Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Fehmarn


Fehmarn is an island and municipality in the Ostholstein district of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, situated in the Baltic Sea approximately 18 km south of the Danish island of Lolland across the Fehmarn Belt. Covering an area of 185.5 km², it ranks as Germany's third-largest island. The municipality, which encompasses the entire island, had a population of 13,218 as of December 2023. Connected to the mainland by the 963-meter Fehmarn Sound Bridge since 1963, Fehmarn functions as a vital transport hub, hosting the Puttgarden ferry terminal for passenger and vehicle services to Rødby, Denmark, and serving as the German endpoint for the under-construction Fehmarnbelt Tunnel—an 18 km immersed tube structure designed to link it directly to Lolland, with operations anticipated to commence in 2029. The island's economy relies heavily on tourism, drawn by its 78 km of sandy coastline, chalk cliffs, and over 2,200 annual hours of sunshine, exceeding that of southern European destinations like Nice. Historically, Fehmarn has been a strategic maritime location, with settlements dating back to prehistoric times and medieval fortifications such as the ruins of Glambæk Castle. The impending tunnel, funded primarily by Denmark at an estimated cost of €7.4 billion, promises to reduce travel time between Scandinavia and Central Europe from 45 minutes by ferry to 7 minutes by road or rail, though construction faces technical challenges including seabed preparation and vessel delays that may impact the timeline.

Geography and Climate

Physical Geography

Fehmarn is a low-lying island situated in the southwestern , administratively part of , , and positioned between the to the west—separating it from the Danish island of Lolland—and Bay to the east. The island is connected to the mainland via a bridge spanning the Fehmarn Sound, a narrow approximately 1-2 km wide with depths reaching up to 20 meters in places. Covering an area of 185 square kilometers, Fehmarn features a roughly oval shape, extending about 12 kilometers north-south and varying from 5 to 8 kilometers east-west, with a total coastline length of 78 kilometers characterized by diverse morphologies including sandy beaches, dunes, and chalk cliffs. Geologically, Fehmarn formed during the as part of a landscape, with its subsurface dominated by glacial tills, boulder clays, and moraine deposits overlaid by marine and brackish sediments. These glacial materials, deposited by advancing Scandinavian ice sheets, underlie much of the island's flat to gently undulating terrain, which rises to a maximum elevation of approximately 27 meters at the Hinrichsberg hill. Subsurface seismic profiles reveal underlying chalk formations in the adjacent , where depths reach up to 30 meters, influencing local sediment dynamics and patterns. The island's is marked by subtle elevation variations, with an average height of around 2-3 meters above , promoting vulnerability to storm surges and isostatic rebound effects from post-glacial uplift. Northern and eastern coasts exhibit wide sandy strands and shallow bays suitable for accumulation, while the southern shores feature steeper slopes and erosional cliffs up to 20 meters high, shaped by wave action and longshore currents in the prevailing westerly winds. Inland, glacial erratics and channels contribute to a of meadows, small lakes, and forested ridges, with no significant river systems due to the impermeable clay soils.

Climate Characteristics

Fehmarn possesses a temperate classified as Cfb under the Köppen system, marked by mild seasonal variations, high humidity, and consistent precipitation influenced by its position in the region and proximity to Atlantic air masses. The surrounding waters moderate temperatures, preventing severe extremes, while frequent westerly winds contribute to a relatively cloudy and foggy atmosphere, with overcast conditions prevalent for about 60-70% of the year. Mean annual temperature stands at approximately 9.8°C, with winter months (December-February) featuring average highs of 3-5°C and lows near 0°C, rarely dropping below -10°C due to maritime moderation. Summers (June-August) are cool, with average highs of 20-22°C and lows of 13-15°C; July records the peak mean temperature around 17-18°C. Frost occurs on roughly 40-50 days annually, mostly in January and February, while heatwaves exceeding 30°C are infrequent, happening 1-2 times per decade on average. Annual precipitation totals about 773 mm, distributed fairly evenly but with a slight summer maximum; is the wettest month at around 80-90 mm, often from convective showers, while is driest at 40-50 mm. falls on approximately 150-170 days per year, with or limited to 20-30 days in winter, accumulating rarely more than 10-20 cm. speeds 15-20 km/h year-round, peaking in autumn with occasional gales from storms reaching 80-100 km/h. averages 1,600-1,700 hours annually, lowest in (about 40 hours) and highest in (200+ hours).

Historical Development

Ancient and Medieval Eras

Archaeological evidence points to early human activity on Fehmarn during the Palaeolithic era, with a site at Burg auf Fehmarn dated to the first half of the , approximately 115,000 to 60,000 years ago. More extensive prehistoric occupation occurred in the period (c. 4300–1800 BC), evidenced by megalithic structures such as the on Wulfener Berg, a symbolic replica of which highlights burial practices and patterns across the island. These finds, including tools and monuments from the seabed, indicate agrarian communities engaged in farming and maritime activities. In the , Fehmarn was settled by the Lechitic tribe of the around the eighth century, as part of the broader Wagrian territory in eastern , with the island's name possibly deriving from Old fe more meaning "in the sea." The twelfth century brought , accompanied by Germanization and Danish influence, marking a shift from to Christian dominance under expanding Nordic powers. During the high medieval period, Danish King Valdemar II (r. 1202–1241), known as Valdemar Sejr, incorporated Fehmarn into Danish realms following conquests in and adjacent Wendish territories. To secure control, Valdemar II ordered the construction of Glambæk Castle in the early thirteenth century, a fortified structure on the southern guarding access between the and the inland Burger Binnensee. The castle exemplified medieval Danish defensive architecture amid ongoing struggles for Baltic dominance, though it later fell into disuse and was partially destroyed by the seventeenth century. Fehmarn thus transitioned into a strategic outpost within the under Danish overlordship, facilitating trade and military oversight until the late medieval era.

Early Modern to 19th Century

In the , Fehmarn continued as part of the under Danish royal control following the island's medieval incorporation into the diocese of until the in 1542, after which ecclesiastical lands reverted to the crown. The island's strategic position in the exposed it to conflicts, notably the 1644 Battle of Fehmarn Belt during the (1643–1645), where a Swedish fleet under defeated Danish forces, sinking several ships but failing to alter Danish possession of the island itself. Danish King Frederick II granted Fehmarn its current design—a golden crown on a blue field—on May 3, 1580, symbolizing its status as a Danish . The (1658) and subsequent adjustments maintained Danish sovereignty amid Dano-Swedish rivalries, while the (1700–1721) reinforced Schleswig's union with the Danish crown, solidifying absolutist rule from over the largely German-speaking island's agriculture and fishing economy. The saw relative stability under Danish established in , with Fehmarn administered through local nobility tied to the dynasty, though witch trials in the reflected broader European persecutions impacting rural communities. By the 19th century, nationalist tensions escalated as sought to integrate Schleswig linguistically and administratively, prompting the (1848–1851) between and German forces over succession and dual duchies' status; Fehmarn, with its German population, aligned with 's pro-German sentiments but remained under Danish garrisons. The Second Schleswig War (1863–1864) decisively shifted control when Prussian and Austrian troops invaded; on February 1, 1864, Prussian forces under General Carl Wilhelm von Wrangel landed unopposed on Fehmarn after Danish defenders evacuated, securing the island with minimal resistance. The (October 30, 1864) ceded , including Fehmarn, to and jointly, with assuming full administration of after the 1865 Gastein Convention and the of 1866, integrating the island into the until German unification in 1871. Infrastructure improvements, such as the rebuilding of harbor in 1857, supported growing maritime trade amid these transitions.

20th Century and Post-War Period

In the early , Fehmarn drew attention from artists, including Expressionist painter , who visited the island several times between 1912 and 1914, capturing its landscapes in works that reflected his evolving style amid personal and political turmoil. During the , the island's economy relied primarily on agriculture, fishing, and nascent tourism, with limited industrialization. brought military fortifications to Fehmarn's coasts, as the Baltic's strategic position prompted defenses against potential Allied incursions; remnants such as German depth charges and ground mines from this era persisted in surrounding waters, with some detonated as late as 2022. Construction of the , begun in 1941 under the for improved mainland access, halted in 1943 due to resource shortages and wartime priorities. Following Germany's 1945 defeat, British diplomat William Strang successfully argued against assigning Fehmarn to the Soviet occupation zone, ensuring its inclusion in the British sector and subsequent integration into the Federal Republic of Germany. This positioned Fehmarn as West Germany's sole island, isolated amid Danish territory to the north and the German Democratic Republic to the south and east during the , heightening its geopolitical significance for Western access to the region. Post-war recovery emphasized tourism and fisheries, with the island's beaches and natural appeal fostering seasonal visitation. The resumed construction in 1960 and opened on April 1, 1963, spanning 963 meters and facilitating vehicular traffic to the mainland while symbolizing post-war reconciliation with ; concurrently, the Puttgarden-Rødby ferry service commenced, boosting trans-Baltic travel. Throughout the , Fehmarn's strategic location supported exercises, including amphibious landings by U.S. Marines in 1978, underscoring its role in Western defense planning against potential threats. The and saw continued artistic interest, with the island hosting exhibitions and attracting painters drawn to its coastal motifs. Administrative consolidation occurred in 1978, merging four island communities into a unified , followed by further integration in 2003. By the late 20th century, had become a dominant economic driver, with annual visitor numbers exceeding hundreds of thousands, supported by infrastructure expansions like enhanced ferry terminals.

