower and a 300-bushel grain tank.^[29]^[1] These models retained grain tank capacities similar to their predecessors in the 23/25 Series while incorporating axial-flow rotor technology for efficient threshing.^[29] Key specifications included a total separation area of 5.48 square meters, achieved through a longitudinally mounted rotor with 156 degrees of concave wrap, enabling effective crop separation across various conditions.^[30]^[31] The series featured cleaning systems derived from the 23/25 Series, with adjustable sieves and fan-assisted separation for consistent grain quality.^[1] Unique to the 88 Series was the first implementation of plastic and fiberglass body panels, which improved durability against field impacts and reduced overall weight for better fuel efficiency and maneuverability.^[24] The MagnaCut chopper became standard, utilizing 120 rotating knives for fine residue chopping that supported conservation tillage practices by enhancing decomposition and reducing soil disturbance.^[1] New styling included large, fully opening side panels for easier maintenance access and a common propulsion handle for intuitive operation.^[1] Production of the 88 Series concluded in 2011, with ongoing enhancements like improved residue handling kits contributing to its reputation for reliability in diverse farming operations.^[29]^[1]

130/230 Series

The 130/230 series of Case IH Axial-Flow combines, introduced as 2012 models, represented a significant update to meet Tier 4A/Interim emissions requirements while building on the axial-flow design's core principles. The 130 series encompassed three models: the Class V 5130 with a 265 HP FPT 6.7L engine and optional grain tank capacities of 250 or 300 bushels; the Class VI 6130 with a 320 HP FPT 8.7L engine and 300-bushel tank; and the Class VII 7130 with a 350 HP FPT 8.7L engine and 300-bushel tank. Complementing this, the 230 series offered higher-capacity options, including the Class VII 7230 with a 380 HP FPT 8.7L engine and 315-bushel tank; the Class VIII 8230 with a 450 HP FPT 12.9L engine and 350-bushel tank; and the Class IX 9230 with a 500 HP FPT 12.9L engine and 350-bushel tank. These combines marked the 35th anniversary of the Axial-Flow technology, emphasizing reliability for diverse cropping conditions.^[1]^[20] Key specifications included Tier 4A-compliant FPT engines equipped with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) aftertreatment, which treated emissions in the exhaust stream to maintain power output without exhaust gas recirculation, resulting in approximately 10% improved fuel efficiency compared to prior Tier 3 models. The 130 series featured a cleaning shoe area of 5.9 m² with 156 degrees of concave wrap for effective grain separation, while the 230 series expanded this to 6.1 m² and 180 degrees of wrap for higher throughput in demanding conditions. Unload rates were enhanced across the lineup, with the 5130 at 3.0 bushels per second, 6130 and 7130 at 3.2 bushels per second, 7230 and 8230 at 4.0 bushels per second, and the 9230 reaching 4.5 bushels per second, allowing for faster field emptying and reduced downtime.^[15]^[1]^[20]^[32] Unique features centered on a full hydraulic drive system, including a 105 cc pump on the 130 series for precise power delivery to the rotor and fans, enabling smoother operation and better adaptability to varying loads. SCR technology not only ensured compliance but also supported lower operating costs through extended service intervals and reduced diesel exhaust fluid usage. The series incorporated chopper technology adapted from the preceding 88 series for more efficient residue management. Additionally, options like in-cab power-folding grain tank extensions and a 600 rpm low-idle engine speed further optimized performance for high-capacity farming operations.^[1]^[33]^[20] Notable for their balance of power and efficiency, the 130/230 series combines were engineered for large-scale producers, delivering consistent grain quality with minimal losses even in tough, high-yield environments. The integration of Advanced Farming Systems (AFS) Pro 700 monitors provided real-time data on yields and performance, aiding precision agriculture practices. Overall, these models enhanced productivity by up to 10% in fuel use while handling increased capacities suited to modern high-output farming.^[20]^[1]

4000 Series

The Case IH Axial-Flow 4000 Series combines were introduced in 2014 specifically for the Chinese market, with initial models including the 4077 and 4088, designed and manufactured at CNH Industrial's facility in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province.^[34]^[35] These machines marked a strategic expansion of Case IH's presence in Asia through localized production, aiming to meet the needs of regional farmers with premium comfort, high capacity, and superior grain quality while maintaining the core axial-flow technology.^[36] By 2019, over 1,000 units had been produced at the plant, which is the largest agricultural manufacturing facility in Northeast China.^[34] Built on the platform of the earlier 23 Series combines, the 4000 Series incorporates a single 610 mm diameter rotor measuring 2,451 mm in length, with a separation area of 1.23 m² and a 156° wrap angle, configured with three threshing modules and three separating modules for gentle grain-on-grain handling across various crops.^[37] Engineered for efficiency, these models feature FPT Industrial 6.7 L Tier III turbocharged engines with air-to-air aftercooling; the 4077HD delivers 180 hp rated power (200 hp maximum), the 4088HD provides 210 hp rated (240 hp maximum), and a later 4099 model offers 230 hp rated (260 hp maximum), all at 2,100 rpm.^[38]^[37] Grain tank capacities range from 5,000 L (approximately 146 bushels) on the 4077HD to 6,500 L (approximately 185 bushels) on the 4099, with a standard unloading rate of 63 L/second, supporting extended harvesting without frequent stops.^[37] The series employs a cross-flow cleaning system with adjustable fan speeds and optional lateral tilt feeders on larger models for enhanced performance in diverse field conditions.^[37] Localized production in China enabled cost efficiencies through adapted components suited to Asian agricultural practices, such as compatibility with regional headers up to 6.1 m wide, while retaining the proven axial-flow rotor design without fundamental technological overhauls.^[39]^[34] This approach focused on affordability for emerging markets, broadening CNH Industrial's accessibility in high-growth regions like Asia and later Africa and the Middle East, where the series was adapted for local crops and terrains starting in 2019.^[35]^[40] The 4088 model, in particular, received recognition for technological innovation, earning a Gold Award at China's 2014 Agricultural Machinery Annual Product TOP50 event.^[36]

