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Colon

Look up ''colon'' in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. '''Colon''' is a term with multiple meanings. It may refer to:

Biology and medicine

Anatomical structure

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is the final major segment of the human digestive tract, extending from the ileocecal valve to the rectum. It measures approximately 1.5 meters (5 feet) in length in adults and has a wider lumen than the small intestine, facilitating the processing of residual material from digestion.^[1]^[2] The colon is divided into five primary anatomical segments: the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The cecum is a blind-ended pouch in the right iliac fossa, connected to the ileum via the ileocecal valve. The ascending colon begins at the cecum and ascends along the right side of the abdomen to the right colic flexure near the liver. The transverse colon, the longest and most mobile segment, spans horizontally across the abdomen from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure near the spleen, suspended by the transverse mesocolon. The descending colon descends along the left side of the abdomen to the sigmoid colon, remaining largely retroperitoneal. The sigmoid colon forms an S-shaped curve in the pelvis, connecting to the rectum at the level of the third sacral vertebra.^[3]^[2] The primary functions of the colon involve the absorption of water and electrolytes from the chyme received from the small intestine, maintaining electrolyte balance through the secretion of potassium and chloride, and the formation, storage, and propulsion of feces toward the rectum. These processes transform liquid waste into solid feces through gradual dehydration and bacterial fermentation.^[3]^[1] Histologically, the colon features a mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium rich in goblet cells that secrete mucus for lubrication, organized into straight, unbranched tubular glands known as crypts of Lieberkühn, which lack villi unlike the small intestine. The muscularis externa includes three distinct longitudinal bands of smooth muscle called taeniae coli, which contract to produce sac-like outpouchings or haustra along the colon wall, giving it a segmented appearance. Additionally, small, fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum, termed epiploic appendages, project from the external surface, primarily along the taeniae coli.^[4]^[5]^[3] Embryologically, the colon develops from the hindgut endoderm, with the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon deriving from the midgut and the distal portions from the hindgut; this occurs as part of the gastrointestinal tube formation during weeks 4-10 of gestation, involving a 270-degree counterclockwise rotation of the midgut loop.^[3]^[6]

Medical conditions

The colon is susceptible to several medical conditions, ranging from benign disorders to life-threatening diseases. Among the most significant is colorectal cancer, which originates in the lining of the colon or rectum and is the third most common cancer worldwide. In 2022, approximately 1.9 million new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed globally, with key risk factors including advancing age (nearly 94% of cases occur after age 50), family history, hereditary syndromes, inflammatory bowel disease, poor diet low in fiber and high in red and processed meats, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.^[7]^[8]^[9] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses chronic inflammatory conditions that can affect the colon, primarily ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. UC is limited to the colon and rectum, causing continuous inflammation and ulcers in the mucosal lining, often leading to symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and urgency.^[10] Crohn's disease, while it can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract, frequently affects the colon in a patchy manner, potentially leading to strictures, fistulas, and complications such as abscesses.^[10] Both conditions increase the risk of colorectal cancer over time, with UC conferring a higher cumulative risk due to its colonic exclusivity.^[10] Other notable colon-related disorders include diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic constipation, and colonic polyps. Diverticulitis occurs when small pouches (diverticula) in the colon wall become inflamed or infected, typically in the sigmoid colon, causing severe abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits; it affects about 4-5% of those with diverticulosis, which is common in older adults.^[11] IBS is a functional disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or both) without structural abnormalities, impacting 9-23% of the global population and often exacerbated by stress or diet.^[12] Chronic constipation involves infrequent or difficult bowel movements, which can strain the colon and contribute to hemorrhoids or fissures, though it is often linked to lifestyle factors like low fiber intake.^[12] Colonic polyps are growths on the colon's inner lining, most of which are benign but some (adenomatous types) can progress to cancer if undetected.^[13] Diagnosis of colon conditions typically involves a combination of imaging, endoscopic procedures, and stool tests. Colonoscopy remains the gold standard, allowing direct visualization of the colon, biopsy of suspicious areas, and removal of polyps in a single procedure.^[14] CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) provides a non-invasive alternative using X-rays to create 3D images of the colon, useful for screening those unable to undergo traditional colonoscopy.^[14] Fecal occult blood tests, such as the guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) or fecal immunochemical test (FIT), detect hidden blood in stool samples as an initial screening tool, with annual or biennial use recommended.^[14] Treatment strategies vary by condition but aim to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and address underlying pathology. For colorectal cancer, surgical resection (colectomy) is the primary approach for localized disease, often followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (e.g., FOLFOX regimen) for advanced stages; immunotherapy, such as PD-1 inhibitors like pembrolizumab, is effective for tumors with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) status, which occurs in about 15% of cases.^[15] In IBD, anti-inflammatory drugs like 5-aminosalicylates (e.g., mesalamine) are first-line for mild UC, while corticosteroids provide rapid relief for flares; biologic agents targeting TNF-alpha (e.g., infliximab) are used for moderate-to-severe cases of both UC and Crohn's.^[16] Diverticulitis is managed with antibiotics and a low-fiber diet during acute episodes, progressing to surgery for recurrent or complicated cases.^[17] IBS treatment focuses on symptom relief through dietary modifications (e.g., low-FODMAP diet), antispasmodics, or laxatives for constipation-predominant types.^[12] Polyps are typically removed endoscopically during colonoscopy to prevent malignancy.^[13] Preventive measures emphasize early detection and lifestyle interventions. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults starting at age 45, using options like colonoscopy every 10 years or FIT annually, which can reduce mortality by up to 68% through polyp detection and removal.^[8] A high-fiber diet (at least 25-30 grams daily from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) lowers colorectal cancer risk by promoting regular bowel movements and reducing inflammation, while also helping prevent diverticulitis and constipation.^[9] Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol further mitigate risks across these conditions.^[9]