Transport and Connectivity

Mainland and Intra-Island Links

The primary fixed link between Fehmarn and the German mainland is the , a 963-meter structure opened to traffic on May 1, 1963. This spans the Fehmarn Sound, connecting the island's western edge near to Großenbrode on the mainland, and accommodates both vehicular traffic on Bundesstraße 207 and the Lübeck–Puttgarden railway line. Rail services across the bridge were discontinued on August 31, 2022, in preparation for infrastructure upgrades associated with the forthcoming ; replacement bus services now operate along the route, with hourly frequencies stopping at key points including Puttgarden, , and Großenbrode. Intra-island connectivity relies predominantly on road transport, with Bundesstraße 207 forming the central spine, extending approximately 12 kilometers eastward from the bridge through to the ferry terminal at Puttgarden. This federal highway links major settlements and supports both local and tourist traffic, with ongoing expansions to four lanes underway to handle increased volumes anticipated from cross-Baltic projects. Secondary roads and paths radiate to coastal villages, beaches, and rural areas, enabling access across the island's 185 square kilometers. Public bus services supplement private vehicles, operated by regional providers under the transport network. Lines such as 591 (Burgtiefe to Puttgarden) and 596 serve daily routes connecting residential areas, , and tourist sites, with enhanced schedules during summer peaks to accommodate visitors. and pedestrian infrastructure further supports short-distance mobility, given the island's compact dimensions of about 12 by 8 kilometers.

Cross-Belt Connections

The primary cross-belt connection between Fehmarn and is the vehicular service between Puttgarden on Fehmarn's eastern tip and Rødbyhavn on the island of Lolland, spanning the 18 km strait. Operated by , a joint Danish-German company, this route has facilitated passenger and freight transport since 1963, when terminals were constructed to support the direct link from to . The service handles substantial traffic volumes, serving as a key gateway for road travel between and . Ferries depart every 30 minutes around the clock, offering up to 45 crossings per direction daily with a standard duration of 45 minutes. Four vessels, built in 1997 and upgraded to hybrid propulsion in 2013-2014, operate the route, each capable of carrying vehicles, passengers, and limited wagons prior to the cessation of operations. Train ferry services across the , which transported passengers and freight by rail since the 1960s, ended on December 14, 2019, with the final train from to marking the close of over 50 years of such operations. No alternative fixed or aerial connections exist currently, making the ferry the sole regular cross-belt link. Recent sustainability efforts include a €31 million investment announced in 2025 to convert two ferries to hybrids with 5 MWh battery systems and onshore charging infrastructure, alongside an order for a new zero-direct-emission freight ferry expected to enter service post-2025. These upgrades aim to minimize environmental impact while maintaining high capacity amid growing demand.

Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link Project

The is an tunnel under construction across the 18-kilometer strait, linking Puttgarden on Germany's Fehmarn Island to Rødbyhavn on Denmark's Lolland Island. Upon completion, it will feature a four-lane motorway and an electrified double-track railway, enabling simultaneous road and rail traffic at depths of up to 40 meters below the surface. This infrastructure will replace the existing ferry service, slashing car travel time from 45 minutes to 7 minutes and journeys from 45 minutes to 7 minutes, while supporting high-speed freight rail to integrate with Europe's TEN-T Scandinavian-Mediterranean corridor. The project, Denmark's largest infrastructure endeavor, involves prefabricating 79 concrete tunnel elements—each 217 meters long and weighing up to 72,000 tons—in a dedicated on Lolland, followed by into a pre-dredged . , which removed 15 million cubic meters of seabed material for reuse in and portal construction, concluded in 2024, with land-based sections on both sides also nearing completion. commenced in on the Danish side and on the side, under the oversight of Femern A/S, with contributions focusing on hinterland rail (88 km to ) and road upgrades (16 km of B 207 ). Estimated at €7.1 billion, financing relies on Danish state-guaranteed loans repaid through user tolls, supplemented by €1.288 billion in CEF grants for rail elements and €3.5 billion from German federal, state, and DB Netz investments in . As of autumn 2025, of elements awaits final testing and quality checks, but independent reports indicate an 18-month delay stemming from setbacks in the MAYA train's delivery, trench stabilization, and noise compliance for marine protection, likely shifting the original 2029 opening. Environmental impact assessments, mandated under directives, have prioritized minimizing sediment spread and noise effects on like harbor porpoises through real-time monitoring and mitigations, including acoustic barriers. Dredged spoils' reuse reduces waste, and low- concrete variants address emissions from element production, though some analyses highlight residual ecological risks and the project's overall during build phase.

Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link Project

Planning and Design

The planning for the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link originated in preliminary studies conducted at the end of the , drawing on experiences from the project between and . In September 2008, and formalized their commitment through a bilateral state , establishing the framework for a fixed connection across the between Rødbyhavn on Lolland Island () and Puttgarden on Fehmarn Island (). Femern A/S, a Danish state-owned company, was appointed in April 2009 to lead preparations, including feasibility studies, environmental assessments, and overall project planning. By 2011, the project team selected an design spanning 18 kilometers as the optimal solution, rejecting alternatives like a bridge—due to risks from wind, ice, and ship collisions—and a bored —owing to high costs and geological challenges in the seabed consisting of clay, , and glacial deposits. This choice was informed by extensive geotechnical investigations, including hundreds of soil drillings, and the largest (EIA) in Danish history, which mapped marine and terrestrial ecosystems to minimize disruptions. The Danish Parliament enacted the Act on Construction and Operation of the Fixed Link on 28 April 2015, approving the and associated landworks with a of approximately DKK 52.6 billion (about €7 billion at the time). The design adheres to a "design and build" philosophy, where Femern A/S defines performance requirements, safety standards, and environmental criteria, while selected contractors handle detailed engineering, , and initial operations. The tunnel incorporates dual road tubes for four lanes total (two per direction), twin single-track rail tubes for combined passenger and freight services at speeds up to 200 km/h for trains and 130 km/h for vehicles, and a central service gallery for maintenance and . It comprises 79 prefabricated elements, each approximately 73 meters wide, 10 meters high internally, and weighing up to 73,000 tons, to be manufactured in a casting basin, floated into position, and immersed into a pre-dredged about 40 meters below the . Ramp structures on both shores connect the underwater section to surface-level road and rail networks, with the full link designed for redundancy, including and self-rescue capabilities to enhance safety over ferry alternatives. approval followed in January 2019, after which advanced to tendering for the main contracts awarded in 2021.

Construction Timeline and Recent Developments

Construction of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link, an 18-kilometer immersed tunnel between Rødby on the Danish island of Lolland and Puttgarden on the German island of Fehmarn, commenced on the Danish side in early 2020 under the management of Femern A/S. The project encompasses prefabrication of 79 concrete tunnel elements, immersion into a pre-dredged trench, and integration of road and rail infrastructure, with an original timeline targeting operational handover in 2029 after approximately 8.5 years of active building. Dredging of the underwater trench began in 2021 and reached completion in April 2024, marking a key preparatory milestone ahead of element immersion. Prefabrication of tunnel elements started at the Rødbyhavn factory, with the first two completed elements relocated to the adjacent basin by mid-2025 for final outfitting prior to immersion. Immersion of these elements, initially slated for 2024 using the specialized vessel IVY, faced significant setbacks due to vessel commissioning delays, challenges in achieving required trench depths, and mitigation of construction noise impacts on marine life, pushing the process into late 2025 at the earliest. On the Danish side, the tunnel portal structure, including a 160-meter cut-and-cover section, neared completion in September 2025, with backfilling and covering operations underway to integrate it into the landscape. Recent developments as of September 2025 confirmed an overall project delay of approximately 18 months, shifting potential completion beyond the 2029 target to mid-2031, primarily attributable to the vessel issues and associated preparatory hurdles. German hinterland connections, including rail upgrades by , have also lagged, with no firm assurance of synchronization by the revised opening date, exacerbating timeline pressures. Despite these challenges, core construction activities persist, with ongoing tenders for additional works such as ventilation systems expected to award contracts by late 2025.

