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Ellis

Bret Easton Ellis (born March 7, 1964) is an American novelist, screenwriter, and cultural critic whose works dissect the superficiality, excess, and emotional detachment of modern affluent society through sharp satire and minimalist prose.^[1] His debut novel, Less Than Zero (1985), published when he was 21, chronicles the aimless drug-fueled lives of wealthy Los Angeles teenagers, capturing the era's hedonistic malaise and earning immediate acclaim for its unflinching realism.^[2] Ellis's breakthrough, American Psycho (1991), follows a Wall Street investment banker who descends into serial murder, blending consumerist detail with extreme violence to critique yuppie narcissism; the book faced widespread bans, protests from feminist groups, and accusations of glorifying misogyny, though Ellis maintained it as a deliberate parody of 1980s greed and dehumanization.^[3] Subsequent novels like Glamorama (1998), Lunar Park (2005), and Imperial Bedrooms (2010) extend his themes of celebrity, horror, and sequel-era disillusionment, while his semi-autobiographical thriller The Shards (2023) evokes 1980s true-crime anxieties.^[4] Beyond fiction, Ellis adapted The Canyons (2013), a low-budget erotic thriller starring Lindsay Lohan, and in his essay collection White (2019), he assailed Hollywood's performative progressivism and social media-driven outrage as stifling authentic discourse, positioning himself against what he views as institutionalized cultural conformity.^[5] His podcast, hosted independently since 2013, amplifies these critiques, often prioritizing unfiltered observation over consensus narratives, and he publicly identified as gay in 2012 amid broader reflections on identity and privacy.^[6] Ellis's oeuvre, translated into over 30 languages, remains polarizing: praised for prescient social diagnostics by admirers and condemned for perceived amorality by detractors, underscoring his role in challenging literary and cultural pieties.^[7]

Etymology and Linguistic Origins

Welsh and English Roots

The Welsh derivation of the surname Ellis stems from the patronymic "ap Elis," translating to "son of Elis," where Elis represents a medieval abbreviation of Elisse, itself evolved from the Old Welsh personal name Elisedd, meaning "kindly" or "benevolent" from the root elus.^[8]^[9] This form reflects traditional Welsh naming practices, where surnames often fixed as anglicized patronymics during the late medieval period, particularly in regions like Gwynedd and Powys.^[10] In English contexts, Ellis arose as a variant of the Middle English personal name Elis, an adaptation of the Old French vernacular for Elias, derived via Latin and New Testament Greek from the Hebrew Eliyahu, signifying "Yahweh is my God" and linked to the biblical prophet Elijah.^[8]^[11] The name's prominence grew post-Norman Conquest in 1066, with early attestations of related forms such as Helias appearing as personal names in the Domesday Book survey of 1086, which documented landholders across England.^[12] By the early 13th century, the transition to hereditary surnames occurred, with records showing Ellis variants like Elyas and Elis; for instance, William Elyas is noted in Yorkshire Pipe Rolls circa 1200, marking the solidification of Ellis as a fixed family name from these biblical roots.^[13]^[14] This evolution paralleled broader European trends in surname formation from Christian given names during the high medieval era.

French and Other Influences

The surname Ellis bears traces of Norman French influence following the Conquest of 1066, during which the Old French vernacular form Elis or Helie—derived from the Latin Elias (itself from Hebrew Eliyahu, meaning "Yahweh is God")—entered English usage and evolved into the anglicized Ellis among Anglo-Norman populations.^[9]^[8]^[15] This form appeared in medieval records as a patronymic, reflecting the integration of biblical names via Norman intermediaries, with early instances documented in England by the 13th century.^[11]^[16] An alternative hypothesis posits an independent French origin for Ellis linked to the heraldic symbol fleur-de-lis, potentially adopted by Protestant Huguenot refugees fleeing persecution after the 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes, who settled in England and America in the late 17th and 18th centuries.^[17] However, this derivation lacks robust documentary evidence, relying primarily on anecdotal associations with the lily flower emblem rather than systematic surname records, and is considered speculative by etymological analyses.^[18] In diaspora communities, Ellis has occasionally appeared as an anglicized variant among Jewish families, particularly Ashkenazic immigrants Americanizing forms of the biblical Eliyahu (Elijah) upon arrival in English-speaking countries like the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with surname databases indicating low but detectable concentrations in such populations.^[8] Sephardic adaptations are rarer and less verifiably tied to Ellis, though minor instances may reflect broader converso naming patterns in post-expulsion Iberian diaspora, as noted in genealogical aggregates without dominant prevalence.^[19] These cross-cultural adoptions underscore Ellis's adaptability but constitute secondary influences overshadowed by primary Anglo-Welsh roots.

