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M2

M2, M-2, or M.2 may refer to:
  • [[#Entertainment#Music|Music]] in entertainment
  • [[#Entertainment#Television and media|Television and media]] in entertainment
  • [[#Computing#Hardware interfaces|Hardware interfaces]] or [[#Computing#Processors and chips|Processors and chips]] in computing
  • [[#Military#Armored vehicles|Armored vehicles]] or [[#Military#Weapons and ordnance|Weapons and ordnance]] in military
  • [[#Transport#Roads and highways|Roads and highways]], [[#Transport#Bus routes|Bus routes]], [[#Transport#Metro and rail lines|Metro and rail lines]], or [[#Transport#Transport vehicles|Transport vehicles]] in transport
  • [[#Science#Biology and medicine|Biology and medicine]] or [[#Science#Physics and optics|Physics and optics]] in science
  • [[#Other#Economics and finance|Economics and finance]], [[#Other#Music theory|Music theory]], or [[#Other#Brands and products|Brands and products]] in other uses
For the economic measure of money supply, see [[#Other#Economics and finance]].

Entertainment

Music

Marcus Miller's M², released on May 22, 2001, by Telarc Records, stands as a landmark in contemporary , showcasing the bassist and multi-instrumentalist's signature blend of , R&B, and pop elements. The album features guest appearances by renowned musicians including saxophonists and , trombonist , and funk saxophonist , highlighting Miller's ability to bridge genres through collaborative and polished production. It earned the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album, recognizing its innovative fusion sound and Miller's virtuosic bass lines that drive tracks blending covers and originals. The track listing includes:
  • "Power" (4:37)
  • "Lonnie's Lament" (5:39)
  • "Boomerang" (5:50)
  • "Nikki's Groove" (3:28)
  • "Goodbye Pork Pie Hat" (3:35)
  • "Ozell (Interlude 1)" (0:24)
  • "Burning Down the House" (4:13)
  • "It's Me They're After" (4:53)
  • "Thelonious" (5:50)
  • "Ozell (Interlude 2)" (0:13)
  • "Romaine" (5:29)
  • "Your Love Is My Love" (4:22)
  • "3 Deuces" (3:26)
  • "Inevitable" (5:37)
  • "Splanky" (5:47)
Critical reception praised the album's energetic grooves and Miller's compositional depth, with reviewers noting its first-rate production and strong ensemble performances that revitalized jazz fusion for broader audiences. In the landscape of early 2000s jazz, M² played a pivotal role in sustaining the genre's commercial viability by incorporating accessible rhythms while preserving improvisational complexity, influencing subsequent fusion works through its emphasis on rhythmic interplay and genre crossover. Other musical works titled M2 include the 2012 self-titled album by American composer and multi-instrumentalist Roger Clark Miller, featuring entirely improvised pieces with guitarist , emphasizing shifting textures and ensemble dynamics in experimental . Additionally, Japanese composer released a track titled "M2" in 2000 as part of his repertoire, contributing to soundtrack traditions with its upbeat, fusion-infused arrangement.

Television and media

MTV2, originally launched as on August 1, 1996, by MTV Networks as a 24-hour video channel targeting younger audiences with edgier content beyond the main lineup, began broadcasting with Beck's "Where It's At" as its inaugural video. The channel emphasized underground rock, , and experimental videos, operating without commercial interruptions in its early years to maintain a pure music focus. Due to slow initial rollout and distribution challenges, MTV Networks rebranded the channel to MTV2 in the first quarter of 1999, aiming to broaden its appeal while retaining a youth-oriented identity separate from the flagship MTV. Over time, programming evolved from continuous music videos to a mix of music-related shows, reality series, animated content, and reruns, including brief forays into gaming specials like "Gods of Gaming" in 2006 and anime such as Heat Guy J in 2004, though music remained a core element tying into broader entertainment trends. By the 2010s and into the 2020s, MTV2 shifted toward acquired sitcoms like The Wayans Bros., competition shows such as Ink Master, and lifestyle programming, reflecting cable TV's general move away from video-only formats. Owned by Paramount Media Networks—a division of Paramount Skydance Corporation, formed by the merger of Paramount Global and Skydance Media completed on August 7, 2025—MTV2 reaches a niche audience, with approximately 20,000 primetime viewers as of November 2025, ranking it 102nd among U.S. cable channels. In 2015, it was available in about 79 million U.S. households, but viewership has declined amid cord-cutting and streaming competition. Few notable films, TV series, or documentaries bear the exact title M2. No major broadcast or streaming productions titled M2 emerged by 2025.