Economic and Strategic Benefits

The Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link is expected to cut travel times across the 18-kilometer strait from roughly 45 minutes by ferry (plus waiting) to 10 minutes for road vehicles and 7 minutes for rail freight, enabling up to 25 million annual vehicle crossings and substantially boosting trade volumes between Scandinavia and Central Europe. This efficiency gain is projected to lower logistics costs for businesses in the STRING region (encompassing Copenhagen, Hamburg, and southern Scandinavia), with studies estimating annual time savings equivalent to €1.5 billion in reduced transport expenses and enhanced market access for exports like Danish agricultural products and German manufacturing goods. Construction alone is forecasted to generate over 6,000 direct jobs in Denmark and Germany through 2029, with indirect employment in supply chains adding thousands more, while operational phases will stimulate tourism by simplifying access to Fehmarn's coastal attractions and integrating it into faster regional circuits. Socio-economic analyses, including a 50-year cost-benefit commissioned by Danish authorities, indicate a net economic return of 5.0 percent for European users, driven by effects such as labor market expansion and value increases in peripheral areas like Lolland-Falster and eastern . The project is user-financed via tolls and subsidies, with revenues projected to cover construction costs exceeding €7.7 billion (as of 2023 estimates), without net taxpayer burden in or . Regional impact assessments further project GDP uplifts of 1-2 percent in adjacent counties over decades, primarily through freight modal shifts toward , reducing and external costs like emissions. Strategically, the link integrates into the EU's TEN-T core network as a north-south axis, alleviating bottlenecks on the Hamburg-Scandinavia corridor and diverting up to 10 million tonnes of annual freight from longer routes via the or , thereby enhancing supply chain reliability amid disruptions like those from geopolitical tensions or weather-impacted . By providing all-weather, high-capacity connectivity for both (four lanes) and (electrified double-track), it bolsters resilience against vulnerabilities, such as the 2022 cable damages that highlighted maritime risks. German federal evaluations emphasize its role in unifying , fostering economic cohesion between and markets while supporting through redundant overland options. The immersed minimizes navigational hazards in the , preserving strategic maritime freedoms while prioritizing terrestrial efficiency.

Environmental and Local Controversies

The Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link project has faced environmental opposition primarily from German conservation groups such as , which has criticized potential damage to biodiversity in the , an EU-protected area. Concerns include disturbance to harbor porpoises from construction noise and vibration, disruption to patterns for species like and , and habitat loss for benthic flora and fauna due to an estimated 18 million cubic meters of material for the immersed tunnel. has highlighted the discovery of reefs along the route, arguing that initial environmental surveys underestimated ecologically sensitive substrates like stony , potentially leading to greater-than-anticipated spills affecting up to 57,942 hectares of benthic ecosystems. The project's (EIA), prepared by Femern A/S, acknowledges temporary plumes and permanent loss of approximately 350 hectares but deems overall impacts on marine mammals insignificant (<1% of local harbor porpoise population affected) and bird populations minor (<1% of biogeographic numbers). Mitigation measures outlined in the EIA include real-time monitoring of marine environments, use of dredged material for coastal to offset , and operational designs minimizing long-term hydrodynamic changes (e.g., negligible 0.01% reduction in water exchange). Despite these, critics argue the assessments, conducted by the project developer, downplay cumulative effects with nearby offshore wind farms like Kriegers Flak, and question the of construction, estimated at 2 million tonnes CO2 equivalent, against projected long-term savings from reduced emissions. Legal challenges reflecting these environmental worries culminated in six lawsuits filed by two environmental associations and three (including operator Scandlines), which were dismissed by German courts in November 2020 after reviews confirmed compliance with environmental directives. Local controversies on Fehmarn island center on construction-phase disruptions and post-opening socioeconomic shifts. Residents and advocacy groups have protested anticipated heavy truck traffic (up to 130,000 vessel movements over four years for material transport), , and strain on limited , fearing these will degrade the island's appeal as a quiet tourist destination reliant on pristine coastal ecosystems. A broad coalition of locals, including fishermen and environmentalists, opposes the project for potentially transforming Fehmarn from a serene retreat into a corridor, with increased road and rail volumes post-2029 exacerbating and altering community character. While a 2023 survey in and indicated only 14% outright opposition among northern Germans, with 43% neutral, localized resistance persists through demonstrations and counter-discourses emphasizing socio-ecological fabric disruption. Authorities have responded with environmental supervisor roles and plans, but opponents, including past ferry-dependent workers fearing job losses, view these as insufficient against irreversible changes.

Economy and Infrastructure

Tourism and Recreation Economy

constitutes the dominant on Fehmarn, generating the majority of local and employment through visitor expenditures on accommodations, dining, and recreational services. The island's mild climate, with approximately 2,200 annual sunshine hours, draws seasonal visitors primarily from and neighboring countries for coastal leisure. In 2023, Fehmarn achieved a record of 3.096 million overnight stays from 461,532 arrivals, reflecting robust post-pandemic recovery and sustained demand despite ongoing projects. The island's 78-kilometer coastline features 20 diverse beaches, ranging from family-oriented sandy stretches like Südstrand to wind-exposed areas ideal for water sports, supporting activities such as , sunbathing, and . Fehmarn ranks as a premier Northern European hub for and kitesurfing, with dedicated schools and events attracting enthusiasts to its consistent winds and shallow waters. Additional includes paths encircling the island, in coastal reserves, and visits to landmarks like the , which offer panoramic views and historical insights into maritime heritage. This reliance sustains around 68% of regional jobs in Ostholstein, mirroring Fehmarn's profile where hospitality and related services predominate over primary industries like . Efforts to extend the season beyond summer focus on off-peak offerings, such as cultural events and eco-tourism, though challenges persist from seasonal fluctuations and competition from mainland destinations. Local data from statistics indicate steady growth in overnight stays, underscoring tourism's role in insulating the island's economy from broader industrial shifts.

Primary Industries

Agriculture constitutes a key primary industry on Fehmarn, with farmland accounting for approximately 34.5% of the island's coastal land as of 2020, reflecting intensive utilization of the island's arable areas for crop production and livestock rearing. The sector benefits from Fehmarn's fertile soils and , supporting of grains, potatoes, and crops, alongside and mixed farming operations typical of Schleswig-Holstein's rural economy. Recent initiatives have focused on transforming portions of intensive farmland into flowering meadows to enhance , addressing declines in populations linked to modern agricultural practices. Commercial fishing, while present, operates on a smaller scale compared to , primarily through family-owned small-scale coastal operations employing passive gear such as gillnets, entangling nets, and longlines in the surrounding waters. The local fleet targets species like , , and in the region, though overall activity has been constrained by regulatory quotas, stock declines, and competition from larger offshore , contributing to a modest employment footprint estimated in the low hundreds across the combined and sectors. Recreational and charter supplements commercial efforts but does not form part of . These sectors face ongoing challenges from environmental pressures, including and nutrient runoff from farming, as well as potential disruptions from infrastructure projects like the , which model modest employment reductions in primary activities. Despite their limited share of the island's GDP—overshadowed by and services—agriculture and maintain cultural and economic significance, preserving traditional livelihoods amid broader structural shifts in Germany's coastal economies.

Infrastructure-Driven Growth Prospects

The , an 18-kilometer tunnel connecting Fehmarn to Rødbyhavn in , represents the primary infrastructure catalyst for the island's economic expansion, with immersion of tunnel elements scheduled to commence in 2025 and operational completion targeted for 2029 despite ongoing delays in specialized vessel deployment. This project will slash road travel times across the Belt from 45 minutes via ferry to approximately 7 minutes, while rail journeys will reduce to 8 minutes, enhancing freight and passenger flows between and . German authorities have allocated €800 million for motorway integration on the Fehmarn side, complemented by EU funding of €49 million for rail connections, positioning the island as a critical node in the . Economic modeling indicates substantial growth potential, including amplified trade volumes, business relocations, and labor market integration across the Fehmarn Belt region, with surveys showing 60% of Danes anticipating Danish economic gains and similar optimism for cross-border effects. Studies project improved regional competitiveness through efficient , potentially generating multiplier effects in employment and GDP, particularly in Ostholstein district encompassing Fehmarn, where fixed-link accessibility is expected to attract investments in , , and services. The tunnel's dual road-rail design will alleviate current bottlenecks at Puttgarden, fostering connectivity vital for realizing these benefits, though delays in German rail upgrades could temper short-term realizations. Complementing the tunnel, upgrades to the and local infrastructure, including the submitted 2025 approval for the Fehmarnsund , will bolster intra-German links, enabling Fehmarn to evolve from a ferry-dependent into a seamless gateway. Projections from regional analyses highlight opportunities for new enterprises and existing firms to leverage reduced transport costs, potentially spurring population inflows and near portals, though long-term benefits remain contingent on effective and market adoption. This nexus is poised to elevate Fehmarn's role in Scandinavian-European trade corridors, with benefit multipliers estimated up to 1.78 in long-run scenarios.

