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Exmor

Exmor is a image technology developed by Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, introduced in , that integrates column-parallel analog-to-digital (A/D) directly on the chip to enable high-speed readout, low-noise , and superior image quality in digital cameras, camcorders, and mobile devices. The original Exmor technology, first commercialized in the sized IMX021 with 12.47 effective megapixels, employs a front-illuminated structure where light passes through metal wiring layers before reaching the photodiodes, paired with on-chip correlated double sampling (CDS) and programmable gain amplification () circuits to minimize noise during . This innovation allows for parallel A/D across columns, enabling a readout rate of 10.39 frames per second in full-pixel scan mode while maintaining 12-bit precision, marking a significant advancement over traditional s in speed and power efficiency. Building on this foundation, introduced Exmor R in 2008 as a back-illuminated variant, repositioning the photodiodes above the wiring layers to capture more incident light—up to twice the sensitivity of standard front-illuminated sensors—resulting in reduced , higher , and better low-light performance without increasing sensor size. Exemplified in sensors like the 5-megapixel prototype with 1.75μm pixels, Exmor R enabled compact, high-resolution imaging in , such as mobile phones and still cameras. Further evolution came with Exmor RS in 2012, the world's first stacked architecture that separates the pixel array (back-illuminated) from the logic on separate layers, interconnected via copper-to-copper bonding for high readout speeds (up to 120 frames per second in sub-sampling modes) and integrated features like (HDR) imaging via RGBW color filters. This design, debuting in mobile-oriented sensors like the 13.13-megapixel IMX135, laid the foundation for later enhancements supporting advanced functions such as , phase-detection , and electronic , powering flagship devices in smartphones, mirrorless cameras, and professional video equipment. Subsequent enhancements, including the 2016 IMX318 with built-in hybrid and 3-axis stabilization, have solidified Exmor RS as a cornerstone for high-performance, compact imaging solutions. Exmor technologies have been pivotal in Sony's imaging ecosystem, often paired with the image processing engine to deliver lifelike colors, reduced graininess, and wide , influencing industries from consumer to industrial and automotive applications. As of 2025, Exmor technologies continue to evolve, including variants like Exmor T and LYTIA for enhanced performance in diverse applications.

Overview

Core Technology

Exmor represents Sony's proprietary architecture, featuring integrated column-parallel analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) that enable on-chip signal digitization for each vertical column of pixels. This design facilitates high-speed readout by minimizing analog signal transmission distances, thereby reducing noise introduction during transfer. The technology incorporates dual mechanisms, applying high-precision cancellation in both the analog domain prior to A/D conversion and the afterward, to suppress , reset noise, and other artifacts. At the heart of the signal processing pipeline is on-chip of the pixel's analog output, followed by parallel A/D conversion across columns, and subsequent digital correlated double sampling (DCDS). DCDS involves sampling the reset level and signal level digitally to subtract components, enhancing overall image fidelity without requiring off-chip processing. This integrated approach allows for efficient handling directly on the , contributing to cleaner images in varied lighting conditions. Key performance enhancements in early Exmor implementations include a of up to 72 dB in models like the sized for digital SLRs. Compared to traditional () sensors, Exmor's design provides superior power efficiency—consuming significantly less energy (typically 20–50 milliwatts versus 2–5 watts for ) during readout—and greater , as the embedded ADCs obviate the need for separate external conversion hardware. Subsequent advancements, such as back-illuminated variants, build on these foundations to further optimize light capture while retaining the core column-parallel and dual elements.