Computing

Hardware interfaces

The specification, formerly known as Next Generation Form Factor (NGFF), was introduced in 2012 by the as a versatile standard for compact computer expansion cards. This form factor standardizes a narrow with a consistent 22 mm width and variable lengths, including common sizes such as 42 mm (denoted as 2242), 80 mm (2280), 30 mm (2230), 60 mm (2260), and 110 mm (22110), allowing for flexible integration in space-limited designs. M.2 modules and slots employ keying mechanisms to prevent mismatches and denote supported protocols: Key B (notch at pin 12-19) primarily accommodates , PCIe x2, USB 2.0, or interfaces; Key M (notch at pin 59-66) supports PCIe x4 or ; and the dual B+M key (notches at both positions) enables compatibility with either B or M slots for broader device versatility. These keys ensure that only appropriate modules can be inserted, with the connector providing up to four PCIe lanes alongside and /3.1 options for data transfer. Since its inception, the M.2 standard has evolved to prioritize high-performance storage, particularly through support for the NVMe protocol over PCIe lanes, which optimizes command queuing and latency for solid-state drives (SSDs). By 2023, PCI Express M.2 Specification Revision 5.0 introduced explicit accommodations for PCIe 5.0 signaling at 32 GT/s per lane, enabling M.2 SSDs to achieve sequential read/write speeds exceeding 14 GB/s in compatible systems—a standard widely adopted in consumer and enterprise hardware by 2025. In practice, M.2 slots are prevalent in laptops, desktops, and servers, where they host NVMe or SSDs for boot drives and , as well as expansion cards for such as 6E/7 and modules. Compatibility hinges on specifications, with many modern platforms offering multiple M.2 slots wired for PCIe 4.0 or 5.0 to support configurations or high-capacity enterprise SSDs up to 8 TB or more. Relative to the earlier mSATA standard, M.2 provides a more compact profile—occupying roughly half the board space—and superior potential via PCIe, allowing NVMe SSDs to surpass mSATA's SATA-limited 600 MB/s ceiling for applications demanding rapid data access. Installation requires verifying key and size compatibility with the target slot, powering off the system, inserting the module at a 30-degree angle into the connector until it seats firmly, and securing it with a standoff screw to prevent dislodgement during operation. Post-installation, / updates may be needed to enable NVMe support or optimize lane allocation.

Processors and chips

The Apple M2 chip family represents the second generation of Apple's custom ARM-based system-on-chip (SoC) processors, succeeding the M1 series as part of the company's transition from Intel x86 architecture to proprietary Apple Silicon, which began in November 2020 to enhance performance, efficiency, and integration across its ecosystem. Introduced in June 2022, the M2 lineup builds on the M1's unified memory architecture and ARMv8 instruction set, incorporating refinements in core design, media processing, and AI acceleration while maintaining compatibility with macOS and iPadOS software optimized for Apple Silicon. All variants in the M2 family are fabricated on TSMC's second-generation 5-nanometer (N5P) process , enabling higher densities and improved compared to the original 5nm used in the M1. The base features 20 billion transistors, a 25% increase over the M1's 16 billion, with subsequent variants scaling up in complexity: the M2 Pro has 40 billion transistors, the M2 Max 67 billion, and the M2 Ultra 134 billion. This progression allows for greater parallelism in compute-intensive tasks, such as and , while the unified memory system—shared across CPU, GPU, and Neural Engine—provides up to 100 GB/s in the base , scaling to 400 GB/s in the M2 Ultra. The CPU architecture across the M2 family employs a hybrid design with high-performance "Avalanche" cores and high-efficiency "Blizzard" cores, derived from Apple's A-series mobile processors but optimized for desktop and laptop workloads. The base M2 includes an 8-core CPU (4 performance + 4 efficiency cores), while higher variants expand this: M2 Pro offers a 10- or 12-core CPU (6–8 performance + 4 efficiency cores), and M2 Max offers a 12-core CPU (8 performance + 4 efficiency cores), with M2 Ultra doubling to 24 cores (16 performance + 8 efficiency) via chiplet-like ultra-fusion technology that interconnects two M2 Max dies. The GPU scales similarly, from 8 or 10 cores in the base M2 to 16 or 19 cores in M2 Pro, 30 or 38 cores in M2 Max, and 60 or 76 cores in M2 Ultra, supporting hardware-accelerated ray tracing and mesh shading for graphics-intensive applications like 3D rendering.
VariantCPU CoresGPU CoresUnified Memory (Max)TransistorsIntroduction Date
M28 (4P + 4E)8-1024 GB20 billionJune 2022
M2 Pro10-12 (6-8P + 4E)16-1932 GB40 billionJanuary 2023
M2 Max12 (8P + 4E)30-3896 GB67 billionJanuary 2023
M2 Ultra24 (16P + 8E)60-76192 GB134 billionJune 2023
The 16-core Neural Engine, common to all M2 variants, delivers 15.8 trillion operations per second () for tasks, enabling features like real-time photo enhancement in apps and on-device processing in and later. Performance benchmarks show the base achieving up to 18% faster single-core CPU speeds and 35% faster GPU performance than the , with multi-core gains reaching 40% in optimized workloads like video ; higher variants extend this, with M2 Ultra offering up to 3.5x the graphics performance of the base . In applications, the M2 debuted in the MacBook Air (June 2022) and 13-inch MacBook Pro (June 2022), followed by the 11-inch and 12.9-inch iPad Pro (October 2022), where it boosted display refresh rates to 120Hz via ProMotion. The M2 Pro and M2 Max powered the 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pro (January 2023) and Mac mini (January 2023), while the M2 Ultra arrived in the Mac Studio (June 2023) and Mac Pro (June 2023), targeting professional workflows in audio production and 8K video editing. Power efficiency remains a hallmark, with the M2-equipped MacBook Air providing up to 18 hours of battery life for video playback—40% longer than comparable Intel-based models—and the M2 Ultra in Mac Studio consuming up to 370W under load while maintaining thermal stability. Software optimizations, including the Rosetta 2 translation layer for running legacy x86 applications seamlessly on , have evolved through (2023) and (2024), ensuring backward compatibility for Intel x86 applications on ARM-based systems. The M2 family also supports PCIe 4.0 interfaces, enabling compatibility with NVMe storage devices in expandable configurations.

