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Ho

Holmium is a with the symbol Ho and 67, classified as a in the periodic table and part of the rare-earth metals group. It appears as a soft, silvery-white metal that is malleable and relatively stable in dry air at , though it tarnishes in moist air and reacts with diluted acids. Discovered in through spectroscopic analysis of rare-earth minerals, holmium derives its name from Holmia, the Latin name for , where it was identified. Among its defining characteristics is the possession of the highest magnetic strength of any at , enabling applications in generating intense artificial when used as pole pieces in high-strength electromagnets. Holmium also finds use in high-intensity lasers for medical treatments such as cancer therapy and correction, as well as in nuclear control rods and the coloring of for jewelry due to its pinkish hue in oxides. Despite its scarcity—making it one of the less abundant rare-earth elements—holmium's unique paramagnetic properties and neutron absorption capabilities underscore its niche but critical role in advanced materials and technologies.

Science and technology

Holmium

is a with 67 and the symbol Ho, classified as a and rare-earth metal in the periodic table. Its is [Xe] 4f¹¹ 6s², and it exhibits the typical properties of lanthanides, including high reactivity with oxygen and acids. The pure metal appears silvery-white, is malleable and ductile, and has a density of 8.8 g/cm³, of 1474 °C, and boiling point of 2700 °C. Holmium was discovered in 1878 through spectroscopic analysis by Marc Delafontaine and Louis Soret in , , with independent confirmation and isolation by Per Teodor Cleve at , , via separation from erbia ( oxide). It occurs in trace concentrations in at approximately 1.3 parts per million by weight, primarily in minerals such as ((Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO₄), ((Ce,La,Nd,Y)₂FeBe₂Si₂O₁₀), (YPO₄), and euxenite. Natural holmium consists entirely of the stable isotope holmium-165, which has a nuclear spin of 7/2 and no long-lived radioactive daughters. Commercial production involves rare-earth ores, followed by acid digestion, solvent extraction, or ion-exchange to isolate holmium salts from other lanthanides, then reduction of holmium(III) fluoride (HoF₃) or (Ho₂O₃) with calcium or metal at high temperatures under vacuum. Holmium metal is reactive, igniting in air above 150 °C and dissolving in mineral acids to form Ho³⁺ ions, the most stable ; higher states like Ho⁴⁺ exist only in specialized fluorides. The yellow Ho₂O₃ serves as a precursor for most compounds and calibration standard due to its sharp absorption lines. Key applications leverage holmium's exceptional magnetic properties, including the highest magnetic strength and permeability among elements, for fabricating pole pieces in superconducting magnets and flux concentrators in high-field devices. Its isotopes absorb neutrons efficiently, enabling use in control rods. Holmium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) lasers emit at 2.1 μm for precise tissue cutting in medical procedures like kidney stone and tumor resection, with minimal thermal damage. Additionally, holmium ions impart yellow-to-red hues in glass and for optical filters and jewelry.

HO scale in modeling

HO scale, denoting "Half-O" as approximately half the size of O scale, employs a ratio of 1:87, wherein 3.5 on the model corresponds to 1 foot (304.8 ) on the . This scale uses a of 16.5 to represent standard-gauge railways measuring 1,435 between rails. The designation "HO" (or H0 in ) emerged as a between detail visibility and layout compactness, facilitating intricate scenery and operations within household spaces. Efforts to standardize gained traction in the 1930s, building on post-World War I experiments to create a smaller alternative to for broader accessibility. Commercial production accelerated in the United States during the late 1930s and , with injection-molded kits revolutionizing affordability; for instance, manufacturers like Athearn began offering ready-to-run components post-1946. By the 1950s and 1960s, innovations in plastics and electronics propelled HO to dominance, as it enabled detailed locomotives and at lower costs compared to larger scales. The National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) formalized HO standards in the mid-20th century, specifying tolerances for wheel flanges, coupler heights (typically 8.9–10.2 mm above rails), and electrical pickups to ensure among products from diverse manufacturers. These standards, including a precise of 1:87.1, accommodate variations like H0 (finer proportions for narrower prototypes) while prioritizing North American freight and passenger modeling. HO scale's prevalence stems from its optimal balance: models are large enough for fine detailing and manual handling (e.g., locomotives often 150–200 mm long) yet small enough for layouts fitting 4x8-foot tables, appealing to over two-thirds of hobbyists surveyed by publications. This versatility extends beyond railroading to compatible accessories like 1:87 vehicles, structures, and figures, though remains the primary application, with global production emphasizing and era prototypes from the 1920s onward.