Natural Environment

Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Fehmarn's terrestrial ecosystems consist primarily of coastal dunes, sandy beaches, salt marshes, and inland interspersed with grasslands and limited deciduous forests. These habitats support a of adapted to saline and sandy conditions, including salt-tolerant grasses and herbs in marshes, while dunes feature pioneer plants like marram grass (). Inland areas include wet meadows and shallow lakes that foster vegetation, contributing to and water filtration in this low-lying island environment (elevation averaging 13 meters above ). Avian biodiversity is particularly prominent, with migratory waterbirds utilizing wetlands and coastal zones for breeding and resting. Reserves such as Wallnau host colonies of common terns (Sterna hirundo) and black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), alongside species like greylag geese and various waders during seasonal migrations. Insect diversity includes in managed habitats, while mammalian fauna features red foxes and hares in grassy areas. Efforts to convert intensive farmlands into species-rich flowering meadows aim to bolster and plant diversity, countering historical agricultural intensification. The adjacent Fehmarn Belt marine ecosystem comprises dynamic sandbanks, gravel beds, and patchy reefs amid silty-sandy seabeds, harboring macroalgal communities and serving as nurseries for demersal fish. Key species include Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), European eel (Anguilla anguilla), ocean quahogs (Arctica islandica), and meiofaunal invertebrates like nematodes and copepods, which underpin food webs. Marine mammals such as harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) frequent the area for foraging, with eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) noted in coastal surveys. These habitats exhibit moderate biodiversity typical of the western Baltic, influenced by salinity gradients and nutrient inputs, though dredging activities have prompted pauses to mitigate benthic disruptions.

Conservation Efforts and Reserves

The island of Fehmarn hosts several designated nature reserves focused on preserving coastal ecosystems, wetlands, and bird habitats, with approximately 20% of its coastline under formal protection. The Grüner Brink Nature Reserve, located in the northern part of the island, spans about 134 hectares and has been protected since 1938 to maintain diverse coastal landscapes including dunes, meadows, and salt marshes that support local flora and fauna. Similarly, the Wallnau Waterbird Reserve on the western coast covers a core area of nearly 300 hectares of former pond estates, managed by the NABU (Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union) as Germany's largest waterbird conservation center, emphasizing habitat restoration for migratory and resident avian species through controlled flooding and reed bed maintenance. The Krummsteert-Sulsdorfer Wiek at Fehmarn's southwestern tip, established in 1980, protects brackish wetlands and coastal meadows vital for waders and waterfowl, integrating extensive to prevent overgrowth and promote . These terrestrial and coastal reserves align with Schleswig-Holstein's broader of the EU network, which designates sites for habitat and species , including restrictions on development and control to sustain ecological balance amid tourism pressures. Marine conservation efforts center on the Fehmarn Belt, where the 280 km² Nature Conservation Area (NCA), designated under the EU Birds and Habitats Directives, safeguards reefs (113.3 km²), sandbanks (6.3 km²), and benthic habitats from , shipping disturbances, and . Key protected species include harbour porpoises (over 100 individuals plus seasonal migrants), common seals as feeding grounds, and benthic communities such as ocean quahogs, Astarte bivalves, and fish like . Management includes a 65 km² no-take zone for and curbs implemented in November 2024, alongside ongoing monitoring to mitigate climate impacts and support reproduction of directive-listed species. Complementing the NCA, the Fehmarnbelt (MPA) of identical 280 km² extent enforces objectives by prohibiting destructive practices and preserving habitat diversity between Fehmarn and Lolland, with enforcement tied to federal and state regulations under the Federal Nature Conservation Act. Regional initiatives, such as Schleswig-Holstein's Protection launched in March 2024, propose designating 8% of state waters—including Fehmarn-adjacent zones—as strict reserves to enhance connectivity for amid infrastructure developments. These measures prioritize empirical monitoring of indicators over less verifiable advocacy claims, ensuring adaptive strategies grounded in observed ecological data.

Climate Adaptation Challenges

Fehmarn, as a low-lying island in the Baltic Sea, faces heightened risks from sea-level rise, projected to accelerate erosion and exacerbate storm surge flooding. Historical data indicate an average Baltic Sea level rise of approximately 1.8 mm per year over the past century, with models forecasting increases aligned with mean sea-level changes, potentially elevating storm surge heights by up to 20% in the German Bight by 2071–2100 compared to 1961–1990 baselines. The October 2023 record storm surge along the German Baltic coast, including Schleswig-Holstein areas like Fehmarn, breached multiple dikes and caused widespread inundation, underscoring vulnerabilities in coastal defenses. These events threaten infrastructure, agriculture, and the island's extensive sandy beaches, which support tourism but are prone to land loss through wave-induced erosion. Coastal erosion poses a direct challenge to Fehmarn's northern and eastern shores, where accelerated rates due to rising sea levels could diminish areas critical for and . Studies highlight that even modest sea-level increases amplify on alluvial coasts, potentially leading to into and reduced freshwater availability during drier summers, with temperatures expected to rise by 1°C by 2030 and 1.5°C by 2050 under limited scenarios. heat islands may intensify heat stress in populated areas, straining supplies already pressured by altered patterns. Adaptation efforts encounter trade-offs, including spatial conflicts between hard defenses like dikes or seawalls—which risk altering ecosystems—and softer measures such as or , which may conflict with interests and land-use priorities. Schleswig-Holstein's coastal master plan emphasizes raising protection standards to account for sea-level rise, yet implementing these on Fehmarn requires balancing flood risk reduction with preservation in protected coastal zones, amid uncertainties in long-term projections. The absence of a comprehensive mid- to long-term tailored to exacerbates challenges, as economic reliance on seasonal visitors could suffer from eroded shorelines or heatwaves without integrated strategies.

Culture and Society

Cultural Heritage and Events

Fehmarn's cultural heritage includes prehistoric megalithic structures and medieval fortifications reflecting early human settlement and strategic importance in the Baltic region. The Albertsdorf megalithic tomb, a Neolithic dolmen from approximately 3500 BCE, served as a navigational landmark for ships in the 19th century when a white cross was painted on its capstone due to the absence of surrounding forest. A symbolic replica of a long barrow at Wulfener Berg interprets Stone Age burial practices from around 5000 years ago. The Glambek castle ruins, erected in 1210 by Danish King Valdemar II as a brick lowland fortress in the marshy Burgtiefe peninsula, hosted medieval feasts and negotiations until its destruction in 1628 during the ; storm surges buried and later re-exposed the remnants in 1872. Maritime traditions form a core element, preserved in the Fehmarn Museum's exhibits on fishing customs, eel smoking at historic sites like the Aalkate, and artifacts from naval conflicts such as the 1644 Battle of , where Swedish forces defeated Danish-Dutch fleets. Annual events emphasize Fehmarn's coastal and natural attributes alongside its historical legacy. The Foil Festival, Europe's largest foil sports gathering, occurs each June on the , featuring stand-up , , and downwind races since at least 2012. The Surf Festival highlights and kitesurfing traditions. Agricultural celebrations like the Festival showcase spring blooms, while the Midsummer Bulli Festival draws enthusiasts of vintage campers. The Festival promotes observation of migratory species along the island's shores. Notable historical events include the 1970 Isle of Fehmarn Festival, a rock concert series where performed shortly before his death on September 18, 1970, drawing up to 250,000 attendees and commemorated by a memorial stone at Gammendorfer Strand. Contemporary programming under the features folk and classical performances on the island, such as the July 2025 Folk on Fehmarn concert at Hof Johannisberg.

Demographics and Community Life

As of the third quarter of 2024, Fehmarn's population stood at 13,332 residents, reflecting a slight decline consistent with rural depopulation trends in northern Germany. The municipality spans 185.5 square kilometers, yielding a low population density of approximately 71 inhabitants per square kilometer, which underscores its dispersed settlement pattern across 12 villages and the central town of Burg, home to about 6,000 people. Demographic composition shows a modest imbalance, with females comprising 51.3% (6,835) and males 48.7% (6,497) of the total. The 2022 census indicated 14% of residents under 18 years old, suggesting a relatively mature structure typical of insular, tourism-reliant communities where younger cohorts often migrate to mainland urban centers for employment. Foreign nationals represent a small minority, estimated at under 7% based on 2016 data (890 out of 13,100), with limited recent inflows due to the island's geographic isolation and economy focused on seasonal services rather than labor-intensive industry. Community life on Fehmarn revolves around tight-knit rural networks, with approximately 90% of residents directly or indirectly tied to , fostering seasonal social rhythms and interdependence among families and operators. Historical patterns of associations, or "cousinhoods," have contributed to a resilient social fabric emphasizing mutual support, though modern life centers on village-based interactions, local , and like free intra-island bus services enhancing connectivity. The impending Fehmarnbelt fixed link may introduce temporary construction-related population shifts and worker influxes, potentially straining but also revitalizing community cohesion through economic opportunities. Overall, the island maintains a stable, homogeneous demographic profile resistant to broader trends of rapid and diversification.