140/150 and 240/250 Series

The 140 and 150 series Axial-Flow combines represent an evolution of the earlier 130 series, with the 140 series introduced as a mid-2010s update featuring redesigned cabs, improved feeder houses, and Tier 4 emissions compliance carried over from prior models.^[41]^[42] The 150 series, launched in 2019, builds on this foundation with enhanced styling evoking International Harvester heritage, including retro decals and paint schemes, while maintaining class 5 to 7 sizing for mid-range operations.^[43] Paralleling this, the 240 series served as a high-capacity lineup before the 250 series debuted in 2019, replacing models like the 7240, 8240, and 9240 with upgraded FPT Industrial engines for classes 7 to 9.^[44] The 250 series emphasizes premium global performance, with models such as the 7250 (436 rated hp, up to 468 maximum), 8250 (480 rated hp, up to 555 maximum), and 9250 (558 rated hp, up to 625 maximum), all powered by FPT Cursor 11 or 13-liter engines. Production of the 250 series continued into 2025 with Tier 4 Final emissions compliance and integrated subscription-free AFS technologies.^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48] Specifications across these series prioritize capacity and versatility, with grain tanks ranging from 8,800 to 10,570 liters (approximately 250 to 300 bushels) in the 140/150 models and up to 14,448 liters (410 bushels) in the 250 series, often with optional extensions for larger volumes.^[17]^[11] Unload rates vary by model, reaching 133 liters per second (about 3.75 bushels per second) in the 150 series and 4.0 to 4.5 bushels per second in the 250 series for faster field emptying.^[17]^[11] All feature a two-speed electric shift ground drive transmission, which enhances tractive effort and reduces shifting interruptions in varied terrain, while optional track systems improve flotation on soft or hilly ground.^[11] Unique to these series is the integration of Harvest Command automation, a subscription-free system that automates rotor speed, concave clearance, and cleaning fan adjustments based on crop type—such as corn, wheat, or soybeans—optimizing throughput without manual intervention.^[11] Rotor configurations offer flexibility, with options for small-grain or corn heads tailored to the single axial-flow rotor design, ensuring gentle threshing and high grain quality. The Cross-Flow cleaning system, standard in the 150 series and refined in the 250, uses air flow and vibration for efficient separation on slopes up to 12 degrees, minimizing losses. Complementing this is the Pro-Drive transmission variant in higher models, which boosts fuel efficiency by delivering precise power to the rotor and feeder independently of ground speed. These elements contribute to industry-leading productivity, with the 250 series achieving up to 20% higher capacity in demanding conditions compared to predecessors.^[49]^[11]

Recent Series (2020s)

The Axial-Flow lineup continued to evolve in the 2020s with the introduction of the 260 series in 2024 for the 2025 harvest season, targeting Class 6 to 8 operations. Models include the 7160 (299 rated hp), 7260 (336 rated hp), and 7360 (380 rated hp), all with FPT engines, 300-bushel grain tanks, and 3.4 bushels-per-second unload rates. Standard features encompass subscription-free Harvest Command automation, RowGuide Pro sensing, and ActiveTrac four-roller track suspension for enhanced precision and ride quality on slopes up to 16%.^[14]^[18]^[50] Flagship AF series models advanced further, with the AF9 and AF10 launched in 2022 offering up to 775 horsepower from Cursor 13 or 16-liter engines, grain tanks up to 20,000 liters (567 bushels), and unload rates of 210 liters per second (6.0 bushels per second). The AF11, introduced in 2025 as a Class 10+ model, provides 775 horsepower, optional 567-bushel tanks, and up to 6.0 bushels-per-second unloading, with single- or dual-rotor configurations for maximum capacity and adaptability in high-volume operations. These developments integrate advanced connectivity via Dual Pro1200 displays and factory-installed AFS guidance, minimizing fuel use and downtime while upholding the axial-flow legacy of gentle handling and efficiency.^[51]^[52]^[53]

References

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Axial-Flow AF Series - Case IH
With up to 635 hp and 775 hp, AF series combines provide the power to maximise crop flow while increasing speeds and reducing fuel consumption. The two models ...
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How the Axial-Flow Combine was Developed Under Lock and Key | Octane Press
### Summary of Case IH Axial-Flow Combine Development
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When International Harvester Co. introduced the Model 1460 Axial-Flow Combine in 1977, it was not without some sense of fear and trepidation.
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An axial flow combine including an elongated cylindrical member having a front end and a rear end, spiral transport fins secured to said cylindrical member.Missing: 1970s | Show results with:1970s
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Case IH celebrates 40th anniversary of Axial-Flow combine
Jan 16, 2018 · Case IH Australia also celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Axial Flow at last year's AgQuip, displaying a new model Axial-Flow painted in ...
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The Case IH AFX rotor creates smooth crop flow, improving throughput and putting more high quality grain in the tank.
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Axial-Flow 250 Series combines feature 2-speed electric shift, Harvest Command™, and superior design for unmatched harvesting productivity.
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Combine Harvester: Axial-Flow 8250 | Case IH
### Axial-Flow 8250 Specifications
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Combine Harvester: Axial-Flow 9250 | Case IH
### Axial-Flow 9250 Specifications
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Case IH Axial-Flow 150 Series Combines
Enhanced Case IH Axial-Flow® 150 series combines increased productivity, featuring the legendary single rotor technology, combined with the Cross-Flow™ cleaning ...