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False start

A false start is a premature or disallowed start in a race or other competitive event, typically occurring when a participant moves before the official signal to begin. The term originated in racing contexts, where it denotes an invalid attempt to commence the event due to early motion by one or more competitors.^[1] In track and field sprints, false starts are strictly regulated by World Athletics, the sport's governing body. A false start is defined as any motion by an athlete that results in the feet losing contact with the starting blocks or the hands losing contact with the ground (in a crouch start) or the feet losing contact with the ground (in a standing start) before the starting signal. Detection often relies on a certified Start Information System, which measures reaction times; any response quicker than 0.100 seconds after the gun is fired is automatically deemed a false start. In standard sprint events (excluding combined events), the penalty is immediate disqualification for the offending athlete on the first occurrence, with the race recalled and restarted without them.^[2] The concept extends to other sports, such as American football, where a false start penalty is assessed against the offense if a player in a set position illegally moves in a manner that simulates the snap before the ball is snapped, potentially drawing the defense offside.^[3] Beyond competitive contexts, "false start" is used metaphorically to describe an unsuccessful or aborted attempt to begin a non-athletic endeavor, such as a project, speech, or career, often due to inadequate preparation.^[4]

General concept

Definition

A false start refers to a premature or disallowed initiation of an action, typically occurring when a participant begins before the official signal or under conditions that violate established starting rules. This concept originated in competitive racing contexts, where it denotes any movement by a competitor prior to the starting gun or signal, leading to an immediate halt and restart of the event.^[1] In such scenarios, the infraction often stems from anticipation or a lack of readiness, resulting in general consequences like event restarts or penalties to maintain fairness.^[5] In its literal sense, a false start involves physical or procedural violations in structured activities, such as a swimmer leaving the block before the horn or a track athlete reacting too early to the starter's pistol. These instances emphasize key attributes including unauthorized motion, improper positioning, or failure to adhere to timing protocols, which disrupt the synchronized commencement intended by organizers.^[1] For example, in athletics track events, a false start may trigger a warning or disqualification depending on competition rules, ensuring all participants begin on equal terms.^[5] Figuratively, the term extends to any aborted or unsuccessful beginning of an endeavor, where an attempt fails due to inadequate preparation, unforeseen obstacles, or premature execution. This broader application describes situations like a project's launch derailed by logistical issues or a career initiative abandoned early due to mismatched skills.^[4]^[6] In both literal and figurative uses, false starts highlight the importance of readiness and timing, often necessitating reevaluation or a fresh attempt to proceed effectively.

Etymology and origins

The term "false start" originated in the context of early 19th-century sporting events, particularly horse racing and pedestrian (foot) races, where it described a premature departure by competitors before the official signal to begin. The phrase was first recorded in English between 1805 and 1815, initially referring to such disallowed beginnings in competitive races.^[1] In British sporting literature of the 1820s and 1830s, false starts were frequently documented as a common issue in horse racing, often leading to disputes and reruns. Pedestrian races in England during the same period also penalized premature breaks from the starting line, as infractions that disrupted events and required restarts to ensure fairness. These early usages appeared in American sporting publications as well, reflecting the transatlantic popularity of racing sports by the 1840s. The adoption of technological aids, such as starting pistols in 1876, significantly influenced the detection and formalization of false starts by providing an audible signal that standardized race beginnings and made premature movements more evident to officials.^[7] By the early 20th century, "false start" had evolved from a literal racing term into a broader idiom denoting any unsuccessful or premature attempt at an endeavor, with entries appearing in major dictionaries like those compiled by Merriam-Webster around this period. This shift paralleled the growing cultural influence of organized sports on everyday language.

In sports

Association football (soccer)