Language and symbols

Punctuation mark

The colon (:) is a punctuation mark consisting of two dots aligned vertically, used primarily to introduce elements that elaborate on or explain a preceding clause in written English. It signals a pause stronger than a comma but weaker than a period, directing the reader's attention to what follows, such as a list, quotation, explanation, or emphatic statement. For example, in the sentence "He had one goal: to win," the colon emphasizes the objective following the independent clause.^[18]^[19] In formal English writing, the colon follows a complete independent clause and is not used after prepositions, as a substitute for list separators (where semicolons are preferred for complex items), or to connect fragments. It introduces lists only when the preceding clause is independent, as in "The recipe requires three staples: flour, eggs, and milk." Style guides recommend avoiding colons in sentences where the list integrates naturally without introduction, and the first word after a colon is typically not capitalized unless it begins a proper noun or complete sentence. The colon differs from the semicolon, which joins closely related independent clauses without introducing new information.^[20]^[19]^[21] The colon's origins trace to ancient Greek rhetoric in the 3rd century BCE, when scholar Aristophanes of Byzantium proposed a system of dots for pauses: a middle dot (·) for the colon, denoting an intermediate break between clauses, derived from the term kôlon meaning "limb" or "member" of a sentence. This evolved through medieval manuscripts, where scribes adapted it from the punctus elevatus (an early form resembling an inverted semicolon) to indicate grammatical structure and tone, appearing consistently in 14th-century European texts. By the 15th century, the printing press standardized its modern vertical form.^[22]^[23] Variations include the full-width colon (：, Unicode U+FF1A), which occupies the space of a single CJK character in East Asian typography for languages like Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, ensuring proportional alignment in mixed scripts. Usage differences between British and American English primarily involve capitalization after the colon: American styles often capitalize the following word if it starts a complete sentence, while British styles generally do not unless it's a proper noun. In time notation, American English favors the colon (e.g., 3:30), whereas British English may use a period (3.30).^[24]^[18]^[25] Common errors include overusing the colon for casual introductions (e.g., incorrectly placing it after "including" or a preposition like "after: the meeting"), using it between a verb and its object (e.g., "She bought: apples"), or confusing it with the semicolon for separating list items. These mistakes disrupt sentence flow and violate grammatical independence rules. In mathematics, the colon briefly denotes ratios (e.g., 2:1), but this symbolic use extends beyond general punctuation.^[21]^[26]^[19]

Mathematical and other notations

In mathematics, the colon (:) serves multiple purposes as a notation symbol, primarily originating in the 17th century for expressing proportions and ratios. Its earliest documented use appears in Robert Johnson's Arithmetik in Two Bookes (1633), where it denoted ratios between quantities, such as separating terms in proportional expressions.^[27] Over time, this evolved into a standard symbol for ratios, as in the proportion 2:1, which indicates that the first quantity is twice the second.^[28] The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) later formalized its role in mathematical notation through ISO 80000-2:2019, recommending the colon for ratios and certain set constructions while emphasizing its distinction from division symbols like the obelus (÷).^[29] Beyond ratios, the colon appears in function and mapping notations to indicate domain and codomain, as in f: A \to B, meaning the function f maps elements from set A to set B.^[30] This convention, common in category theory and type theory, generalizes the ratio idea to relational structures.^[30] In set-builder notation, it denotes "such that," as an alternative to the vertical bar, for example, \{x \in \mathbb{R} : x \geq 5\} representing the set of real numbers greater than or equal to 5.^[29] For time representation, the colon separates hours, minutes, and seconds in the ISO 8601 standard, such as 14:30:00 for half-past two in the afternoon, ensuring unambiguous international formatting.^[31] In logic and computing, the colon features prominently in programming languages derived from logic paradigms. In Prolog, introduced in the early 1970s by Alain Colmerauer and colleagues, the notation "head :- body" uses the colon-dash (:-) to separate the conclusion (head) from its preconditions (body) in rule definitions, reflecting logical implication. This operator, integral to Prolog's syntax since its inception, enables declarative programming by specifying conditions under which a fact holds.^[32] In music theory, particularly just intonation, the colon expresses frequency ratios for consonant intervals, such as 3:2 for the perfect fifth, where the higher pitch's frequency is one-and-a-half times the lower one's, producing harmonic purity based on simple integer proportions.^[33] This usage aligns with historical tuning systems emphasizing acoustic ratios over equal temperament. Other technical fields employ the colon sparingly but specifically. In chemistry, it occasionally denotes stoichiometric ratios in mixtures or alloys, as in 7:3 for typical yellow brass (70% copper and 30% zinc by weight), indicating a physical blend rather than a compound.^[34]^[35] In genealogy, colons appear in citation formats to separate elements like publication details, though they are not standard for denoting familial relationships.^[36]

Currency

Costa Rican colón

The Costa Rican colón (plural: colones; ISO 4217 code: CRC) is the official currency of Costa Rica, introduced on November 9, 1896, to replace the previous Costa Rican peso at a rate of 1 colón equaling 1 peso.^[37] It derives its name from Cristóbal Colón, the Spanish name for Christopher Columbus, reflecting Costa Rica's historical ties to Spanish exploration.^[38] The Central Bank of Costa Rica (Banco Central de Costa Rica, BCCR) has been the sole issuer of the colón since 1950, managing its production and circulation to support monetary stability.^[39] Current denominations include coins valued at 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 colones (with the 1 colón coin rarely used; centavo coins like 5¢ largely phased out in practice, and a new series for 25, 50, and 100 colones introduced in 2025 featuring designs inspired by national symbols such as the Creole swing, morpho butterfly, and oxcart), and banknotes in 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 colones.^[40]^[41]^[42] These notes, introduced progressively from 2020 onward, are printed on polymer substrate for durability and incorporate advanced anti-counterfeiting features such as color-changing holograms, security threads, watermarks, and raised printing to deter forgery.^[43]^[44] Coins feature bimetallic designs for higher denominations, with the 500-colón piece including a brass-plated center for enhanced security.^[40] In the economy, the colón plays a central role in domestic transactions, with its exchange rate managed by the BCCR under a floating regime since 2006, following a crawling peg to the US dollar that maintained stability within predefined bands until then.^[45]^[46] Inflation peaked dramatically in the 1980s, reaching 90.1% in 1982 amid economic contraction and debt crises, but reforms including fiscal adjustments and monetary tightening stabilized rates to single digits by the early 2000s, with an average of around 2-4% annually in recent years.^[47]^[48] The currency's informal linkage to the USD persists through market interventions, supporting Costa Rica's export-driven economy, including tourism and agriculture, where the colón appreciated by about 25% against the dollar from mid-2022 to late 2024.^[49] The BCCR is also exploring a central bank digital currency (CBDC) as part of broader Latin American trends, aiming to enhance financial inclusion and transaction efficiency without immediate plans to supplant the physical colón.^[50] The symbol ₡, a stylized "C" with two vertical lines, denotes the colón in pricing and is ubiquitous in everyday commerce, from street markets to formal banking.^[37] In tourism, a key economic sector contributing over 8% to GDP, the colón facilitates local payments while US dollars are widely accepted in resorts and urban areas, often at rates favoring vendors; visitors are advised to carry small colón denominations for rural transactions and tipping.^[51]^[52]

