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Catnip

Nepeta cataria, commonly known as catnip or catmint, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, with widespread naturalization in North America. It typically grows 2-3 feet (60-90 cm) tall, featuring grayish-green, soft, fuzzy leaves and long spikes of small tubular flowers that are white or pale lavender with purple spots, blooming from late spring to early fall. Renowned for its potent effects on cats, catnip contains the volatile compound nepetalactone, which is released when the plant is crushed and triggers euphoric behavioral responses in susceptible felines, such as rolling, rubbing, purring, and playful hyperactivity.^[1]^[2]^[3] Sensitivity to catnip is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, affecting about two-thirds to three-quarters of cats, including domestic cats and many wild felines such as lions and tigers. Kittens typically do not respond until around three to six months of age. This reaction occurs through nepetalactone binding to olfactory receptors in the cat's nose, mimicking feline pheromones and stimulating sensory neurons that lead to a temporary state of bliss lasting 5-15 minutes, followed by a refractory period of up to two hours during which the cat becomes temporarily immune. The behavior is harmless and non-addictive, serving potentially as an enrichment tool for indoor cats to promote exercise and stress relief.^[2]^[3]^[4] Beyond its feline allure, Nepeta cataria has a long history of human use in traditional medicine and herbalism, often brewed as a tea for its mild sedative, antispasmodic, and carminative properties to alleviate insomnia, digestive discomfort, colds, and anxiety. Pharmacological research substantiates some of these applications, revealing antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities primarily attributed to its essential oils rich in nepetalactones, phenolics, and terpenes. The plant is also drought-tolerant and easy to cultivate in well-draining soils under full sun to partial shade (USDA zones 3-9), though it can become invasive in favorable conditions; it serves as an ornamental in gardens and a natural insect repellent.^[3]^[5]^[1]

Botanical overview

Physical description

Nepeta cataria, commonly known as catnip, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, characterized by its upright growth habit and spreading clumps. It typically reaches heights of 50–100 cm, supported by erect, branched stems that exhibit a distinctive square cross-section and are often covered in fine hairs, contributing to a grayish tint.^[6]^[7]^[8] The leaves are arranged oppositely along the stems, displaying a triangular to ovate shape with serrated margins and lengths ranging from 2–7 cm. These leaves are softly downy on both surfaces, particularly beneath, which imparts a gray-green coloration and a fuzzy texture.^[6]^[7]^[8] Flowers emerge in dense, whorled clusters forming terminal spikes, consisting of small, two-lipped, tubular blooms that are white or pale purple, often accented with purple spots, and measure about 6–12 mm in length. Blooming occurs from May to September in temperate climates, attracting pollinators with their subtle fragrance.^[6]^[8]^[7] As a herbaceous perennial, N. cataria dies back to the ground during winter but regenerates from its thickened taproot and short rhizomes in the following spring, ensuring persistence across seasons. It also reproduces via small, nutlet-like seeds that facilitate self-seeding.^[6]^[9]^[10] The plant exudes a characteristic minty aroma from its leaves and stems, arising from volatile oils that become especially noticeable when crushed.^[8]^[7]^[6]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Nepeta cataria L. is the accepted binomial name for catnip, first described by Carl Linnaeus in the second edition of Species Plantarum in 1753.^[11] The species belongs to the kingdom Plantae, phylum Tracheophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Lamiales, family Lamiaceae, genus Nepeta, which encompasses approximately 295 accepted species.^[11]^[12] The genus Nepeta is characterized by herbaceous perennials or subshrubs, often with square stems typical of the Lamiaceae family.^[12] Several synonyms have been proposed for N. cataria, including Nepeta vulgaris Lam., Cataria vulgaris Gaterau, Glechoma cataria (L.) Kuntze, and Nepeta citriodora Beck., reflecting historical taxonomic variations and regional botanical descriptions.^[11]^[13] In English, N. cataria is commonly known as catnip, catmint, or catswort, with the name "catnip" deriving from "cat" (referring to its attraction to felines) combined with "nip," a variant of the Middle English nep or Old English nepte, ultimately from Latin nepeta, an ancient term for an aromatic herb.^[14]^[15] Internationally, it is called katzenminze in German, hierba gatera or menta de gato in Spanish, and herbe à chat in French, often emphasizing its association with cats through linguistic roots.^[16] Within the genus Nepeta, N. cataria is classified in section Cataria, distinguished from other sections by features such as the structure of its calyx teeth and flowers, as outlined in traditional infrageneric treatments.^[17] This placement highlights its systematic position among the diverse species of Nepeta, which are primarily native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa.^[12]

