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Gen

Gen is an informal noun in British English slang, referring to information, facts, or intelligence about a particular subject or situation.^[1]^[2] Originating as a clipping of "general" in its older sense of a discrete fact or snippet of knowledge, or possibly short for "general information," the term gained prominence in military and nautical contexts during the early 20th century, where phrases like "duff gen" denoted unreliable details and "pukka gen" signified trustworthy ones.^[2]^[1] It remains in colloquial use today, particularly in informal British speech, to request or provide essential background or "the lowdown" on a topic, distinguishing it from more formal synonyms like "intelligence" or "data."^[3]

Synopsis

Film Overview

GEN_ is a 2025 Italian documentary film directed by Gianluca Matarrese that observes the work of Dr. Maurizio Bini, an endocrinologist at Milan's Niguarda public hospital.^[4] Bini specializes in hormone therapies for infertile couples pursuing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and for individuals undergoing gender transitions.^[5] The film captures his consultations and treatments over several months leading up to his retirement, highlighting patient interactions in a clinical setting.^[6] Central to the documentary are Bini's engagements with aspiring parents facing fertility challenges and patients seeking medical interventions to align their physical bodies with their gender identities.^[7] Examples include couples navigating IVF protocols and transgender individuals receiving hormone prescriptions to facilitate transitions.^[8] Bini's approach emphasizes direct patient care amid bureaucratic and regulatory constraints.^[9] Depicted as an unconventional and outspoken practitioner, Bini persists in his methods despite opposition from government policies and hospital protocols, prioritizing alleviation of patient suffering through endocrine interventions.^[10] The observational style avoids narration, relying on footage of consultations to convey the demands of his dual focus on reproductive and gender-related medicine.^[6]

Background

Director and Inspiration

Gianluca Matarrese directed Gen_, co-writing the screenplay with Donatella Della Ratta, a professor of communication and media studies whose ethnographic research initiated the project. Matarrese, an Italian filmmaker with a background in theater and acting trained at the Jacques Lecoq International Theatre School in Paris, has directed documentaries influenced by Frederick Wiseman's observational approach, including Fuori Tutto (2019), which examined family dynamics amid Italy's economic decline using extensive raw footage.^[11] The film's origins trace to Della Ratta's research beginning in May 2023 at Milan's Niguarda public hospital, where she investigated hormonal treatments for fertility procedures like in vitro fertilization and gender transitions. Matarrese was invited to document these encounters after Della Ratta met Dr. Maurizio Bini, leading to over 100 hours of footage captured with a minimal crew to preserve intimacy and trust. This collaboration stemmed from a desire to visually represent restricted medical practices in Italy's conservative socio-political environment, where public healthcare faces government-imposed limitations on such interventions.^[12]^[13] Matarrese's motivations centered on ethical witness responsibility—documenting unfiltered doctor-patient interactions without advocacy—to illuminate compassionate responses within bureaucratic constraints, framing the work as an exploration of intimacy's political stakes in "hormonal capitalism." By employing side-angle shots and ambient sound, the director avoided voyeurism, prioritizing the resilience of public medicine against ideological pressures in a Catholic-influenced, right-leaning national context.^[13]^[11]

Subject: Dr. Maurizio Bini

Dr. Maurizio Bini is an Italian physician specializing in endocrinology, obstetrics, gynecology, and sexology, with a career focused on reproductive medicine and hormone therapies at Milan's Niguarda Hospital.^[14] He earned his medical degree in 1982 and specialized in obstetrics and gynecology in 1986, later obtaining a master's in andrology from the University of Padua, a four-year diploma in sexology psychotherapy, and additional qualifications in philosophy and languages.^[15] For over 35 years, Bini has directed the Assisted Reproduction, Sexology, and Gender Alignment Service at Niguarda, overseeing units for infertility diagnosis, IVF treatments, gamete cryopreservation, and hormone administration for patients with gender dysphoria.^[16] ^[17] As head of the Lombardy Regional Gamete Bank, Bini manages the storage and distribution of sperm, eggs, and embryos under Italy's stringent regulations on assisted reproduction, which limit access to heterosexual couples with documented infertility and prohibit gamete donation from non-Italian residents in certain cases.^[17] His work in fertility extends to directing cryopreservation protocols and infertility therapies, contributing to Niguarda's role as a key public facility in Lombardy for procedures like in vitro fertilization, where success rates align with national averages of approximately 20-30% per cycle for women under 35, per Italian Society of Human Reproduction data.^[18] In parallel, Bini leads hormone therapy protocols for transgender patients, operating within Italy's limited public framework, where access to such treatments requires psychological evaluation and is confined to few centers due to legal and ethical constraints under Law 40/2004 and subsequent rulings.^[19] Bini's approach emphasizes multidisciplinary care, integrating endocrinological interventions with psychological support, amid Italy's conservative regulatory environment that until 2014 banned surrogacy and restricts third-party reproduction.^[14] He has been recognized for expanding public access to these services at Niguarda, one of the few hospitals providing both fertility and gender-related hormone therapies, despite bureaucratic hurdles and resource limitations in the national health system.^[20] His tenure reflects a commitment to evidence-based protocols, with over 14 peer-reviewed publications cited 299 times, primarily on reproductive endocrinology topics.