Names and etymology

Surname and given name origins

The surname Ho originates primarily from , with the most prevalent form being a romanization used in , , and dialects for several , including (Hé, meaning "what" or "how"), (Hè, meaning "congratulations" or "to congratulate"), and (Hé, meaning "harmony" or "peace"). This variant is common among diaspora communities, where genetic ancestry data indicates that over 54% of individuals bearing the trace roots to Chinese populations. In Korean contexts, the surname (often anglicized as Ho) derives from the hanja , signifying "permission" or "to allow," with historical records attributing all Korean bearers to descent from a single progenitor during the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392 CE). A separate Korean lineage links Ho to variants of (Han), associated with the ancient Han Kingdom, which was conquered by the Qin state around 230 BCE, leading to dispersal of its nobility. The surname Hồ, frequently rendered as Ho in English , stems from the character (Hú), originally denoting non-Han ethnic groups (such as northern nomads) or physical traits like a or , and has been borne by Vietnamese populations since at least the through Sinic cultural influence. Less commonly, Ho appears in non-East Asian contexts, such as a Breton-derived form combining elements meaning "worthy" and "successfully" with "," though this represents a marginal occurrence outside linguistic isolates. As a , Ho functions mainly as a or masculine element in , derived from such as (, numerous) or (good, excellent), often appearing in compound names like Jeong-ho (正浩, "right and ") to convey attributes of or ; its usage dates to classical Sino- naming conventions post-7th century adoption of . Isolated Western interpretations, such as a purported linking to "bright leader" from Germanic roots beraht and wald, lack substantiation in primary onomastic records and appear anecdotal rather than empirically dominant. Overall, usage remains subordinate to its surname prevalence, with East Asian cultural contexts accounting for the majority of documented instances.

Linguistic and ethnic contexts

The surname Ho primarily originates from East Asian linguistic traditions, serving as a of several in southern dialects such as , , and . It commonly represents the surnames (associated with the "what" and ancient official lineages) and (meaning "congratulations" or "to celebrate"), which are variants of the more pinyin-standardized He. In these contexts, the pronunciation "Ho" arises from dialectal phonetics diverging from northern forms, reflecting regional linguistic evolution within the Sinitic . In Vietnamese usage, Hồ—frequently anglicized as Ho in English-speaking contexts—derives from the Sino-Vietnamese reading of the Chinese character , historically denoting non-Han ethnic groups or "barbarians" in ancient texts, and later associated with figures like nomadic tribes or physical traits such as a beard. This surname is prevalent among ethnic Vietnamese and the overseas Chinese (Hoa) community in Vietnam, illustrating Sinospheric borrowing where Vietnamese adopted and adapted Chinese nomenclature during periods of cultural influence from the 10th to 19th centuries. Korean variants of Ho (Hŏ) typically employ the hanja , meaning "to permit" or "to allow," with all known bearers tracing patrilineal descent to a legendary progenitor from the Goryeo era, underscoring a unified clan origin within Korean onomastic traditions. Ethnically, bearers of the surname Ho are overwhelmingly of Asian descent, with genetic analyses indicating that 54.2% of associated ancestry is , alongside significant East and Southeast Asian components. data show 94% of individuals with this surname residing in , concentrated in Southeast Asia (71%) including Vietnam, Singapore, and Malaysia, often tied to Chinese diaspora migrations from the onward. These patterns highlight Ho's role as a marker of , Vietnamese, and ethnic identities, shaped by historical trade, migration, and colonial practices rather than indigenous non-Sinitic origins.

Notable people

Individuals with the surname Ho

Hồ Chí Minh (19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969), born Nguyễn Sinh Cung, was a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary who led the Việt Minh independence movement against French colonial rule and later served as (1945–1955) and (1945–1969) of the of (). He founded the in 1930 and declared 's in 1945, initiating conflicts that included the First Indochinese War (1946–1954) and support for the during the . (25 November 1921 – 26 May ) was a Hong Kong-based entrepreneur who held a on 's industry from 1962 to 2002, transforming the territory into a global hub and amassing a fortune estimated at $14.9 billion at his death. His company, Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM), dominated gaming operations, and he expanded into shipping, , and , earning recognition as a key figure in Macau's under administration and later Chinese sovereignty. Don Ho (13 August 1930 – 14 April 2007), born Donald Tai Loy Ho, was an American singer and entertainer of , Chinese, Portuguese, and Dutch descent who popularized traditional Hawaiian music worldwide through his nightclub performances starting in the . Best known for his hit "," which reached No. 57 on the , Ho performed for decades at the Honey's Hive and later Duke's, embodying mid-20th-century Hawaiian lounge culture while serving in the U.S. during the era. David D. Ho (born 17 November 1952) is a Taiwanese-American and virologist who directed the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center from 1989 to 2003 and pioneered highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which reduced mortality by targeting viral dynamics rather than host immunity. His research, including studies showing 's rapid replication , earned him Time magazine's 1996 "Man of the Year" designation and shaped global AIDS treatment protocols, building on his early work at and the CDC during the epidemic's onset.