Historical Development and Usage

Medieval and Early Modern Periods

The surname Ellis emerged as a patronymic formation from the medieval personal name Elis, a vernacular variant of Elias (derived from the biblical Elijah), signifying "son of Elis," with early attestations appearing in English and Welsh records from the 13th century.^[11]^[20] In Wales, where the name often manifested as ap Elis before anglicization, it reflected patronymic naming conventions amid feudal land tenure and tribal affiliations, as documented in parish and manorial rolls.^[21] Its adoption in England coincided with Norman influences post-1066, but substantive spread occurred along the Anglo-Welsh marches due to intermarriage, border skirmishes like those in the 13th-century Welsh Wars of Independence, and economic migrations tied to agrarian opportunities in border counties such as Shropshire and Herefordshire.^[11] By the late medieval period, Ellis bearers ascended into the gentry class, exemplified by the Ellis family of Wyddial Hall in Hertfordshire, whose manorial records and title deeds trace continuity from at least 1465, indicating consolidation of estates through inheritance and royal grants under the Yorkist and early Tudor regimes.^[22] This integration accelerated during the Tudor era (1485–1603), as Welsh laws were subsumed under English common law via the Acts of Union (1536–1543), facilitating Ellis families' movement into administrative roles and landholding in eastern England, driven by enclosures and the dissolution of monasteries that redistributed wealth to loyal gentry.^[23] In the early modern period, precursors to transatlantic emigration appeared among Ellis bearers, particularly Protestant nonconformists seeking economic prospects and religious tolerance amid Reformation upheavals; records of the Virginia Company note arrivals such as David Ellis in Virginia by 1623, part of broader colonial ventures initiated in 1607 that drew on skilled artisans and yeomen from Wales and the English midlands facing enclosure-driven displacement.^[23] John Ellis's documented landing in America in 1620 further evidences this pattern, linking to joint-stock company sponsorships that prioritized familial networks for settlement stability over isolated ventures.^[23] These migrations, totaling dozens of Ellis instances by mid-century, were propelled by a confluence of religious dissent—evident in Puritan affiliations—and land scarcity, presaging larger 17th-century outflows without yet constituting mass exodus.^[23]

19th and 20th Century Evolution

In the 19th century, the Ellis surname exhibited strong concentrations in Wales and northern industrial regions of England, reflecting patterns of rural-to-urban migration driven by industrialization and mining booms. The 1881 census of England and Wales documented a notable spike in the surname's prevalence within Wales, aligning with its patrilineal Welsh roots and the economic pull of coal and slate industries in areas like Merioneth and Carnarvonshire.^[24] By the 1901 census, Ellis bearers were recorded across urban centers such as Manchester and Liverpool, where textile and manufacturing opportunities drew families from agrarian backgrounds, though exact enumerations varied by locality due to incomplete surname indexing at the time.^[25] This era saw Ellis families adapting to factory labor, with census entries often listing occupations like collier or machinist, underscoring causal links between resource extraction economies and surname distribution shifts.^[21] Emigration patterns intensified mid-century, with Ellis holders joining broader British outflows to colonial frontiers, particularly Australia's Victorian gold rushes after 1851. Records from goldfields registries list Ellis individuals, such as miners in Sebastopol, Victoria, arriving amid the influx of over 500,000 migrants seeking alluvial deposits in regions like Ballarat and Bendigo.^[26] These movements were facilitated by assisted passage schemes favoring skilled Welsh laborers, contributing to surname establishment in antipodean outposts without evidence of disproportionate victimhood or exceptionalism.^[27] The 20th century marked accelerated transatlantic dissemination, with Ellis bearers integrating into American society despite the surname's pre-existing Anglo-Welsh presence in colonial settlements. Ellis Island, operational from 1892 to 1954, processed millions, including British and Welsh arrivals bearing the name, though manifests confirm no systematic alterations occurred there—names were verified against ship logs rather than improvised.^[28] This contributed to the surname's entrenchment in U.S. demographics, where it appeared 188,968 times in the 2010 census, ranking among common English-derived names without reliance on Ellis Island for origin.^[29] Post-World War II, Ellis distribution reflected professional and economic migrations, with bearers relocating via sponsored visas to North America and Commonwealth nations, as logged in immigration archives from the 1950s onward. These patterns paralleled global labor demands in engineering and academia, dispersing families from UK bases without unique geopolitical distortions.^[30] By century's end, the surname's adaptability amid decolonization and urbanization solidified its presence beyond imperial cores, verifiable through aggregated passenger and naturalization records.^[31]

Geographic Distribution and Demographics

The surname Ellis is most prevalent in the United States, where it is borne by approximately 244,577 individuals, ranking as the 131st most common surname in the 2010 Census with 188,968 occurrences, or roughly 64 per 100,000 people.^[32]^[29] Significant populations also reside in England (about 18% of global bearers) and Australia (7%), reflecting historical ties to the British Isles, while incidence remains lower in continental Europe and other regions.^[32] Within the U.S., concentrations are highest in states like Texas (10% of American Ellis bearers), California (8%), and Florida (5%).^[32] Demographically, Ellis bearers are predominantly of European descent, with strong correlations to British Isles ancestry, particularly Welsh and English lineages.^[32] Y-DNA analysis from surname projects reveals that many paternal lines cluster under haplogroup R1b, a marker prevalent in Western Europe and associated with Celtic and Anglo-Saxon populations, though diverse subgroups exist across tested participants.^[33]^[34] The surname's U.S. prevalence expanded markedly from the 19th century onward, driven by chain migration from the United Kingdom and Wales, with the majority of Ellis families recorded in America by 1880 compared to earlier decades like 1840, when New York hosted about 16% of known U.S. bearers.^[9] This growth tapered in the late 20th century, showing a slight decline in ranking from 121st in 2000 to 131st in 2010 amid broader population increases.^[35]