Production

Development

The development of GEN_ originated from the academic research of co-author Donatella Della Ratta, a professor of media studies, who was investigating hormonal treatments in assisted reproduction and gender transition therapies while undergoing her own fertility treatment. Her gynecologist in Rome recommended consulting Dr. Maurizio Bini, an endocrinologist at Milan's Niguarda Hospital, leading Della Ratta to invite director Gianluca Matarrese to accompany her for an initial observation, aware of his prior interest in related themes through his filmmaking. Upon arriving at Bini's clinic, Matarrese brought a camera, and the pair captured footage from their first morning of consultations, immediately recognizing the potential for an observational documentary centered on Bini's patient interactions.^[13]^[22]^[23] Research involved an extended period of character study, spanning approximately one year of observing Bini's practice, which handles both in vitro fertilization (IVF) for infertile couples and hormone therapies for individuals experiencing gender dysphoria. This phase yielded over 100 hours of raw footage, initially gathered to support financing applications and to assess narrative viability, before evolving into the core material of the film. Access to the hospital setting and Dr. Bini was secured through personal connections and Bini's own outgoing personality, including his history of public engagement such as a radio program on medical topics, which helped build rapport with patients who were informed in advance and provided consent for filming. Microphones were discreetly integrated into the clinic environment to capture authentic dialogues without hidden cameras, ensuring transparency while minimizing disruption to medical routines.^[13]^[24]^[22] Planning adopted a cinéma vérité approach suited to an observational documentary, eschewing a traditional scripted narrative in favor of an organic structure that prioritized unmediated doctor-patient exchanges. Matarrese conducted initial shoots solo or with a single additional crew member to preserve intimacy, later refining the focus through test edits that narrowed from broader hospital scenes to targeted consultations, emphasizing ethical and relational dynamics without preconceived judgments. Ethical protocols addressed the sensitivity of filming reproductive and identity-related procedures by employing non-frontal camera angles, partial obscuring of faces, and fragmented shots to safeguard patient anonymity and avoid voyeuristic intrusion, while incorporating patients' expressed doubts—such as religious or moral reservations about treatments—to reflect unfiltered human complexity. These measures aligned with broader standards for documentary filmmaking in healthcare environments, where explicit consent and privacy protections are paramount to prevent unauthorized disclosures of protected health information.^[13]^[24]^[22] Matarrese's intent was to document the unvarnished pursuit of parenthood and bodily alignment through Bini's lens, presenting these processes as routine elements of public healthcare rather than ideological battlegrounds, with the director stating, "I’m not making a statement or advocating for anything," to underscore a commitment to factual witness over advocacy. This non-interventionist framework extended the pre-production timeline across multiple filming sessions over several years, culminating in a cut suitable for festival submission by late 2024, enabling the film's world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2025.^[13]^[24]

Filming Process

Filming for Gen_ employed an observational, fly-on-the-wall approach, capturing unscripted interactions in Dr. Maurizio Bini's consulting room at Milan's Niguarda Hospital over several months, yielding more than 100 hours of footage focused on discrete patient consultations rather than extended treatment arcs.^[13]^[6] Director Gianluca Matarrese, who also served as primary cinematographer, often operated solo or with minimal crew to preserve discretion in the sensitive medical setting, positioning the camera behind bookshelves or using objects to partially obscure patient views and maintain anonymity.^[25]^[13] This non-intrusive technique drew from filmmakers like Frederick Wiseman, emphasizing sideways framing, long focal-length lenses for respectful distance, and shorter lenses for more expressive moments, all under natural lighting from windows and lamps without artificial supplementation.^[25] Technical execution involved handheld cameras such as the Panasonic AU-EVA1 and Sony PXW-FS7, paired with Zeiss and Canon 70-200mm lenses, alongside room microphones to compensate for the absence of a dedicated sound operator; a second camera was added for varied angles during consultations lasting 10 to 30 minutes each.^[25] Additional cinematographers handled exterior hospital shots and intercalary nature sequences, such as mushroom foraging, to provide rhythmic breaks from the confined clinic environment.^[25]^[6] Challenges included budget and time limitations restricting equipment and prolonged shoots, alongside the need to secure patient consent for filming intimate discussions on fertility treatments and gender transitions, which was enabled by Dr. Bini's established rapport but demanded careful navigation to avoid voyeurism or disruption.^[25]^[13] External factors like hospital renovations occasionally interrupted sessions, requiring adaptive positioning to sustain the empathetic yet precise capture of non-verbal cues and silences central to the film's authenticity.^[13]

Release

Premieres and Festivals

GEN_ made its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2025, competing in the World Cinema Documentary section.^[26] The film screened at the festival's Park City venue, highlighting the work of Dr. Maurizio Bini at Milan's Niguarda Hospital.^[27] Following Sundance, GEN_ had its Swiss premiere at the Visions du Réel International Film Festival in Nyon, Switzerland, on April 4, 2025, in the Grand Angle program.^[5] Subsequent festival appearances included screenings at Frameline49 in San Francisco in June 2025, the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in July 2025, and Sheffield DocFest.^[28]^[8]^[29] These events marked the film's initial circuit, focusing on its documentary exploration of fertility treatments and gender-related medical care.

Distribution and Availability

Following its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2025, GEN_ has screened at select international festivals, including the Museum of Modern Art's New York premiere in March 2025, Frameline48 on October 17, 2025, Visions du Réel, Sheffield DocFest, and the Viennale.^[30]^[28]^[5] Worldwide sales rights are handled by Mediawan Rights, which acquired them prior to Sundance to facilitate international outreach.^[26] In Italy, domestic distribution is managed by Barz and Hippo Distribution.^[9] As of October 2025, GEN_ remains unavailable for wide theatrical release or streaming platforms, with ongoing efforts focused on securing broader deals amid its examination of politically contested medical practices.^[31]^[9] The film's status reflects a typical trajectory for independent documentaries addressing reproductive and gender-related healthcare, where festival circuits precede commercial expansion.^[32] No expansions to general audiences or home video formats have been reported by late 2025.^[4]

Reception

Critical Reviews

Critical reviews of GEN_ have been largely positive, with the documentary earning a 100% approval rating from 14 critics on Rotten Tomatoes as of early 2025.^[33] Critics have praised director Gianluca Matarrese's observational style for capturing the quirky, fast-talking demeanor of Dr. Maurizio Bini, portraying him as an affable and compassionate figure whose non-judgmental approach humanizes both fertility treatments and hormone therapies for gender dysphoria.^[34] ^[6] Reviewers frequently highlight the film's zany energy and its effort to normalize clinical procedures, such as in-vitro fertilization and transgender healthcare, through intimate access to Binni's Milan clinic in the lead-up to his retirement.^[34] Slant Magazine described Binni's kindness as a form of resistance, emphasizing the title's etymological roots in "gen" for birth or production, which underscores the doctor's holistic mission to alleviate suffering without sensationalism.^[35] IndieWire lauded it as an endearing portrait of a doctor on a "wondrous crusade" to demystify these interventions, blending clinical routines with personal glimpses like Binni foraging for mushrooms.^[31] Some critiques note limitations in depth, with one reviewer calling the exploration of fertility and transition "empowering but thin," relying heavily on Binni's charisma rather than broader contextual analysis.^[36] Autostraddle found the normalization of procedures effective but ultimately "kind of boring," suggesting a lack of dramatic tension in its procedural focus.^[37] Despite these reservations, the consensus affirms the film's compassionate lens on Binni's practice as a strength, avoiding overt advocacy while inviting viewers into the everyday realities of his work.^[8]