Military

Armored vehicles

The , introduced in the early , serves as the U.S. Army's primary mechanized combat platform, designed to transport troops while providing against enemy armor and personnel. It features a tracked for cross-country mobility, amphibious capabilities at up to 4 mph in water, and armor protection against 14.5mm projectiles in its baseline configuration. The vehicle accommodates a crew of three—a , , and driver—plus six dismounted soldiers, enabling rapid deployment in combined arms operations alongside main battle tanks like the . Armament includes a 25mm capable of firing 200 rounds per minute with an of 2,000 meters, a twin TOW anti-tank guided missile launcher with a 4km range, and a coaxial 7.62mm M240C for . Powered by a 600 hp VTA-903T turbocharged , it achieves speeds of up to 38 mph on roads with a range of 250-265 miles. Over its service life, the M2 has undergone progressive upgrades to enhance , lethality, and integration with modern networks. The M2A1 , fielded in the mid-1980s, incorporated the TOW-2 missile system for improved anti-armor capabilities. The M2A2, introduced in 1987, added reactive armor tiles for 30mm protection, spall liners to reduce internal fragmentation, and improved engine cooling, with over 3,000 units produced or upgraded. The M2A3, entering service in the late 1990s, integrated digital systems, second-generation (FLIR) for night operations, GPS navigation, and a commander's independent viewer, remanufacturing about 1,600 A2s into this configuration to boost and . By 2025, ongoing Engineering Change Proposals (ECPs) have evolved the platform further: ECP1 upgrades and tracks for better , while ECP2 introduces an enhanced , electrical architecture, and underbelly armor kits; the M2A4 , with enhancements and reactive armor, is projected for fleet-wide adoption to counter peer threats in high-intensity conflicts. In combat, the M2 Bradley has proven versatile across theaters. During the 1991 Gulf War, approximately 2,200 Bradleys supported coalition advances, providing overwatch and anti-tank fires with minimal losses—only three vehicles disabled—demonstrating effective integration in desert maneuver warfare. In the Iraq War (2003-2011), upgraded M2A2 and A3 variants were pivotal in urban operations, such as the Second Battle of Fallujah, where their firepower and troop-carrying capacity enabled infantry to clear insurgent strongholds amid improvised explosive devices and close-quarters fighting. As of 2025, the U.S. has provided more than 300 M2 Bradleys to Ukraine as part of security assistance packages, including TOW missiles and ammunition, with Ukrainian forces employing them for mechanized assaults and defensive maneuvers against Russian advances; despite vulnerabilities to drones—resulting in approximately 182 confirmed losses (96 destroyed, 73 damaged and/or abandoned, and 13 captured) as of September 2025—the vehicles have contributed to territorial gains through their mobility and 25mm cannon effectiveness in combined arms tactics. The , developed in the 1930s as a U.S. Army response to interwar needs, represented an early effort to create a fast, infantry-support vehicle but saw limited adoption due to evolving threats. Drawing from the T2E1 prototype, it featured a rear-mounted air-cooled , volute-spring suspension for rough terrain, and rubber-bushed tracks for reduced noise and wear, emphasizing speed over heavy armor. Armament consisted primarily of .50-caliber machine guns in configurations, with early single- models giving way to twin- designs for broader firing arcs, though lacking a main gun for anti-tank roles. Production was constrained, with approximately 100 units built across initial variants at , primarily for training and experimental use rather than mass deployment. By the onset of , the was rendered obsolete, its thin armor and machine-gun-only armament proving inadequate against contemporary medium tanks and anti-tank weapons encountered in and the Pacific. It served mainly in stateside exercises to train early armored units, paving the way for successors like the , which incorporated a 37mm gun and better protection; the M2's legacy lies in refining U.S. suspension and track technologies that influenced later designs. The , standardized in , was a pivotal WWII-era for the Allied forces, blending truck-like simplicity with tracked propulsion to enhance in armored divisions. Based on a chassis with front wheels and rear tracks, it could transport a 12-man rifle squad or tow , achieving highway speeds of 45 mph while navigating steep grades and rough terrain where wheeled s faltered. Armor thickness ranged from 6mm on the engine block to 12mm on crew and passenger areas, offering basic protection against small-arms fire but vulnerable to heavier calibers and lacking overhead cover, which exposed troops to shrapnel and air attacks. Typically armed with a .50-caliber and small arms, it emphasized transport over direct combat, allowing to dismount and fight alongside tanks in fluid maneuvers. Over 41,000 M2 Half-Tracks were produced by multiple manufacturers, equipping U.S. armored and mechanized units across , , and Northwest Europe, where they facilitated rapid advances like the Normandy breakout by keeping pace with tanks. Their role extended to Allied partners, including and forces, for towing anti-tank guns and carrying machine-gun teams; post-war, survivors saw use in and by units in 1948, underscoring the design's reliability despite its open-top limitations.

