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Celcom

Celcom Berhad, commonly known as Celcom, was Malaysia's oldest mobile , founded in 1988 as a between and Fleet Group Sdn. Bhd. to provide the country's first cellular services. In November 2022, Celcom merged with DiGi.Com Berhad in a deal valued at approximately RM 49 billion, forming Berhad, which became Malaysia's largest . Owned equally by Group Berhad (33.1%) and Group (33.1%), serves 20.5 million subscribers as of September 2025 with a focus on mobile voice, , and digital solutions across consumer, home, and enterprise segments. The company operates Malaysia's widest network, providing 4G coverage to 97% of the population and 4G + to 91% as of 2024, while advancing deployment with network integration nearing 90% completion as of September 2025 to support digital inclusion and . Headquartered in , , emphasizes innovation, sustainability, and superior customer experience, positioning itself as a leader in advancing Malaysian society through technology.

History

Founding and Early Years

Celcom was incorporated on January 5, 1988, as a under the name Cellular Communications Sdn Bhd, serving as a of Sistem Telepon Malaysia Berhad (now Berhad). On January 24, 1990, it changed its name to Celcom Sdn Bhd. The company was established as part of early efforts to expand mobile , with involvement from key figures including Tan Sri through his association with the Fleet Group, alongside , reflecting a structure aimed at introducing competitive cellular services. In November 1991, it changed its name to Cellular Communications Network () Sdn Bhd to better align with its focus on development. The company launched Malaysia's second analog service in September 1989, utilizing the ART-900 based on the Extended Total Access Communications (ETACS) standard operating at 900 MHz, with the prefix "010." This service targeted urban business users in major cities such as , , and , providing voice communications in an era when mobile penetration was minimal and fixed-line services dominated. As the first private operator to enter the market after Telekom Malaysia's ATUR 450 , Celcom's entry marked a significant step in liberalizing mobile services, initially covering the and expanding to other urban areas. Early subscriber growth was rapid, starting from approximately 23,000 users in 1990 and surpassing 123,000 by the end of 1992, overtaking Telekom Malaysia's base through aggressive marketing and service improvements. By 1995, Celcom's subscriber count had reached 640,000, reflecting strong demand for analog services in key urban centers like , and continued to expand into the mid-1990s with the transition to digital technologies. This growth positioned Celcom as a leading player in Malaysia's nascent mobile market. Initial infrastructure development involved substantial investments in base stations and tower sites, often through partnerships with local landowners and equipment suppliers for ETACS-compatible hardware. Spectrum allocation for the 900 MHz band was granted by the (prior to the formation of the in 1998), enabling nationwide analog coverage in major cities and laying the foundation for future expansions.

Ownership Transitions and Challenges

The severely impacted Celcom's ownership structure when its major shareholder, Tan Sri Tajudin Ramli, faced a significant crunch through his control of Technology Resources Industries Bhd (TRI), which held a controlling stake in Celcom. Tajudin's borrowings, secured against his TRI shares, became non-performing, leading Danaharta Nasional Bhd, Malaysia's national company established to handle bad loans, to seize a substantial portion of his pledged equity in TRI—reportedly around 32% initially in 1998—as for exceeding RM1 billion. This intervention marked the beginning of prolonged efforts under Danaharta's oversight, which involved negotiating repayment plans and asset disposals to stabilize TRI and Celcom amid economic turmoil. By 2001, Danaharta had assumed greater control over TRI to enforce restructuring, culminating in full operational oversight by early 2002 when it foreclosed on Tajudin's remaining pledged shares due to ongoing defaults. This shift ousted Tajudin from TRI's board, allowing Danaharta to facilitate the transfer of control to Bhd (TM), which acquired key stakes in TRI starting with a 13.14% interest from Danaharta in April 2002 for approximately RM717 million. Key challenges during this period included complex debt workouts that required interventions and negotiations, as well as regulatory scrutiny from bodies like the Securities Commission to ensure fair valuation and minority shareholder protection. Workforce adjustments were also necessary, with Celcom implementing cost-cutting measures and staff reallocations to maintain service continuity amid the uncertainty. In 2003, TM completed its acquisition of Celcom through a merger of its mobile unit, TM Cellular Sdn Bhd, with Celcom, valued at approximately RM3.76 billion, making Celcom a fully integrated and providing post-crisis stability. The deal, approved by Celcom shareholders and regulators in March 2003, involved TM launching a mandatory general offer for remaining shares at RM2.75 each, consolidating its position in Malaysia's mobile market. This transition faced hurdles such as legal challenges from stakeholders and the need for antitrust reviews, but it ultimately resolved lingering Danaharta obligations by channeling proceeds toward debt repayment. By 2009, as part of a broader corporate reorganization, Celcom was demerged from TM to form the Group, with TM International Berhad (later renamed Group Berhad) assuming control of international and mobile assets including Celcom. As part of the of TM International (later Group Berhad) from TM in 2008, Celcom came under 's control. Celcom was rebranded as Celcom Berhad on , 2009. was listed on the Main Market of on April 28, 2008, following a that raised RM5.25 billion to settle demerger-related debts totaling RM4.02 billion to TM. The process demanded rigorous regulatory approvals from and the Securities Commission, alongside internal workforce realignments to align with 's regional focus, marking the end of a decade of ownership volatility.