In Literature and Folklore

In Welsh bardic and folk traditions, variants of Elis (anglicized as Ellis) surface indirectly through patronymic forms like "ap Elis," denoting lineage in medieval Welsh narratives, including echoes preserved in the Mabinogion's oral underpinnings.^[36] Chronicler Elis Gruffydd (c. 1490–c. 1552), whose name embodies this etymological root, compiled 16th-century accounts drawing from oral folklore, embedding Elis-derived identifiers in tales of mythic descent and heroic genealogy without central characters bearing the name outright.^[37] These usages reflect the name's role in authenticating narrative authenticity via familial or tribal markers, grounded in textual evidence from Gruffydd's Chronicle of the World rather than fabricated embellishments. The pseudonym Ellis Bell, adopted by Emily Brontë for her 1847 novel Wuthering Heights, exemplifies the name's deployment in 19th-century literature to mask gender amid publishing conventions favoring male authorship.^[38] Selected alongside siblings' pseudonyms Currer and Acton Bell to preserve initials while alluding to brother Branwell Bell, it framed Brontë's gothic exploration of passion and isolation on Yorkshire moors as a collective familial voice, initially published in a 1846 poetry volume by the "Bells."^[39] This contrivance, rooted in verifiable correspondence and publisher records, underscores Ellis as a veil for unvarnished emotional realism, distinct from the novel's fictional moorland dramatis personae. In late 20th-century fiction, Bret Easton Ellis integrates his surname into self-referential narratives critiquing urban anomie, as in Lunar Park (2005), where a Bret Ellis protagonist navigates suburban horror amid identity dissolution, echoing broader motifs of 1980s excess and decay in works like Less Than Zero (1985).^[40] These texts, evidenced by their portrayals of Los Angeles' aimless youth and commodified violence, deploy Ellis not as heroic archetype but as cipher for societal hollowing—materialism's visual squalor and moral vacancy—without textual endorsement of the pathologies observed.^[41] Factual publication details confirm the meta-layer as authorial device, separating critique from autobiography.^[42]

Genealogical and Genetic Insights

Y-chromosome DNA analyses of patrilineal Ellis lines, particularly those with Welsh origins, commonly feature the haplogroup R1b-L21, a subclade prevalent among surnames tied to Celtic-speaking regions of the British Isles.^[43] This marker traces to expansions during the Bronze Age, when populations carrying steppe ancestry, including early R1b branches, migrated into northwest Europe and largely supplanted Neolithic male lineages in Britain, as ancient genomic data from Beaker-associated burials demonstrate a near-total replacement of Y-haplogroups. Surname DNA projects aggregate results showing R1b dominance in multiple Ellis subgroups, with L21-linked variants aligning to post-Neolithic influxes around 2500–2000 BCE that correlate with Indo-European linguistic shifts. Autosomal DNA testing among Ellis bearers in the United States reveals trends of substantial British Isles ancestry, often comprising the majority of genetic composition, reflecting historical migration patterns from Wales and England during colonial eras.^[44] These profiles typically show elevated matches to reference populations in England, Wales, and lowland Scotland, consistent with the surname's etymological roots in medieval Welsh patronymics derived from "Elis."^[45] Aggregated consumer genetic data underscores limited admixture from non-European sources in core lineages, though individual variation arises from regional intermarriages.^[46] Genealogical tracing of Ellis families prioritizes primary ecclesiastical records, such as Welsh and English parish registers documenting baptisms from the 16th century onward, which provide verifiable dates, locations, and kin connections superior to anecdotal oral histories prone to embellishment or error.^[45] These sources, including those from Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire where early Ellis concentrations appear, enable reconstruction of lineages back to the Tudor period but require cross-verification against civil registrations post-1837 to mitigate gaps from nonconformist practices or record losses.^[47] Non-paternity events, estimated at 1–2% per generation in historical populations, and unreported adoptions further necessitate integrating DNA evidence to resolve ambiguities in paper trails.^[48]

Notable Individuals by Field

Authors and Intellectuals

Bret Easton Ellis (born March 7, 1964) gained prominence with satirical novels critiquing modern alienation and excess, notably American Psycho (1991), which dissects 1980s consumerism via the unreliable narrator Patrick Bateman's descent into violence and superficiality.^[49]^[50] His works employ detached, catalog-like prose to expose the hollow rationales underlying consumerist pursuits, prioritizing observation of societal pathologies over moral judgment. Ellis extended this scrutiny through The Bret Easton Ellis Podcast (2013–present), interviewing figures in film, music, and literature to interrogate cultural assumptions and media-driven orthodoxies.^[51] Under the pseudonym Ellis Peters, Edith Mary Pargeter (September 28, 1913–October 14, 1995) produced the Brother Cadfael series (1977–1994), a collection of 20 historical mysteries featuring a 12th-century Welsh Benedictine monk solving crimes amid the Anarchy.^[52] Drawing on primary sources and archaeological evidence, Peters integrated verifiable medieval details—such as herbal remedies, monastic routines, and feudal politics—into plots, ensuring narratives aligned with empirical historical constraints rather than anachronistic inventions.^[53]^[54] Henry Havelock Ellis (February 2, 1859–July 8, 1939) advanced empirical sexology via Studies in the Psychology of Sex (seven volumes, 1897–1928), compiling case histories, physiological data, and cross-cultural observations to classify sexual variations like auto-eroticism and inversion without prescriptive norms.^[55]^[56] Despite associations with eugenics advocacy, his methodology emphasized inductive reasoning from documented phenomena, predating later validations of findings such as orgasmic uterine responses.^[57]^[58]