In association football, a false start occurs when a player encroaches by moving toward the ball or into its path before a restart, such as during free kicks, throw-ins, or penalty kicks, violating the required distances or procedures to ensure fair play.^[8] For free kicks, opponents must remain at least 9.15 meters (10 yards) from the ball until it is in play, while attacking players must stay at least 1 meter from any defensive wall of three or more players; failure to do so results in the kick being retaken if the violation affects play, or an indirect free kick to the opponents if the encroaching team gains an unfair advantage.^[8] Similarly, for throw-ins, opponents must maintain a distance of at least 2 meters from the point of the throw, with encroachment leading to a caution and an indirect free kick if the throw has been taken unfairly.^[9] In penalty kicks, both the kicker's teammates and the goalkeeper's teammates must position themselves outside the penalty area and at least 9.15 meters from the penalty mark until the ball is kicked, with the goalkeeper required to have at least one foot on or behind the goal line.^[10] Penalties for false starts emphasize progressive discipline to deter repeated violations. For instance, in penalty kicks, the goalkeeper receives a verbal warning for the first offense of leaving the goal line prematurely, but a yellow card (caution) for any subsequent offense in the match, alongside a retake of the kick if the ball does not enter the goal or awarding the goal if it does.^[10] More broadly, players failing to respect required distances during restarts—such as not retreating 9.15 meters for free kicks, goal kicks, or corner kicks, or 2 meters for throw-ins—are cautioned with a yellow card for unsporting behavior, and play restarts with an indirect free kick to the opponents from the violation spot.^[11] A second caution in the same match results in a red card and ejection, underscoring the rule's role in preventing gamesmanship.^[11] Referees enforce these rules by signaling with a whistle to indicate when the ball is in play, allowing them to stop play immediately for violations and ensure compliance before restarts.^[12] During the 2010 FIFA World Cup, several cautions were issued for such infractions, including players not respecting distances during free kicks, which highlighted the importance of referee discretion in maintaining restart integrity amid high-stakes matches.^[11] These incidents, such as those involving defensive walls encroaching on set pieces, often led to retakes and warnings to promote orderly play.^[8] Unlike offside, which penalizes a player's position relative to the ball and defenders during active play to prevent goal-hanging, a false start specifically addresses pre-restart impatience or improper movement, focusing on procedural fairness rather than ongoing positioning dynamics. This distinction ensures restarts remain controlled, reducing disputes and allowing the attacking team a clear opportunity without interference.^[8]

American and Canadian football

In American and Canadian football, a false start occurs when an offensive player, after assuming a set position, makes any sudden or abrupt movement that simulates the beginning of a play prior to the snap of the ball. This infraction applies to all linemen and backs except the center, whose role in snapping the ball exempts them from the rule. The penalty results in a five-yard loss from the line of scrimmage, enforced before the down begins, to maintain fairness and prevent the offense from gaining an unfair advantage through premature motion.^[13] Enforcement relies entirely on the visual judgment of on-field officials, who position themselves to monitor offensive movements for any charging, shifting, or other actions that could deceive the defense. Unlike some defensive penalties, no electronic detection aids, such as sensors or replay reviews, are used for false starts, making the call dependent on referees' real-time observation. These penalties frequently arise during a quarterback's "hard count," an intentionally aggressive vocal cadence at the line meant to provoke defensive movement but which can cause offensive players to react too early under the pressure of the simulated snap.^[3]^[14] The rules for false starts are nearly identical in the NFL and CFL, reflecting shared gridiron traditions, with both leagues imposing the five-yard penalty to regulate pre-snap discipline. In the 2023 NFL regular season, officials called 618 false starts across all teams, totaling 3,026 yards in penalties and averaging about 2.26 per game, underscoring the infraction's prevalence in professional play. Such penalties occur more often in high-pressure scenarios, like divisional rivalries or postseason contests, where crowd noise and strategic intensity amplify linemen's anxiety, leading to inadvertent flinches.^[15]^[16] The false start rule emerged as part of the NFL's early standardization efforts in the 1930s, when the league formalized pre-snap procedures to curb chaotic lineups and ensure competitive balance, building on informal customs from college football's formative years. While not always game-altering, these penalties can disrupt offensive rhythm in critical moments; for example, multiple false starts in high-stakes games have forced teams to replay down-and-distance, indirectly aiding defenses by consuming clock and field position.^[17]

Athletics (track and field)