Key Milestones in Expansion

In 2006, Celcom launched Malaysia's first High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) service, marking a significant advancement in technology and enabling faster mobile data connectivity across major towns leveraging Telekom Malaysia's existing exchanges. This rollout achieved initial download speeds of up to 3.6 Mbps, positioning Celcom as a pioneer in high-speed and supporting early adoption of data-intensive applications in urban areas. A key regional expansion occurred in 2009 when , Celcom's parent company, consolidated its control over PT Excelcomindo Pratama Tbk in through increased investment and rebranding it as PT XL Axiata Tbk, thereby strengthening Axiata's presence in Southeast Asia's second-largest market. This move enhanced cross-border operational synergies and diversified revenue streams beyond , contributing to Axiata's broader international strategy. Throughout the 2010s, Celcom pursued strategic partnerships and joint ventures to bolster service capabilities, including a 2010 memorandum of understanding with DiGi for network sharing to improve coverage efficiency and a longstanding collaboration with for international roaming across over 190 countries. These alliances facilitated enhanced content services, such as early integrations for SMS-based access to platforms like and , while the 2016 introduction of the Celcom Turbo prepaid data plans under the Xpax brand offered boosted off-peak internet quotas to meet rising demand for affordable mobile data. Celcom's domestic growth accelerated through aggressive marketing campaigns and targeted rural expansion efforts, culminating in a subscriber milestone of over 10 million by , driven by initiatives like network collaborations that extended reach to underserved areas. This achievement underscored Celcom's market leadership in , with prepaid and postpaid segments benefiting from innovative promotions and improved accessibility.

Corporate Structure and Ownership

Pre-Merger Governance

Following its acquisition by Group Berhad in 2009 through the from , Celcom Axiata Berhad operated as a wholly-owned with governance structures aligned to Axiata's overarching framework, emphasizing strategic oversight, , and compliance with Malaysian corporate standards. The consisted primarily of Axiata-appointed members, including independent non-executive directors and group executives to ensure alignment with parent company objectives; key figures included representatives such as Dato’ Sri Jamaludin Ibrahim in earlier years, transitioning to oversight by Axiata's senior leadership like Dato’ Izzaddin Idris as Group CEO. This composition facilitated focused decision-making on operational efficiency and market positioning in Malaysia's sector. Leadership at Celcom during this period prioritized and network enhancement, with Datuk Idham Nawawi serving as CEO from September until the merger completion in November 2022 (and continuing as CEO of until August 2025), succeeding Michael Kuehner and building on initiatives started under Dato’ Sri Mohammed Shazalli Ramly (CEO until 2016). Under Nawawi's tenure, efforts centered on accelerating / adoption and enterprise solutions to drive revenue diversification amid competitive pressures. The executive team reported to Axiata's board, ensuring strategic initiatives like partnerships were vetted at the group level for consistency across operations. Celcom maintained compliance with the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission's (MCMC) regulatory requirements, including participation in spectrum such as the 2012 2.6 GHz band allocation and the 2017 700 MHz , which enabled expanded coverage while adhering to assignment fees and usage conditions. Service quality standards under the Mandatory Standards on (MSQoS) were monitored through regular audits, with Celcom addressing identified gaps—such as occasional network latency issues—to meet benchmarks for call drop rates below 2% and throughput thresholds, though fines were issued in for isolated non-compliances totaling RM4.6 million across operators including Celcom. These measures ensured alignment with MCMC's and competition guidelines throughout the 2009-2021 period. Financial governance was detailed in annual reports, reflecting steady revenue growth from RM7.3 billion in —driven by 21% mobile data expansion—to approximately RM8.5 billion in 2021, supported by postpaid subscriber gains and services amid a challenging . Emphasis on (ESG) principles integrated Axiata's 4Ps framework (, , , ), with Celcom contributing through digital inclusion programs like community broadband access and energy-efficient network upgrades, aligning with group-wide reporting under the . ESG reporting highlighted reduced carbon emissions via pilots and talent development for over 2,700 employees pre-merger. Internally, Celcom was organized into core divisions for consumer operations (prepaid and postpaid mobile services), enterprise solutions ( and connectivity for businesses), and /wholesale segments (MVNO partnerships and cross-border ), supported by subsidiaries like Celcom Networks Sdn Bhd for and Celcom Retail Sdn Bhd for . This structure, employing more than 2,700 staff by 2021, enabled agile responses to market demands while maintaining centralized financial controls and audit oversight from .