Scientists and Philosophers

Albert Ellis (September 27, 1913–July 24, 2007), an American psychologist, founded Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in 1955 as an empirically grounded alternative to psychoanalysis, emphasizing the identification and disputation of irrational beliefs to alleviate psychological distress.^[59] Central to REBT is the ABC model, where A represents activating events, B irrational beliefs about those events, and C the resulting emotional and behavioral consequences, positing that targeted cognitive restructuring yields measurable improvements in mental health outcomes.^[60] Ellis's framework influenced the development of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) by prioritizing experimental validation over untested theoretical constructs, with REBT demonstrating efficacy in treating conditions like anxiety and depression through controlled studies.^[61] John Ellis, a British theoretical physicist at King's College London and CERN since 1973, advanced particle physics through analyses of the Higgs mechanism, including predictions on the Higgs boson's properties and its role in electroweak symmetry breaking.^[62] His work in the 1970s and beyond explored supersymmetry extensions to the Standard Model, integrating empirical data from CERN accelerators to constrain theoretical parameters and assess vacuum stability implications of the observed Higgs mass around 125 GeV.^[63] Ellis contributed to interpreting LHC results, emphasizing data-driven refinements to models like the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model amid the 2012 Higgs discovery.^[64] George F. R. Ellis, a South African cosmologist and philosopher of science born in 1939, developed structural realist interpretations of general relativity, arguing for emergent causal structures in spacetime that transcend bottom-up reductionism in physical theories.^[65] His collaborations on the geometry of the universe, including critiques of inflationary cosmology's assumptions, relied on observational data from cosmic microwave background measurements to advocate top-down causation in complex systems.^[65] Ellis's integration of empirical cosmology with philosophical inquiry earned him the 2004 Templeton Prize for elucidating science's limits in addressing ultimate causation.^[65] Richard Ellis (April 2, 1938–May 21, 2024), an American marine biologist and research associate at the American Museum of Natural History, produced data-informed studies and illustrations of elasmobranchs and cetaceans, documenting species like great white sharks and blue whales through direct observation and historical records.^[66] His publications, including detailed accounts of shark predation ecology and whale migration patterns, prioritized verifiable behaviors over exaggerated threat perceptions, as evidenced in works challenging media-driven alarmism with quantitative population data.^[67] Ellis's fieldwork, involving underwater encounters and river expeditions for freshwater dolphins, underscored balanced assessments of marine predator dynamics grounded in long-term field evidence.^[68]

Artists and Entertainers

Herb Ellis (August 4, 1921 – March 28, 2010) was an American jazz guitarist celebrated for advancing bebop techniques on the instrument through rhythmic precision and melodic invention.^[69] He rose to prominence as a core member of the Oscar Peterson Trio from 1953 to 1958, contributing to recordings that fused swing-era roots with modern jazz improvisation during live performances and studio sessions.^[70] Ellis's playing, marked by a country-inflected tone and blues-infused phrasing, drew from influences like Charlie Christian and helped establish the electric guitar's viability in small-group jazz settings beyond rhythm roles.^[71] His innovations in chordal comping and single-note lines, evident in trio tracks like those on Night Train (1954 Verve release), influenced guitarists such as Joe Pass and Pat Metheny.^[72] Warren Ellis (born 1968) is a British writer of comics and prose, best known for Transmetropolitan (1997–2002), a 60-issue series published by Vertigo that depicts a journalist's battle against corruption in a transhumanist future city.^[73] Co-created with artist Darick Robertson, the narrative centers on protagonist Spider Jerusalem, whose gonzo-style exposés target authoritarian governance, media manipulation, and elite decadence, drawing parallels to real-world journalistic defiance against power.^[74] Ellis's scriptwork employs visceral dialogue and speculative tech—such as neural implants and cloned companions—to underscore themes of individual agency versus systemic control, earning acclaim for anticipating digital-age surveillance and populist backlashes.^[75] The series' impact persists in graphic literature, with collected editions influencing creators exploring political satire in sci-fi, though Ellis's broader output spans titles like Planetary (1999–2009).^[76] Phil Ellis is a British stand-up comedian whose material dissects mundane life through absurdist lenses, blending puns, improvised elements, and physical comedy into chaotic yet poignant routines.^[77] At the 2023 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, his hour-long show Phil Ellis's Excellent Comedy Show—featuring songs, raps, and TikTok integrations—secured an Edinburgh Comedy Award nomination and ranked in the festival's top 20 best-reviewed productions by audience metrics.^[78] Ellis, a prior winner of the Malcolm Hardee Award and Chortle accolades, crafts narratives around interpersonal banalities and self-deprecation, as in segments mocking relational dynamics and performative vulnerability, which elicited strong critical praise for their unfiltered whimsy amid structured anarchy.^[79] His fringe success, with sold-out runs at venues like The Hive, highlights a niche for unpretentious, high-energy absurdity in contemporary UK comedy circuits.^[80]