Weapons and ordnance

The Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun, designed by John Browning in 1918 as the water-cooled M1918 aircraft gun, was adapted into an air-cooled heavy machine gun and standardized by the U.S. Army in 1933 as the M2. Its variants include the AN/M2 for aircraft use with a higher rate of fire and the M2HB heavy-barrel model for ground applications, providing sustained fire capabilities. The weapon fires .50 BMG (12.7×99mm) ammunition, including ball, tracer, armor-piercing incendiary, and specialized sabot rounds like the M903 SLAP for light armor penetration. With a cyclic rate of fire of 450–600 rounds per minute and an effective range of 1,800 meters against point targets, the M2 has been a versatile heavy machine gun for suppressive and anti-materiel roles. Widely employed since on vehicles, , and mounts, the M2 saw extensive use in the for helicopter door guns and sniper conversions, achieving notable long-range engagements. Post-Vietnam upgrades, such as the M2A1 quick-change barrel variant standardized in 2010, improved safety and reduced maintenance, ensuring its continued service through conflicts in and into 2025. It is often mounted on platforms like the for coaxial or remote operation. The 60mm mortar, introduced during as a lightweight infantry support weapon, weighed approximately 19 kg and provided company-level with an of 1,800 meters. Its smoothbore, muzzle-loading design allowed a crew of three to four to deliver high-explosive, smoke, and illumination rounds at rates up to 30 rounds per minute initially, prioritizing mobility for and units. Deployed extensively in the and Pacific theaters, the M2 supported assaults by providing rapid, close-range suppression despite its limited payload compared to larger calibers. Evolving from the M2's WWII framework, the U.S. Army developed the M224 lightweight mortar in the 1970s, replacing the M2 by 1978 with enhanced range up to 3,500 meters, reduced weight through aluminum components, and dual firing modes for greater versatility in modern maneuver warfare. The M224A1 further refined this lineage in the 2010s by cutting system weight by 20% via advanced materials like Inconel for the barrel, maintaining the 60mm caliber's role in expeditionary forces as of 2025. The 4.2-inch (107 mm) chemical mortar, developed by the U.S. Service in the early , featured a rifled tube 1.22 meters long and served primarily for delivering , incendiary, and chemical rounds during , with a maximum range extended to over 4,000 meters by war's end. Weighing about 150 kg in firing position, it was towed or manhandled by a four-man crew and fired at rates of 5–15 rounds per minute, earning the nickname "Goon Gun" for its potent white phosphorus and high-explosive effects in close support roles like the . Although designed for non-lethal agents, it was repurposed for lethal munitions when chemical use was restricted, providing battalion-level screens and incendiary barrages across multiple theaters. Post-war, the M2 was adapted into the series for the , shifting emphasis to high-explosive ammunition while retaining chemical compatibility, and saw further use in mounted on vehicles for rapid deployment until phased out in the 1970s by smoother-bore 120mm systems. These adaptations extended its service life, influencing modern heavy designs focused on multi-role support.