Places

Ho, Ghana

Ho is the capital town of the Ho Municipal District and the in southeastern , serving as the primary administrative, commercial, and educational hub for the region. The municipality covers an area of approximately 573 square kilometers and recorded a population of 180,420 in the 2021 Population and Housing Census, with 84,843 males and 95,577 females; about 70% of residents live in urban areas. Predominantly inhabited by the ethnic group, Ho functions as a key trading center connecting to , with infrastructure including roads, markets, and institutions supporting regional governance. Geographically, Ho lies at an elevation of about 150 meters above , situated between Mount Adaklu to the east and the Togo Atakora Range (also known as the Akwapim-Togo Mountains) to the north, contributing to varied topography with hills and lowlands. The area experiences a characterized by distinct wet (April to October) and dry (November to March) seasons, with average annual rainfall exceeding 1,000 mm and temperatures ranging from 22°C to 32°C. This climate supports agriculture but poses challenges like seasonal flooding in low-lying areas adjacent to the basin. Historically, Ho was established during the westward migrations of Ewe clans from regions in present-day Togo and Benin, likely in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, as part of broader Ewe settlements fleeing conflicts such as those under the Notsé kingdom. The town fell under German colonial administration as part of Togoland from the late 19th century until 1914, when British forces occupied it during World War I; Ewedome (the Ewe territories including Ho) experienced direct German rule focused on taxation, labor extraction, and missionary activities until the transition to British mandate under the League of Nations. Following a 1956 plebiscite, the Trans-Volta Togoland area integrated into the Gold Coast, and upon Ghana's independence on March 6, 1957, Ho became the capital of the newly formed Volta Region. The economy of Ho relies heavily on , which engages about 70% of the economically active population, with staple crops including , , yams, and vegetables grown on smallholder farms; cash crops like oil palm and are also cultivated in surrounding areas. Trading activities thrive due to Ho's position on major transport routes, including the Accra-Aflao highway, fostering markets for foodstuffs, textiles, and imported goods from . Small-scale industries involve , , and services, while remittances from urban migrants supplement local incomes. plays a significant role, with institutions such as Ho Technical University (established as a polytechnic in 1968 and upgraded in 2016) offering programs in , , and applied sciences, alongside secondary schools and training centers that support regional development. Culturally, Ho preserves traditions through festivals like the Hogbetsotso, commemorating the from Notsé, featuring drumming, dancing, and libations; traditional leadership includes chiefs and mothers overseeing chieftaincy affairs. The town hosts health facilities, including the Volta Regional Hospital, addressing prevalent issues like and maternal care in a region with moderate multidimensional rates, particularly in (65% lacking improved toilets). Infrastructure development, such as road networks and access (over 80% household coverage), has improved since the 2000s, though challenges like and urban expansion persist.

Other geographical uses

Ho is a coastal village in Varde Municipality, southwestern , , within the (Syddanmark). Situated near Ho Bugt (Ho Bay), it features sandy beaches and dunes, drawing tourists especially from for seaside holidays and water activities. The locality supports holiday rentals and local amenities, contributing to the area's appeal as a quiet retreat close to Blåvand Lighthouse, approximately 10 km north. Hô is a small locality in the North Province of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of in the . Limited public data exists on its size or features, but it is situated inland, with weather patterns typical of the region's . The name appears in geographic databases, though it lacks notable infrastructure or tourism prominence compared to larger settlements like .

Other uses

Interjections and exclamations

"Ho" serves as an used to attract , often followed by a specification such as a place or object, with origins traceable to around 1374. It functions to call out or demand , as in exclamations announcing arrivals or sightings, and appears in late 14th-century for halting or silencing. By the 1590s, it was employed in cries like "Westward ho!", originally by boatmen signaling departures or directions toward a location. In nautical usage, "land ho!" denotes the discovery of land from a vessel, a tradition rooted in sailors' calls to alert the crew, distinct from greetings like "ahoy" but sharing the imperative tone of maritime exclamations. This phrase underscores "ho"'s role in urgent announcements, paralleling 19th-century teamster commands to stop draft animals, where it conveyed moderation or cessation. The repeated form "ho ho ho" mimics hearty laughter, most famously linked to Santa Claus in 19th-century American Christmas depictions, where it represents joviality rather than literal meaning, evolving from onomatopoeic expressions of mirth in folklore. Variants like "heigh-ho" or "hey-ho" express weariness or resignation, as in folk songs or modern idioms, but retain the core attentional or exclamatory purpose without altering "ho"'s foundational etymology from Old Norse or imitative origins.

Slang and colloquial terms

In slang, "ho" (often pluralized as "hos") is a derogatory and offensive term referring to a or a sexually promiscuous . The word emerged in the mid-20th century, with the first documented use around 1967, as a phonetic shortening and dialectal variant of "whore," particularly from non-rhotic pronunciations in Black English or Southern U.S. dialects that de-emphasize the 'r' sound. While sometimes spelled "hoe" in informal writing, "ho" is the standard form, distinct from the gardening , though visual confusion has led to occasional puns or misinterpretations. The term gained prominence in and urban culture during the 1980s and 1990s, frequently appearing in to denote women perceived as sexually available or materialistic, often in phrases like "pimpin' hos" or critiques of . Its usage reflects casual in certain subcultures but has drawn criticism for perpetuating harmful stereotypes about women. Colloquially, "ho" can extend to broader insults implying disloyalty or , as in "side ho" for a , though it remains tied to sexual connotations and is widely considered vulgar. Despite its prevalence in media, dictionaries classify it as disparaging, advising caution in non-slang contexts.

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