Salvadoran colón

The Salvadoran colón (symbol: ₡; ISO 4217 code: SVC) served as the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 until 2001, when it was replaced by the United States dollar.^[53] Introduced on October 1, 1892, by President Carlos Ezeta, it renamed and effectively replaced the Salvadoran peso to promote economic stability and growth.^[54]^[55] The name "colón" honors Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón in Spanish), reflecting the era's emphasis on historical ties to European exploration.^[54] Subdivided into 100 centavos, the colón featured coins in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos, while banknotes were issued in values ranging from 1 to 100 colones, with higher denominations like 200 colones introduced later.^[56]^[57] Maintained at a fixed exchange rate of 8.75 colones per U.S. dollar since 1992, the currency provided monetary stability amid regional economic challenges.^[53]^[58] In January 2001, under President Francisco Flores, El Salvador adopted full dollarization to address potential economic instability, attract foreign investment, enhance trade integration with the United States, and lower interest rates for sustained growth.^[59]^[60] All transactions, wages, prices, and financial accounts were converted to dollars, with colón coins and notes progressively phased out of circulation by 2001, though higher-denomination notes remained exchangeable at banks until their full withdrawal by 2021.^[60]^[61] Although the Salvadoran colón is no longer in active use and has been fully demonetized, it retains legal tender status in limited contexts and continues to appear in historical economic data for comparative analysis.^[62]^[63] Unlike the ongoing Costa Rican colón, which shares a similar name and symbol but remains El Salvador's neighbor's primary currency, the Salvadoran version's legacy underscores the country's shift toward deeper U.S. economic alignment.^[62]

Places

In Central America

In Central America, several places bear the name Colón, primarily honoring the explorer Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón in Spanish), reflecting the region's colonial history under Spanish influence where such naming conventions were common for settlements and administrative divisions.^[64] Colón, Panama, serves as the capital of Colón Province and is a major seaport on the Caribbean Sea near the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal. Founded in 1850 by the Panama Railroad Company to support transcontinental trade routes, the city has historically been vital for global commerce, particularly as a hub for canal-related shipping and the nearby Colón Free Trade Zone. Its urban district population was 240,722 as of the 2023 census, underscoring its role in Panama's economic logistics.^[65] Colón Department in Honduras occupies the northern Caribbean coastal region, known for its tropical lowlands and proximity to the Mosquito Coast. With a projected population of about 360,000 as of 2023, the department's economy centers on agriculture, including significant banana production by major exporters like Chiquita, alongside fishing and emerging ecotourism.^[66] In El Salvador, Colón is a small municipality in the La Libertad Department, located inland near the Pacific coastal plain and bordering urban centers like Santa Tecla. Covering roughly 84 square kilometers, it functions primarily as a rural community with local agriculture and residential development, contributing to the department's broader economic activities in manufacturing and services.^[67] Lesser-known sites include Isla Colón, the largest island in Panama's Bocas del Toro Archipelago, named by Columbus during his 1502 voyage and now a key ecotourism destination featuring beaches, coral reefs, and Afro-Caribbean cultural heritage.^[68]^[69]

In the Caribbean

Colón is a municipality and city in Matanzas Province, Cuba, located approximately 50 kilometers east of the provincial capital. The municipality spans 597 square kilometers and had a population of 68,021 in 2022, with the urban area housing about 44,000 residents. Founded in 1836 as Nueva Bermeja by landowner Martín José Zozaya, the town was renamed Colón in 1876 to honor Christopher Columbus, reflecting the Spanish colonial tradition of naming settlements after the explorer. The arrival of the railroad in 1851 spurred growth, transforming it into a key transport node for sugar production in the region. Today, Colón serves as a gateway to the nearby Varadero beach resort, one of Cuba's premier tourist destinations, drawing visitors to its blend of historical sites and coastal access.^[70]^[71]^[71] The city's cultural and historical role is highlighted by its well-preserved colonial architecture, featuring neoclassical buildings, Catholic churches like the Parroquia de la Inmaculada Concepción, a theater, and museums that showcase 19th-century heritage. These structures, many dating to the late 1800s, embody the island's Spanish colonial legacy and attract cultural tourism alongside the economic boost from Varadero's approximately 60-kilometer proximity, which sees over 1 million visitors annually. Colón's economy also relies on agriculture, particularly sugarcane and citrus, underscoring its transition from a plantation outpost to a mixed tourism-agricultural hub.^[72]^[73]^[74] In the Dominican Republic, Colón is a small community in the northern Cibao region, near Santiago Province in Duarte Province, functioning as an agricultural center focused on crops like rice, plantains, and coffee in the fertile Yuna River valley. Established during the colonial era and named after Christopher Columbus, it is located in the northern region of Hispaniola, contributing to the area's historical narrative of early European settlement. With roots in 19th-century rural development, Colón exemplifies the Dominican countryside's role in national food production, supporting local markets and export.^[75] Other notable Caribbean locations include the barrio of Mariano Colón in Coamo Municipality, Puerto Rico, a rural community near Juana Díaz known for its agricultural landscapes and traditional Taíno-influenced heritage sites. These places share Spanish colonial origins tied to Columbus's voyages, fostering economies centered on agriculture in inland areas and tourism along coastal zones, while preserving cultural ties to exploration-era history.^[76]