Audience and Box Office Response

The documentary garnered a positive audience response from early viewers, achieving an average user rating of 7.7 out of 10 on IMDb based on 50 ratings as of October 2025.^[4] This score reflects engagement primarily from festival attendees and niche online communities interested in medical ethics and reproductive health topics. User feedback highlighted the film's intimate portrayal of Dr. Bini's patient interactions, though some noted its limited scope in addressing broader policy implications.^[4] Commercial performance remains modest, consistent with independent documentaries focused on specialized subjects. Premiering at the Melbourne International Film Festival in July 2025, GEN_ drew festival crowds but has not entered wide theatrical distribution or major streaming platforms by late 2025, resulting in no reported box office earnings or viewership metrics from sources like Box Office Mojo.^[10] Festival screenings generated buzz among attendees, with discussions emphasizing the accessibility challenges of the fertility and transition treatments depicted, but quantifiable streaming data is unavailable due to its ongoing limited release strategy.^[10]

Themes and Analysis

Fertility and Reproduction

In GEN_, the documentary portrays Dr. Maurizio Bini's oversight of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments for couples seeking parenthood at Milan's Niguarda Hospital, a public facility, emphasizing the procedural intricacies and patients' emotional investments in cycles involving ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, and embryo transfer.^[5] ^[6] The film captures real-time consultations and interventions, illustrating Bini's role in navigating regulatory constraints under Italy's Law 40/2004, which limits embryo creation to three per cycle and prohibits certain practices like preimplantation genetic diagnosis for non-medical reasons, while amendments since 2014 have permitted egg donation to address access barriers.^[38] Italy's IVF landscape features success rates of approximately 35-45% per cycle for women under 35, declining to under 10% for those over 40, based on data from authorized clinics reporting to the National Registry, with live birth rates influenced by factors like embryo quality and maternal age.^[39] ^[40] Public centers like Niguarda offer subsidized cycles—often €500-2,000 per treatment after eligibility screening—but face chronic waiting lists exceeding 12-18 months due to limited slots and regional funding disparities, prompting ethical critiques of unequal access that favor younger or publicly funded patients while excluding others.^[41] ^[42] Private clinics, charging €4,000-8,000 per cycle, provide faster entry but exacerbate socioeconomic divides, as empirical analyses of Lombardy public units show cost-effectiveness ratios of €20,000-30,000 per live birth, comparable to private outcomes yet burdened by delays that correlate with reduced efficacy as fertility windows narrow.^[43] ^[44] Public IVF expands reproductive options for lower-income couples, aligning with Italy's universal healthcare mandate, but drawbacks include high emotional burdens, with longitudinal studies documenting elevated anxiety (up to 40% prevalence) and depression (25-30%) among women during stimulation and post-failure phases, often persisting across multiple cycles and linked to treatment uncertainty rather than baseline distress predicting outcomes.^[45] ^[46] These tolls, evidenced in meta-analyses of over 25 years of IVF cohorts, underscore the film's implicit realism in depicting patient resilience amid procedural rigors, where dropout rates reach 50% after initial failures due to cumulative stress, independent of socioeconomic status.^[47] ^[48] Ethical tensions in public care further arise from resource allocation, as restrictive policies under Law 40 prioritize heterosexual couples under 43-46 years old, fueling debates on equity without donor anonymity or surrogacy options domestically.^[49]

Gender Transition and Identity

The documentary GEN_ depicts gender transition as a medical process involving hormone therapies to reconcile patients' physical bodies with their self-perceived identities, primarily through consultations at Milan's Niguarda Hospital under endocrinologist Dr. Maurizio Bini.^[34] Patients, including young adults identifying as trans men, are shown seeking testosterone treatments to induce secondary sex characteristics like facial hair and voice deepening, often in candid discussions that reveal personal aspirations and bodily discomforts.^[31] These scenes emphasize individual agency, with patients navigating conservative societal barriers in Italy to access interventions like puberty blockers or cross-sex hormones.^[34] Dr. Bini's supportive methodology centers on empathetic validation and practical hormone management, portraying transition as an extension of routine endocrine care rather than exceptional pathology.^[31] He engages patients with humor and directness—clarifying treatment expectations, such as the limitations of hormones for certain masculinizing effects—while affirming their decisions to pursue bodily changes for identity alignment.^[34] The film highlights adult and younger patients' experiences, including an incarcerated individual pursuing male transition and others addressing post-hormone adjustments, underscoring a clinical focus on informed, incremental steps toward physical congruence.^[31] Empirical data on transition outcomes distinguish short-term gains from longer-term patterns of gender dysphoria persistence. Short-term studies post-gender-affirming surgery report high satisfaction rates, with reduced dysphoria and mental health improvements persisting for some into the initial decades.^[50] However, longitudinal evidence indicates variability; for instance, among youth after social transition, 7.3% retransitioned within an average of five years, reflecting potential fluidity in identity resolution.^[51] Untreated gender dysphoria often endures from childhood into adulthood, but desistance rates in non-medically intervened prepubertal cases exceed 80%, with persistence more common if dysphoria intensifies through puberty.^[52]^[53] These findings underscore the film's depicted reconciliations as contextually supportive yet set against evidence of identity evolution over time.^[54]