Merger with Digi and Formation of CelcomDigi

On June 21, 2021, Group Berhad and ASA announced a definitive agreement to merge their Malaysian subsidiaries, Celcom Axiata Berhad and Digi.com Berhad, through a share purchase and merger transaction. The deal valued the combined entity, referred to as MergeCo, at a pre-synergy equity value of close to RM50 billion, with and each receiving equal ownership stakes of 33.1% upon completion. As of September 2025, ownership remains equally split at 33.1% each between and , with Idham Nawawi succeeded by Albern Murty as acting CEO following his departure on August 31, 2025. This merger aimed to create Malaysia's largest integrated provider by consolidating operations, networks, and customer bases. The merger process required multiple regulatory clearances throughout 2022. The (MCMC) issued a notice of no objection on June 29, 2022, following an assessment that included remedies to support mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). The Securities Commission Malaysia approved the transaction on September 15, 2022, subject to certain terms and conditions. provided necessary approvals as part of the listing and compliance process later that year. Shareholder approval was obtained from both and Digi on November 18, 2022, clearing the final hurdle for execution. The merger was completed on November 30, 2022, resulting in the formation of , Malaysia's largest by and scale. Headquartered in , , the new entity inherited Digi's listing and combined assets reflecting the RM50 billion equity valuation, serving over 20 million customers with annual revenues of RM13 billion. The strategic objectives included achieving synergies with a of RM8 billion over five years, primarily through network rationalization, operational efficiencies, and cost savings in infrastructure and procurement.

Products and Services

Core Mobile and Broadband Offerings

Celcom's core offerings centered on postpaid plans tailored for , , and . Prior to the merger, plans like offered a bundle of minutes for calls to all networks at flat rates, providing consistent pricing across and fixed lines. Following the 2022 merger with Digi, these evolved into Postpaid plans, such as the Postpaid 40 SE at RM40 per month, featuring 100GB of combined / and unlimited calls to all Malaysian networks, with options for 12-month contracts to unlock additional quotas. In 2025, introduced promotions like Meriahkan 2025G, offering double on select plans such as 300GB for the Postpaid 80. sharing was a key feature, allowing up to five supplementary lines under plans like Postpaid , where could be pooled and billed at discounted rates starting from RM20 per line when paired with principal plans of RM160 or higher. In broadband services, Celcom offered wireless home solutions through Celcom Broadband, delivering speeds up to 100 Mbps via 4G networks and later enhanced with 5G capabilities for plug-and-play routers without fixed-line installation. These services catered to residential users with unlimited quotas on select plans, such as the Home Wireless 5G at RM69 monthly post-merger, supporting multiple devices for streaming and remote work. By the first quarter of 2015, Celcom Broadband had surpassed 1.5 million subscribers, reflecting its dominance in mobile broadband amid growing demand for portable internet access. For enterprises, Celcom developed dedicated mobile plans integrating connectivity and secure virtual private networks (VPNs), launched in the to support sectors including , , and utilities. These solutions enabled real-time data monitoring via M2M (machine-to-machine) platforms, such as connected vehicles for fleet tracking and smart agriculture systems, with secure VPNs ensuring encrypted communications over public networks. Post-merger, CelcomDigi Business expanded these with 5G-powered offerings, including private networks for customized enterprise mobility. Pricing for Celcom's offerings evolved to meet competitive pressures, notably with the introduction of unlimited passes in for prepaid and postpaid users, allowing flexible add-ons for high-speed quotas without overage fees, in response to rivals like and . This shift emphasized bundled unlimited voice and expansive allowances, with postpaid entry-level plans maintaining affordability around RM40 monthly while scaling to enterprise-grade features.