People

Individuals with the surname Colón

The surname Colón is of Spanish origin, derived from the Latin word columba, meaning "dove," and is etymologically linked to the name Columbus, symbolizing peace in early Christian contexts.^[77] It became widespread in Spain and later in Latin American countries through colonization, particularly in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and other Hispanic regions, as well as among U.S. Hispanic communities due to migration patterns.^[78] One of the most prominent historical figures with this surname is Cristóbal Colón (1451–1506), known in English as Christopher Columbus, an Italian-born navigator who sailed under the Spanish flag. Sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he undertook four transatlantic voyages between 1492 and 1504, reaching the Caribbean islands and parts of Central and South America, which initiated sustained European contact with the Americas and marked the beginning of the Age of Discovery.^[79] His expeditions, documented in journals and maps, facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and populations across the Atlantic, though they also led to profound cultural and demographic impacts on indigenous peoples.^[79] In modern times, Bartolo Colón (born May 24, 1973) stands out as a celebrated Major League Baseball pitcher from the Dominican Republic. Signed by the Cleveland Indians in 1993, he debuted in MLB in 1997 and enjoyed a 21-season career across eight teams, amassing 247 wins—one of the highest totals for Latin American-born pitchers—and earning the American League Cy Young Award in 2005 with the Los Angeles Angels.^[80] Known for his durability and a memorable 2016 home run as a 42-year-old pitcher for the New York Mets, Colón's longevity and four All-Star selections (1998, 2005, 2013, 2016) highlight his impact on the sport.^[81] Another notable contemporary is Jenniffer González-Colón (born August 5, 1976), a Puerto Rican politician serving as the island's governor since January 2025. Elected as Puerto Rico's Resident Commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2016, she became the first woman in that role and advocated for economic recovery and statehood during her tenure through 2024.^[82] As a member of the New Progressive Party, her leadership focuses on infrastructure, disaster resilience post-Hurricane Maria, and federal relations.^[83] In the arts, Ernie Colón (1931–2019), a Puerto Rican-American comic book illustrator, contributed to a diverse array of publications over six decades. Born in San Juan and raised in the Bronx, he began at Harvey Comics in the 1950s, creating work for titles like Richie Rich and Casper the Friendly Ghost, before expanding to DC Comics (Aquaman, Doom Patrol) and Marvel (Star Wars).^[84] His later projects included graphic novels on historical events, such as the 9/11 attacks in The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation (2006), blending educational storytelling with dynamic visuals.^[85] Among scientists, Carlos G. Colón-Ortiz, a Puerto Rican biomedical engineer, has advanced research in medical imaging and radiation dosimetry as an NSF Graduate Research Fellow at the University of Florida. His work focuses on computational models for pediatric dosimetry in nuclear medicine, contributing to safer diagnostic practices for children.^[86]

Fictional characters

In literature, Cristóbal Colón, the Spanish name for Christopher Columbus, has been fictionalized in numerous historical novels and short stories, often exploring themes of exploration, ambition, and cultural clash. For instance, in Newton Frohlich's 1492, Colón is portrayed as a complex navigator navigating religious tensions in late medieval Spain while pursuing his voyages to the Indies.^[87] Similarly, Patricia Engel's short story "The Bones of Cristóbal Colón" features a protagonist obsessed with the explorer's remains, delving into themes of longing and Hispanic identity in a modern Latin American context.^[88] These depictions, prevalent in 20th- and 21st-century works, frequently draw on historical records to reimagine Colón as a flawed protagonist tied to colonial legacies. In film and television, fictional characters named Colon or Colón appear in adventure and action genres, sometimes echoing exploratory motifs. Colonel Colon, a ruthless racer and team leader for the Sempre Fi-Ber automotive corporation, serves as an antagonist in the 2008 live-action film Speed Racer, where he engages in corporate espionage and high-stakes racing. Portrayed by Werner Daehn, the character embodies cutthroat competition in a futuristic motorsport world. The role extends to the tie-in video game Speed Racer: The Videogame, voiced by James Arnold Taylor.^[89] In comics and video games, characters with the surname Colón often appear as supporting figures in diverse narratives. In Marvel Comics' Earth-616 continuity, Choocho Colon is a minor gang member operating in the Bronx, involved in street-level conflicts with Spider-Man.) Likewise, Ferraro Colon is a one-off character who fakes his death to escape personal turmoil during an early encounter with the Vulture.) In the indie game Cave Story (2004), the Colons are a quartet of orphaned Mimiga children cared for by the robotic explorer Curly Brace, symbolizing innocence amid a dystopian underground world; they briefly aid or hinder the player during key sequences.^[90] Video games also fictionalize historical figures, as seen in Assassin's Creed II: Discovery (2009), where Christoffa Corombo—a reference to Colón—interacts with the Assassin protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze in 1490s Spain, highlighting Templar influences on exploration.^[91] A prominent example from fantasy literature is Sergeant Frederick "Fred" Colon in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series, debuting in Guards! Guards! (1989). As a veteran officer in the Ankh-Morpork City Watch, Colon partners with Corporal Nobby Nobbs in comedic policing duties, his name evoking the punctuation mark while satirizing bureaucratic inertia.^[92] Across media, such characters frequently tie into themes of discovery, authority, or cultural heritage, reflecting 20th- and 21st-century storytelling trends influenced by Hispanic and exploratory histories.