Medical Ethics and Resistance

In the documentary GEN_, Dr. Maurizio Bini embodies a philosophy of patient-centered medicine that resists bureaucratic and ideological constraints, prioritizing direct engagement with individual biological and psychological needs over standardized protocols. As an endocrinologist in Milan specializing in both in vitro fertilization and hormone therapies for gender transition, Bini navigates Italy's conservative legal frameworks, which impose stringent requirements on reproductive and transgender interventions, by advocating for tailored treatments that affirm patient autonomy while acknowledging physiological realities.^[6] His approach challenges systemic pressures, including regulatory hurdles that delay or restrict access to care, by emphasizing empirical assessment of each case rather than deference to external mandates.^[55] Bini's resistance extends to corporate influences in pharmaceuticals and fertility services, where profit-driven standardization can undermine personalized ethics; the film portrays him circumventing such dynamics through candid consultations that weigh long-term health outcomes against immediate desires. Ethical dilemmas arise prominently at the intersection of hormone therapies and fertility preservation, as transition-related treatments often induce sterility, forcing practitioners to balance informed consent with the irreversibility of interventions—a tension Bini addresses by discussing risks transparently, such as ovarian suppression in transgender men pursuing IVF.^[34]^[56] This method contrasts with ideologically driven models that may downplay causal links between hormones and reproductive capacity, aligning instead with a realism that grounds decisions in verifiable physiological data.^[35] Systemic challenges in Italy's healthcare landscape, including funding shortages for specialized care and societal stigma, amplify these ethical stakes, yet Bini persists by fostering empathy as a form of defiance against dehumanizing policies. His consultations reveal a commitment to causal accountability, insisting on evidence-based predictions of treatment effects—such as hormone impacts on gamete viability—over abstract affirmations, thereby resisting pressures to conform to prevailing narratives in medical institutions.^[57]^[8] This portrayal underscores a broader ethic where resistance to external controls preserves the physician's duty to mitigate harm through unvarnished realism.^[36]

Controversies

Portrayal of Transgender Healthcare

The documentary GEN_ presents transgender healthcare primarily through the lens of hormone therapy and counseling provided by Dr. Maurizio Bini, an endocrinologist at Milan's Niguarda Hospital, framing these interventions as essential components of compassionate, patient-centered medicine.^[34] The film depicts Bini's consultations with transgender patients—often young individuals—as routine and affirming, emphasizing his quirky, empathetic demeanor and commitment to alleviating gender dysphoria without overt judgment or exploration of alternative therapeutic paths.^[35] Patient interactions are shown as moments of relief and validation, with hormone treatments portrayed as straightforward solutions to personal suffering, interspersed with glimpses of procedural normalcy akin to fertility care.^[8] This portrayal underscores a narrative of resilience against external pressures, including implied discrimination faced by providers and patients in Italy's public health system, positioning Bini's work as a form of quiet resistance through kindness and accessibility.^[34] The film highlights his role in gender reassignment therapy alongside IVF, normalizing bodily autonomy in transitions as parallel to reproductive choices, with Bini emerging as a dedicated figure navigating bureaucratic hurdles to deliver care.^[6] By focusing on successful or ongoing patient journeys, it achieves greater visibility for specialists like Bini, who retired in 2024 after decades of service, amid broader European debates on access to such treatments.^[58] Critics have noted, however, that this compassionate framing risks oversimplification, presenting transgender healthcare as an uncontroversial extension of general medicine while glossing over interpersonal tensions or unresolved patient outcomes observed in Bini's sessions.^[36] Some scenes acknowledge dissatisfaction among patients, yet the overall observational style prioritizes affirmation over deeper scrutiny of co-occurring mental health challenges, potentially reinforcing a one-sided view that aligns with prevailing institutional narratives in media and academia favoring transition as prima facie beneficial.^[8] This approach, while humanizing providers amid claims of societal stigma, has been described as employing "simple arguments" to foster normalcy, sidelining the multifaceted etiologies of dysphoria often documented in clinical contexts.^[34]

Empirical Evidence on Transition Outcomes

Longitudinal studies of children diagnosed with gender dysphoria have consistently shown high rates of desistance without medical intervention, with estimates ranging from 61% to 98% resolving by adulthood or post-puberty.^[59] ^[60] For instance, a follow-up of clinic-referred boys found most desisted and developed typical sexual orientations.^[60] These findings underscore that gender dysphoria in prepubertal children frequently aligns with transient developmental patterns rather than persistent transgender identity, though methodological critiques note potential underestimation of persistence in socially transitioned youth.^[61] The 2024 Cass Review, an independent evaluation commissioned by England's National Health Service, assessed over 100 studies and determined the evidence for puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones in youth to be of low quality, with no reliable demonstration of benefits like improved mental health or reduced suicidality outweighing risks such as infertility and bone density loss. ^[62] Systematic reviews underpinning the report highlighted weak study designs, high dropout rates, and lack of randomized controls, leading to recommendations against routine use of these interventions outside research protocols.^[63] This contrasts with affirmative models predominant in much of academia and clinical practice, where evidentiary standards have been lowered amid institutional pressures to endorse interventions despite unresolved causal links to dysphoria resolution.^[64] In adults post-transition, suicide-related outcomes do not show substantial reduction from pre-treatment elevations. A Danish cohort study reported transgender individuals had 3.5 times higher suicide mortality and 7.7 times higher attempt rates than the general population, persisting even years after hormones or surgery.^[65] Similarly, a narrative review of gender-affirming treatments found no consistent evidence of lowered suicidality, with rates remaining markedly higher than non-transgender peers.^[66] These patterns suggest interventions address symptoms superficially without altering underlying vulnerabilities, including comorbidities like autism or trauma often correlated with dysphoria. Reported regret rates after gender-affirming surgery are low, around 1% in meta-analyses of short- to medium-term follow-ups, but such figures are undermined by high loss to follow-up (up to 30-50% in some cohorts), short observation periods (rarely exceeding 5-10 years), and failure to capture detransitioners who discontinue care outside clinics.^[67] ^[68] Hormone discontinuation rates reach 30% within 4 years in some studies, implying higher effective detransition prevalence, particularly among youth cohorts where desistance is common.^[69] Academic literature favoring low regret often originates from affirming institutions with incentives to minimize adverse outcomes, potentially inflating perceived success while overlooking long-term data gaps.^[68] Human biological sex remains a dimorphic binary defined by gamete production (sperm or ova), immutable by medical means, as transitions alter secondary traits but not reproductive anatomy or chromosomal structure.^[70] Dysphoria's frequent post-pubertal resolution without intervention aligns with this reality, emphasizing psychosocial factors over innate cross-sex identity in many cases.^[59]