Notable Figures

Axel Hager, born on 14 March 1969 in Burg auf Fehmarn, is a former German player who, partnering with Jörg Ahmann, secured the in the men's event at the in , . Hager, standing at 202 cm, competed professionally from the late 1980s to the early 2000s, amassing multiple podium finishes in FIVB World Tour events. Nick Wilder, born Klaus Wilder on 3 December 1952 in Fehmarn, is a German-American actor, writer, musician, and former windsurfer who won the title in 1977. Known for roles in films including (1994) and (2002), as well as television appearances, Wilder grew up on a family farm on the island before pursuing international careers in sports and entertainment. Diether Trede, born on 16 February 1932 in Burg auf Fehmarn, was a German footballer who played as a striker, scoring 37 goals in 158 Oberliga matches for between 1950 and 1960. Trede later worked as a schoolteacher while maintaining ties to his birthplace. (1880–1938), a foundational member of the group and key Expressionist artist, spent four summers (1908, 1910–1912) on Fehmarn, creating over 300 works—including paintings, drawings, and prints—capturing the island's coastal motifs, villagers, and maritime activities, which marked a shift toward brighter palettes in his oeuvre before . Klaus Groth (1819–1899), a pioneering poet and philologist, resided on Fehmarn from 1847 to 1853 for health recovery, during which he composed his landmark collection Quickborn (1853), elevating Plattdeutsch as a through depictions of rural North Frisian life.