Politicians and Military Figures

Ellis E. Patterson (1897–1985) represented California in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1945 to 1947 after serving as the state's lieutenant governor from 1939 to 1943.^[81] Born in Yuba City and engaged in farming, Patterson entered politics through a write-in campaign to the state assembly and later aligned with pro-labor platforms emphasizing union rights and opposition to wartime policies perceived as anti-worker.^[82] ^[83] His earlier service in the U.S. Navy as a seaman during World War I informed his focus on veterans' issues and logistical support in congressional debates, though his tenure emphasized domestic economic recovery over military expansion.^[81] John Willis Ellis (1820–1861) governed North Carolina from 1858 until his death, prioritizing states' rights and fiscal restraint amid rising sectional tensions.^[84] A lawyer and former U.S. Representative, Ellis convened a secession convention in 1861 after the firing on Fort Sumter, leading to North Carolina's ordinance of secession on May 20, 1861, which aligned the state with Confederate military mobilization and resource allocation for defense.^[84] His administration maintained balanced budgets through agricultural tariffs and limited infrastructure spending, reflecting a conservative approach to governance that avoided debt accumulation.^[84] Ellis Gibbs Arnall (1907–1992) led Georgia as governor from 1943 to 1947, implementing reforms that cleared the state's $25 million debt by 1946 via efficient budgeting and revenue from wartime industry.^[85] Arnall revised the tax code to broaden the base while lowering rates on certain sectors, funded university system expansions, and abolished the white primary in 1945, expanding voter eligibility under court mandate but preserving fiscal conservatism by rejecting broad welfare expansions.^[85] His policies emphasized administrative efficiency, including competitive bidding for contracts, which reduced corruption allegations in procurement.^[85] In military leadership, General Richard H. Ellis (1919–1989) commanded the U.S. Strategic Air Command from 1972 to 1977, overseeing nuclear deterrence forces comprising over 300,000 personnel and 4,000 aircraft amid Cold War escalations.^[86] Ellis directed the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, refining targeting protocols to prioritize Soviet command structures and industrial centers, enhancing U.S. second-strike capabilities through bomber and missile integrations.^[86] His decisions emphasized readiness drills and logistics streamlining, contributing to SAC's role in NATO deterrence without direct combat engagements.^[86] Admiral James O. Ellis Jr. (born 1947) directed U.S. Strategic Command from 2001 to 2004, coordinating joint operations including post-9/11 responses and NATO interventions in the Balkans, where he managed air campaigns that neutralized over 700 targets with minimal allied losses.^[87] A naval aviator with carrier deployments, Ellis integrated space and cyber assets into strike planning, advocating for precision-guided munitions that reduced collateral damage in urban conflicts.^[87] His command prioritized interoperability among services, influencing doctrinal shifts toward network-centric warfare.^[87] General Larry R. Ellis (born circa 1950) commanded U.S. Army Forces Command from 2004 to 2005 after leading U.S. Army Europe from 2002 to 2004, the first African American in that role, overseeing deployments of 100,000 troops to Iraq and Afghanistan theaters.^[88] Ellis focused on rapid mobilization logistics, establishing forward operating bases that supported sustained ground operations with supply chains delivering 10,000 tons of materiel monthly.^[88] His policies emphasized soldier training in asymmetric warfare, contributing to force restructuring for counterinsurgency effectiveness.^[88]

Athletes and Sports Personalities

Monta Ellis (born October 26, 1985) played as a shooting guard in the NBA from 2005 to 2016 across teams including the Golden State Warriors, Milwaukee Bucks, Dallas Mavericks, and Indiana Pacers.^[89] Over 833 regular-season games, he averaged 17.8 points, 3.5 rebounds, and 4.6 assists per game, with a field goal percentage of 45.1%.^[89] His scoring peaked in the 2009–10 season with the Warriors, where he led the team with 25.5 points per game.^[89] Ellis's trade from the Warriors to the Bucks in March 2012, in exchange for Brandon Jennings, drew attention for disrupting team chemistry amid both players' desires for primary ball-handling roles, though it highlighted his value as a high-volume scorer.^[90] Dale Ellis (born January 6, 1960) competed as a shooting guard in the NBA from 1983 to 2000, notably with the Seattle SuperSonics, and led the league in scoring during the 1988–89 season with 27.8 points per game.^[91] He amassed 1,719 career three-point field goals made, holding the NBA record for that statistic at various points until surpassed by Reggie Miller, and led the league in three-pointers made three times (1987–88, 1988–89, and 1989–90).^[91] Ellis's efficiency from beyond the arc reached 40.3% for his career, underscoring his pioneering role in long-range shooting during an era when the three-point line was newly emphasized.^[91] Ellis Burks (born September 11, 1964) was a Major League Baseball outfielder who played from 1987 to 2000, primarily with the Boston Red Sox, Colorado Rockies, and Cleveland Indians, compiling a career .291 batting average over 2,107 hits, 352 home runs, and 1,206 RBIs in 1,253 games.^[92] In the 1990s, he posted standout offensive seasons, including a .312 average with 21 home runs and 89 RBIs in 1990 for the Red Sox, earning All-Star and Silver Slugger honors, and a .320 average with 30 home runs in 1996 for the Rockies amid Coors Field's hitter-friendly conditions.^[92] Burks demonstrated versatility with 181 stolen bases and a .363 on-base percentage career-wide, though injuries limited his consistency.^[92]