Other uses

Historical and cultural references

The colon punctuation mark originated in ancient Greek texts as a means to aid oral delivery and textual structure. Around the 3rd century BCE, the scholar Aristophanes of Byzantium developed a system of three dots placed at different heights to indicate pauses: the middle dot, known as the colon or dicolon (·), marked a clause separator for intermediate pauses, predating its modern stacked form (:) used in Byzantine manuscripts for dividing liturgical verses and phrases. This early punctuation practice, evolving from simpler dot systems possibly dating to the 5th century BCE in dramatic scripts, influenced later Byzantine Greek traditions where the colon helped clarify clause boundaries in continuous script without spaces.^[93]^[22] Christopher Columbus, known in Spanish as Cristóbal Colón, left a profound historical legacy tied to the name "Colón," which appears in literature and documents as a symbol of exploration and colonization. The 1493 papal bull Inter Caetera, issued by Pope Alexander VI shortly after Columbus's 1492 voyage, granted Spain sovereignty over newly discovered lands in the Western Hemisphere, effectively endorsing the Doctrine of Discovery that justified European claims and named regions in association with Columbus's expeditions. In literature, "Colón" served as a pseudonym and archetypal figure representing ambition and controversy, appearing in works critiquing or romanticizing colonial encounters.^[94]^[95] Cultural festivals linked to "Colon" often blend colonial commemoration with local histories, particularly in regions affected by European arrival. In Panama, October 12 marks celebrations of Christopher Columbus's landing, observed as Día de la Hispanidad. Separately, on October 21, the Festival del Cristo Negro takes place in Portobelo, where Afro-Panamanian and indigenous communities honor a Black Christ icon in a procession that critiques colonialism while incorporating pre-colonial spiritual elements. These events highlight the fusion of indigenous resilience and colonial narratives, with parades and rituals emphasizing cultural diversity over conquest.^[96] In the 20th century, the name "Colón" featured in labor conflicts around the Panama Canal Zone, where the port city of Colón became a focal point for disputes over worker rights. During the 1940s, amid World War II demands, Panamanian and West Indian laborers in Colón protested racial discrimination and unequal pay in the U.S.-controlled zone, leading to bilateral agreements like the establishment of the Bi-National Labor Advisory Committee in the late 1940s to resolve grievances and improve conditions. These pacts addressed exploitation tied to canal operations, marking a step toward equitable labor practices. Post-2020, indigenous perspectives have increasingly critiqued the colonial implications of names and legacies associated with Columbus, including places named "Colón." Native American activists and scholars argue that such naming perpetuates the Doctrine of Discovery's erasure of indigenous sovereignty, advocating for renaming and Indigenous Peoples' Day to honor pre-colonial histories and ongoing resistance. For instance, a 2022 analysis highlights how movements since the 1990s, intensified after 2020, seek to dismantle Columbus-linked holidays as symbols of genocide and land theft.^[97]^[98]

Scientific terms

In zoology, Colon refers to a genus of small beetles within the family Leiodidae, subfamily Coloninae, primarily found in North and Central America, with species adapted to fungivorous lifestyles in moist, decaying organic matter.^[99] The genus comprises around 50 species, characterized by their rounded bodies, reduced eyes, and specialized mouthparts for feeding on fungal spores and mycelia, contributing to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.^[100] Notable species include Colon rectum, distributed across Canada and the northern United States, often collected from under bark or in leaf litter.^[101] In insect anatomy, the colon designates a segment of the hindgut in certain orders, such as Coleoptera and Hemiptera, where it functions in water reabsorption and waste compaction prior to the rectum.^[102] This structure, typically a narrow, elongated tube, differs from the vertebrate colon by its ectodermal origin and role in osmoregulation rather than fermentation, aiding survival in arid environments through efficient ion transport via rectal pads.^[103] Unlike the human anatomical colon, which is part of the large intestine involved in fecal formation, the insect colon emphasizes desiccation resistance in a compact digestive tract.^[102] Recent genomic studies in the 2020s have illuminated colon microbiomes in non-human animals, revealing host-specific adaptations that enhance ecological roles beyond clinical contexts. For instance, metagenomic analyses of ruminant colons, such as in donkeys and cows, identify dominant phyla like Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, which facilitate fiber degradation and methane production in pastoral ecosystems.^[104] In diverse mammals, Bifidobacterium species exhibit genomic signatures co-evolved with hosts, promoting symbiotic fermentation in the colon for energy harvest from plant polysaccharides.^[105] These findings underscore the colon microbiome's influence on animal nutrition and environmental resilience, with implications for biodiversity conservation.^[106]