Distribution and ecology

Native and introduced ranges

Nepeta cataria, commonly known as catnip, is native to temperate regions of southern and eastern Europe, parts of Asia ranging from the Mediterranean basin eastward through Central Asia, Siberia, the Himalayas, and into China and Japan, as well as northwestern Africa (specifically Morocco).^[11]^[18]^[19] This distribution encompasses diverse areas including the Baltic states, western and central Asian countries such as Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, and the western Himalayan regions of Nepal and Pakistan.^[18]^[20] The species has been widely introduced and naturalized outside its native range through human activity, particularly in North America, Australia, New Zealand, parts of South America, and additional regions of Europe such as the British Isles and Scandinavia.^[21] In North America, it is now common in the northeastern and central United States and Canada, occurring in disturbed areas across more than 40 states and provinces.^[9]^[6] In Australia, it is naturalized in states including South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and others; similarly, it grows on both the North and South Islands of New Zealand.^[22] In South America, populations are established in regions such as Argentina and Colombia.^[20]^[18] It is considered invasive in certain grasslands and other ecosystems, particularly in parts of the United States.^[23]^[24] Catnip was introduced to North America by European settlers in the 17th century primarily for its medicinal properties, with early documentation appearing in colonial herbals such as John Josselyn's New-England's Rarities Discovered published in 1672.^[25] By the 18th century, it had escaped cultivation and begun spreading widely.^[26] Its introduction and establishment in new regions are facilitated by effective seed dispersal mechanisms, including wind due to the small size of its seeds, attachment to animal fur, and inadvertent transport through human commerce and agriculture.^[26] It often thrives in waste areas and disturbed sites, aiding its rapid colonization.^[10]

Habitat preferences

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) thrives in sunny, well-drained sites such as grasslands, roadsides, abandoned fields, and forest edges, where it often colonizes disturbed soils but avoids dense shade.^[26]^[27] It acts as a pioneer species in ecological succession, readily establishing in open, disrupted areas like waste grounds and stream banks, contributing to early-stage vegetation recovery.^[21]^[6] The plant prefers neutral to alkaline soils with a pH range of 6.5–7.5, tolerating poor, rocky, or gravelly conditions as long as drainage is adequate; it is sensitive to waterlogging but drought-tolerant once established.^[8]^[27] Optimal growth occurs in USDA hardiness zones 3–9, requiring full sun exposure of at least six hours daily and moderate rainfall, though it endures partial shade and dry spells in temperate climates.^[26]^[7] Originating from southern and eastern Europe, these preferences align with its native temperate adaptations.^[6] Ecologically, catnip attracts pollinators including bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, and skippers, supporting biodiversity in its habitats while serving as a larval host for certain moth species.^[8]^[27] It exhibits potential allelopathic effects, with phytotoxic activity attributed to its essential oils that may inhibit the growth of nearby plants.^[28] A deep taproot enhances its drought resistance and ability to access water in rocky or low-fertility soils, complemented by rhizomatous growth that forms clonal colonies.^[6]^[29]

Chemical properties

Primary compounds

The primary active compound in catnip (Nepeta cataria) is nepetalactone, a bicyclic monoterpenoid with the chemical formula C₁₀H₁₄O₂, existing predominantly as the cis,trans-isomer (also denoted as Z,E-nepetalactone).^[30]^[31] This isomer typically constitutes 70–90% of the essential oil, depending on plant variety and growth conditions, and its structure bears resemblance to the feline pheromone nepetalactol, contributing to its role as a cat attractant.^[32]^[33] Other volatile compounds in the essential oil include nepetalic acid, dihydronepetalactone, citronellal, geraniol, and thymol, which occur in minor amounts alongside the dominant nepetalactones.^[34]^[35] The essential oil yield ranges from 0.1–1% of the dry leaf weight, with higher concentrations often found in flowers and young leaves compared to mature foliage or stems.^[36]^[37] Extraction via steam distillation produces a pale yellow oil, and compound concentrations can vary by chemotype.^[38]^[39] Non-volatile components include flavonoids such as apigenin and luteolin, often present as glycosides like apigenin 7-O-glucoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside, which contribute to the plant's antioxidant properties.^[40]^[41] These phenolic compounds are detected in methanol extracts of leaves and flowers, supporting catnip's broader phytochemical profile beyond its volatiles.^[42]^[43]