Broader Debates on Youth Interventions

In recent years, systematic reviews in several European countries have prompted restrictions on medical interventions for youth gender dysphoria, citing insufficient evidence of benefits outweighing risks. The UK's 2024 Cass Review, commissioned by the National Health Service, concluded that the evidence base for puberty blockers in adolescents is "remarkably weak," with low-quality studies failing to demonstrate improvements in gender dysphoria, mental health, or body image, while noting potential harms like bone density loss.^[71] ^[72] Following this, the UK banned routine use of puberty blockers for those under 18 outside research protocols in December 2024. Similarly, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare in 2021 restricted puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones for minors to exceptional cases only, after reviewing evidence that such interventions lack robust support for long-term efficacy and carry risks of infertility and cardiovascular issues.^[73] Finland's 2020 guidelines deemed hormonal treatments experimental for adolescents, prioritizing psychotherapy due to weak evidence for medicalization.^[74] Central to these debates is the contrast between the gender-affirmation model, which endorses social and medical transitions to align with a youth's identified gender, and watchful waiting, which involves monitoring without immediate affirmation. Proponents of affirmation argue it respects youth autonomy and reduces discrimination by alleviating immediate distress, with some studies claiming improved mental health outcomes from early interventions.^[75] ^[76] However, longitudinal data indicate high desistance rates—where gender dysphoria resolves without intervention—with follow-up studies of clinic-referred children showing 60-80% no longer meeting diagnostic criteria by adolescence or adulthood, often aligning with natal sex.^[60] ^[77] Watchful waiting aligns with these natural resolution patterns, whereas early social transition has been linked to near-100% persistence into medical requests, potentially foreclosing desistance pathways.^[78] Critics of rapid affirmation highlight risks of iatrogenic harm, including irreversible effects from blockers and hormones, amid evidence of social influences. The 2018 Littman study, based on parent reports, described "rapid-onset gender dysphoria" (ROGD) in adolescents, often post-puberty, correlating with peer groups, online communities, and co-occurring mental health issues, suggesting contagion-like spread rather than innate identity.^[79] Subsequent analyses of over 1,600 cases found 57% with prior mental health diagnoses and clustering in friendship networks, supporting ROGD hypotheses despite methodological critiques from advocacy groups.^[80] Affirmation advocates counter that denying care exacerbates suicide risk and discrimination, yet reviews like Cass found no causal link between blockers and reduced suicidality, with persistent mental health challenges post-treatment.^[81] These tensions underscore ongoing scrutiny of youth interventions, prioritizing empirical outcomes over ideological assumptions.

Impact and Legacy

Influence on Public Discourse

The premiere of GEN_ at the Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2025, sparked media coverage that underscored barriers to fertility treatments and gender transition care in Italy, where laws such as the 2004 Law 40 restrict in vitro fertilization to heterosexual couples under age 50 and prohibit embryo cryopreservation or donation, limiting access for many patients.^[34] The film portrayed these regulations, alongside bans on surrogacy and delays in hormone therapy approvals, as obstacles to reproductive autonomy, amplifying patient testimonials of navigating public health system's constraints at Milan's Niguarda Hospital.^[6] Coverage in outlets like Variety and Screen Daily emphasized the documentary's focus on Dr. Maurizio Bini's efforts to provide hormone treatments despite bureaucratic and funding pressures, framing such access as essential amid Europe's tightening policies on assisted reproduction.^[34]^[6] Subsequent festival screenings, including at Karlovy Vary in July 2025 and the Melbourne International Film Festival in August 2025, extended discussions on medical freedom, with reviews portraying the film as a counter to conservative movements restricting LGBTQ+ and reproductive rights across the continent.^[8]^[56] Director Gianluca Matarrese described the work as set against an "explosive political and sociocultural backdrop," highlighting how Italy's public healthcare model enables personalized care but faces threats from policy shifts prioritizing fiscal and ethical limits over patient demands.^[11] This narrative reinforced progressive advocacy for expanded access, as seen in analyses crediting the film with demystifying procedures like artificial insemination and gender-affirming hormones through intimate clinic footage, though such depictions drew from sources inclined toward bodily autonomy frameworks.^[35]^[37] By October 2025, GEN_ had influenced niche discourse in film and rights circles, prompting reflections on whether public systems should prioritize individual treatments over broader regulatory safeguards, such as those preventing commercialization of gametes or interventions with unproven long-term outcomes.^[31] The documentary's emphasis on empathy in care provision challenged views equating restrictions with protection against potential harms, while aligning with calls for policy reform in restrictive European contexts like Italy's, where access disparities persist despite constitutional health rights.^[13] Its reception, predominantly positive in festival media, underscored a divide in interpreting "barriers" as either paternalistic overreach or necessary ethical boundaries.^[8]

Responses from Medical Community

Medical organizations supportive of expanded access to gender-affirming interventions, such as those aligned with World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) guidelines, have implicitly endorsed portrayals like that in GEN_ through advocacy for normalizing such care, as the film depicts Dr. Maurizio Bini's routine provision of hormone therapy and transition support in a public hospital setting. Reviews in outlets focused on LGBTQ+ health have praised the documentary for demystifying procedures and emphasizing patient autonomy, aligning with WPATH's Standards of Care Version 8 (SOC8), which recommends affirmative approaches including hormones for adults with persistent gender incongruence.^[37] However, SOC8 has faced scrutiny for relying on low-quality evidence, with internal WPATH communications revealed in 2024 documents showing awareness of risks like infertility and bone density loss yet proceeding with recommendations. In contrast, clinicians advocating caution, particularly those influenced by systematic reviews from Finland (2020), Sweden (2022), and the UK's Cass Review (April 2024), have highlighted evidence gaps in GEN_'s optimistic depiction of "successful" transitions, arguing that long-term outcomes data remain inadequate to justify routine medical interventions without comprehensive psychological assessment. The Cass Review, commissioned by England's NHS, concluded that the evidence base for puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones is "remarkably weak," leading to restrictions on their use for minors and a shift toward holistic, non-medicalized care pathways; similar positions in Nordic countries prioritize psychotherapy over affirmation due to risks of regret and comorbidities like autism in youth cohorts. Gender-critical endocrinologists, such as those affiliated with the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM), contend that films like GEN_ overlook these evidentiary shortcomings, potentially contributing to over-medicalization amid rising detransition reports, though no formal statements specifically targeting the documentary or Dr. Bini's practices have emerged post its January 2025 Sundance premiere. Dr. Bini's approach, as shown, integrates fertility preservation with transition care—offering IVF and gamete freezing—yet deviates from restrictive European protocols by emphasizing accessibility in a public system, contrasting with Italy's emerging alignment toward caution following EU-wide debates on youth interventions. No post-release investigations or statements from Italian medical bodies, such as the National Health Service or endocrinology societies, have critiqued his methods, despite broader controversies over hormone prescribing amid conservative policy pressures noted in the film.^[8] This lack of scrutiny may reflect the film's focus on adult patients, where evidence is somewhat stronger than for adolescents, though systematic reviews still note persistent mental health challenges post-transition.