Advantages Over Traditional Sensors

Exmor sensors provide significant advantages in compared to traditional image sensors, primarily through the use of column-parallel analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) that process signals in close proximity to the photodiodes. This minimizes the accumulation of readout noise during signal transfer, enabling superior low-light performance. In early implementations, this technology allows for clearer images in dim conditions without excessive grain. The on-chip processing inherent to Exmor design further enhances speed and power efficiency over traditional (CCD) sensors. By integrating analog-to-digital conversion and basic directly on the sensor chip, Exmor enables high frame rates while consuming significantly less power than equivalent CCDs. This efficiency stems from the parallel readout mechanism, which avoids the serial charge transfer bottlenecks of CCDs, resulting in faster data handling and lower energy demands during operation. Beyond performance, Exmor's integrated supports more compact device designs in cameras and mobile applications by handling essential image processing functions on-chip, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for separate image signal processors (ISPs). This streamlining lowers overall system complexity and size, facilitating slimmer profiles in . Additionally, the reduced power consumption contributes to greater in end devices, extending battery life and minimizing environmental impact through lower operational energy use across widespread applications.

History

Origins and Early Development

Exmor technology originated in the mid-2000s at , driven by the need to overcome persistent noise limitations in image sensors that hindered their adoption in digital cameras compared to dominant sensors. Semiconductor spearheaded the development, focusing on innovative on-chip analog-to-digital conversion to enable high-speed readout and reduced noise, thereby enhancing low-light performance and overall image quality. This effort marked a pivotal shift toward making sensors viable for consumer imaging applications, where had previously excelled in sensitivity and clarity. The technology was first commercialized in 2007 through a featuring a unique column-parallel A/D conversion , which achieved superior signal-to-noise ratios and processing speeds. announced Exmor alongside its debut product, the Alpha DSLR-A700, on , 2007, positioning the 12.2-megapixel sensor as a key enabler for professional-grade low-noise imaging in a DSLR camera launched later that year. The A700's integration of Exmor demonstrated immediate practical benefits, including 5 frames-per-second continuous shooting and effective noise suppression at higher ISOs, helping to accelerate the industry's transition from to architectures. Early implementations extended Exmor's reach beyond DSLRs, with adoption in select consumer devices to showcase its versatility in reducing read noise and improving dynamic range. By 2008, expansions included higher-resolution variants for digital SLRs and video camcorders, solidifying Exmor's role in Sony's imaging ecosystem. In October 2015, Sony restructured its operations by spinning off its semiconductor division into Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, a move designed to sharpen focus on high-growth areas like image sensors, encompassing the Exmor lineup and supporting ongoing advancements in noise reduction and sensitivity.

Key Milestones and Evolution

introduced the on June 11, 2008, marking the world's first back-illuminated design that doubled light sensitivity compared to conventional front-illuminated sensors while reducing . This advancement significantly improved low-light performance, enabling clearer images in challenging conditions for . On August 20, 2012, unveiled the Exmor RS, the first stacked tailored for smartphones, integrating circuitry beneath the photodiodes to boost readout speeds and support high-frame-rate applications like 20 fps burst shooting. This innovation expanded Exmor's reach into mobile devices, enhancing video capabilities and reducing . In 2014, Sony debuted the STARVIS series, optimized for security cameras with enhanced low-light sensitivity through back-illuminated pixels that captured more near-infrared light for superior . These sensors prioritized surveillance applications, delivering noise-reduced images in extreme darkness. Sony announced the Intelligent Vision Sensor on May 14, 2020, an -integrated variant of Exmor that embedded processing for on-sensor inference, enabling edge tasks like without external hardware. This development bridged imaging and computation, facilitating real-time analytics in compact systems. The LYTIA launched on November 7, 2022, as a dedicated lineup for mobile image sensors under the Exmor umbrella, focusing on high-resolution, creative imaging for smartphones. It emphasized stacked architectures for improved and . Advancements accelerated in the early 2020s, with STARVIS 2 introduced via the IMX585 sensor on June 29, 2021, offering and higher for applications through dual-gain readout. In 2024, the IMX678 extended STARVIS 2 capabilities with 8MP resolution and enhanced near-infrared performance for low-light streaming. Exmor T debuted in the on , 2023, featuring a 2-layer structure for superior low-light . In September 2024, released the LYT-818 under LYTIA, a 50MP with advanced achieving a record-low 0.95e- for mobile imaging. This was followed by the LYT-828 on June 26, 2025, delivering over 100 dB —equivalent to 17 stops—for lifelike even during zoom. The 1 VII, announced May 13, 2025, integrated T across all rear cameras, unifying high-sensitivity performance for mobile videography. Exmor's market impact grew through widespread adoption; the in 2011 featured an Exmor R-based sensor for improved mobile photography, while the 12S Ultra in 2022 utilized the Exmor variant for 1-inch flagship imaging. Sony plans a full transition from IMX to LYTIA branding by 2026, streamlining its mobile sensor portfolio.