Business Leaders and Innovators

Ellis Batten Page (1924–2005) pioneered automated essay scoring through Project Essay Grade (PEG), developed in the 1960s as the first computer-based system to evaluate student writing using statistical proxies for traits like grammar, diction, and style.^[93] His innovations, initially tested on mainframe computers, enabled scalable grading that reduced costs once computing power advanced, influencing commercial edtech tools adopted by organizations like ERB for writing assessments.^[94] Page's work at institutions such as Duke University and later CTB/McGraw-Hill demonstrated correlations between machine and human scores exceeding 0.80, paving the way for AES markets now valued in hundreds of millions annually.^[95] Tim Ellis co-founded Relativity Space in 2015, innovating in additive manufacturing by 3D-printing most of its Terran 1 rocket to streamline production and cut costs in aerospace.^[96] The company secured $650 million in Series E funding in June 2021, elevating its post-money valuation to $4.2 billion and total capital raised beyond $1.2 billion, positioning it as a leader in reusable launch vehicles amid competition from SpaceX.^[97] Relativity's approach has accelerated development timelines, with its Stargate factory enabling mass production goals for interplanetary transport.^[98] Sean Ellis advanced startup scaling by coining "growth hacking" and driving user acquisition experiments at Dropbox, where strategies like referral incentives contributed to exponential early growth.^[99] As founder of GrowthHackers.com and Qualaroo, he built platforms facilitating data-driven optimization, influencing SaaS metrics frameworks adopted by firms like Eventbrite and Pinterest.^[100] His methodologies emphasize high-velocity testing, yielding measurable retention lifts of 20-50% in validated cases across portfolio companies.^[101] Floyd Ellis co-founded Wilbur-Ellis Company in 1921 as an import-export firm trading commodities like fish meal, evolving it into a diversified agribusiness distributor of fertilizers, seeds, and animal nutrition products.^[102] Under sustained family ownership, the firm expanded to over 100 locations globally, achieving annual revenues of approximately $3.5 billion by serving precision agriculture and specialty chemicals markets.^[103] This growth reflects efficient supply chain innovations, including early adoption of bulk handling technologies that boosted margins in post-WWII commodity booms.^[104]

Controversies Involving Prominent Ellises

Havelock Ellis and Eugenics Debates

Havelock Ellis advocated positive eugenics in writings from the early 1900s through the 1930s, emphasizing voluntary measures to enhance human heredity through informed mate selection and reproduction among the fit, as outlined in The Task of Social Hygiene (1912). He rooted this in Darwinian principles of natural selection and Galton's statistical approach to heredity, arguing that societal progress required prioritizing offspring quality over quantity to counter dysgenic trends like declining upper-class fertility and unchecked reproduction by the unfit.^[105] Ellis contended that "heredity stands as the one great hope of the human race: its saviour from imbecility, poverty, disease, immorality," proposing eugenics as a voluntary extension of sexual selection where individuals, educated in biology, would choose partners to foster superior traits.^[105] His empirical basis drew from observations of class differentials in fertility and health, alongside emerging genetic data, positing causal links between parental stock and societal vitality without reliance on environmental determinism alone.^[106] While Ellis advanced sexual science through empirical data collection in works like Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897–1928), which documented hereditary variations in human behavior, his eugenic prescriptions faced criticism for blurring into negative measures despite his rejection of legal compulsion. He favored "regulative eugenics" via public opinion and incentives, such as discouraging procreation by the "feeble-minded" as "disgraceful" and promoting voluntary spacing of births to improve offspring viability, supported by studies showing better development in children born more than two years apart.^[106] Critics noted overlaps with coercive policies elsewhere, like U.S. sterilizations, arguing Ellis's voluntary ideals underestimated enforcement risks in practice, even as he explicitly opposed mandatory certificates or state breeding.^[107] His framework assumed rational individual agency, but causal realism highlights how social pressures could devolve into de facto coercion, as seen in interwar eugenic campaigns. Ellis's eugenics exhibited class-based elitism, countering portrayals of him as an unalloyed progressive by prioritizing reproduction among the "more intelligent members" capable of leading societal reform, with eugenic certificates serving as a "patent of natural nobility."^[105] He acknowledged good hereditary stocks across classes but lamented dysgenic fertility patterns favoring the lower strata, implying selective incentives would inherently benefit educated elites.^[105] Post-World War II repudiation of eugenics, amid Nazi abuses, obscured these hierarchical intents, with academic narratives often sanitizing Ellis's views to align with modern individualism while downplaying how his Darwinian causal emphasis on inherited inequality clashed with egalitarian ideals. Empirical genetics later tempered hereditarian claims, yet Ellis's voluntary focus distinguished his program from outright authoritarianism, though its elitist undertones persisted in debates over meritocratic breeding.^[106]