References

  1. [1]
    The 10 Largest Islands In Germany - World Atlas
    Mar 16, 2018 · Germany's third largest island, Fehmarn, has an area of 185.45 square km. ... The island occupies an area of 26 square km. The population ...Missing: size | Show results with:size
  2. [2]
    Fehmarn (Ostholstein, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) - City Population
    Fehmarn. 13,200 Population [2024] – Estimate. 185.5 km² Area. 71.16/km² Population Density [2024]. -0.26% Annual Population Change [2022 → 2024]. Map Chart ...Missing: official | Show results with:official
  3. [3]
    Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link - BMV
    May 2022: Construction works on the Danish tunnel portal has started. On 25 May 2022, 50% of the excavation works on the 18 kilometre long tunnel in the ...
  4. [4]
    Fehmarnbelt tunnel - Femern
    The goal is for the Fehmarnbelt tunnel to be completed in 2029. Project status. Construction of the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel began in 2020 on the Danish side and in ...Project status · Building the tunnel · A safe link · Read more
  5. [5]
    Fehmarn: a break on a sun-soaked Baltic Sea island - Germany Travel
    With 2,200 hours of sun every year, endless natural beaches along 78 kilometres of coastline, picturesque lakes and rugged cliffs, Fehmarn is a charming holiday ...Missing: geography population<|separator|>
  6. [6]
    Fehmarn Belt Tunnel facing delays - International Railway Journal
    Oct 6, 2025 · The €7.4bn project was originally scheduled for completion in 2029. The immersed tunnel is being constructed in a 12m deep trench on the sea ...
  7. [7]
    Isle of Fehmarn - The Royal Photographic Society
    Sep 15, 2020 · The 185 square kilometre island with its diverse coastline and wonderful landscapes in the north of Schleswig-Holstein invites you to a variety ...Missing: dimensions length width point
  8. [8]
    Insel Fehmarn - Hamburg Travel
    With its 78 kilometres of coastline, the island of Fehmarn has the right beach for everyone. The island's 20 beaches offer relaxation and adventure. Beach ...
  9. [9]
    [PDF] FEHMARNBELT: - IADC Dredging
    The flow and stratification in the Fehmarnbelt is highly related to water exchange between the North Sea and the central Baltic Sea.
  10. [10]
    [PDF] Reconstruction of the Littorina Transgression in the Western Baltic Sea
    During the Late Weichselian glacial the inland ice advanced several times forming end moraines in front of the retreating ice margin and related ground moraines ...
  11. [11]
    [PDF] Final Report - FEHMARNBELT FIXED LINK - Femern VVM
    Fehmarnbelt has a maximum depth of about 30 m and a width varying between 18 km and 25 km. The narrowest section lies between Rødbyhavn and Puttgarden, the.
  12. [12]
    Fehmarn topographic map, elevation, terrain
    Average elevation: 7 ft. Minimum elevation: -23 ft. Maximum elevation: 85 ft. Other topographic maps. Click on a map to view its topography, its elevation and ...
  13. [13]
    [PDF] Coastal morphology baseline report - Femern VVM
    The report covers the following main parts: • Geological description • Description of the coastlines of Lolland and Fehmarn including: o State of the present ...
  14. [14]
    Fehmarn climate: weather by month, temperature, rain
    Here are the average temperatures. Precipitation amounts to 21.9 inches per year: so, it is at an intermediate level.
  15. [15]
    Fehmarn Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature ...
    The month with the most rain in Fehmarn is August, with an average rainfall of 1.9 inches. The month with the least rain in Fehmarn is April, with an average ...
  16. [16]
    Weather Burg auf Fehmarn & temperature by month - Climate Data
    The climate in Burg auf Fehmarn is warm and temperate. There is significant rainfall throughout the year in Burg auf Fehmarn. Even the driest month still ...Missing: station | Show results with:station
  17. [17]
    The Palaeolithic in Schleswig Holstein - ansh-digital
    A settlement site at Burg auf Fehmarn, District of Ostholstein ... early settlement, which probably occurred during the first half of the Weichselian glaciation.<|control11|><|separator|>
  18. [18]
    Fehmarn long barrow – symbolic replica of the megalithic tomb
    The long grave on Wulfener Berg is not the only evidence of Stone Age settlement on Fehmarn. There are other Sights on Fehmarn, scattered across the island that ...
  19. [19]
    Search for ancient monuments on the Fehmarnbelt seabed
    May 7, 2012 · The numerous archaeological finds identified across the entire site show extensive settlements dating back to the Neolithic Age (4,300–1,800 BC) ...
  20. [20]
    History of Fehmarn - PETER UNBEHAUEN
    With a length of 27 Meter (88.5816 feet) and a width of 14 Meter (45.9312 feet) as to amount to about 380 square meter (4090.2820 sq. feet). Yet later such ...Missing: km | Show results with:km
  21. [21]
    Fehmarn - SoClimPact
    As a part of Wagria it was settled by the Slavic Lechitic tribe of Wagri in the Early Middle Ages; the name derives from Old Slavic fe more (in the sea), modern ...
  22. [22]
    History – Holiday at the Baltic Sea - Ostsee.de
    12th century, Christianisation of Fehmarn ; 1161, Rostock first mentioned by Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus. ; 1163, Island of Poel first mentioned in records.
  23. [23]
    Glambaek Castle Ruins, Burg auf Fehmarn, Germany - SpottingHistory
    Glambæk castle built in the 13th century by Valdemar Sejr and protected the land between Baltic Sea and Burger Binnensee. The island was captured at the ...
  24. [24]
    Stadt Fehmarn / Geschichte
    Dänenkönig Knud der Große unterstellt im Jahre 1022 die Insel Fehmarn dem Bistum Odense auf Fünen, in dessen Diözese die Insel bis zur Reformation 1542 ...Missing: Neuzeit | Show results with:Neuzeit
  25. [25]
    In Smoke and Flames – the Battle in Fehmarn Belt, 1644
    In the Fehmarn Belt, a dramatic naval battle is fought, sending three ships to the seabed. Hundreds of years later, maritime archaeologists investigate the ...
  26. [26]
    Inselinfos Fehmarn | Fehmarn Tourismus
    Am 3. Mai 1580 erhielt Fehmarn unter Graf Johann vom dänischen König Friedrich II. die Lehnsfahne in ihrem heutigen Aussehen mit der goldenen Krone auf blauem ...<|separator|>
  27. [27]
    Short description - SoClimPact
    As a part of Wagria it was settled by the Slavic Lechitic tribe of Wagri in the Early Middle Ages; the name derives from Old Slavic fe more (in the sea), modern ...
  28. [28]
    [PDF] Rolf Schulte Hexenverfolgung auf der Insel Fehmarn - 04 Wieske
    Die insulare Landwirtschaft war im 17. Jahrhunderts hingegen schwer beeinträchtigt, wenn Zugtiere erkrankten oder starben. Pfer- de waren in der Frühen Neuzeit ...
  29. [29]
    Schleswig-Holstein | History, People, & Maps - Britannica
    Oct 1, 2025 · Land (state) located in northwestern Germany. Schleswig-Holstein extends from the lower course of the Elbe River and the state of Hamburg northward to Denmark.
  30. [30]
    Borg up Fehmarn and the Invisible Castle | Crumbs on Travel
    Sep 4, 2019 · The history is very various and ends with the complete destruction of the castle in 1628. Like very often in history the brick stones were ...Missing: Glambæk | Show results with:Glambæk<|separator|>
  31. [31]
    Art on Fehmarn in the 70s and 80s'
    Sep 1, 2001 · Fehmarn, a German island in the Baltic, has attracted many artists since Ernst Kirchner went there several times in the early 20th century.
  32. [32]
    World War II depth charge detonated in the Fehmarn Belt: “It still had ...
    Oct 25, 2022 · Explosives engineer explains how a 180-kg German depth charge on the bottom of the Fehmarn Belt was neutralised.
  33. [33]
    Geomorphological Data from Detonation Craters in the Fehmarn ...
    May 11, 2022 · This area (EU-code: DE 1332–301), 280 km2 in size, is located between the Danish island of Lolland and the German island of Fehmarn. Through ...
  34. [34]
    Fehmarn Sound Bridge - One of the World's Largest Network Arch ...
    First 1960 the bridge construction was started again. The Fehmarn Sound Bridge was inaugurated in April 1963. In 1999, the building was finally declared a ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  35. [35]
    Fehmarn Sound Bridge - TouriSpo
    May 6, 2025 · First 1963 the bridge construction was started again. The Fehmarn Sound Bridge was inaugurated in April 1963. In 1999, the building was finally ...
  36. [36]
    Fehmarnsund bridge - separate bridges Großenbrode - GRASSL
    The road and railway bridge over the Fehmarnsund links the Baltic Sea island of Fehmarn with the mainland. Opened to traffic in 1963.
  37. [37]
    Fehmarn Sound Bridge - Mapy.com
    Bridge ; width: 21 m ; length: 963.4 m ; made from material: steel ; crosses: Fehmarn Sound ; carries: Bundesstraße 207, Lübeck–Puttgarden railway.
  38. [38]
    Questions and answers about your vacation on Fehmarn
    The buses run every hour; The stops of the rail replacement service are located in Puttgarden, Burg, Großenbrode, Oldenburg, Lensahn, Haffkrug and Lübeck ...
  39. [39]
    Ausbau der B 207, Fehmarnsundquerung und Fehmarnbeltquerung
    Vierstreifiger Ausbau der B 207, Neubau Fehmarnsundquerung samt Ertüchtigung des Bestandsbauwerks sowie Unterstützung beim Bau der neuen Fehmarnbeltquerung.
  40. [40]
    Bus 591 Stops & Times in Fehmarn - busmaps.com
    Oct 14, 2025 · The first stop of the 591 bus route is Burgtiefe Yachthafen and the last stop is Puttgarden Bahnhof. 591 is operational during everyday.Missing: local | Show results with:local
  41. [41]
    Bus 596 Stops & Times in Fehmarn - busmaps.com
    Oct 15, 2025 · BusMaps gives you Fehmarn Buses suggested routes, real-time bus tracker, line route maps in Fehmarn, and helps to find the closest 596 bus stops ...Missing: local | Show results with:local
  42. [42]
    Rodby to Puttgarden ferry | Tickets, Prices Schedules - Direct Ferries
    Rodby to Puttgarden Ferry. 315 Weekly Sailings; Average Duration - 45 minutes; Average price - $117. The Rodby Puttgarden ferry route connects Denmark with ...Missing: connections | Show results with:connections
  43. [43]
    Crossing times for Puttgarden-Rødby & Rostock-Gedser - Scandlines
    The crossing between Puttgarden-Rødby takes 45 minutes. The crossing between Rostock-Gedser takes 2 hours. Read more about crossing times here.
  44. [44]
    Puttgarden-Rodby Ferry, Tickets, Schedules - Ferryhopper
    Ferries depart to Rodby every half hour. The earliest ferry to Rodby from Puttgarden departs at 03:15, arriving in the small town of Lolland at 04:00.
  45. [45]
    Our ferries and harbours | Scandlines
    Four of our six hybrid ferries operate on the Puttgarden-Rødby route. These four ferries were built in 1997 and converted to hybrid ferries in 2013/14. All four ...
  46. [46]
    End of an Era: Last Train on Puttgarden - Rødby
    Dec 20, 2019 · On 14 December 2019, DSB's Euro-City Train 39 had the honour to end an era. It was the last train to cross by ferry.
  47. [47]
    Scandlines converts Fehmarn Belt ferries to plug-in hybrids
    Jun 10, 2025 · With a total investment of more than €31m (US$35m), Scandlines will begin converting two of the ferries operating its Puttgarden-Rødby route ...Missing: connections | Show results with:connections
  48. [48]
    Zero direct emission-freight ferry - Scandlines