References

[1]
GEN. definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Definition of 'Gen.' ; gen · 1 · nounOrigin: prob. < gen(eral information). informal, chiefly British. the basic or general information about someone or something.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[2]
gen, n.¹ meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
gen is perhaps formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: English general. See etymology. Nearby entries. gemonies, n ...
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What does 'Gen' mean in railway slang? - RailUK Forums
Oct 24, 2023 · The earlier replies are correct: gen is a clipping of general, from its old meaning of 'a fact, a snippet of information'.Missing: British | Show results with:British
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GEN_ (2025) - IMDb
Rating 7.7/10 (50) In a Milanese public hospital, endocrinologist Maurizio Bini helps infertile couples conceive and transgender people successfully transition. These delicate ...
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Gen_ – Films - Visions du Réel
Maurizio Bini oversees both the dreams of aspiring parents undergoing IVF and the journeys of individuals reconciling their bodies with their gender identities.
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'Gen_' review: A Milan hormone specialist treats fertility and gender ...
Mar 6, 2025 · Gianluca Matarrese's non-sensationalist and observational documentary transports us inside Dr Bini's consulting rooms in the run-up to his retirement.
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GEN_ | Sundance Film Festival 2025
Maurizio Bini and his team meet with a diverse group of patients who need medical intervention in order to lead healthy, purposeful, and meaningful lives.
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'GEN_' Review: Compassionate Doc About Remarkable Italian Doctor
Jul 11, 2025 · Directed by Gianluca Matarrese, the Italian documentary 'GEN_' centers on Maurizio Bini, a doctor who specializes in fertility and trans<|separator|>
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GEN_ - Swiss Films
Maurizio Bini leads a bold mission to alleviate human suffering. He oversees the dreams of aspiring parents undergoing IVF with the journeys of individuals ...
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GEN_ - Miff 2025
Rapidly approaching retirement, Dr Maurizio Bini is an avuncular man who enjoys foraging for mushrooms. But beneath the kindly exterior is a maverick, outspoken ...
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Get to Know Gianluca Matarrese, the Director of “GEN_”
Feb 19, 2025 · Gianluca Matarrese's GEN_, a film that premiered in the World Cinema Documentary Competition at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival, captures ...
[12]
GEN_ by Donatella Della Ratta Premieres at Sundance
Jan 27, 2025 · Co-authored with director Gianluca Matarrese, the documentary stems from Della Ratta's research on hormonal treatments at a public hospital in ...
[13]
Gianluca Matarrese on the Refreshingly Careful Analysis of "Gen_"
Jan 23, 2025 · The director discusses his profile of Dr. Maurizio Bini, a Milanese endocrinologist whose compassion connects with patients from all walks.
[14]
Maurizio BINI | I NOSTRI MEDICI - Ospedale Niguarda
Ho conseguito il master in Andrologia presso l'Università di Padova, il diploma quadriennale di Psicoterapeuta in Sessuologia, il diploma Lingue e Letteratura ...Missing: carriera | Show results with:carriera
[15]
[PDF] BINI Maurizio CV 6.04.2020 - Ospedale Niguarda
Apr 6, 2020 · Date (da – a). 1982 laurea in medicina,1986 Specializzazione in Ostetricia e Ginecologia, 2003 Laurea in. Filosofia, 2006 Diploma triennale ...Missing: carriera | Show results with:carriera
[16]
Maurizio Bini - Speakers - DIG Festival
Maurizio Bini has been the head of the Assisted Reproduction, Sexology, and Gender Alignment Service at Niguarda Hospital in Milan for 35 years.Missing: endocrinologo hormone<|separator|>
[17]
Maurizio Bini | Viennale
Bini has an extensive professional background: he is the head of the Lombardy Gamete Bank and the Diagnosis and Therapy of Infertility and Cryopreservation Unit ...Missing: fertility specialist
[18]
Ospedale Niguarda Ca Granda- Centro Studi E - IVF-Worldwide
: Italy; State/Province : Lombardia MI; Telephone number : +39 02 64441 +39 02 64442176; Fax : +39 02 6420901; Unit Director : Dr. Bini Maurizio; Website ...
[19]
Maurizio BINI | Managing Director | Niguarda | Research profile
Maurizio BINI, Managing Director | Cited by 299 | of Azienda Ospedaliera Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan (Niguarda) | Read 14 publications | Contact Maurizio ...Missing: endocrinologo | Show results with:endocrinologo
[20]
Intervista a Maurizio Bini: «La sanità pubblica può essere "umana ...
Mar 8, 2025 · Maurizio Bini da 30 anni guida al Niguarda di Milano il reparto in cui le donne che non riescono ad avere figli trovano il miracolo della ...Missing: Ospedale | Show results with:Ospedale
[21]
Gianluca Matarrese Talks GEN_ and the Politics of Intimacy
Jan 24, 2025 · An interview with GEN_ director Gianluca Matarrese about his Sundance documentary that observes a Milanese doctor dedicated to fertility and ...
[22]
(EXCLUSIVE) WILD FILMMAKER presents an interview with director ...
Feb 2, 2025 · -) Who is Gianluca Matarrese? I'm an Italian filmmaker with a passion for blending reality and fiction.Missing: Gen inspiration
[23]
Gianluca Matarrese • Director of GEN_ - Cineuropa
Mar 27, 2025 · The director chatted with us about his documentary on the Milan-based doctor who helps patients along the challenging journeys of assisted conception and ...
[24]
“Having a Crew Was Not an Option: DP Gianluca Matarrese on GEN_
Jan 24, 2025 · Matarrese discusses the decision to film most scenes from behind a book shelf, being inspired by Frederick Wiseman and relying on natural lighting.Missing: Gen | Show results with:Gen
[25]
Mediawan Rights boards Sundance doc 'GEN_', releases first trailer ...
Jan 25, 2025 · Gianluca Matarrese's film follows Milan-based Dr. Maurizio Bini, a force of nature and advocate for aspiring patients undergoing IVF and those ...
[26]
GEN_ | 2025 Sundance Film Festival
At Milan's Niguarda public hospital, the unconventional Dr. Bini leads a bold mission overseeing aspiring parents undergoing in vitro fertilization and the ...Missing: Gen premiere