Transport

Roads and highways

The motorway in the runs approximately 41 km from its western end near (west of ) to its eastern end near , forming part of the broader A2/ corridor in for connecting (via the A2 and ) to coastal ports and the . Constructed in stages between the 1960s and 1990s, with the initial section opening in 1963 and full completion by 1965, the route features seven junctions that facilitate access to local roads and the A2. It handles significant traffic volumes, with key interchanges like Junction 5 experiencing congestion from over 80,000 vehicles daily, prompting major upgrades such as the £100 million Stockbury Flyover project completed in 2025 to improve flow and safety. In , the in is a 21 km tolled urban route forming a core segment of 's orbital network, linking the city's north-west suburbs from Windsor Road at Seven Hills to the Pacific Highway at North Ryde. Opened in 1992 as Metroad 2 and upgraded over time, it connects directly to the motorway, which in turn provides access to the M5 South-West Motorway, easing east-west traffic across greater . The motorway plays a crucial role in managing urban congestion by diverting freight and commuter flows away from arterial roads, with six lanes for most of its length including the 460 m Epping-Norfolk twin tunnels. Another prominent M2 designation is the M2 motorway in Pakistan, a 375 km six-lane controlled-access highway connecting Islamabad in the north to Lahore in the south, completed and opened on November 26, 1997, at a cost of approximately US$1 billion. This pioneering project, the country's first motorway, traverses Punjab province and includes engineering highlights such as one of Asia's highest pillared bridges over the Khewra Salt Range to navigate challenging terrain. Economically, it has boosted trade and logistics between Pakistan's political capital and its industrial hub, reducing travel time from 12 hours on older roads to about 4 hours and supporting regional development through integrated service areas.

Bus routes

The M2 bus in New York City is operated by the () New York City Transit as a north-south local route primarily serving . It runs from Washington Heights in northern , starting at West 168th Street and Audubon Avenue, southward through along and , and terminates in the East Village at Fourth Avenue and East 10th Street. The route covers approximately 10 miles, passing key landmarks such as Central Park West, , and , with 46 stops along Audubon Avenue, Amsterdam Avenue, , Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, , and Second Avenue. Introduced in its current form during the as part of broader network adjustments, the has undergone route changes including stop consolidations along Fifth and Avenues to support bus priority initiatives like bus lanes and automated camera enforcement (), which was expanded to the route in May 2025 to reduce blocking and improve speeds by over 5%. Peak-hour service features limited stops between certain points, such as from East 96th Street to East 23rd Street, to enhance efficiency; frequencies during weekday rush hours were every 8 minutes in the morning and 10 minutes in the afternoon as of , with overall service boosted on high-ridership routes like the starting June 29, 2025. Ridership on the M2 averaged 12,621 passengers per weekday in 2017, reflecting a 27% decline from 2014 due to systemwide challenges but stabilizing with post-pandemic recovery; by 2025, NYC bus ridership overall rose 12% year-over-year, contributing to record system performance amid increased commuter demand. In , the was a short-lived express bus route operated by Stagecoach Selkent from December 4, 1999, to February 23, 2001, providing non-stop service between North Greenwich station (near the ) and Charlton station via the newly built Greenwich Millennium Busway. This 3-mile route ran with 7 buses daily on weekdays, using low-floor single-deck vehicles to connect southeast suburbs to the Dome area during its operational period for the 2000 exhibition. It was withdrawn due to low usage post-event and succeeded by the extended route 486, which incorporated similar paths; the holds archival significance as London's inaugural busway service, pioneering dedicated infrastructure for in urban areas. Other M2-designated bus services operate in various cities, often as express or metropolitan routes. In , , outer metropolitan services along the , such as express routes operated by , connect suburbs like Baulkham Hills and to the city center over distances up to 25 km, with journey times of 27-45 minutes during peak periods. These integrate with the contactless smartcard system for fares, allowing seamless transfers across bus, , and modes while capping daily costs at metropolitan rates.

Metro and rail lines

The M2 designation is used for several metro and lines worldwide, serving as key components of transit networks in densely populated cities. These lines typically feature electric traction systems and are designed to alleviate through efficient, high-capacity service. The Metro Line 2, often referred to as M2, operates a 21.5 km route from El-Kheima in the north to El-Mounib in the southwest, crossing central and connecting residential, commercial, and educational districts. It comprises 20 stations, including 6 at-grade, 12 underground, and 2 elevated, with interchanges at key hubs like Attaba for Line 1 and future links to Line 3. The line opened in 1996, initially spanning El-Kheima to Ramses Square, and was extended in phases through the 1990s and 2000s, with the final segment to El-Mounib completed in 2005 to enhance connectivity to Giza's suburbs. Electrified via a 750 V DC third-rail system, it supports frequent service with modernized signaling and power infrastructure upgraded in the 2020s to handle growing demand. By 2025, the line's daily ridership contributes significantly to the metro's overall 3.5 million passengers, reflecting its role in sustainable amid 's population surge. In , , Line M2 forms part of the () automated network, renowned for being one of the world's first fully driverless systems. Spanning 31 km with 44 stations, it serves the in a linear configuration rather than a closed loop, linking suburbs like and to central since its initial opening in 1989, with expansions completed by 2000. The rubber-tired trains operate on dedicated guideways, enabling high-frequency service up to every 66 seconds at peak times. Integration with regional () trains occurs at Lille-Flandres and Lille-Europe stations, facilitating seamless transfers to broader rail services. Accessibility features include level boarding, wide doors, and dedicated spaces for passengers with reduced mobility in the fleet, with ongoing modernization contracts awarded in 2025 to and for 72 new 52-meter trains enhancing comfort and inclusivity by 2028. Other notable M2 lines include Mumbai's Yellow Line (Line 2), an elevated corridor approximately 18 km long from Dahisar East to DN Nagar, operational since April 2022 for its initial phase and fully extended by January 2023. Funded primarily by the (MMRDA) with support from the (JICA), it connects western suburbs and reduces travel times across the city. By 2025, daily ridership on Line 2A alongside adjacent Line 7 exceeds 300,000 passengers combined, with future extensions under Line 2B—adding 23.6 km to Mandale—planned for partial opening in late 2025 and full completion by 2027 to further integrate with the expanding 337 km network.