Biosynthesis and variations

The biosynthesis of nepetalactone, the primary bioactive compound in catnip (Nepeta cataria), occurs via the iridoid terpene pathway in plant plastids. It begins with geranyl diphosphate (GPP), an intermediate derived from the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, which is converted to geraniol by geraniol synthase (GES). Subsequent steps involve hydroxylation by geraniol 8-hydroxylase (G8H) and oxidation by 8-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase (HGO) to yield 8-oxogeranial. Iridoid synthase (ISY) then reduces and cyclizes 8-oxogeranial to form the key intermediate nepetalactol, which is oxidized to nepetalactone by nepetalactol dehydrogenases, including stereoselective enzymes such as NEPS1–5 and MLPL. These enzymatic steps ensure the production of specific nepetalactone stereoisomers, such as (7S)-cis-trans-nepetalactone, the most prevalent form in N. cataria.^[44] Genetic variations in N. cataria result in distinct chemotypes, driven by differences in terpene synthase genes and their regulatory elements. High-nepetalactone chemotypes, dominant in wild populations, feature robust expression of the ISY and NEPS gene cluster, leading to elevated essential oil yields up to 1% of dry weight. In contrast, some cultivars exhibit low-yield variants due to reduced gene activity or alternative cyclases, producing fewer or different stereoisomers like (7S)-trans-cis-nepetalactone. These variations arise from evolutionary duplications and neofunctionalization within the Nepeta lineage, with gene clusters differing across species—for example, N. cataria has two clusters compared to one in N. mussinii.^[31] Environmental factors significantly modulate nepetalactone production in catnip. Drought stress enhances accumulation in certain chemotypes, while seasonal shifts influence composition, with higher nepetalactone proportions during warmer months.^[45]^[46] From an evolutionary perspective, nepetalactone biosynthesis in the Nepeta genus likely originated as an insect-repellent defense mechanism, deterring herbivores through volatile iridoid emission. This pathway re-emerged approximately 23–9 million years ago in the Nepetoideae subfamily after an ancestral loss of iridoid production, via neofunctionalization of a progesterone 5β-reductase-like enzyme into ISY. Feline attraction to nepetalactone appears as a secondary, incidental trait without adaptive benefit to the plant, as evidenced by its repellent efficacy against pests like mosquitoes and aphids across Nepeta species.^[31]

Biological effects

Response in felines

Catnip elicits a distinctive response in domestic cats primarily through the action of its active compound, nepetalactone, which is inhaled and binds to olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.^[47] This binding triggers the release of β-endorphin, which then stimulates μ-opioid receptors in the brain, producing a euphoric effect without causing addiction, as it acts indirectly rather than as a direct agonist like morphine.^[48] Upon exposure, sensitive cats typically exhibit a burst of hyperactivity lasting 5–15 minutes, characterized by behaviors such as rolling on the ground, rubbing against surfaces, purring, and playful leaping or batting.^[49] This is often followed by a period of relaxation or sedation as the effects subside.^[50] Approximately 70–80% of cats display this response, with sensitivity determined by an autosomal dominant genetic trait that manifests in kittens around 6–8 weeks of age.^[51] The full response generally endures 10–30 minutes, after which cats enter a refractory period of 1–2 hours during which they show no reaction to further exposure, preventing overstimulation.^[52] Kittens younger than 6 weeks and senior cats often exhibit reduced or absent sensitivity due to immature or declining neurological development.^[53] Certain breeds, such as Siamese and Burmese, demonstrate lower overall sensitivity compared to others.^[54] A dose of 0.1–1 mg of nepetalactone, achievable through a small pinch of dried catnip leaves containing 0.1–0.3% of the compound, is sufficient to induce the response via inhalation or ingestion.^[55] Catnip poses no long-term health risks and is non-addictive, though excessive ingestion can lead to mild gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting or diarrhea.^[50]