References

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May 18, 2021 · Age is one of the most important risk factors for colorectal cancer, with incidence rates increasing with age and nearly 94% of new cases of ...Final recommendation statement · Screening · Screening, 1996 · Modeling Study
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Colorectal Cancer Prevention - NCI - National Cancer Institute
May 2, 2025 · The following risk factors increase the risk of colorectal cancer: Age; Family history of colorectal cancer; Personal history; Inherited risk ...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract and is divided into Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.Introduction · Pathophysiology · History and Physical · Evaluation
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Diverticulitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Oct 22, 2024 · This common colon disease develops when small pouches form in the colon wall and become inflamed, causing pain, fever and abnormal stool ...Diagnosis and treatment · Diverticulosis and diverticulitis · Colectomy
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - NIDDK
The most common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are pain in your abdomen, often related to your bowel movements, and changes in your bowel movements.Symptoms & Causes · Irritable Bowel Syndrome · Definition & Facts · Diagnosis
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Colon Polyps - NIDDK
Colon polyps are growths on the lining of your colon and rectum. Most polyps are not cancerous, but some may develop into cancer over time.Treatment · Symptoms & Causes · Eating, Diet, & Nutrition · Diagnosis
[20]
Screening for Colorectal Cancer - CDC
Feb 26, 2025 · Stool tests The guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) uses the chemical guaiac to detect blood in the stool. It is done once a year. For ...Risk Factors · Symptoms · Use of Colorectal Cancer...Missing: conditions | Show results with:conditions
[21]
Colon Cancer Treatment - NCI - National Cancer Institute
May 16, 2025 · The following types of treatment are used: Surgery; Chemotherapy; Radiation therapy; Targeted therapy; Immunotherapy. New types of treatment are ...
[22]
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - Diagnosis and treatment
Dec 18, 2024 · However, medicines called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) ...
[23]
Diverticulitis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Oct 22, 2024 · This common colon disease develops when small pouches form in the colon wall and become inflamed, causing pain, fever and abnormal stool ...Care at Mayo Clinic · Symptoms and causes · Doctors and departments · Ileostomy
[24]
When to Use a Colon, With Examples - Grammarly
Apr 25, 2023 · A colon is a punctuation mark that's used to connect sentences, put emphasis on a word or phrase, or introduce a quote or explanation.Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[25]
Colon | The Punctuation Guide
### Summary of Colon Usage from https://www.thepunctuationguide.com/colon.html
[26]
Brief Overview of Punctuation - Purdue OWL
Use a colon after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, an appositive, or other ideas directly related to the independent clause.
[27]
Semicolons, colons, and dashes - UNC Writing Center
Common colon mistakes · 1. Using a colon between a verb and its object or complement · 2. Using a colon between a preposition and its object · 3. Using a colon ...
[28]
The mysterious origins of punctuation - BBC
Sep 2, 2015 · In the 6th Century, Christian writers began to punctuate their own works long before readers got their hands on them in order to protect their ...
[29]
Colon - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Latin and Greek, "colon" means both a punctuation mark indicating a pause and the large intestine, reflecting its dual grammatical and ...
[30]
UAX #11: East Asian Width - Unicode
Jul 24, 2025 · These characters are implicitly narrow in East Asian typography and legacy character sets because they have explicit fullwidth or wide ...
[31]
British versus American style | The Punctuation Guide
British usage dictates a period between the hours and minutes when writing the time (e.g., 10.30). American usage dictates a colon (e.g., 10:30). Dates.
[32]
3 Common colon mistakes - Lingoda - Online Language School
Jan 9, 2024 · Common colon mistakes · 1. When used before a verb · 2. When used before a number · 3. When used after a preposition.
[33]
Earliest Uses of Symbols of Operation - MacTutor
The colon (:) was used in 1633 in a text entitled Johnson Arithmetik; In two Bookes (2nd ed.: London, 1633). However Johnson only used the symbol to indicate ...
[34]
Colon -- from Wolfram MathWorld
The colon is the symbol ":". It is used in a number of different ways in mathematics. 1. To denote ratio or odds, as in 2:1 (voiced two to one).
[35]
[PDF] INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 80000-2
This document specifies mathematical symbols, explains their meanings, and gives verbal equivalents and applications. This document is intended mainly for use ...
[36]
Colon-to notation - LessWrong
Aug 4, 2016 · The use of a colon to express that a given value has a given type, as is done in type theory, is a generalization of this notation. Examples. f: ...
[37]
ISO 8601-1:2019(en), Date and time
“:” (colon), the “:” colon character, in extended format, separates the time scale components for “hour” and “minute”, and “minute” and “second”.Missing: notation | Show results with:notation
[38]
[PDF] Prolog - UCSD CSE
Prolog programs use terms (constants, variables, structures) and clauses (P0 :- P1, P2, ... Pn). It consists of facts and rules, and a query sets it into action.
[39]
Just Intonation Explained - Kyle Gann
In the notation of just-intonation (pure) tuning, pitches are given as fractions, which are actually ratios between the named pitch and a constant fundamental.
[40]
What is the meaning of the "colon" notation in chemical formulas?
May 17, 2015 · All it means is that there's an intimate physical mixture of the specified components in a solid or liquid phase.
[41]
Citations (Evidence Style) - FamilySearch
Dec 23, 2024 · Evidence Style allows an optional space after the colon separating volume and page numbers. CMS, on the other hand, specifies that no ...Examples · Familysearch Sources · Historical Books
[42]
Costa Rican Colón / CRC - Currency Encyclopedia - Elevate Pay
The colón was first introduced in 1896, replacing the Costa Rican peso at a rate of 1 colón to 2.5 pesos. The currency has undergone several changes and ...
[43]
Costa Rican Colon (CRC) exchange rate - Eurochange
The Colon was introduced in 1896 replacing the Costa Rican Peso. It was given the name of Colon in honor of Christopher Columbus (the surname is Colon in ...
[44]
Banknotes and Coins
### Summary of Current Denominations and Security Features
[45]
Coins - Banco Central de Costa Rica
The current denomination structure consists of seven coins: 500, 100, 50, 25, and 5 colones. When placed in a vertical position one above the other, they make ...
[46]
Circulating banknotes - Banco Central de Costa Rica