Branded Services and Innovations

Celcom's Xpax, launched in 2004, serves as the company's primary prepaid brand targeted at youth demographics, offering flexible mobile plans with an emphasis on affordability and lifestyle integration. In 2016, Xpax introduced the #NoKelentong , a initiative in the 2010s that promoted plan transparency by eliminating hidden fees and , resonating with consumers seeking straightforward offerings. Key features under Xpax include complimentary data passes for social media platforms such as and , providing users with dedicated high-speed quotas to support everyday online interactions without additional costs. In June 2015, Celcom released the Magic SIM as a limited-edition variant under the Xpax prepaid lineup, priced at RM5 for a starter pack that included unlimited basic at 64kbps speeds, along with free incoming calls and to enhance accessibility for budget-conscious users. This innovation aimed to simplify entry into services by bundling essential voice, messaging, and low-speed data benefits, appealing particularly to new or occasional users. Yoodo, Celcom's digital-only (MVNO), debuted in January 2018 as Malaysia's first fully customizable mobile service, enabling customers to tailor data, voice, and quotas directly through a without physical swaps or contracts. The platform emphasized user control and flexibility, operating on Celcom's network infrastructure to deliver app-based plan adjustments and support in later updates. The brand was discontinued on 29 August 2024, as part of post-merger commitments to the , with existing subscribers automatically migrated to equivalent prepaid plans while retaining their customized quotas. Kolony, introduced by Celcom on April 8, 2011, marked Malaysia's inaugural , designed for youth and lower-income segments to foster community connections via without requiring internet access or smartphones. Users could engage in features like status updates, comments, and friend-following through simple commands, rapidly gaining 1.8 million registrations within three months via a viral "infestation" campaign that leveraged word-of-mouth and teaser promotions. Complementing such innovations, Celcom expanded community hotspots in the , installing over 100 access points in public venues like malls and cafes to provide or low-cost connectivity and bridge divides in urban areas. Celcom's Home Wireless service, rolled out as a fixed wireless access solution in the mid-2010s, delivers to residential users via / networks, offering plug-and-play installation without cabling for households in areas lacking traditional . This branded offering integrates with Celcom's core ecosystem, providing unlimited data options and router bundles to support home streaming and , particularly post-2020 amid rising demand for reliable fixed connectivity.

Network Infrastructure

Technological Evolution

Celcom's technological journey began with the adoption of second-generation () GSM technology in 1995, marking Malaysia's first digital mobile network launch, which laid the foundation for subsequent enhancements like in the early 2000s. The rollout enabled data speeds up to 384 kbps, supporting basic and SMS services across urban areas, building on the existing GSM infrastructure to introduce packet-switched data capabilities. Celcom launched Malaysia's first services in 2006, enabling higher-speed data and video calling capabilities. Advancing to fourth-generation (4G) networks, Celcom commercially launched services in April 2013, initially targeting key regions such as the , , and with download speeds up to 50 Mbps via the 2600 MHz band. This was followed by the introduction of LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) in 2016, incorporating across multiple frequency bands to achieve peak speeds of up to 300 Mbps, enhancing capacity and reliability for high-demand data applications. The transition to fifth-generation () technology commenced in 2021 through a strategic partnership with Digital Nasional Berhad (DNB), Malaysia's wholesale network provider, enabling initial non-standalone (NSA) deployments that leverage existing core infrastructure for early urban coverage in major cities like . By 2022, this evolved into commercial services, utilizing the 3.5 GHz band for improved and throughput. Supporting these upgrades, Celcom's infrastructure expanded significantly, surpassing 11,500 base stations nationwide by late 2020, with spectrum assets including the 700 MHz band for wide-area coverage, 2.1 GHz for urban capacity, and access to 3.5 GHz via DNB for applications. These holdings facilitated robust network densification and multi-band operations.

Coverage and Performance Metrics

Prior to the merger, Celcom achieved 94.5% 4G LTE population coverage nationwide by the end of 2021, measured at a signal strength of -98 dBm in and populated areas. Additionally, the network provided 98% voice coverage across populated regions, ensuring reliable basic services. Following the formation of , the combined entity expanded its footprint to 96-98% population coverage for services nationwide as of 2025, with covering approximately 82% of populated areas, leveraging integrated infrastructure for broader accessibility. The operator's network specifically covers 97% of populated areas, with site density outpacing competitors by at least 50% through approximately 24,000 sites. In terms of performance, CelcomDigi's network delivered average download speeds of around 105 Mbps nationwide as of mid-2025. Network integration efforts included decommissioning around 7,000 redundant sites over three years while adding approximately 2,000 new sites by the end of 2025, optimizing efficiency and targeting 98% overall population coverage. Disparities persist between urban and rural areas, particularly in , where rollout lags national averages but benefits from regulatory mandates. The (MCMC) enforces provisions through its USP Fund, which allocates resources to extend access to underserved rural and remote regions, including , to bridge the .