Effects on other animals and insects

Catnip's primary active compound, nepetalactone, exhibits strong insect-repellent properties by disrupting olfactory receptors and spatial orientation in various pests. Against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, nepetalactone at concentrations of 1–5% has demonstrated superior spatial repellency compared to DEET, repelling up to 10 times more effectively in olfactometer assays by interfering with host-seeking cues.^[56]^[57] This compound also repels cockroaches, with catnip oil causing avoidance behaviors at low doses, outperforming DEET in contact irritancy tests.^[58] Similarly, nepetalactone deters termites, inhibiting their tunneling and foraging activities while exhibiting both repellent and lethal effects in laboratory settings.^[59] Among non-feline mammals, catnip generally shows minimal attractive effects but can influence behavior in specific contexts. Rodents such as mice may initially investigate catnip due to its scent but typically avoid ingestion and prolonged contact, contributing to its role as a mild repellent in pest management.^[60] In dogs, catnip induces a mild sedative response at higher doses, promoting relaxation and potentially aiding in anxiety reduction without stimulant effects observed in felines.^[61] Rabbits exhibit similar non-stimulatory responses, with no significant behavioral activation reported, though excessive exposure may lead to mild sedation.^[60] For livestock, catnip is non-toxic but often unpalatable, limiting voluntary consumption and reducing the risk of accidental poisoning in grazing animals.^[62] Avian species display indifference to catnip, showing no behavioral or physiological responses to its compounds in controlled tests.^[60] In contrast, butterflies are attracted to catnip's nectar-rich flowers, utilizing it as a foraging resource that supports pollinator populations in gardens.^[26] However, nepetalactone and related iridoids deter herbivorous invertebrates like aphids and spider mites, acting as a natural biocontrol agent by repelling these pests from nearby plants through irritant sensory disruption.^[63] Catnip maintains a favorable toxicity profile across animal species, with acute oral LD50 values exceeding 2.7 g/kg in rats, indicating low risk of lethality even at elevated exposures.^[64] Rare allergic reactions, such as dermatitis or respiratory irritation, may occur in sensitive individuals, but these are uncommon and typically resolve without intervention.^[65]

Human utilization

Medicinal and therapeutic applications

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) has a long history of traditional use in herbal medicine, particularly for alleviating digestive disorders. In medieval Europe, it was commonly prepared as a tea to treat colic, cramps, and diarrhea due to its spasmolytic and myorelaxant properties.^[5] Modern research on catnip's therapeutic applications remains limited, with most evidence derived from animal studies and preliminary investigations rather than large-scale human clinical trials. Nepetalactone, the primary active compound in catnip's volatile oils, exhibits mild sedative properties that may reduce anxiety, with small-scale studies suggesting efficacy, though these findings are not yet robustly confirmed in humans.^[66] Flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin in catnip contribute anti-inflammatory effects, potentially beneficial for conditions like arthritis by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, as demonstrated in rodent models of inflammation.^[41] Limited clinical evidence also points to catnip's potential for easing insomnia through its relaxant actions, but it is not approved by regulatory bodies like the FDA for these uses.^[67] Catnip is typically consumed in forms such as teas, tinctures, or capsules. It is generally safe in moderation for adults, but should be avoided during pregnancy due to its potential as a uterine stimulant, which may induce contractions or menstruation.^[68] Side effects are rare but can include mild drowsiness or allergic reactions like rash, particularly when combined with sedative medications that may enhance central nervous system depression.^[69]

Culinary and repellent uses

Catnip leaves and shoots serve as a flavoring agent in culinary preparations, often substituting for mint due to their minty aroma with subtle bitterness and earthiness. They are commonly added to salads, soups, stews, sauces, and savory dishes for a fresh, herbaceous note, or steeped to make teas.^[70]^[71]^[72] The essential oil extracted from catnip is widely used in natural insect repellents, including lotions, diffusers, and commercial spray products, to deter mosquitoes with efficacy lasting 2 to 4 hours at concentrations that repel over 95% of the insects in laboratory tests.^[73]^[74] For ticks, catnip oil demonstrates repellency comparable to or exceeding synthetic options like DEET in controlled studies, achieving up to 88% repulsion shortly after application.^[75]^[76] Beyond repellency, catnip finds application in potpourri for its aromatic qualities and as a source of natural yellow dye derived from the leaves. In gardening, it is employed in companion planting to deter pests such as flea beetles, aphids, squash bugs, and rodents from nearby crops like collard greens and tomatoes.^[77]^[78]^[79] Excessive ingestion can lead to emetic effects such as vomiting.^[80]