1 000 colones Serie A (obverse) ; 1 000 colones Serie A (reverse) ; 1 000 colones Serie B (obverse) ; 1 000 colones Serie B (reverse) ; 10 000 colones (obverse).
[47]
Security features - Banco Central de Costa Rica
The following video of the new series of banknotes may help you better understand this system and distinguish its security features.Missing: denominations anti- counterfeiting
[48]
Currency manager: Central Bank of Costa Rica
Mar 30, 2022 · The notes also feature colour-changing holograms. Costa Rica's Judicial Investigation Department (OIJ) said it had discovered a production ...Missing: denominations anti-
[49]
Costa Rican Colón (CRC): What it is, History, Economy - Investopedia
The Central Bank of Costa Rica (BCCR) manages national inflation and the colón's relationship to the U.S. dollar. Until 2006, the colón used a crawling peg ...
[50]
Chapter 10 Costa Rica: Learning to Float in: Foreign Exchange ...
Until the end of 1980, the peg remained stable, with only two discrete, step devaluations—in 1961, from 5.57 colones per US dollar to 6.65 colones, and in 1974, ...
[51]
Growth without Poverty Reduction: The Case of Costa Rica
Jan 23, 2014 · Between 1980 and 1982 the economy contracted by 9.4 percent, and in 1982 average inflation reached 90.1 percent. In two years the proportion of ...
[52]
Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) - Costa Rica | Data
Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) - Costa Rica. International Financial Statistics database, International Monetary Fund ( IMF ). License : CC BY-4.0.
[53]
Costa Rica: 2025 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report
Between mid-2022 and end-2024, the colon appreciated by about 25 percent against the dollar. Nevertheless, the REER is judged to be underv lued. FDI inflows ...
[54]
Costa Rican Colon Surges Against US Dollar: Causes and ...
Apr 24, 2024 · Since June, 2022, the USD has lost over 25% of its value against the Costa Rican Colon. No other currency worldwide has appreciated so much against the dollar.
[55]
CBDC Developments 2025: Which Countries Are Leading the ...
Sep 4, 2025 · List of countries engaged in CBDC work ; Costa Rica, Emerging Market and Developing Economy ; Czechia, Advanced Economy ; Denmark, Advanced Economy.Missing: plans | Show results with:plans
[56]
What is the Currency of Costa Rica? - Ultima Markets
The colón is used for all daily transactions in Costa Rica ... ₡503.93 Costa Rican Colones (CRC). This rate has recently spiked ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[57]
Costa Rica Currency: Money, Tipping, & Exchanging on Vacation
Mar 16, 2023 · The official Costa Rican currency is the colón (plural colones). The symbol is ₡. Costa Rica's New Colorful Currency Entered the Scene in 2012.
[58]
El Salvador Colón (SVC) History and Transition to U.S. Dollar
The El Salvador colón (SVC) was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 until 2001, when it was replaced by the U.S. dollar at a fixed exchange rate.
[59]
Currency & Banking Info - El Salvador Living
On October 1 of 1892, the government of President Carlos Ezeta, decided that the Salvadoran peso be called 'Colon', in homage to the "discoverer" of America.
[60]
Salvadoran Colón / SVC - Currency Encyclopedia - Elevate Pay
SVC - Salvadoran Colón The colon was established to replace the previous currency, the Salvadoran peso, as part of a broader effort to stabilize the economy ...
[61]
Untitled
El Salvador Colon [SVC]. The colón was the currency of El Salvador between 1892 and 2001, until it was substituted by the U.S. Dollar.
[62]
https://www.instarem.com/currencies/svc-salvadoran-colon/
[63]
El Salvador Colon (SVC) Definition | Forexpedia™ by Babypips.com
... fixed exchange rate system, with its value pegged to the US Dollar at a rate of 1 USD = 8.75 SVC. The Colon was subdivided into 100 smaller units called ...<|separator|>
[64]
Economic Research: What Other Cases Say About The - S&P Global
Oct 15, 2024 · El Salvador dollarized in January 2001 to attract foreign investment, enhance trade, lower interest rates, and accelerate economic growth.
[65]
Chapter 7: Official Dollarization in El Salvador as an Alternative ...
This chapter analyzes the effects of official dollarization on relevant aspects of El Salvador's macroeconomic performance.Missing: withdrawn 2021
[66]
El Salvador Country Report 2024 - BTI Transformation Index
The local currency, the colón, is still considered legal tender, but all colón notes have been taken out of circulation and stored in the central bank.
[67]
SVC – Salvadoran Colón information, rates, value - Instarem
Rating 4.4 (8,018) · Free · FinanceThe Salvadoran Colón (SVC) was the national currency of El Salvador from 1892 until 2001, when it was officially replaced by the US dollar.
[68]
What Currency Does El Salvador Use? All You Need to Know
Oct 15, 2025 · The colón, El Salvador's previous currency, was replaced at a fixed rate of 8.75 colones per dollar. While the colón technically remains ...
[69]
How Did Cristóbal Colón Become Christopher Columbus?
Nov 3, 2019 · The country of Colombia was named after him, as were the Costa Rican currency (the colón) and one of Panama's largest cities (Colón).
[70]
http://onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicaciones/2024-04/03-poblacion-aec-2022_0.pdf
[71]
Honduras Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank
Its economy is relatively small and open, with agriculture and light manufacturing, especially textiles, serving as important sources of employment and exports.
[72]
Colon, La Libertad, El Salvador - City, Town and Village of the world
Colon Geographical coordinates, Latitude: 13.7167, Longitude: -89.3667 13° 43′ 0″ North, 89° 22′ 0″ West. Colon Area, 8,405 hectares 84.05 km² (32.45 sq mi).
[73]
Isla Colon | Bocas del Toro Islands
Isla Colon is home to the capital district of the Bocas del Toro province. It is the most populated island in the Bocas del Toro archipelago.
[74]
Isla Colon - Things To Do in Bocas Del Toro Province - Visit Panama
Discover Isla Colón in Bocas del Toro, Panama: paradise beaches, nature adventures, surfing, snorkeling, and rich Afro-Caribbean culture.
[75]
[PDF] 03 Poblacion AEC 2022 - ONEI CUBA
Colón. 68 021. 33 636. 34 385. 55 856. 27 148. 28 708. 12 165. 6 488. 5 677 ... La Habana Mayabeque Matanzas. Villa Clara Cienfuegos. Ciego de Ávila. 2 894. 14.
[76]
Colon municipality, Matanzas. Cuba. - Cubatechtravel.com
The city proper, with a population of about 44,000, is the third-largest one of its province. The town was founded in 1836 under the name Nueva Bermeja. The ...
[77]
Colon, Cuba: Best Things to Do – Top Picks | TRAVEL.COM®
With its well-preserved colonial architecture, rich cultural heritage, and proximity to natural attractions, Colon provides a perfect balance of history, ...
[78]
Colon, Cuba
It has decadent but charming Neoclassical-style Colonial buildings. Catholic churches, a theater and several museums are some examples of these types of ...
[79]
Matanzas | Cuba Travel Guide
Matanzas is the biggest and most interesting city to visit in the province, ideal for a day trip from the beach resort of Varadero.
[80]
Mapa satélite del tiempo de Colon, Duarte, República Dominicana