Modern Political and Cultural Figures

Bret Easton Ellis, an American novelist and essayist, has positioned himself as a vocal critic of progressive cultural orthodoxy since the 2010s, particularly through his podcast launched in 2013 and the 2019 essay collection White. In these platforms, Ellis challenges what he describes as the self-victimizing tendencies and ideological conformity in Hollywood and media, arguing that such "wokeness" fosters echo chambers that stifle dissenting views and equates to reverse racism in practice.^[5]^[108] He has specifically targeted the asexualization of gay male representation and the prioritization of identity politics over artistic merit, drawing from his observations of industry self-censorship.^[109] Ellis's resistance to these dynamics manifested in his refusal to conform, leading to public backlash including accusations of triggering millennials, yet he maintains that cancel culture's attempts to erase nonconformist voices ultimately reveal its fragility.^[110]^[111] In the political sphere, Michael Ellis, a Republican attorney born around 1984, has advanced through roles emphasizing national security and intelligence under the Trump administration, reflecting conservative priorities on depoliticization and aggressive oversight. Appointed NSA general counsel in December 2020 amid the administration's final days, Ellis contributed to efforts countering the Trump-Russia investigation narrative, which conservatives viewed as warranted pushback against perceived institutional overreach.^[112] By February 2025, as Trump's CIA deputy director, he signaled a focus on insulating intelligence operations from partisan bias while expanding proactive measures, though this drew criticism from outlets highlighting conflicts with career bureaucracy.^[113] In October 2025, Ellis demoted the acting CIA general counsel—a career lawyer—and assumed the role himself, intensifying debates over political influence in agency legal functions during Trump's second term.^[114] These actions underscore tensions between appointees aligned with executive policy stances and entrenched opposition within intelligence communities, often amplified by media narratives framing them as politicization.^[115] John Prescott Ellis, a media consultant and first cousin to George W. Bush, has influenced conservative discourse through journalism and election analysis, notably as Fox News's 2000 election decision desk head, where projections favored Bush amid Florida's recount.^[116] Active into the 2020s via podcasts like "Night Owls," Ellis critiques GOP internal dynamics and media coverage, advocating for Republican resilience against perceived liberal dominance in outlets.^[117] His family ties and venture capital role post-journalism highlight intersections of conservative networks and cultural pushback against mainstream narratives.^[118]

Criticisms of Psychological Contributions

Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), developed in the mid-1950s, posits that emotional disturbances stem primarily from rigid, absolutistic beliefs such as "musts" and "shoulds" rather than external events or past traumas alone, advocating vigorous disputing of these to build unconditional self-acceptance and resilience.^[119] This framework, empirically tested through controlled trials beginning in the 1960s, has demonstrated efficacy in reducing anxiety, depression, and irrational beliefs, with meta-analyses confirming medium to large effect sizes compared to no-treatment controls or placebos across diverse populations.^[120]^[121] A 2024 systematic review of REBT interventions further supported significant improvements in behavioral and emotional outcomes, underscoring its utility in countering self-defeating emotional indulgences prevalent in contemporary grievance-oriented mental health narratives.^[122] Critics have accused REBT of insensitivity to trauma by overemphasizing present-oriented cognitive disputing at the expense of exploring historical causation or allowing emotional catharsis, potentially invalidating clients' experiences of profound adversity.^[123] For example, counseling theorist Gerald Corey argued in 2009 that REBT's dismissal of deep emotional venting could hinder therapeutic progress for grieving or traumatized individuals, reflecting a broader concern that its rational focus minimizes the causal weight of uncontrollable past events.^[124] Such critiques, often rooted in trauma-informed paradigms dominant in academia and clinical guidelines, prioritize victim validation over belief modification, yet they overlook REBT's foundational rejection of deterministic views of trauma's enduring power—Ellis contended that while past events occur, prolonged distress arises from ongoing irrational evaluations, not inevitability.^[125] Countering these claims, outcome data from randomized trials spanning the 1970s to 2000s, including applications to PTSD, reveal REBT's comparable or superior results to supportive counseling or waitlist controls in alleviating trauma-related symptoms like hyperarousal and avoidance, without requiring exhaustive historical excavation.^[126]^[127] A 1991 meta-analysis of 70 studies reported consistent pre-post gains in emotional functioning, attributing REBT's edge to its direct assault on low-frustration tolerance and demands for approval, which fosters causal agency over passive rumination.^[128] These findings challenge trauma-centric alternatives' assumptions of helplessness, as REBT's emphasis on disputing absolutisms empirically promotes adaptive resilience, evidenced by sustained reductions in irrational beliefs predictive of relapse.^[129] Despite occasional portrayals as pseudoscientific for unverified philosophical premises, REBT's quantitative validation across decades refutes such dismissals, highlighting its alignment with first-principles accountability in mental health.^[130]^[121]