Sensor Architectures

Front-Side Illuminated Design

The front-side illuminated (FSI) design in original Exmor sensors directs incoming light through the top layers of each , where it first encounters the on-chip microlens, followed by the color array, and then the metal wiring layers before reaching the at the base. This configuration, common in early image sensors, positions the interconnect wiring and transistors on the same side as the light entry, creating an that traverses multiple opaque or semi-opaque elements. As a result, a portion of the incident light is absorbed, reflected, or scattered by the wiring, leading to reduced light collection efficiency, particularly in smaller pixels where the wiring occupies a larger relative area. Early Exmor pixels in FSI architecture typically featured sizes around 5.6 µm, such as the 5.49 µm square s in the IMX021 sensor, which incorporated microlenses to focus onto the and mitigate some path-related losses. These microlenses help concentrate photons despite the overlying structures, but the overall fill factor—the proportion of the pixel area sensitive to —remains limited to approximately 50-60% in typical FSI designs, contributing to quantum efficiencies of about 40-50%. For instance, the IMX021, a 12.47 effective megapixel sensor released in for digital SLR cameras, exemplified this approach with its high-resolution array but inherent constraints on light gathering. While the FSI structure excels in enabling dense pixel arrays for high-resolution imaging, it introduces performance trade-offs, notably in low-light conditions where the wiring layers cast shadows and cause , limiting compared to unobstructed exposure. These limitations, including significant light loss in sub-3 µm pixels due to elongated optical paths and reflections, underscored the need for architectural advancements to enhance capture without sacrificing .

Back-Illuminated and Stacked Designs

The back-illuminated structure in Exmor R sensors relocates the wiring layer to the rear of the photodiodes, enabling nearly full light incidence on the light-sensitive elements without obstruction from overlying circuitry. This design contrasts with front-side illuminated sensors by maximizing photon capture, resulting in approximately double the sensitivity compared to conventional front-illuminated sensors. Exmor R technology was initially applied in compact cameras, such as those using 1/2.5-inch sensors, to enhance low-light performance in consumer devices. Building on back-illumination, the Exmor RS series introduced architectures in 2012, separating the array and logic into distinct layers bonded via copper-to-copper (Cu-Cu) direct connections for improved speed and efficiency. This stacking allows faster readout by dedicating the logic layer to processing without compromising area, achieving sizes as small as 1.12 µm while supporting high-resolution . Later iterations incorporate caching through three-layer stacking—comprising , logic, and memory layers—to buffer data for ultra-high frame rates, enabling 960 slow-motion capture in short bursts for applications. Such configurations also facilitate readout speeds up to 120 in , enhancing video capabilities in sensors. As of 2025, these designs have further evolved to support global shutter functionality and ultra-high resolutions up to 8K in professional and automotive applications. Overall, back-illuminated and stacked designs in Exmor R and RS yield significantly higher compared to front-side illuminated ones, primarily by reducing loss from metal wiring.