In athletics, particularly sprint events, a false start is defined as any movement by an athlete from the starting blocks within 0.100 seconds of the starter's gun firing, as this timeframe is considered too brief for a genuine auditory reaction. This threshold is enforced through World Athletics technical rules, which utilize the Start Information System to detect and confirm such movements. Prior to the rule change effective January 1, 2010, athletes received one warning per race before disqualification; the updated policy mandates automatic disqualification for any false start in individual events (except combined events like the decathlon), aiming to expedite competitions and prevent deliberate disruptions. The change was implemented by World Athletics (then the IAAF) to address delays from multiple restarts, which previously could extend race starts by up to 15 minutes. False starts are detected using starting blocks fitted with pressure and acceleration sensors connected to electronic systems, such as the ReacTime or ASC3 devices, which measure reaction times to a precision of 1/1000th of a second across up to 10 lanes. These systems monitor force on the footplates and pedals, triggering an alert if movement occurs prematurely, with an acoustic signal notifying the starter via headphones. Human auditory reaction times in elite sprinters typically average 0.120 to 0.150 seconds under optimal conditions, underscoring that sub-0.100-second responses likely indicate anticipation rather than reaction. A 2009 IAAF-commissioned study validated this limit but recommended further review, noting physiological minimums around 0.080-0.085 seconds in controlled tests, though the 0.100-second standard remains in place to balance fairness and practicality. Notable examples highlight the rule's impact, such as Usain Bolt's disqualification in the men's 100m final at the 2011 World Championships in Daegu, South Korea, where his reaction time of 0.085 seconds ended his title defense prematurely. The 2010 rule change significantly reduced false start occurrences overall, streamlining major meets by minimizing restarts—studies of championship data from 1999-2014 show adjusted response time distributions and fewer incidents per event, though exact reductions vary by gender and round. This shift has drawn criticism for its zero-tolerance nature but is credited with enhancing event flow in high-stakes competitions. In relay races, the rules differ slightly to accommodate team dynamics: the first false start incurs a warning for the entire team without individual penalty, but any subsequent false start results in team disqualification. For para-athletics, World Para Athletics applies the same core false start criteria but incorporates classification-specific adjustments; athletes in classes like T35-T38 (coordination or intellectual impairments) may experience challenges in maintaining the "set" position due to muscle control issues, leading to tailored starting procedures or evaluation allowances to ensure equity across impairment types.

Swimming

In competitive swimming, a false start occurs when a swimmer leaves the starting position or dives into the pool before the official starting signal, resulting in immediate disqualification. Under the World Aquatics Competition Regulations effective June 2025, the race proceeds if the signal has been given, with the disqualification confirmed and applied after the event, ensuring no time or place is recorded for the offender. This rule applies to all events, including individual races and relays, where a false start by the lead-off swimmer disqualifies the entire team.^[18] Detection combines visual observation by the starter and referee with electronic systems for precision. The starting signal is an acoustic beep detected by hydrophones, while departure from the block is measured via pressure sensors or touchpads integrated into starting platforms. A false start is called if the swimmer leaves before the signal. For backstroke starts from the water, officials use raised flags for the signal, relying more on visual cues to identify premature movement, as electronic block sensors are not used. False start ropes may be suspended across the pool to recall swimmers if needed before the signal.^[18] A prominent example is Chinese swimmer Pang Jiaying's disqualification in the women's 100 m freestyle semi-final at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, where she reacted prematurely to the start signal despite posting the fastest preliminary time of 53.49 seconds, ending her individual medal hopes. In relay contexts, such violations impact the team, as seen in various international meets where lead-off false starts have nullified strong performances.^[19] Swimmers train reaction times targeting 0.15 seconds, the approximate minimum for human auditory response, using drills with simulated beeps and starting blocks to build explosive power without anticipation. The strict one-false-start disqualification policy was adopted by FINA (now World Aquatics) in 1998 for major competitions, eliminating prior allowances for a warning or field-wide recall to enhance fairness and reduce gamesmanship. Earlier evolutions, such as procedural tightenings around 1988, focused on standardizing dive starts and official judgments rather than specific timing tolerances.^[20]