Cultivation practices

Growth requirements

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) thrives in climates providing full sun to partial shade, receiving at least six hours of direct sunlight daily for optimal growth and essential oil production.^[26]^[8] It is hardy in USDA zones 3–9, tolerating light frost and cold winters down to -40°F (-40°C) in colder zones, but performs best with daytime temperatures of 15–25°C (59–77°F) during the growing season.^[26]^[81] The plant requires well-drained, loamy or sandy soils to prevent root rot, with a preferred pH range of 6.0–7.5 that accommodates mildly acidic to slightly alkaline conditions.^[8]^[82] Low to average soil fertility is ideal, as overly rich soils or heavy compost can promote excessive vegetative growth at the expense of concentrated essential oil yields; lean conditions encourage denser nepetalactone production.^[83]^[84] Watering should be moderate, providing about 1 inch per week to maintain even moisture without waterlogging, though established plants are drought-tolerant and can withstand dry periods once rooted.^[82]^[8] Regular pruning of spent flowers and tips promotes bushiness and prevents legginess, while fertilization is minimal—apply a balanced NPK formula sparingly in spring to avoid lush growth that dilutes oil content.^[85]^[26] Catnip shows natural resistance to many pests, including aphids, due to its repellent essential oils like nepetalactone, which deter insect feeding and oviposition.^[86]^[84] However, it can be susceptible to powdery mildew (Erysiphe spp.) in humid or poorly ventilated conditions, appearing as white powdery spots on leaves; good air circulation and avoiding overhead watering help mitigate this fungal disease.^[87]^[88]

Propagation and harvesting

Catnip can be propagated through several reliable methods, including seeding, stem cuttings, and root division. For seed propagation, sow catnip seeds in spring, ideally indoors 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost to allow for controlled germination.^[26] Germination typically occurs in 7-14 days at soil temperatures of 18-21°C, with success rates around 70-80% under optimal conditions such as moist, well-drained seed-starting mix exposed to light.^[89]^[90] Stem cuttings provide a quick alternative; take 10-15 cm cuttings from healthy, non-flowering stems in spring or summer, remove lower leaves, and root them in water (changing it every few days) or directly in moist, sandy soil, where they establish roots within 1-2 weeks.^[91] Root division suits established plants; in fall, after the growing season, dig up clumps and separate the rhizomatous roots into sections with at least three shoots each, replanting immediately in prepared soil to encourage new growth the following spring.^[92] Transplant seedlings outdoors after the last frost, spacing them 15-30 cm apart to accommodate mature growth and prevent overcrowding.^[93] Catnip reaches maturity in 60-90 days, at which point it is ready for initial harvest, though as a perennial it continues producing for multiple seasons with proper care.^[94] Harvesting occurs primarily in mid-summer when plants begin flowering, as this stage maximizes essential oil concentration in the leaves and stems.^[95] Cut stems 5-10 cm above the base using clean shears, either for fresh use or drying; multiple harvests per season are possible by allowing regrowth. In good conditions, a single plant can yield 0.1-0.2 kg of dry herb annually across 1-2 cuts.^[34] Post-harvest, dry the foliage in a shaded, well-ventilated area to preserve oils, hanging bundles upside down or spreading leaves thinly for 1-2 weeks until brittle; alternatively, use fresh material immediately. For essential oil production, distill harvested plant material via steam shortly after cutting to capture volatile compounds like nepetalactone.^[96]^[97] Store dried catnip leaves whole in airtight glass jars in a cool, dark place to maintain potency, where they remain viable for 1-2 years before the aroma and active compounds degrade.^[98]