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humans who have decided to become aliens ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
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Ellis Page, 81, a Developer of Computerized Grading, Dies
May 23, 2005 · Ellis B. Page, an education professor who developed an early computer program for grading written essays, died Tuesday near his home in McLean, Va. He was 81.
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Relativity Space raises $500 million as it sets sights ... - TechCrunch
Nov 23, 2020 · 3D-printed rocket startup Relativity Space has closed $500 million in Series D funding (making official the earlier reported raise), the company announced ...
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May 4, 2017 · Sean Ellis shares his thoughts on the secrets to growth, the effectiveness of media manipulation and the ethics of growth at any cost.
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Jun 30, 2016 · Sean Ellis, the founder of GrowthHackers.com, argues that growth hacking is far from over. He shares insights on experimentation, product.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Task of Social Hygiene, by ...
It is the task of this hygiene not [ix] only to make sewers, but to re-make love, and to do both in the same large spirit of human fellowship, to ensure finer ...
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No eugenic considerations can annihilate the man of genius when he is once born and bred. If eugenics is to stamp out the man of genius it must do so before he ...
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Bret Easton Ellis Takes On 'Generation Wuss' - The New York Times
Apr 17, 2019 · Ellis, perpetual bad boy and avatar of Generation X, delivers in his first nonfiction book, “White,” a series of rants against the politics ...
[109]
The People Vs. Bret Easton Ellis - Interview Magazine
Apr 11, 2019 · He also ruminates on liberal Hollywood's “fake-woke corporate culture,” on the psychosis of self-victimization, on the asexualizing of gay men ...
[110]
Bret Easton Ellis: 'My ability to trigger millennials is insane'
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https://decolonialisme.fr/en/bret-easton-ellis-face-a-la-cancel-culture/
[112]
Trump to tap Michael Ellis as CIA general counsel - Live Updates
Jan 20, 2025 · President-elect Donald Trump plans to nominate Michael Ellis as the top lawyer at the CIA, according to two people familiar with the decision.
[113]
Michael Ellis, Trump's CIA deputy pick, signals emphasis on ...
Feb 4, 2025 · Michael Ellis, Trump's CIA deputy pick, signals emphasis on depoliticization, aggressive action.
[114]
C.I.A. Deputy Director Has Replaced Agency's Top Legal Official ...
making him its youngest-ever deputy director. A 2011 graduate of ...
[115]
Trump-appointed CIA leader makes himself the agency's top legal ...
Oct 7, 2025 · Ellis, who played a role in a series of controversies during President Trump's first term, is also retaining his position as the No. 2 official ...
[116]
How Fox News Could Influence Election Day 2020 - The Atlantic
Sep 28, 2020 · In 1998, Fox chairman Roger Ailes hired George W. Bush's cousin, John Prescott Ellis, to lead the Fox News decision desk.* The network famously ...
[117]
Political analysts Joe Klein and John Ellis on "The Takeout" - YouTube
Mar 4, 2024 · For this edition of "The Takeout," Major Garrett speaks to political analysts and hosts of the "Night Owls" podcast, Joe Klein and John ...
[118]
John Ellis On The News And GOP History - by Andrew Sullivan
Sep 19, 2025 · John is a journalist, media consultant, old friend, and George W Bush's cousin. He's worked for NBC News as a political analyst and the Boston ...<|separator|>
[119]
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Irrational and Rational ...
Sep 20, 2016 · This review article presents REBT (Ellis, 1957), the original cognitive behavioral therapy, as a valuable approach to addressing mental health issues in sport.
[120]
Efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: a quantitative analysis - PubMed
Meta-analysis of 28 controlled studies on the efficacy of rational-emotive therapy (RET) showed RET to be superior to placebo and no treatment.
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50 years of rational‐emotive and cognitive‐behavioral therapy: A ...
Sep 12, 2017 · The current meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date quantitative review of REBT, examining whether there is robust empirical ...2 Results · 2.2 Between-Group Analyses · 3 Discussion
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A systematic review of the nature and efficacy of Rational Emotive ...
Jul 9, 2024 · We reviewed the methodological quality, effectiveness and efficacy of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy interventions on irrational/rational beliefs.
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Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) - therapist.com
May 16, 2024 · Critics point out that it puts too much focus on the present, neglecting to take past trauma into account.Missing: ignoring | Show results with:ignoring
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[PDF] Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT): A critical review.
Corey (2009) has also criticized REBT since the theory tends to ignore carthasis. For instance, consider the implications REBT could have for clients who are ...
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Albert Ellis | BetterHelp
Apr 16, 2025 · Ellis' contributions He felt that the predominant methods of psychotherapy at the time were too passive and overly focused on past trauma, ...
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Effectiveness of a rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
We hypothesized that completion of the REBT-Informed Group would result in improvements in self-reported PTSD, depression, anxiety symptoms, and irrational ...
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Evaluating the impact of rational emotive behavior therapy... - LWW
Oct 25, 2024 · The study aimed to examine the impact of rational emotive behavior therapy on farmers' post-traumatic stress (PTS) in Abia State, Nigeria.
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The efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: A quantitative review of the ...
The results from a meta-analysis of 70 Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) outcome studies are reported. A total of 236 comparisons of RET to baseline, ...
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The effectiveness of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and ...
Dec 16, 2023 · We found REBT to be an effective intervention for the regulation of competitive anxiety, perfectionism, and irrational beliefs as well as for improving some ...
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Rational emotive behavior therapy as pseudoscience
These criticisms are discussed and documented. Practitioners may not be aware of the unsubstantiated claims and theoretical assumptions inherent in REBT, and ...