[27]
GEN_ - Frameline
but that's exactly what makes him a vital healthcare provider.
[28]
GEN_ - Sheffield DocFest
Maurizio Bini stands at the crossroads of science and politics. As a seasoned doctor nearing the end of his career, he guides hopeful parents and ...
[29]
GEN_. 2025. Directed by Gianluca Matarrese - MoMA
This film accompanies Doc Fortnight 2025: MoMA's Festival of International Nonfiction Film and Media. Past events. Thu, Mar 6, 4:00 p.m.. MoMA, Floor T2/T1 ...
[30]
'GEN_' Review: An Endearing Italian Doctor on a Wondrous Crusade
Jan 31, 2025 · A still from 'GEN_' by Gianluca Matarrese, an official selection of the 2025. 'GEN_'. Bellota Films / Stemal Entertain.Missing: overview | Show results with:overview
[31]
Review: GEN_ - Cineuropa
Jan 27, 2025 · The film consists of a series of conversations with patients, filmed by Matarrese in profile, ranging from medium-wide shots to close-ups.Missing: Gen process
[32]
GEN_ (2025) - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 100% (14) Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for GEN_ (2025) on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!
[33]
'GEN_' Review: A Zany Italian Doc on Transgender Healthcare
Jan 27, 2025 · Directed by Gianluca Matarrese, the film follows several months in the life of the elderly Dr. Bini, a quirky, fast-talking fertility and ...
[34]
'GEN_' Review: Kindness as Resistance - Slant Magazine
Rating 3/4 · Review by Gregory NussenJan 24, 2025 · Its title is derived from the Greek and Latin root for gender, which can mean “produced,” or “birth” or “born.” Perhaps more importantly, “gen” ...Missing: overview | Show results with:overview
[35]
'GEN_' Movie Review [Sundance 2025]: An Empowering, But Thin ...
Jan 24, 2025 · At Milan's Niguarda public hospital, Dr. Maurizio Bini finds a purpose in aiding patients suffering at the hands of a conservative system. He ...Missing: premiere | Show results with:premiere
[36]
Documentary 'GEN_' Normalizes Fertility and Trans Healthcare
Jan 31, 2025 · The best compliment I can give the new documentary GEN_ premiering at Sundance is that it's kind of boring.Missing: transition | Show results with:transition
[37]
Italian law on medically assisted reproduction - BMC Women's Health
Jul 23, 2016 · In Italy in 2004, a very restrictive law was passed on medically assisted reproduction (MAR) (Law 40/2004) that placed Italy at the most conservative end of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Italy | Cost ▷ TOP 10+ Clinics 2025
Rating 4.4 (787) Mar 27, 2025 · High success rates: In Italy, IVF success rates can reach up to 45% for women under 35. Clinics offer personalized approaches for different ...Our Doctors · Ivf In Thailand: Complete... · Ivf With Gender Selection
[39]
IVF Treatment Italy | Updated 2025 - Fertility Clinics Abroad
The pregnancy success rates for egg donation cycles were reported per embryo transfer for freshly donated oocytes (35.8%), for frozen oocytes (33.1%) and for ...
[40]
Why Italians Choose Spain Fertility Treatment
May 6, 2025 · A: While Italy's public system might cover some costs for eligible couples, access can be limited by age or diagnosis, and private treatment ...
[41]
[PDF] Infertility Treatment Models: Progress or Profit? Examining Public ...
Dec 31, 2024 · Public clinics also tend to have longer waiting times due to high demand, although the costs are typically lower than in private clinics, with ...
[42]
2017–2018 Assisted Reproduction Cost Analysis Performance ...
The aim of the present study was to analyze the IVF success rates and the economic cost per delivery in all the public funded IVF Units in Lombardy in the 2017 ...Missing: waits | Show results with:waits
[43]
IVF Cost in Different Countries – Global Price Comparison
Feb 14, 2025 · This guide provides a detailed breakdown of international IVF costs, including country-wise price comparisons and top fertility clinics ...Ivf Costs Worldwide... · Cons Of Ivf Overseas · Faqs About Ivf Costs Around...
[44]
Women's emotional adjustment to IVF: a systematic review of 25 ...
This review provides an overview of how women adjust emotionally to the various phases of IVF treatment in terms of anxiety, depression or general distress.
[45]
Psychological distress and in vitro fertilization outcome - PMC - NIH
IVF failure predicts subsequent psychological distress, but pre-IVF psychological distress does not predict IVF failure.
[46]
Seven pillars for integrating emotional wellbeing into IVF care and ...
Jul 7, 2025 · Beyond its individual toll, the emotional burden of IVF has measurable effects on treatment adherence and service outcomes. High emotional ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
[47]
The effect of psychological distress on IVF outcomes: Reality or ...
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of stress, depression and anxiety on the IVF outcomes in Kazakhstan.
[48]
The Italian Law on Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Twenty ...
Jan 29, 2024 · Challenges persist in ensuring equal treatment opportunities, particularly when public options are limited and waiting lists are extensive, ...
[49]
Long-term Outcomes After Gender-Affirming Surgery - PubMed
Oct 1, 2022 · High patient satisfaction, improved dysphoria, and reduced mental health comorbidities persist decades after GAS without any reported patient ...
[50]
Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition - PubMed - NIH
Aug 1, 2022 · Results: We found that an average of 5 years after their initial social transition, 7.3% of youth had retransitioned at least once.Missing: long- term dysphoria persistence
[51]
How Early in Life do Transgender Adults Begin to Experience ... - NIH
Oct 31, 2021 · Our findings suggest that GD typically manifests in early childhood and persists untreated for many years before individuals commence gender transition.
[52]
Gender dysphoria in adolescence: current perspectives - PMC
Mar 2, 2018 · 25 The outcomes of GDC have been discussed in terms of its persistence and desistence.<|separator|>
[53]
Exploring Desistance in Transgender and Gender Expansive Youth ...
Desistance is a concept that has been poorly defined in the literature, yet greatly impacts the arguments for and against providing gender-affirming care.
[54]
Gen (2025 film) - Wikipedia
Gen_ is a 2025 documentary film directed by Gianluca Matarrese about transgender healthcare, including medical transition and the discrimination faced by ...