    Scandlines has ordered a new zero direct emissions-freight ferry for the Puttgarden-Rødby route. The ferry will be officially named The Baltic Whale when ...
  49. [49]
    Scandlines Launches Major Plug-In Hybrid Ferry Conversions on ...
    Sep 9, 2025 · Scandlines Launches Major Plug-In Hybrid Ferry Conversions on Fehmarn Belt. ... Puttgarden-Rødby route. With an investment of more than EUR 31 ...Missing: connections | Show results with:connections
  50. [50]
    Project status - Femern
    On both the Danish and German sides, the first part of the tunnel on land has now been completed, with the end facing the Fehmarnbelt now covered with water.
  51. [51]
    Construction and Operation of the Fehmarn Belt Immersed Tunnel Is ...
    The Fehmarn Belt immersed tunnel project conditionally approved by the Danish parliament on 28 April 2015 is supposed to be built and commercially operated ...
  52. [52]
    Seven Minutes Under the Sea: An Update on the Fehmarnbelt Fixed ...
    May 8, 2025 · The Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link has a 7.1 billion EUR construction budget. It is financed through state-guaranteed loans, which will be repaid by ...
  53. [53]
    Finance - Femern
    The Fehmarnbelt link is user-financed. Revenue from traffic through the Fehmarnbelt tunnel will be used to repay the loans raised to finance the construction.
  54. [54]
    Fehmarnbelt delayed 18 months due to issues with submersion ...
    Sep 18, 2025 · A delay of around 18 months to the completion of the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel between Denmark and Germany has been confirmed following issues with ...
  55. [55]
    Marine environment - Femern
    The Fehmarnbelt project's marine monitoring programme has been developed to document any environmental impacts and verify the environmental consequences that ...
  56. [56]
    Fehmarnbelt tunnel trench dredging project: a multifaceted ...
    Underwater noise is a significant theme in the Fehmarnbelt, potentially impacting local marine species as harbour porpoise, grey seal and harbour seal as it ...
  57. [57]
    The Fehmarnbelt Tunnel's Pushes Forward with Low-Carbon ...
    Nov 20, 2024 · The Fehmarnbelt initiative reflects a growing global trend in reducing the environmental impact of concrete. For instance, Sydney's Metro Tunnel ...
  58. [58]
    History - Femern
    The background to the Fehmarnbelt link. Preliminary studies for the Fehmarnbelt project began at the end of the 1990s based on the State Treaty between Denmark ...Missing: ferry | Show results with:ferry
  59. [59]
    Ownership - Femern
    In April 2009, Femern A/S was appointed by the Minister of Transport to undertake preparations, studies and the planning of a fixed link across the Fehmarnbelt.
  60. [60]
    Planning - Femern
    The Fehmarnbelt tunnel is being constructed on the basis of a design philosophy called design and build. As the client, Femern A/S set overall requirements.
  61. [61]
    https://femern.com/the-tunnel/a-safe-link/
  62. [62]
    Femern
    The Fehmarnbelt tunnel will remove a bottleneck, reduce travel time and strengthen links between Scandinavia and Central Europe.
  63. [63]
    News - Femern
    News and press releases · Video: Experience the nature trail at the Fehmarnbelt project in Rødbyhavn · More than 100,000 visitors on Pilen · Challenges in the ...Missing: website | Show results with:website<|control11|><|separator|>
  64. [64]
    Fehmarnbelt tunnel timeline under pressure due to 'significant ...
    Aug 28, 2025 · The construction schedule for the Fehmarnbelt tunnel is under “considerable pressure” with no tunnel elements yet immersed.
  65. [65]
    Fehmarnbelt: Danish tunnel portal nears completion - Dredging Today
    Sep 9, 2025 · The Danish tunnel portal with its 160-metre-long cut-and-cover tunnel is nearing completion as the structure is gradually being covered. Over ...
  66. [66]
    Challenges in the Fehmarnbelt project - Femern
    Sep 17, 2025 · Challenges with the special vessel IVY have significantly delayed the construction of the Fehmarnbelt tunnel between Denmark and Germany.
  67. [67]
    Delayed Fehmarnbelt Tunnel holds great opportunities for Hamburg
    The billion-euro Fehrmarnbelt Tunnel has been delayed after Deutsche Bahn announced that the hinterland link will not be completed in 2029.
  68. [68]
    Fehmarnbelt tunnel timeline 'under pressure' as first tunnel elements ...
    Jun 5, 2025 · The winning bid will be selected by late 2025, with construction expected to begin in early 2026. Key tender criteria include methods that ...
  69. [69]
    Benefits of the link
    The corridor is regarded as very important for the European economy and links Europe's growth centre together from north to south. Along with the Brenner ...
  70. [70]
    Economic impacts in the STRING region from the FBFL
    May 16, 2023 · There is no doubt that reduced transport times – and by that reduced associated costs – will boost competitiveness of business in the STRING ...
  71. [71]
    [PDF] Ramboll - Economic impacts in the STRING region of the FBFL
    It is likely that the FBFL will impact prices of certain consumer goods. • As the business effects of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link include reducing costs of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  72. [72]
    Brenner Tunnel and Fehmarnbelt: Two Tunnels to Unite Europe
    Jul 30, 2025 · According to Femern A/S, the Danish company managing the project, the new high-speed connection will generate economic benefits of around €3 ...
  73. [73]
    Fehmarnbelt Tunnel: Great expectations for economic growth and ...
    “The Fehmarn Tunnel will be a game changer in mobility both close to the link but also for the economic exchange between Scandinavia and Germany. And an ...
  74. [74]
    [PDF] Cost–benefit analysis of The Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link
    The analysis shows that, over a period of 50 years, the investment in the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link will generate an economic return of 5.0 per cent for European ...
  75. [75]
    Economic importance of the links - Sund & Bælt
    The Fehmarnbelt link is socio-economically profitable. At the same time, it is financed by the Danish and foreign users and by subsidies from the EU. It does ...
  76. [76]
    [PDF] Regional Effects of a Fixed Fehmarn Belt Link - IHK
    Desk research of more than 25 reports. Socio-economic analysis of. Storstrøms Amt. (Copenhagen Economics). Page 9. Regional effects of a Fehmarn Belt fixed link.
  77. [77]
    Fehmarn Belt Link: Do the benefits of the world's longest underwater ...
    Jun 27, 2024 · The Fehmarn Belt Link tunnel is expected to be completed in Europe by 2029. But detractors say it will severely impact the environment.
  78. [78]
    Fehmarnbelt Tunnel: STRING Highlights Urgent Need for German ...
    There are significant economic and geopolitical benefits associated with this infrastructure. Prioritizing the feeder routes will enable the incoming federal ...
  79. [79]
    Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link - Arup
    Fehmarnbelt immersed tunnel to link Denmark to Germany in Northern Europe's largest infrastructure project. Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link.<|separator|>
  80. [80]
    Engineering the World's Longest Underwater Tunnel Against ...
    Nov 6, 2023 · One of the key concerns surrounding the Fehmarn Belt Link project is its carbon footprint. While the exact carbon cost remains uncertain, an ...
  81. [81]
    Baltic Sea: strictly protected reefs in the Fehmarn Belt - SSI
    NABU: planned Fehmarn Belt tunnel now has one more problem Reefs instead of sandy soil: The NABU has presented biotope mapping along the route of the ...
  82. [82]
    [PDF] TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
    Jun 27, 2013 · Femern A/S is responsible for planning the fixed link across the Fehmarnbelt. Any questions regarding this publication should be addressed ...
  83. [83]
    Fehmarn Belt tunnel project lawsuits dismissed
    Nov 16, 2020 · Six lawsuits were brought against the project by two environmental associations, three companies - including Scandlines, the operator of the ...
  84. [84]
    BELT topics
    In Germany, local opposition has been strong, driven by environmental concerns and anticipated negative effects of construction (e.g., noise, heavy traffic, ...
  85. [85]
    Deconstructing the Fehmarnbelt fixed link: Local resistance and ...
    Feb 22, 2024 · This photo essay reveals the project's impacts on the existing socio-ecological fabric of the coastal region, and local forms of resistance.
  86. [86]
    North Germans mostly positive or neutral towards the Fehmarnbelt ...
    43 percent of the inhabitants of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein remain neutral regarding the construction of the Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link, 34 percent are ...Missing: local | Show results with:local
  87. [87]
    [PDF] 4.4 Tourismus 4.4.1 heutige Situation Beherbergung / Übernachtung
    4.4.1 heutige Situation. Beherbergung / Übernachtung - Stand und Trends. Tourismus ist der dominante wirtschaftliche Faktor auf Fehmarn.
  88. [88]
    Stadt Fehmarn / Tourismus
    Etwa 2.200 Sonnenstunden im Jahr machen die Heimat der „Fehmaraner“ zu einer der sonnenreichsten Regionen Deutschlands. Das milde Reizklima veranlasst jährlich ...
  89. [89]
    Tourismus auf Rekordkurs: Fehmarn knackt drei Millionen ...
    Feb 20, 2025 · Fehmarn – Auch 2023 waren es schon 3,096 Millionen Überbachtungen bei 461532 Ankünften. Die 2023er-Zahl habe sich aber erst in den zurü ...Missing: anteil | Show results with:anteil
  90. [90]
    Daten & Fakten über Fehmarn
    Die Insel ist durch Landwirtschaft und Tourismus geprägt. Die schöne Ostseeinsel Fehmarn ist ca. 185 km² groß, verfügt über eine Küstenlinie von rund 78 km und ...<|separator|>
  91. [91]
    Fehmarn - The wanders
    Jul 14, 2025 · The island is renowned throughout Northern Europe as a premier destination for windsurfing and kitesurfing, with several schools offering ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  92. [92]
    Wirtschaft, Natur und Tourismus - Kreis Ostholstein
    Dominanter Wirtschaftsfaktor ist – mit einem Anteil von rund 70 Prozent an der Wertschöpfung und rund 68 Prozent der Arbeitsplätze – traditionell der ...
  93. [93]
    [PDF] Case study Fehmarn, Germany - Land Sea Act
    Finally, residential areas at the coastal zone make up about 4.7% of the land use. The existence of several nature protection areas, particularly for bird life ...
  94. [94]
    [PDF] Tourismus Schleswig-Holstein - Statistik Nord
    055046 Fehmarn, Stadt. 6 760. 21,0. 23 666. 32,1. 3,5. 176 015. 2,6. 958 719. 5,2. 5,4. Ostholstein. Zusammen. 47 178. - 1,1. 195 225. 15,4. 4,1. 1 102 164. - 1 ...
  95. [95]
    https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/landesregierung/themen/landwirtschaft/agrarstatistik/ZahlenFakten/agrarstruktur_Dossier
  96. [96]
    Fehmarn's blooming future - Baltic Environmental Forum Germany
    Oct 13, 2020 · Intensive farmland will be transformed into flowering meadows. By doing so, natural environments could be re-established on the island to create biodiverse ...Missing: Landwirtschaft | Show results with:Landwirtschaft<|separator|>
  97. [97]
    [PDF] Case studies on - FAO Knowledge Repository