Motorsports

In motorsports, a false start, often termed a "jump start," occurs when a vehicle crosses the start line or accelerates prematurely before the official signal, such as the extinguishing of red lights in standing starts or the display of the green flag in rolling starts. This violation disrupts the fairness of the grid procedure, where vehicles line up in predetermined positions. Detection relies on transponders mounted on each car to monitor movement from the grid, supplemented by high-speed cameras and steward observations to verify any discrepancies between sensor data and visual evidence. In standing starts, common in Formula 1, the system measures motion after a four-second light sequence but before the start signal; rolling starts, prevalent in series like NASCAR and IndyCar, focus on maintaining pace and position until passing a designated restart zone.^[21]^[22] Penalties for false starts vary by series but aim to deter premature movement without overly disrupting the race. In FIA Formula 1, a jump start typically incurs a five-second time penalty served during the next pit stop, escalating to a drive-through penalty if it confers a lasting advantage; a ten-second stop-and-go may apply in severe cases. NASCAR enforces a pass-through penalty, requiring the offending driver to enter the pits and rejoin at the rear, often under caution to reset the field, while IndyCar imposes a drive-through or stop-and-go penalty, sometimes adding ten seconds to the race time. Full race restarts are rare but can occur if multiple violations compromise safety or order. These measures ensure competitive integrity, with stewards reviewing evidence post-incident.^[23]^[24]^[25] A notable example unfolded at the 1999 European Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, where suspicions of teams using illegal launch control systems prompted the FIA to alter the start light sequence as a trap. The initial standing start aborted amid widespread premature movements by top qualifiers, including Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Michael Schumacher, but no penalties were issued due to the cancellation. On the restart, Schumacher signaled race control to halt proceedings again after spotting out-of-position cars, leading to a third formation lap and underscoring the challenges of enforcing starts in high-stakes environments. Variations persist across series: NASCAR often opts for cautions to manage rolling start jumps, contrasting IndyCar's time-based additions, while Formula 1's transponder-focused system emphasizes precision in standing procedures.^[26]

Other sports

In horse racing, a false start typically occurs when a horse breaks through the starting gate prematurely, prompting the starter to recall the field for a reload into the gates. Stewards exercise discretion in such cases, often opting for a restart without disqualification unless the infraction is deemed severe or intentional, as reloads are standard to ensure fairness. A notable example is the 2006 Preakness Stakes, where Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro broke early but was reloaded and cleared by a track veterinarian, allowing the race to proceed without penalty.^[27] In ice hockey, false starts manifest as faceoff violations, such as a player kicking the puck early or improper positioning before the drop, leading referees to eject the offending player and require a teammate substitution. Repeated violations by the same team can result in a two-minute bench minor penalty, disrupting offensive momentum. The National Hockey League (NHL) enforces these rules strictly to maintain fair puck possession, with officials monitoring for subtle movements like flinching.^[28] Sailing employs a visual signaling system under World Sailing rules to penalize false starts, where boats cross the starting line prematurely. The P flag signals an individual recall, requiring the boat to return and restart; the Z flag imposes a 20% time penalty on the corrected time for boats identified as over the line; and the black flag results in disqualification if any part of the boat is in the starting triangle before the signal. These flags, displayed from the race committee boat, address premature line crosses influenced by wind and current. In skiing and biathlon, events often use a gun or electronic signal to trigger the start, with a false start defined as crossing the start line outside the allowed time relative to the signal (e.g., more than 3 seconds early), leading to immediate disqualification. The International Ski Federation (FIS) rules mandate electronic timing to detect when the competitor crosses the line, ensuring precision in downhill or mass-start formats. Penalties emphasize equipment checks and start procedures to prevent delays.^[29] Speed skating under International Skating Union (ISU) regulations treats false starts progressively: the first infraction issues a caution to the pair or group, while a second results in disqualification, particularly in mass-start races where synchronized departures are critical. This applies to both long-track and short-track events, with starters using auditory signals and video review for enforcement.^[30] In triathlon, entering the water before the starting signal constitutes a false start, warranting immediate disqualification to preserve race integrity across the swim-bike-run segments. World Triathlon rules enforce this strictly, but external factors can intervene, as seen in the 2021 Tokyo Olympics men's event, where a media camera boat's position caused a rare false start, blocking half the field and necessitating a full restart without athlete penalties. Across these sports, false start enforcement varies between discretionary human judgment, as in horse racing and ice hockey, and electronic or visual systems, like in sailing and speed skating, highlighting adaptations to environmental challenges such as ice, water, or snow conditions.