[55]
Doctor tests the limits of medical ethics, political correctness in 'GEN_'
Jan 24, 2025 · Operating in a politically charged environment that tests the limits of medical ethics and political correctness, Dr. Bini navigates the ...Missing: transgender | Show results with:transgender
[56]
MIFF Review: GEN_: Grief, Gender, and the Fight to Exist - The Curb
Aug 13, 2025 · Set in a Milanese hospital, GEN_ centers on the work of Dr. Maurizio Bini, a warm and unflinchingly ethical physician who offers gender- ...
[57]
Sundance 2025 Review: In GEN_, Doctor Fights for Equitable ...
Feb 11, 2025 · Dr. Bini's humanism, empathy, and good humor carry the film as he endeavors to help patients within rigid legal frameworks, whether explaining ...Missing: overview | Show results with:overview<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
GEN_ Film Review: Taking Control of Medicine
Rating 3.5 · Review by Carmen PaddockJan 25, 2025 · GEN_: Movie Plot & Recap. Synopsis: A documentary about one doctor's mission to help people with their reproductive choices and gender ...Missing: overview | Show results with:overview
[59]
False Assumptions Behind Youth Gender Transitions - SEGM
Dec 30, 2022 · Further, the high rate of childhood desistance from gender dysphoria before maturity, (61-98%) and growing evidence of desistance among youth ...
[60]
A Follow-Up Study of Boys With Gender Identity Disorder - PMC
Boys clinic-referred for gender identity concerns in childhood had a high rate of desistance and a high rate of a biphilic/androphilic sexual orientation. The ...
[61]
A critical commentary on “A critical commentary on follow-up studies ...
The authors claim in the very beginning of their paper that the 80% desistence rate of gender dysphoria (GD) is a number that is largely drawn on estimates ...
[62]
The Final Cass Review and the NHS England Response - SEGM
Apr 11, 2024 · The review recognizes that the evidence base for psychotherapeutic approaches to the management of gender dysphoria in youth is very low quality ...
[63]
What are the key findings of the NHS gender identity review?
Apr 10, 2024 · Report by Dr Hilary Cass finds young people being let down by lack of research and evidence on medical interventions.
[64]
Summary of Cass Review
Apr 28, 2024 · It is the most thorough scientific review of the evidence for treatments for gender questioning and gender distressed young people ever undertaken.
[65]
Transgender Identity and Suicide Attempts and Mortality in Denmark
Jul 9, 2023 · The rate of suicide attempts among transgender-identified individuals was 7.7 times higher (6.6 times higher in the last decade), suicide mortality was 3.5 ...
[66]
Suicide-Related Outcomes Following Gender-Affirming Treatment
Mar 20, 2023 · Those who lived full-time in their gender/had a full social transition had greater odds of ever experiencing thoughts of suicide compared to ...
[67]
Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and ...
Mar 19, 2021 · The prevalence of regret for transfemenine surgeries was 1% (CI <1%–2%), and the prevalence for transmasculine surgeries was <1% (CI <1%–<1%).
[68]
Accurate transition regret and detransition rates are unknown - SEGM
Sep 11, 2023 · A new paper by Cohn, “The Rate of Detransition is Unknown,” reviews common limitations of “regret” studies and demonstrates that hormone discontinuation, ...
[69]
Detransition Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse People ... - NIH
This study found that the 4-year gender-affirming hormone continuation rate was 70.2% with 81% for the transfeminine group and 64% for the transmasculine group.
[70]
Biological and psychosocial evidence in the Cass Review: a critical ...
Jun 8, 2024 · The Cass Review further relies on a quantitative study of Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) data on gender dysphoria in the UK, which ...
[71]
Cass Review: Gender care report author attacks 'misinformation' - BBC
Apr 20, 2024 · Dr Hilary Cass's review this month found "remarkably weak" evidence on treatments such as puberty blockers. The physician told the BBC some ...
[72]
Gender medicine 'built on shaky foundations', Cass review finds
Apr 10, 2024 · Of two studies that investigated gender dysphoria and body satisfaction, neither found a change after receiving puberty blockers. The York team ...
[73]
Sweden's Karolinska Ends All Use of Puberty Blockers and Cross ...
May 5, 2021 · ALB has ended the practice of prescribing puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones to gender-dysphoric patients under the age of 18.
[74]
Swedish Transgender Treatment Guidelines for Youth - SEGM
Sep 24, 2024 · In 2020, Finland's treatment guidelines were the first to explicitly state that hormonal gender transition for youth is experimental. The ...
[75]
This Wasn't a Split-Second Decision”: An Empirical Ethical Analysis ...
The aims of this paper are therefore to provide an empirical analysis of minor trans youth capacity to consent to hormone therapy.
[76]
Get the Facts on Gender-Affirming Care - Human Rights Campaign
Jan 7, 2025 · Every person has the fundamental right to access the health care they need without fear of discrimination, prejudice, or barriers to treatment.
[77]
The Controversial Research on 'Desistance' in Transgender Youth
May 23, 2018 · The researchers found that 80 of the children had desisted by the ages of 15 and 16. That works out to 63 percent of kids who basically stopped ...
[78]
Early Social Gender Transition in Children is Associated with High ...
May 6, 2022 · Of note, the 61%-98% (or the 85%) historic desistance statistic has been critiqued as inflated, by those who noted that some of the children ...
[79]
Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show ...
Parents have reported that their children seemed to experience a sudden or rapid onset of gender dysphoria, appearing for the first time during puberty or even ...
[80]
Study of 1,655 Cases Supports the "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria ...
Mar 30, 2023 · Study of 1,655 Cases Supports the "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria" Hypothesis · 57% had a prior history of mental health issues and 43% had a ...
[81]
Puberty blockers for gender dysphoria in youth: A systematic review ...
Within a range of 12–36 months, 92% of individuals who received puberty blockers progressed to receiving gender affirming hormone therapy (proportion 0.92 (95% ...