Specialized Variants

STARVIS Series

The STARVIS series represents Sony's specialized back-illuminated optimized for low- surveillance applications, building on the Exmor RS architecture to enhance in challenging lighting conditions. Introduced in August 2014, STARVIS sensors feature expanded wells that increase light-gathering capacity, achieving a of at least 2,000 mV/μm² while delivering a of up to 88 dB in select models. This design minimizes noise in dark scenes by converting faint signals into clear images without significant amplification artifacts, making it ideal for cameras capturing details in environments like unlit alleys or nighttime streets. STARVIS 2, launched in 2021, advances this foundation with innovations like dual gain ISO circuitry and super high conversion gain (SHCG), which dramatically lowers the by optimizing signal amplification paths for both bright and dim conditions. These enhancements enable near-zero noise levels in ultra-low light, supported by correction techniques that suppress dark current and residual signals for cleaner outputs. A flagship example is the IMX585, an 8.3-megapixel in a 1/1.2-inch format capable of at 90 , incorporating AI-friendly processing for in feeds while maintaining high near-infrared sensitivity. Recent additions to the STARVIS 2 lineup include the 8-megapixel IMX678 and 5-megapixel IMX675 sensors, both introduced around 2023 for automotive and use, offering superior performance up to 120 dB via digital overlap techniques to handle extreme contrast in dashcams and systems. STARVIS sensors enable reliable imaging in and automotive applications where visibility is critical, such as or facility .

Exmor T and LYTIA

Exmor T, announced by in December 2021 and first commercialized in 2023, represents a significant advancement in mobile technology through its innovative 2-layer (2TP) structure within a stacked . This design physically separates the layer, responsible for signal accumulation, from the layer, which handles and readout, allowing for a larger area that enhances light sensitivity and full well capacity while reducing noise. As a result, Exmor T achieves and low-light performance comparable to full-frame sensors in a compact , with approximately 2x the saturation signal level of conventional designs. The technology debuted in the , where it powers the 48-megapixel main camera , delivering optimized architecture for enhanced light capture. Building on this foundation, launched the LYTIA brand in November 2022 as a dedicated lineup of advanced image sensors for mobile devices, emphasizing stacked architectures that incorporate 2-layer pixels to enable creative imaging experiences with superior tonal expression, , and low noise. LYTIA sensors build upon back-illuminated designs to maximize capture in slim modules. Key releases include the LYT-818, a 50-megapixel sensor with a 1/1.28-inch optical format announced in September 2024, which significantly reduces random noise in low-light conditions and supports an 86 dB through advanced processing. Following this, the LYT-828, another 50-megapixel model released in June 2025, achieves an unprecedented 17 stops of (over 100 dB) by combining single-frame via dual conversion gain with multi-frame techniques, enabling natural-looking images even in high-contrast scenes like backlit portraits. LYTIA's pixel-level HDR capabilities, realized through per-pixel dual conversion gain that toggles between high and low sensitivity modes without frame merging, allow for real-time preview-accurate output in video and stills, preserving details in both shadows and highlights. Advancements in the series also include support for AI-enhanced features like computational effects in portrait modes, leveraging the sensors' high-fidelity data for more accurate subject isolation. In May 2025, the VII became the first smartphone to implement full Exmor T technology across all three rear lenses, extending 2TP benefits to ultra-wide and telephoto cameras for consistent low-noise performance throughout the system. Leaks from September 2025 indicate Sony is developing LYTIA sensors rivaling 200-megapixel resolutions, potentially with 1/1.11-inch formats for even greater detail in mobile (as of October 2025). To streamline its mobile portfolio, Sony plans to rebrand its existing series sensors under the unified LYTIA name by 2026, phasing out separate designations while maintaining .