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The predominant bioactive ingredients with high percentage in N. Cataria essential oil was 4a-a, 7-a, 7a-β- Nepetalactone (53.87%). The essential oil's IC50 ...Introduction · Materials and Methods · Results · Discussion
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[PDF] Antimicrobial effects of catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) essential oil ...
Mar 8, 2024 · GC–MS analysis confirmed that our catnip essential oil contained Z, E- and E, Z-nepetalactone as the primary chemical constituents (totaling ...
[40]
Flavonoids and phenolic acids of Nepeta cataria L. var. citriodora ...
Two minor constituents of flavonoid fraction have been identified as apigenin 7-O-glucoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside by means of HPLC method. The percentage ...Missing: dihydronepetalactone citronellal thymol
[41]
[PDF] Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Nepeta ...
The results indicated that catnip is a rich source of bioactive polyphenols including both apigenin and luteolin glycosylated and glurcuronidated derivatives.
[42]
Chemical Composition of Various Nepeta cataria Plant Organs ... - NIH
Aug 14, 2022 · This report summarizes the chemical composition analysis of Nepeta cataria L. flower, leaf, and stem methanol extracts (FME, LME, SME, ...Missing: citronellal geraniol apigenin
[43]
Successive harvests affect the aromatic and polyphenol profiles of ...
Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) produces volatile iridoid terpenes, mainly nepetalactones, with strong repellent activity against species of arthropods with ...
[44]
In vivo characterization of key iridoid biosynthesis pathway genes in ...
Oct 12, 2022 · Three distinct stereoisomers of the iridoid nepetalactone—(S)-cis,trans; (S)-cis,cis and (S)-trans,cis—are produced in varying ratios by many ...
[45]
Predicting nepetalactone accumulation in Nepeta persica using ...
Aug 27, 2025 · Studies indicate that moderate drought stress can enhance nepetalactone ... Enhanced UV-A/B exposure on these slopes is known to upregulate ...
[46]
[PDF] Salicylic acid improves growth and essential oil accumulation in two ...
This study showed that the accumulation of essential oil constituents in Nepeta chemotypes is influenced by the level of water stress as well as its seasonal.
[47]
Genetic Variability and Elite Line Selection for High Essential Oil ...
A study of yield statistics done in New Jersey, US revealed oil content of 0.1% - 0.2%, the oil yield of 8.9 kg/ha, biomass yield of 7.7 t dry wt./ha and ...
[48]
Behavioral differences among domestic cats in the response to ... - NIH
Nepetalactone, found in Nepeta cataria, was the first compound identified as being able to elicit the catnip response [13]. Several other compounds similar in ...Missing: ecology | Show results with:ecology
[49]
The characteristic response of domestic cats to plant iridoids allows ...
Jan 20, 2021 · Reiko Uenoyama et al. ,. The characteristic response of domestic cats to plant iridoids allows them to gain chemical defense against ...
[50]
Why Do Cats Love Catnip? - Scientific American
Sep 1, 2015 · This response lasts for about 10 minutes, after which the cat becomes refractory to catnip's effects for roughly 30 minutes.Missing: period | Show results with:period
[51]
What Is Catnip and What Does It Do to Cats? - PetMD
Jan 31, 2025 · Catnip is an herb that, when smelled by a cat, can affect behavior. · About 60% of cats will have a behavioral reaction to catnip. · The effects ...
[52]
How Does Catnip Work Its Magic on Cats? - Scientific American
May 29, 2007 · Response to catnip is hereditary; about 70 to 80 percent of cats exhibit this behavior in the plant's presence. In addition, catnip does not ...
[53]
Does Catnip Make Cats High? - PetMD
Jan 3, 2022 · Interestingly, there is a refractory period with catnip; after experiencing whatever “high” they may feel, it takes about 1-2 hours before cats ...
[54]
Can Kittens Have Catnip? | Little Silver Animal Hospital
Kittens under the age of three months are generally immune to the effects of catnip. This is because the sensitivity to nepetalactone develops with age and is ...
[55]
The Curious Effects of Catnip - Catwatch Newsletter
... catnip is indigenous are believed to be less responsive to catnip.These include Siamese, Burmese and Himalayans. Most Maine Coons, on the other hand, love ...
[56]
Active and passive responses to catnip (Nepeta cataria) are affected ...
2,12 The catnip iridoids have been suggested to activate the cat μ-opioid pathway, thereby triggering the brain reward systems;3,13 in contrast, why insects ...
[57]
Comparison of contact and spatial repellency of catnip oil and N,N ...
Catnip oil was the better spatial repellent, whereas deet was a more effective contact repellent in tests with all three species of mosquitoes.
[58]
Catnip Repels Mosquitoes More Effectively Than DEET - ScienceDaily
Aug 28, 2001 · Peterson says nepetalactone is about 10 times more effective than DEET because it takes about one- ...