In performing arts

Live music performances

In live music performances, particularly in rock and pop genres, a false start occurs when performers begin a song's introduction only to abruptly halt it, often restarting the same track or switching to another due to errors, technical issues, or deliberate creative choices aimed at enhancing spontaneity.^[31] These moments contribute to the unpolished authenticity of concerts, where the raw energy of live sets can turn mishaps into memorable highlights.^[32] A prominent example took place during Elvis Costello's appearance on Saturday Night Live on December 17, 1977, when he and the Attractions started playing "Less Than Zero" as planned by his record label but cut it short after about 30 seconds to perform the unapproved "Radio Radio" instead, protesting commercial radio censorship.^[33] This bold switch stunned the audience and production team, reportedly resulting in Costello being banned from the show for 12 years, although this has been described as a myth by SNL producers.^[34]^[31] Similarly, The Beatles' rooftop concert on the Apple Corps building in London on January 30, 1969—their final public performance—included multiple restarts during "Dig a Pony," with drummer Ringo Starr audibly calling "Hold it!" after an initial botched intro before the band recovered and continued.^[32] Captured on film, this false start was preserved in the 1970 documentary and album Let It Be, emblemizing the group's improvisational spirit amid tensions.^[32] False starts like these often elicit immediate audience reactions ranging from confusion to enthusiastic support, underscoring the unpredictable thrill of live music, while sometimes leading to broader consequences such as broadcast bans or inclusions in official releases as markers of genuine performance.^[34] In some cases, they are intentional, as with Oasis's 1995 track "Hello," which features a deliberate false start in its studio recording—echoing Noel Gallagher strumming Wonderwall chords outdoors—to build tension, a technique mirrored in their energetic live sets from the mid-1990s onward.^[35]

Theater and film

In theater productions, false starts often arise from actor line flubs, missed cues, or technical glitches that interrupt the performance and require restarts to maintain continuity. For example, during the preview period of the 2011 Broadway musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, frequent mechanical failures with the show's elaborate flying rigs and set mechanisms, including harness malfunctions and delayed cues, led to multiple show stops and restarts, contributing to its troubled production history.^[36]^[37] Professional actors have recounted instances where forgotten lines caused onstage corpsing—uncontrollable laughter—or prompted quick improvisations, occasionally necessitating a scene reset if the error disrupted the ensemble.^[38] In film, a false start typically denotes the initial recording of a scene that aborts due to performance errors, lighting issues, or other mishaps, leading directors to call for subsequent takes labeled "Take 2" or higher. These imperfect attempts are routinely excised during editing to ensure seamless pacing, though the practice underscores the iterative nature of filmmaking where dozens of takes per scene can occur to capture the ideal performance.^[39] In some cases, particularly in low-budget or experimental productions, minor false starts are retained in the final edit to convey authenticity and raw emotion, as seen in improvisational sequences from 1990s indie cinema that prioritize naturalism over polish. Filmmakers sometimes employ false starts intentionally as narrative devices, such as in montage sequences that depict repeated failures to heighten suspense or psychological tension. In horror genres, aborted action scenes—where characters attempt escapes or confrontations that falter—build dread through escalating frustration, exemplified by the opening sequence in Scream (1996), where the protagonist's failed attempts to evade the killer create a rhythm of near-misses before the climax. Blooper reels, compiled from outtakes of these errors, further highlight false starts as a post-production tradition, offering audiences humorous glimpses into the controlled chaos of filming.^[40]

In language and communication

Speech disfluencies

In linguistics, a false start refers to the initiation of a word, phrase, or utterance that is abruptly aborted by the speaker, often followed by a filler or a restart with a different phrasing, distinguishing it from complete repetitions or corrections.^[41] This phenomenon is a core component of speech disfluencies, occurring alongside fillers such as "um" or "uh," which serve to hold the floor during planning pauses.^[42] False starts typically arise from mid-utterance shifts in thought, such as changes in conceptual encoding or responses to conversational interruptions, reflecting the dynamic monitoring processes in spontaneous speech production.^[43] They are studied in phonetics and discourse analysis to understand real-time language planning, as exemplified by the Verbmobil project, which analyzed false starts in multilingual dialogue corpora to improve speech-to-speech translation systems handling spontaneous input.^[44] False starts occur in approximately 10-15% of utterances in spontaneous speech, contributing to the overall disfluency rate and highlighting their prevalence in natural conversation.^[45] These interruptions can influence listener comprehension; for instance, words immediately following a false start elicit longer word-monitoring latencies, particularly in mid-sentence positions, as listeners process the repair and integrate the revised content.^[46] A representative example is "in the—in the eleventh," where the speaker abandons the partial repetition and proceeds with "um... windmill," demonstrating how false starts disrupt flow and require cognitive adjustment by the audience.^[46] In transcription conventions, false starts are commonly denoted with dashes to indicate abrupt cutoffs, as in "I went to the—uh, store," facilitating analysis of speech patterns.^[47] Within tools like SALT software, they are categorized under mazes—encompassing false starts, repetitions, revisions, and filled pauses—enclosed in parentheses for quantitative assessment, and linked to self-repair mechanisms where speakers abandon and reformulate to maintain coherence.^[48] Broader disfluencies, including these elements, provide insights into cognitive load during verbal expression.^[49]