Transport vehicles

The is a high-performance sports produced by , with the first generation (F87) manufactured from 2016 to 2021 and the second generation (G87) introduced in 2023 and continuing into 2025. The F87 model featured a 3.0-liter twin-turbocharged inline-six engine, initially the N55 variant delivering 365 horsepower in the base model, upgraded to the S55 engine in the 2018 Competition variant with 405 horsepower, and peaking at 444 horsepower in the limited-run CS variant. Transmission options included a six-speed manual or seven-speed dual-clutch automatic, enabling acceleration from in as little as 3.9 seconds for the CS model. Global production of the F87 totaled 61,856 units at BMW's plant. In , the F87-based M2 CS Racing variant competed successfully in GT4-class events through 2025, securing multiple team and driver championships for customer teams in series like the Pilot Challenge. The second-generation G87 M2 adopts the CLAR platform shared with the M3 and M4, retaining and a 3.0-liter S58 inline-six engine tuned to 453 horsepower and 406 lb-ft of in standard form, with a 2025 update boosting output to 473 horsepower. It accelerates from in 4.1 seconds with the eight-speed (manual optional) and achieves a top speed of 155 mph electronically limited. Production of the G87 exceeded 10,000 units by mid-2023, reflecting strong demand in a compact segment. The model continues BMW's tradition of track-focused variants, with the G87 supporting through customer programs up to 2025, including adaptations for series like the . Beyond automobiles, the M2 designation appears in other civilian transport vehicles, such as mobility scooters designed for personal use. The Metro Mobility M2 is a four-wheel electric scooter with a 330-pound weight capacity, front and rear LED lights for enhanced visibility, and a top speed of approximately 5 mph, aimed at seniors and individuals with mobility needs; it features electromagnetic braking and a lithium-ion battery offering up to 20 miles of range. For larger transport, the Freightliner Business Class M2 106 serves as a versatile chassis for mid-size buses in shuttle and commuter applications, with configurations supporting diesel or natural gas engines up to 300 horsepower and gross vehicle weights from 23,000 to 33,000 pounds, widely used by operators for urban and regional routes. Additionally, the Coachwest M2 Series is a premium mid-size coach bus model with luxury features like high-back seating for 30-40 passengers, air-ride suspension, and optional amenities such as Wi-Fi and entertainment systems, manufactured for tour and charter services.

Science

Biology and medicine

In biology and medicine, M2 commonly refers to several key concepts, including the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and the M2 protein of the . The M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M2 mAChR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly coupled to Gi/o proteins, which inhibits and reduces cyclic AMP levels, leading to membrane hyperpolarization via activation. It plays a critical role in the , particularly in regulating by mediating negative and effects on cardiac tissue, where it is highly expressed alongside the M3 subtype. M2 receptors also function as presynaptic autoreceptors in airway smooth muscle and ganglia, inhibiting release to modulate parasympathetic tone. There are five muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1–M5), with M2 and M3 being the most relevant in cardiovascular and respiratory contexts. Non-selective agonists like stimulate M2 receptors, though with lower affinity compared to M3, and are used therapeutically for conditions such as to increase aqueous humor outflow. Selective antagonists, including atropine and ipratropium, block M2 activity; long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) like tiotropium and glycopyrronium, which are M3-selective with low affinity for M2 to minimize increased release, are standard in (COPD) management to promote bronchodilation by reducing . The M2 protein in influenza A virus is a transmembrane tetrameric ion channel essential for viral replication, forming a proton-selective pore that facilitates virion uncoating in the acidic endosomal environment by equilibrating pH and dissociating the M1 shell from viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). Its structure consists of four identical subunits, each with an extracellular ectodomain, a transmembrane helix bundle, and an intracellular C-terminus, activated at low pH (around 5.5) to conduct protons. Early antiviral drugs like amantadine and rimantadine targeted the M2 channel by binding the pore to block proton flux, but widespread resistance emerged due to mutations such as S31N in the transmembrane domain, rendering these agents largely obsolete by the 2000s. Vaccine development leverages the conserved extracellular domain (M2e), which is poorly immunogenic alone but elicits broad cross-protection when presented in tandem repeats or virus-like particles, with clinical trials as of 2025 demonstrating reduced viral shedding in animal models and potential for universal influenza vaccines.