[59]
Cockroaches Beware! This House Has Been Treated With Catnip
Aug 27, 1999 · D., reported that cockroaches are repelled by catnip - specifically, two forms of the chemical called nepetalactone, found in the catnip plant.
[60]
Catnip stops termites dead in their tracks - EurekAlert!
Mar 25, 2025 · The oil derived from the catnip plant was found to repel and kill termites in a laboratory test. The researchers hope that eventually a commercial product ...
[61]
Catnip: animal reactions and human uses - Espace pour la vie
Many other animals have been tested, from dogs to rabbits, mice, rats and poultry, with no reaction. ... No dependency or harmful effects have been observed.Missing: avoidance | Show results with:avoidance
[62]
Is Catnip Safe for Dogs? A Vet Explains the Herb's Effects - Daily Paws
Jun 4, 2024 · Should You Give Catnip to Your Dog? Interestingly, the mild sedative effect is one reason why some veterinarians recommend catnip for dogs.
[63]
Nepeta cataria - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The genus Nepeta is represented in Iran by 67 species. Of these 38 are endemic and 31 are native in Iran. Moreover. Nepeta cataria and Nepeta crassifolia Boiss.
[64]
Scientists may have finally found how catnip repels insects
Apr 5, 2021 · Catnip (Nepeta cataria) may have a euphoric effect on some cats, but the plant deters insects by triggering a chemical sensor for irritants, a new study shows.
[65]
[PDF] Efficacy & Safety of Catnip as Fly Repellent
The acute oral LD50 of catnip oil was found to be 3160 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 2710 mg/kg BW in female and male rats, respectively. The acute dermal LD50 ...
[66]
Is Catnip Bad for Dogs - Crossville - Best Friends Veterinary Hospital
While catnip is generally safe for dogs, consuming large quantities can lead to gastrointestinal upset, leading to vomiting or diarrhea.
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catnip nepeta cataria: Topics by Science.gov
Several species of Nepeta genus are utilized in folk medicine for treatment of contusions, rheumatic pains, fever, cutaneous eruptions. Some species are ...
[68]
Lamiaceae of Missouri
Dec 26, 2019 · Additionally, Native Americans used it to treat nervousness, and digestive and kidney issues, generally brewing it as a tea or steeping it as a ...
[69]
Catnip (Nepeta cataria, Nepeta spp.) - Restorative Medicine
Nepeta persica plant extract in the EPM produced antianxiety effects at 50 mg/kg of body weight. The mice spent substantially more time in and made more trips ...
[70]
(PDF) Catnip a Magical Herb: An Approach towards the Prevention ...
Catnip has a diaphoretic effect (increasing perspiration without raising body temperature) and antipyretic (anti-fever) effects so it could have uses for ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[71]
Catnip Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com
Aug 22, 2025 · Avoid use. Adverse effects (eg, emmenagogue and abortifacient effects) have been documented.Clinical Overview · Uses And Pharmacology · Disclaimer<|separator|>
[72]
Catnip: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions
Catnip is used for trouble sleeping (insomnia); anxiety; migraine and other headaches; cold and other upper respiratory infections; flu; swine flu; fever; ...<|separator|>
[73]
Catnip - Uses, Side Effects, and More - WebMD
Side Effects · When taken by mouth: Catnip is possibly safe when used in cupful amounts of catnip tea. But catnip is possibly unsafe when taken in high doses.
[74]
Catnip Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com
Pregnancy/Lactation. Documented adverse effects when consumed (eg, induce menstruation and abortion). Avoid use. Interactions. None well documented. Side ...Missing: forms safety
[75]
Catnip vs Mint: What's the Difference? - A-Z Animals
Oct 30, 2022 · – Catnip leaves are used for culinary purposes; – Flowers are used ... Fresh leaves are also added to salads, meat dishes, and pasta.
[76]
Culinary and Medicinal Catnip - Caribbean Recipes
Jan 14, 2015 · The leaves, shoot tips or flowers are added to salads, soups, sauces, and savoury dishes for flavouring. Used as a tea, catnip aids in calming ...
[77]
Repellency Assessment of Nepeta cataria Essential Oils and ... - NIH
Feb 6, 2019 · The results indicate that all essential oil samples and their respective purified nepetalactone isomers were able to achieve greater than 95% repellency.
[78]
From the scientists: How to use catnip as a mosquito repellent
Compounds in catnip are at least as effective as DEET (and potentially up to 10x more effective) at repelling mosquitoes. Fresh, home-grown catnip can be ...
[79]
Could catnip become the new DEET? - Northwestern Now
Mar 4, 2021 · Recent research shows catnip compounds to be at least as effective as synthetic insect repellents such as DEET.
[80]
Novel β-Cyclodextrin and Catnip Essential Oil Inclusion Complex ...
Dec 6, 2021 · The free catnip essential oils repelled 88% of tested ticks 1 h post application, and the repellent effect slightly decreased overtime, still ...