Idiomatic usage

In idiomatic English, a "false start" refers to a premature or unsuccessful attempt to begin a task, project, or venture, often requiring one to try again after an initial failure due to inadequate preparation or timing. This figurative sense, which entered common usage by the early 20th century, portrays such beginnings as temporary setbacks that can lead to eventual progress through learning and adjustment.^[50] Examples abound in everyday language and literature, where the phrase illustrates career or creative hurdles. For instance, it might describe an aspiring entrepreneur's early business ventures that collapse before a viable model emerges, as in "After several false starts, he secured funding for his tech startup." In writing, authors frequently reference their own "false starts" to denote abandoned drafts or unpublished early works, such as P.D. James reflecting on the years of trial and error before her breakthrough novels.^[50]^[51] Culturally, the idiom appears in self-help and motivational contexts to encourage resilience, framing false starts as inevitable steps toward success rather than defeats. Articles in business publications advise minimizing them through thorough planning, while emphasizing that many achievements follow multiple iterations, as seen in discussions of startup pitfalls where premature launches without market validation lead to quick pivots. Proverbs and sayings echo this, implying that persistence after "many false starts" paves the way to triumph, without the disqualifying penalties of the sporting origin.^[52]

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What's your worst flubbed line/missed cue/onstage mishap? Sixty responses from Broadway actors follow.
[40]
'Take [two] after a false start' - Why say that? - Digital Spy Forum
Sep 22, 2013 · "False start" refers to a take that might have started okay but then went wrong, so when editing or quickly turning a recording round it might look okay but ...
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8 Horror Movie Fakeouts We All Fell For - YouTube
Aug 13, 2025 · These horror movies played us all like a damn fiddle! For more awesome horror content, check out: http://whatculture.com Follow us!
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[PDF] CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE TALKIES - FireScholars
The transition from silent to sound film was caused by changing technologies, filmmaker adaptations, and public opinions. The industry was unprepared for this ...
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[PDF] May Brotherton and the Agency of Women Cutters in the Early Film ...
short, when a film crew shoots footage, there are usually dozens of angles with multiple takes for a single scene. Not only are there different options for ...
[44]
[PDF] Reconstructing False Start Errors in Spontaneous Speech Text
Apr 3, 2009 · We emphasize false start re- gions, which are often missed in cur- rent disfluency identification approaches as they lack lexical or structural ...
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Exploring linguistic fillers - Nimdzi Insights
Nov 4, 2018 · False starts are sentences that are cut off, whereas repaired ... The type of speech disfluency that gets the worst press are linguistic fillers.
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Pause behavior within reformulations and the proficiency level of ...
May 14, 2019 · We define a false start as the abandonment of a linguistically standard utterance followed by its immediate revision, and a correction as ...
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[PDF] Research Report Verbmobil - DFKI
Verbmobil has to deal with false starts, aborted phrases, speech repairs, hesi- tations, interjections, self-correction phrases and many other chara ...
[48]
[PDF] Summarization of Spontaneous Conversations - cs.Toronto
False starts are very common in spontaneous speech, too (occurring in 10-15% of utterances). A decision tree. (release 8 of C4.5) is used to detect false starts ...
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[PDF] The Effects of False Starts and Repetitions on the Processing of ...
It is not the case that there is a language-specific syntactic problem under- lying the false start disadvantage. Some of the. Dutch false starts, such as ...Missing: linguistics | Show results with:linguistics
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The False Start
Definition. The act of beginning an utterance and subsequently aborting it prior to completion. A new idea or train of thought ; Description, False starts are ...
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[PDF] Summary of SALT Transcription Conventions
7. Mazes. Filled pauses, false starts, repetitions, and reformulations. ( ) Surrounds the words/part-words that fall into these categories.
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Psycholinguistic sources of variation in disfluency production - PMC
This study tests the hypothesis that three common types of disfluency (fillers, silent pauses, and repeated words) reflect variance in what strategies are ...
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https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/false-start
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PD James: an inspirational writer - Christopher Peter, author
Nov 27, 2014 · Her first novel took several years to complete. (I would guess she went through all the false starts, setbacks, and the steep learning curve of ...
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Daniel Pink: Write a Failure Resume to Feel More Career Satisfaction
Feb 22, 2022 · If you want to feel more satisfied with your career path, consider writing ... setbacks and false starts which can provide important lessons. High ...