Physics and optics

In laser physics, the beam quality factor, denoted as M^2, quantifies the propagation characteristics of a relative to an ideal . Introduced by A. E. Siegman in 1990, this dimensionless parameter measures how closely a real approximates the diffraction-limited performance of a fundamental Gaussian mode, with lower values indicating superior beam quality. For an ideal , M^2 = 1, signifying perfect focusability and minimal divergence. The M^2 factor is formally defined as the ratio of the beam parameter product (BPP) of the actual to that of an ideal at the same , expressed through the : M^2 = \frac{\pi w_0 \theta}{\lambda} where w_0 is the radius at the narrowest point, \theta is the far-field half-angle , and \lambda is the . This definition arises from the invariance of the BPP along the propagation direction, allowing M^2 to characterize beam quality independently of focusing . Real beams, influenced by aberrations or higher-order modes, exhibit M^2 > 1, with values up to 100 or more for multimode . Measurement of M^2 follows the ISO 11146, which involves scanning the profile at multiple positions along the propagation axis—typically before and after a focusing —to determine size and through second-moment . This method ensures reproducibility and accounts for astigmatic or asymmetric beams by computing separate M^2 values for different orientations. High-precision instruments, such as scanning slit or camera-based profilers, enable real-time M^2 evaluation, critical for in systems. In applications, low-M^2 beams (typically M^2 < 1.5) are essential for , where they maintain efficiency over long distances without excessive coupling losses. In , such as and , high-power lasers with M^2 \approx 1.1 achieve kilowatt-level outputs while enabling micron-scale precision, as demonstrated in systems delivering 7 kW with M^2 < 1.1 for industrial processing. By 2025, advancements in ytterbium-doped lasers have pushed boundaries, supporting applications in additive and directed systems with beam qualities approaching the limit. These properties also extend briefly to medical lasers for precise tissue , tying into therapeutic uses.

Other

Economics and finance

In economics, M2 refers to a key monetary aggregate that measures the money supply in an , encompassing highly assets along with those that can be converted to relatively quickly. The has defined M2 since 1959 as a broader indicator than , capturing components that reflect both transactional and savings-oriented holdings. This measure is crucial for understanding and its influence on economic activity, as it includes assets that households and businesses use for saving and short-term investment. The components of M2 consist of all elements in M1—such as currency in circulation, demand deposits, and other checkable deposits—plus "near-money" assets that are less liquid but still accessible. These additional elements include savings deposits (including money market deposit accounts), small-denomination time deposits (under $100,000, excluding individual retirement account balances and Keogh balances at depository institutions), and balances in retail money market mutual funds (also excluding IRA and Keogh balances). Large certificates of deposit (over $100,000) are explicitly excluded from M2 to focus on retail-level liquidity rather than institutional wholesale funding. Mathematically, M2 is expressed as: M2 = M1 + \text{savings deposits} + \text{small time deposits} + \text{retail money market funds} This formula highlights M2's role as an intermediate measure between narrow money (M1) and broader aggregates, emphasizing assets that support economic stability without the full illiquidity of long-term investments. Historically, U.S. M2 has exhibited significant growth, particularly following the 2008 financial crisis, driven by expansive monetary policies like quantitative easing that injected liquidity into the banking system. From a level of approximately $8 trillion in 2008, M2 expanded to over $15 trillion by 2019 and surged further during the COVID-19 pandemic, reaching a peak of about $21.7 trillion in 2022 amid stimulus measures. By September 2025, M2 stood at $22.2 trillion, reflecting a year-over-year growth rate of around 4.5%, though growth has moderated from pandemic highs due to tighter policy and normalizing inflation. The velocity of M2, calculated as the ratio of nominal gross domestic product to the average M2 stock, has trended downward over this period, dropping from about 2.0 in 2008 to a low of 1.12 in 2020 before stabilizing near 1.39 in mid-2025, indicating slower circulation of money amid precautionary saving and low interest rates. In U.S. , the monitors closely for its insights into ary pressures and economic health, though it shifted away from strict M2 targeting in the 1990s toward interest rate guidance as the primary tool. M2's growth is analyzed in the context of , with rapid expansions post-2008 and in 2020-2021 correlating to elevated price levels by 2022-2023, while subdued growth in 2024-2025 has supported without . Compared to , which focuses on immediate spending power and has become less stable due to regulatory changes (e.g., transfers), M2 provides a more reliable gauge of broader ; M3, discontinued by the in 2006, was even wider, including large institutional deposits and thus more volatile for policy purposes. In recent contexts through 2025, M2's moderate expansion has helped anchor expectations, contrasting with M1's sharper fluctuations. Internationally, central banks adopt similar but adapted M2 equivalents to suit regional financial structures. The European Central Bank's M2 comprises its (currency and overnight deposits) plus short-term deposits with agreed maturities up to two years and those redeemable at notice up to three months, serving as an intermediate aggregate for monitoring euro area liquidity and supporting the ECB's of and growth. This formulation aligns conceptually with the U.S. version but accommodates Europe's higher reliance on time-bound deposits, with euro area reaching approximately €15.8 trillion by September 2025.