[81]
Catnip Uses and Plant Monograph - Learning Herbs
Catnip is particularly indicated for anxiety paired with restlessness and irritability. Whether you're feeling jittery from too much coffee, from stress, or ...
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Companions For Catnip: Learn About Plants To Grow With Catnip
Sep 14, 2021 · Catnip repels pests, including flea beetles, and protects plants like collard greens. It also repels mice and voles. Catnip can be grown in ...Missing: dye | Show results with:dye
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Catnip (Nepeta cataria) - Food For Health
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not list catnip on its Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) list. References. Natural Standard developed the ...
[85]
Catnip (Nepeta cataria): Complete Care Guide and Benefits
Catnip thrives in well-draining, moderately fertile soil with a pH range of 6.1 to 7.8. Rich, well-draining soil is ideal, but the plant can adapt to various ...Missing: habitat ecology
[86]
How to Grow Catnip Plants - The Spruce
Oct 1, 2025 · Mature catnip also can be propagated via division. This is a great way to reinvigorate an overgrown plant. Here's how: Dig up the plant, aiming ...Missing: rhizomes | Show results with:rhizomes
[87]
Nepeta (Catmint) | UC Master Gardener Program of Sonoma County
The genus Nepeta is a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae) and is made up of approximately 250 perennial species native to a variety of habitats.
[88]
[PDF] Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.): recent advances in botany, horticulture ...
The plant elicits active behaviors in felids, including domestic cats, such as rolling over, chin and cheek rubbing, head shaking, pawing, floor scratching, ...
[89]
Catnip | Herbs | Illinois Extension | UIUC
Growing: Perennial. Catnip prefers a full sun location in soil that is moist but well-drained. It will also tolerate light shade. It can be grown from ...
[90]
Insect-Repelling Plants For Your Garden | Paulding Vine - UGA
Jul 3, 2024 · It has a strong scent that repels aphids, cabbage loopers, and Japanese beetles. Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is in the same family as mint, so it ...
[91]
Catmints and catnip: Which is “purrfect” for your garden?
Apr 8, 2021 · Catnip growing in early spring as a weed. Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a perennial plant about two to three feet tall with whitish flowers.Missing: rhizome | Show results with:rhizome
[92]
How to Grow Catnip to Repel Pests, Flavor Your Food, and Entertain ...
Apr 26, 2024 · Catnip may occasionally contract powdery mildew, which looks like white powder on the foliage. This mildew is especially likely to appear ...
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https://www.burpee.com/blog/encyclopedia__catnip-article.html
[94]
Germination percentage of catmint seeds as affected by soil type and...
In this regard, the germination rate was between 70% and 80%. [15] ... The type of soil media can also affect the germination percentage of catnip seeds.
[95]
How To Root Catnip Cuttings – Can You Grow Catnip From Cuttings
Nov 23, 2022 · Catnip cuttings can be rooted in water or soil. In water, remove lower leaves and change water regularly. In soil, press the cut end into soil. ...Missing: methods sources
[96]
How to Grow a Catnip Plant | BBC Gardeners World Magazine
Jun 16, 2022 · Nepeta cataria is generally trouble-free from pests and diseases. Powdery mildew may occur in dry summers and is seen as a white coating on the ...What Is Catnip? · How To Grow Catnip · Advice On Buying CatnipMissing: factors dispersal<|control11|><|separator|>
[97]
https://jmp.ir/article-1-1298-en.pdf
[98]
Catnip - Bonnie Plants
Use our zone-based planting guide to know when to plant catnip. Plant name Zone Start seeds indoors (spring/fall) Start seeds outdoors (spring/fall)
[99]
Catnip for My Cats - The Martha Stewart Blog
Sep 28, 2020 · Catnip can be harvested at any time during the growing season; however, when the plant is flowering the oils, which are really what cats crave, ...Missing: yield | Show results with:yield
[100]
[PDF] Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.)
Aug 25, 2022 · cataria herb recorded 138.5 and 180.0 g/plant in the first and the second cut, respectively. Dry yield per hectare in this respect recorded 1.98 ...
[101]
Catnip as a Source of Essential Oils - ResearchGate
As a source of essential oil, the production of catnip on a large-scale presents numerous challenges in that the available varieties are relatively low biomass ...Missing: fertility soil
[102]
[PDF] Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Essential Oil of Catnip ...
Jan 31, 2017 · The treatments were included the freshly harvested plants, sun-drying, shade-drying, oven-drying at 35, 45, and 55 °C, microwave-drying at 100 ...
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https://www.toe-beans.com/blogs/pet-blog/does-catnip-expire-storage