    The passive fishery along the German Baltic coast is usually conducted by family- owned companies. They use gillnets or entangling nets and longlines, rarely ...
  98. [98]
    [PDF] Fish and Fisheries - Femern VVM
    The establishment of a Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link has been under consideration for several years and became more feasible during and after the planning and ...
  99. [99]
    [PDF] Fish and Fisheries - Femern VVM
    In Fehmarnbelt the German recreational fishing activities can be considerably extensive year round while the Danish recreational fisheries activities are more ...
  100. [100]
    World's longest undersea tunnel gets even longer – DW – 07/09/2025
    Jul 9, 2025 · Despite delays caused by late ship deliveries, the first tunnel element is expected to be lowered in 2025, with completion aimed for 2029. The ...Missing: infrastructure | Show results with:infrastructure
  101. [101]
    [PDF] Rail Freight with the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link - Greater Copenhagen
    Mar 31, 2023 · The Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link (FBFL) removes a bottleneck, reducing transport times and costs, but rail transport is struggling to meet demand, ...
  102. [102]
    New study shows the economic consequences of potential delays in ...
    New study shows the economic consequences of potential delays in the Hinterland connection. The Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link, which is scheduled for completion by ...Missing: island | Show results with:island
  103. [103]
    Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link benefits existing businesses and attracts ...
    May 2, 2023 · The Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link will give a significant boost to business development on both the Danish and German sides. Existing companies will ...Missing: economic impact growth prospects<|separator|>
  104. [104]
    [PDF] Economy-wide benefits
    Titel: Economy-wide Benefits - Dynamic and Strategic Effects of a Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link. Forfatter: Copenhagen Economics Aps og Prognos AG.
  105. [105]
    Nature reserves on the Island of Fehmarn - Hus Seeblick
    It stretches 2.5km along the coast up to the Niobe Memorial and 150m from the dyke into the water. This area of about 134 hectare was put under protection in ...Missing: length width<|separator|>
  106. [106]
    Haff and Huk - Ahoi Camp Fehmarn
    From May to September, you can watch the smaller common terns breeding and rearing alongside the larger black-headed gulls on the »Fastensee breeding raft«.
  107. [107]
    NABU Wallnau Water Bird Sanctuary on Fehmarn
    Wallnau was officially designated a nature reserve (NSG 89) back in 1977 in order to permanently protect the valuable habitats of numerous migratory birds and ...
  108. [108]
    Fehmarn Belt NCA | BFN
    The approximately 280 km² Fehmarn Belt Nature Conservation Area (NCA) is located in the western Baltic Sea, about 5 km north of the island of Fehmarn.Missing: length | Show results with:length
  109. [109]
    The Fehmarn Belt Tunnel May Increase Wildlife Populations in the ...
    Mar 21, 2025 · European eel, Atlantic cod, and porpoises—these are just some of the marine species living in the waters along the southern coast of Lolland ...
  110. [110]
    DNA traces reveal marine life at Fehmarnbelt tunnel construction site
    Mar 8, 2024 · These could range from birds and fish to crustaceans and molluscs, including species that are elusive and rarely observed. Moreover, we don't ...Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
  111. [111]
    Fehmarnbelt Tunnel dredging to be paused due to biodiversity ...
    Jan 24, 2022 · Dredging on the German side of the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel could be temporarily halted, following concerns raised by an ecological activist group.
  112. [112]
    [PDF] Balancing coastal tourism and nature conservation - VASAB
    Circa 20% of the coastline perimeter under nature protection. Distribution of land uses within 250 m from the coastline of Fehmarn (in ha). Total coastline ...
  113. [113]
    NSG Wallnau | Birdingplaces
    NSG Wallnau (Wallnau Nature Reserve) lies on the west coast of the Baltic island of Fehmarn. The area houses the largest nature conservation centre of NABU ...Missing: protected | Show results with:protected
  114. [114]
    Between coastal idyll and crisis signal - How Schleswig-Holstein ...
    One example of this is the Natura 2000 system of protected areas, which focuses on the protection of certain habitats and individual wild animals and plants. In ...
  115. [115]
    Object and purpose of MPA Fehmarnbelt - IOW
    (1) The protection of the area as a MPA serves to achieve the conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 area by permanently preserving the area, the diversity ...
  116. [116]
    Baltic Sea Protection Action Plan: Corridors on Fehmarn, but not in ...
    May 17, 2025 · We are applying for a navigation regulation for eight per cent of Schleswig-Holstein's Baltic Sea, which will be designated as a nature reserve.
  117. [117]
    Coastal floods - ClimateChangePost
    Storm surges in the future​​ Within the German Bight a storm surge heigth increase of 20% between 1961-1990 and 2071-2100 has been projected (28).
  118. [118]
    [PDF] Update of the Schleswig-Holstein State master plan for coastal flood ...
    Jan 25, 2023 · The focus is on the adaptation strategy to climate change, with which the state of. Schleswig-Holstein wants to ensure the long-term safety of ...
  119. [119]
    Being prepared for storm surges on the Baltic Sea coast
    Nov 29, 2023 · The record storm surge in October 2023 caused severe damage to the German Baltic coast. Effective adaptation scenarios to rising sea levels are ...Missing: projections | Show results with:projections
  120. [120]
    Coastal conflicts, climate impacts and adaptation: case study ...
    Feb 25, 2025 · In consultation with the city of Fehmarn the impacts of climate change on water supply, coastal flooding and urban heat were identified as ...Missing: level erosion
  121. [121]
    Sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region - ESD
    Aug 17, 2021 · There are a large number of geophysical processes affecting sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region.Missing: Fehmarn | Show results with:Fehmarn
  122. [122]
    Climate Change: Impacts, Costs and Adaptation in the Baltic Sea ...
    The inevitable consequence of a rise in the sea level would be the acceleration of the average coastal erosion rate for both cliffed and alluvial coasts, even ...
  123. [123]
    Coastal conflicts, climate impacts and adaptation (Fehmarn , Germany)
    The report analyses the case of Fehmarn islands (Germany) providing adaptation solutions to 3 local relevant climate change issues: water supply, ...Missing: erosion | Show results with:erosion
  124. [124]
    Albertsdorf Dolmen (Fehmarn) - The Megalithic Portal
    Trivia: In the 19th century this dolmen was used as a landmark for passing ships. There was no forest then, so they painted a big white cross on the capstone ( ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  125. [125]
    Burgruine Glambek | Fehmarn Tourismus
    1210 ließ Dänenkönig Waldemar II. die Burg Glambek in Burgtiefe erbauen. Nach ihrer Zerstörung 1628 wurde sie 1872 durch eine Sturmflut wieder freigelegt.
  126. [126]
    Guide to the Island of FEHMARN - Where Plan B is the Best Plan
    Apr 15, 2024 · Fehmarn is Germany's third-largest island. In the times of Germany's post-war division, it was the only Island in the Baltic sea belonging to the western part, ...Missing: facts geography
  127. [127]
    Foil Festival Fehmarn Interview with organizer - Stand Up Magazin
    Jun 17, 2025 · The Foil Festival Fehmarn is Europe's largest beach event for foil sports: from June 6 to 9, 2025, the south beach on Fehmarn was once again ...
  128. [128]
    Events - SH-Tourismus.de
    May to August · “Ringelganstage” on the “Halligen” · “World Fish Sandwich Day” · “Surf Festival” on Fehmarn · “Kieler Woche” · “Glückstadter Matjes Weeks” · “ ...
  129. [129]
    Leisure on Fehmarn
    Throughout the season, the island hosts great events such as the Rapeseed Festival, Midsummer Bulli Festival and Surf Festival. There is something for everyone!
  130. [130]
    Fehmarn Birdwatching Festival: A Practical Guide To Avian ...
    This guide highlights how to best experience the festival's sights with practical advice on timing, terrain, and gear to enhance your birdwatching adventure.Missing: traditions | Show results with:traditions
  131. [131]
    Jimi Hendrix memorial stone Fehmarn: Memorial to last performance
    This monument stands as a symbol of Hendrix's unforgettable performance at the Love and Peace Festival in September 1970.
  132. [132]
    Hof Johannisberg - Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival
    For the SHMF, Hof Johannisberg is a perfect concert location with a lot of atmosphere. Program. 14 Jul. 2025. 7:30 p.m.. Folk on Fehmarn · Details Tickets.Missing: events | Show results with:events
  133. [133]
    [PDF] 3. Quartal 2024 Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein
    Dec 19, 2024 · Fehmarn, Stadt. 6 497. 6 835. 13 332. 01056. Pinneberg. 159 835. 165 489. 325 324. 01056001. Appen. 2 380. 2 519. 4 899. 01056002. Barmstedt, ...
  134. [134]
    Zahlen, Daten, Fakten - Statistische Angaben - Stadt Fehmarn
    Weibliche Einwohnerinnen, 6.437 ; Männliche Einwohner, 6.201 ; Fläche in qkm, 185,48 ; Bevölkerungsdichte, 68/km² ...
  135. [135]
    [PDF] Stand: 01.11.2016 Verhältnis Gesamtzahl Einwohner zum A
    Anteil der Ausländer auf Fehmarn;. Stand: 01.11.2016. -. 10.000. 20.000. Einwohner. Ausländer. 13.100. 890. A nzahl. Verhältnis Gesamtzahl Einwohner.
  136. [136]
    Axel Hager - Olympedia
    Axel•Hager · Hägar · 14 March 1969 in Burg auf Fehmarn, Schleswig-Holstein (GER) · 202 cm / 97 kg · Carrera/Rodeo/Robinon Club/Fortune City.
  137. [137]
    Axel Hager : Career - Beach Volleyball Database
    Birth Date, March 14, 1969 (56 years old) ; Home Town, Burg auf Fehmarn ; Resides, Hamburg ; Height, 6'8" ; Best Finish, Winnings.
  138. [138]
    Nick Wilder - Biography - IMDb
    Nick Wilder was born on December 3, 1952 in Insel Fehmarn, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. He is an actor and writer, known for Stargate (1994), The Bourne ...
  139. [139]
    Vitae - Vaterliebe
    Nick Wilder is a German actor, musician and author. Born as Klaus Wilder on the German island Fehmarn in 1952, he became world windsurfing champion in 1977.
  140. [140]
    Diether Trede » Profil - weltfussball.com
    Vereinsspiele ; Geburtstag: 16.02.1932 ; geboren in: Burg a. Fehmarn, Deutschland ; Nationalität: Deutschland ; Gewicht: -.
  141. [141]
    Die Stimme des HSV - Fehmarnsches Tageblatt
    Feb 4, 2020 · Sein Onkel Diether Trede war Vertragsfußballer bei Holstein Kiel. In 158 Oberliga-Spielen schoss er 37 Tore. 1957 gelang ihm der Sprung in ...
  142. [142]
    Ernst Ludwig Kirchner auf Fehmarn
    Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, deutscher Expressionist und einer der bedeutendsten Maler des 20. Jahrhunderts, lebte und malte vier Sommer lang auf Fehmarn.
  143. [143]
    Klaus Groth - Fehmarn Kultur
    Eng verbunden mit der Insel ist auch der bekannte niederdeutsche Autor Klaus Groth, der hier auf Fehmarn von 1847 bis 1853 in Landkirchen lebte.