Music theory

In music theory, the major second (M2), also known as a whole tone or whole step, is a diatonic spanning two semitones, such as from C to D in the scale. This forms a fundamental building block of melodic and scalar structures, providing a sense of forward motion and stability within tonal frameworks. Acoustically, the major second exhibits a moderate level of consonance, arising from the alignment of partials in the harmonic series, though it can introduce subtle beating when not perfectly tuned, distinguishing it from more dissonant intervals like the minor second. In just intonation and Pythagorean tuning systems, the major second is defined by the pure frequency ratio of 9:8, which translates to approximately 203.91 cents (a cent being 1/100 of a semitone in equal temperament). This ratio derives from stacking two perfect fifths (3:2) and adjusting for the octave, emphasizing simplicity and harmonic purity favored in historical practices from ancient Greek theory through Renaissance polyphony. In contrast, equal temperament, the standard for modern Western music since the 18th century, divides the octave into 12 equal semitones, rendering the major second exactly 200 cents with a frequency ratio of $2^{2/12} \approx 1.12246:1. This slight compression (about 4 cents flatter than just intonation) enables seamless modulation across all keys but introduces minor inharmonicity, a trade-off historically debated by theorists like Vincenzo Galilei. The plays a pivotal role in scale construction, particularly as the "whole step" in the major scale's intervallic pattern of whole-whole-half-whole-whole-whole-half steps (W-W-H-W-W-W-H), where it outlines the first, second, fourth, and fifth scale degrees relative to the . For instance, in the scale, major seconds connect C to D, D to E, F to G, and G to A, contributing to the scale's bright, ascending character. In notation, the interval is represented simply as a second in notation, but in , it appears as the numeral "2" above the bass note, implying the diatonic major second unless altered. In modern symbols, an added major second is denoted as "add2" or occasionally "M2," as in a C(add2) (C-E-G-D), which adds tension through the non-chord tone D while maintaining overall consonance; this voicing appears in compositions like the melodic lines of J.S. Bach's Invention No. 1 in , where parallel major seconds enhance contrapuntal flow.

Brands and products

M2 refers to several niche commercial products and brands across various industries, distinct from broader economic or scientific contexts. In the cryptocurrency sector, M2 is associated with UniJoin Mixer, a Bitcoin mixing service launched in 2022 that operates via the domain m2.criptomixer.io. This service employs CoinJoin technology to pool user funds with those of other participants, thereby obfuscating transaction origins and enhancing privacy for cryptocurrency users seeking in their financial activities. As of 2025, the service remains operational, with no reported shutdowns or major regulatory actions against it, though cryptocurrency mixers in general face scrutiny for potential use in illicit activities such as . The Tutima M2 is a prominent line of luxury watches produced by Tutima Glashütte/Sa., a manufacturer based in established in 1927. Known for its sporty, robust designs inspired by specifications from the , the series includes models like the M2 Seven Seas and M2 Coastline, featuring automatic movements, water resistance up to 500 meters, and edgeless case construction for a sleek aesthetic. These watches emphasize and durability, with unique selling points such as crystal bezels and in-house calibers, appealing to enthusiasts of tool watches. Another watch brand incorporating is M2Z Watches, specializing in timepieces with influences and like cases and anti-reflective crystals. Manufactured for with 200-meter water resistance, these models highlight monobloc construction for enhanced structural integrity and luminous dials for low-light visibility, positioning them as niche options for underwater enthusiasts. In the tooling industry, designates a grade of (HSS) used in specialized and chiseling tools, often cryogenically treated for superior edge retention and toughness up to 65 HRC hardness. Brands like Hurricane Turning Tools offer Cryo HSS sets, including gouges and scrapers, which provide extended sharpness compared to standard HSS, making them ideal for intricate tasks without frequent re-sharpening. These tools are valued in niche markets for their cryogenic processing, which reduces wear and improves performance in demanding applications.

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