Legacy and Developments

Integration and Post-Merger Changes

Following the completion of the merger in November 2022, CelcomDigi initiated a phased network consolidation effort, integrating Celcom and Digi's infrastructure sites to optimize operations and reduce redundancies. As of end-September 2025, the company had achieved over 90% completion of its network integration and modernization program, which included streamlining over 25,000 pre-merger sites to around 18,000. This process generated net synergy savings of RM1.6 billion, after accounting for RM385 million in integration costs during 2024, primarily through operational efficiencies in maintenance and energy usage. The integration also positioned CelcomDigi to advance towards full 5G standalone deployment by 2025, enhancing network capabilities for advanced services without non-standalone dependencies. Customer migration formed a core aspect of the , with Celcom's approximately 9.4 million subscribers from late 2022 seamlessly transferred to unified plans and platforms to maintain service continuity. This transition, completed without reported disruptions, involved harmonizing billing, support, and access to combined offerings, culminating in the launch of a unified in October 2025 to replace legacy Celcom Life and MyDigi applications. By mid-2025, the process had supported a stable subscriber base exceeding 20 million across the merged entity, enabling personalized services and improved user experience through a single digital ecosystem. Organizational changes accompanied the integration to drive efficiencies, including leadership transitions and workforce optimization. Datuk Idham Nawawi, appointed as CEO in 2022 to oversee the merger, stepped down on August 31, 2025, for personal reasons, with Deputy CEO Albern Murty assuming the acting role to ensure continuity. Synergies from the merger facilitated a reduction in workforce size from combined pre-merger levels of around 10,000 to approximately 5,500 by 2023, further streamlining to about 3,000 by 2024 through natural attrition, retraining, and role consolidations focused on high-value functions. These adjustments contributed to cost savings while preserving key talent for ongoing transformation. Regulatory oversight by the (MCMC) ensured fair post-merger, imposing conditions such as the divestiture of 70 MHz of overlapping spectrum in phases over three years to mitigate . This included returning spectrum to MCMC and divesting assets like the Yoodo MVNO brand, allowing the merged entity to retain 150 MHz while promoting access for smaller operators. MCMC's monitoring continued through mid-2025, verifying compliance with safeguards to protect interests and balance.

Market Position and Recent Initiatives

CelcomDigi maintains a dominant in Malaysia's landscape as the largest by subscriber base, serving more than 20.5 million mobile customers as of the third quarter of 2025. This represents continued growth amid network integration efforts. In the postpaid segment, which emphasizes high-value customers, the company reported 6.0 million subscribers in Q3 2025, up 300,000 from the previous year, with legacy Celcom contributions forming a significant portion of this base—approximately half. The company's stands at approximately 34% of Malaysia's sector as of Q3 , bolstered by leadership in postpaid services and fibre , where it drives industry convergence trends. Financial performance reflects this strength, with Q3 total reaching RM3.12 billion (service up 1.5% year-over-year), fueled by postpaid growth to RM1.091 billion (up 4.2% year-over-year) and robust expansion in home & fibre, which saw 40.8% increase to RM69 million. CelcomDigi's focus on premium segments has enabled it to outpace competitors like and in key performance metrics, as per analyses up to 2024, contributing to its position as Malaysia's widest / network provider. Recent initiatives highlight CelcomDigi's push toward innovative, customer-centric offerings. On October 28, 2025, the company launched , the rebranded successor to the previously divested Yoodo MVNO and Malaysia's first eSIM-only, app-powered mobile service, enabling instant activation and flexible plans starting at RM15 per month for 3GB of / data, targeting natives with seamless connectivity. Complementing this, CelcomDigi expanded its Home WiFi plans, providing unlimited / data via dedicated routers suitable for households with multiple devices, enhancing accessibility without fixed-line infrastructure. These efforts align with broader inclusion goals through the S.A.F.E. program, which promotes smart, aware, fortified, and empathetic online habits to combat scams and foster safe access for all .

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