See the latest Colon, Duarte, República Dominicana RealVue™ weather ... Alrededor del mundo. Huracanes · Radar y mapas · Vídeo · Internacional América Central ...
[81]
Mariano Colón, PR - Niche
Mariano Colón is a town in Puerto Rico with a population of 1781. Mariano Colón is in Coamo Municipio. Living in Mariano Colón offers residents a rural feel ...
[82]
The Meaning and Origin of the Last Name 'Colon' - ThoughtCo
May 29, 2019 · Famous People With the Surname. Cristóbal Colón aka Christopher Columbus: Famous Italian explorer best known for his "discovery" of the "New ...
[83]
Colon Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
This surname occurs predominantly in The Americas, where 83 percent of Colon reside; 47 percent reside in Caribbean and 47 percent reside in Hispano-Caribbean.
[84]
1492: An Ongoing Voyage Christopher Columbus: Man and Myth
After five centuries, Columbus remains a mysterious and controversial figure who has been variously described as one of the greatest mariners in history.
[85]
Bartolo Colón - Society for American Baseball Research
On April 18, he set a major-league record by throwing 38 consecutive strikes in eight shutout innings against the Angels.53 Colón held Cleveland to one run in ...
[86]
Bartolo Colon Stats, Age, Position, Height, Weight, Fantasy & News
Career Stats ; 2018, TEX, AL, 7, 12 ; MLB Career, -, -, 247, 188 ...
[87]
GONZÁLEZ-COLÓN, Jenniffer | US House of Representatives
GONZÁLEZ-COLÓN, Jenniffer, a Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico; born in San Juan, P.R., August 5, 1976; B.A., University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, P.R. ...
[88]
Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González-Colón - Congress.gov
Jenniffer González-Colón, the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico - in Congress from 2017 through 2025.
[89]
Ernie Colón, Comic Book Artist Who Drew 9/11, Dies at 88
Aug 16, 2019 · Ernie Colón Sierra was born on July 13, 1931, in San Juan, P.R. His father, Ernesto Colón, was a police detective in Puerto Rico; his mother ...
[90]
Ernie Colón - Lambiek Comiclopedia
Aug 8, 2019 · Ernie Colón was a Puerto Rican comic artist with a career in U.S. comic books expanding over 60 years, evolving from children's comics over ...
[91]
BME students and alumni earn NSF Graduate Research Fellowships
Apr 20, 2022 · Carlos G. Carlos Colon-Ortiz is a fifth-year undergraduate biomedical engineering student with a minor in physics in Dr. Wesley E. Bolch's ...
[92]
1492: A Novel of Christopher Columbus - JennCaffeinated
1492 centers on a man who had one foot in the Jewish world, the other in the Christian world, and the radical idea that he could sail West to reach the East.Missing: Cristóbal Colón
[93]
A Love That Will Bury Me Alive - Electric Literature
Jan 25, 2023 · As I read “The Bones of Cristóbal Colón,” I was struck by how some people are lucky to never know true longing. Elena, the protagonist, cannot ...
[94]
Speed Racer (Video Game 2008) - Full cast & crew - IMDb
Speed Racer (Video Game 2008) - Cast and crew credits, including actors ... /Colonel Colon. (voice). Ron Yuan attends Mulan London Premier. Ron Yuan · Ron ...
[95]
Characters in Cave Story - TV Tropes
Tin-Can Robot: He certainly gets crushed like one thanks to Balrog. Colons. Mimiga children. Four Mimiga children under Curly's care. Flunky Boss: They act as ...
[96]
Christoffa Corombo | Assassin's Creed Wiki - Fandom
Christoffa Corombo (c. 1451 – 1506), better known by the anglicized Christopher Columbus, was an Italian navigator, colonizer, and explorer.
[97]
Fred Colon - Discworld & Terry Pratchett Wiki
Jan 29, 2025 · Fred Colon is a long-time member of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch, for most of that time a sergeant. Currently the most senior member of the Watch.
[98]
Punctuation | Definition, History, & Facts - Britannica
Sep 16, 2025 · The beginnings of postmedieval punctuation can be traced to the excellent manuscripts of classical and contemporary Latin texts copied in the ...
[99]
The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493
... Collection) The Papal Bull "Inter Caetera," issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, played a central role in the Spanish conquest of the New World.
[100]
Doctrine of Discovery: How the 500-year-old Catholic decree ...
Jul 22, 2022 · The most influential of those decrees was Inter Caetera, a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI in 1493. A year earlier, in 1492, explorer ...
[101]
Panama celebrates its black Christ, part of protest against ...
Oct 12, 2019 · Panama's “Festival del Cristo Negro,” the festival of the “Black Christ,” is an important religious holiday for local Catholics.
[102]
[PDF] Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
May 28, 2022 · Over the past three decades, a growing movement by Native American activists and allies aims to eliminate Columbus Day and, in its place, to ...
[103]
Indigenous views of Christopher Columbus | Penn Today
Oct 14, 2020 · Members of Penn's Indigenous community discuss their views of Christopher Columbus and how Indigenous people have suffered from Columbus-style colonialism.
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A REVISION OF THE GENUS COLON HERBST (COLEOPTERA
May 31, 2012 · Identification of species in the genus Colon is taxonomically difficult because of allometric variation of external characters in males, and ...
[105]
(PDF) A revision of the genus Colon Herbst (Coleoptera; Leiodidae
Aug 6, 2025 · Presented is an annotated catalog of the 38 genera and 382 species of Leiodidae known to occur in the Nearctic Region of North America north of ...
[106]
Descriptions of Two New Species of the Genus Colon Herbst ...
Jan 17, 2006 · A new species of Colon Herbst from Honduras (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Coloninae). Coleopterists Bulletin 53:101–103. Peck, S. B., and K. Stephan.
[107]
Digestive System – ENT 425 – General Entomology
In some insects, the hindgut is visibly subdivided into an ileum, a colon, and a rectum. Efficient recovery of water is facilitated by six rectal pads that are ...
[108]
Digestive system of Cleridae (Coleoptera) - ScienceDirect.com
The anterior intestine is divided into a well-defined ileum and a distally broadened colon. ... Principles of insect morphology. McGraw-Hill, New York (1935).
[109]
Metagenomic analysis reveals the community composition of the ...
Dec 19, 2024 · This study aimed to assess the composition and functional diversity of the intestinal microbiota in donkeys and cows by examining samples collected from ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[110]
Host-specific microbiome and genomic signatures in ... - PubMed
Sep 10, 2025 · Host-specific microbiome and genomic signatures in Bifidobacterium reveal co-evolutionary and functional adaptations across diverse animal hosts.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[111]
Metagenomics reveals unique gut mycobiome biomarkers in major ...
Animal studies have shown that gut microbiome alterations can induce depressive-like behaviors, which can be mitigated by probiotics (Clarke et al., 2013; Guida ...