Applications and Impact

Consumer Devices

Exmor sensors have been integral to smartphone cameras since their early adoption, enhancing image quality in compact devices. The , released in 2011, featured Sony's IMX145 Exmor R , which improved low-light performance and enabled video recording at 30 . More recent advancements include the LYTIA series, a stacked variant of Exmor technology; for instance, the 14 Ultra (2024) incorporates the LYT-900 50MP 1-inch sensor, supporting 8K video and advanced night modes through capture and reduced noise. Similarly, Motorola's Edge 50 Neo (2024) uses the LYTIA 700C 50MP sensor, facilitating video at 60 and superior low-light imaging via dual-pixel phase detection. These integrations have allowed smartphones to achieve professional-grade features like video and computational night modes, where multiple exposures are processed to minimize noise in dim conditions. In digital cameras, Exmor R technology has powered Sony's and Alpha series, delivering high-resolution imaging in consumer-friendly formats. Models like the DSC-HX7V (2011) employ an Exmor R sensor for 16.2MP stills and Full HD video with 10x optical zoom, emphasizing low-noise performance in varied lighting. The Alpha ILCE-7RM2 (2015), a full-frame , utilizes a 42.4MP Exmor R , enabling video extraction from 7K oversampling and ISO up to 102,400 for low-light scenarios. These sensors have contributed to the evolution of compact by supporting features such as optical and high-speed burst shooting. Camcorders in the consumer space, particularly Sony's line, have benefited from Exmor since its introduction around , with early models like the HDR-CX500V incorporating the back-illuminated for reduced noise and 10x optical zoom in recording. Subsequent Handycams, such as the HDR-CX405 (2015), feature Exmor R sensors that enable 1080p video at 60 with clear image zoom up to 60x digitally, maintaining quality in low light. The widespread adoption of Exmor in consumer devices has significantly influenced , particularly by enabling HDR stacking techniques in mobiles, where multiple short and long exposures are merged to expand and preserve details in highlights and shadows. This has democratized advanced , allowing everyday users to capture balanced without specialized equipment. By 2023, Sony's Exmor-based image powered approximately 53% of the global market by revenue, underscoring their dominance in .

Industrial and Professional Uses

Exmor , particularly through its STARVIS and STARVIS 2 implementations, plays a pivotal role in systems, enabling cameras to deliver reliable 24/7 monitoring in challenging low-light conditions. These s capture high-sensitivity images with reduced noise, supporting applications in facility , , and monitoring by utilizing back-illuminated structures and super high conversion gain for near-infrared performance. For instance, the IMX585 , a STARVIS 2 model with 8.3 megapixels and Clear mode, facilitates internal data synthesis for wide up to 90 fps, making it suitable for professional setups including high-resolution webcams introduced in 2023. In automotive applications, Exmor-based STARVIS 2 sensors enhance night visibility and safety features in dashcams and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). The IMX678 sensor, with its 8-megapixel resolution and capabilities, powers front-facing dashcams that perform effectively in low-light environments, such as nighttime driving, by delivering clear footage with minimal distortion. Integration into ADAS involves high-dynamic-range imaging for obstacle detection and periphery monitoring, contributing to automated driving levels 3-4 through precise environmental sensing. Professional broadcast equipment leverages Exmor sensors for superior production. The PXW-Z series, including the 2025 PXW-Z300 model, incorporates three 1/2-type Exmor R sensors to achieve high-resolution video with extended and low noise, supporting workflows in television broadcasting and via formats like and HLG. These sensors enable 17x zoom lenses and real-time processing for professional-grade clarity in diverse shooting conditions. For industrial , Exmor global shutter variants provide distortion-free imaging essential for high-speed inspection tasks. Sony's Pregius , built on Exmor , features sensors like the IMX927 with 105-megapixel resolution and up to 100 readout, allowing precise capture of moving objects in lines for defect detection and . These sensors excel in controlled environments by minimizing artifacts and supporting to spectrums. Advancements in Exmor include Intelligent Vision Sensors that integrate edge for enhanced industrial applications. Released in 2020, the IMX500 series embeds functionality directly on the sensor's logic chip, enabling in settings like by at 3.1 ms without external , thus improving and . This on-chip capability supports selectable models for tasks such as and abnormality identification in professional vision systems.

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