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MPP

Massively parallel processing (MPP) is a distributed computing architecture that coordinates numerous processors—often numbering in the hundreds or thousands—operating independently across multiple nodes to divide and execute large-scale computational tasks simultaneously, leveraging distributed memory to achieve scalability and high throughput for data-intensive workloads.^[1]^[2] Unlike shared-memory systems such as symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), MPP architectures assign discrete memory to each processing node, necessitating specialized programming models like message passing interface (MPI) to manage inter-node communication and data distribution.^[3]^[4] This design excels in environments requiring massive parallelism, such as big data analytics, where queries and processing are partitioned across nodes to minimize bottlenecks and accelerate query response times.^[5] MPP has underpinned advancements in supercomputing since the 1980s, powering applications in scientific modeling, genome sequencing, and climate simulations by enabling the parallel evaluation of complex algorithms on petabyte-scale datasets.^[3]^[1] In contemporary data warehousing and cloud platforms like Azure Synapse Analytics, MPP facilitates elastic scaling, allowing systems to handle exponential data growth without proportional increases in latency, though it demands careful optimization to mitigate overhead from data shuffling between nodes.^[5]^[6]

Politics and Government

Migrant Protection Protocols

The Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP), informally known as "Remain in Mexico," is a United States immigration enforcement policy that requires certain non-Mexican nationals seeking asylum at the southern border to await adjudication of their claims in Mexico rather than being released into the United States.^[7] The policy was first announced by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) on January 24, 2019, with implementation guidance issued the following day by then-Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, initially applying to migrants arriving in the El Paso sector and expanding nationwide by July 2019.^[8] Under MPP, eligible individuals—typically single adults or family units expressing fear of return—are processed for expedited removal but offered the chance to request asylum; if they do not qualify for an exception, they are returned to Mexico to attend U.S. immigration hearings via videoconference or in person.^[9] The policy aimed to address systemic incentives for frivolous asylum claims amid surging border encounters, which exceeded 400,000 apprehensions of non-Mexican family units and unaccompanied minors in fiscal year 2018, by leveraging Mexico's cooperation to deter migratory flows and reduce releases into the U.S. interior that contributed to a backlog of over 1 million immigration court cases. Empirical outcomes under the initial implementation (MPP 1.0) showed asylum grant rates below 1 percent for completed cases, with approximately 71,000 enrollees resulting in only 641 grants, 32,638 removal orders, and 9,206 terminations for other reasons, indicating that the policy filtered claims with low merit compared to overall defensive asylum approval rates of around 20-30 percent in the same period.^[10] ^[11] Recidivism data revealed that about one-third of returned migrants were re-apprehended attempting illegal re-entry, underscoring persistent pull factors but also the policy's role in disrupting immediate releases.^[12] MPP faced extensive litigation, with asylum advocacy groups challenging it on due process and non-refoulement grounds; a Northern District of California ruling halted expansions in 2019, but the Ninth Circuit partially upheld it, and the Supreme Court in 2020 affirmed DHS's authority while remanding for further review.^[13] The Biden administration suspended new enrollments on January 20, 2021, citing humanitarian concerns, but a Texas district court ordered reinstatement in August 2021, leading to MPP 2.0 with limited scope (about 5,000 additional enrollees before termination in June 2022 via prosecutorial discretion).^[10] The Supreme Court in December 2021 permitted formal rescission but required notice and accommodation for prior enrollees, after which DHS ended the program, though border encounters subsequently surged to over 2.4 million in fiscal year 2022.^[14] Implementation data from MPP 1.0, which enrolled roughly 68,000 migrants primarily from Central America (e.g., Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador), demonstrated a deterrent effect: southwest border family unit apprehensions fell from peaks of 70,000 per month in mid-2019 to under 20,000 by late 2020, correlating with MPP's expansion and Mexico's interior enforcement under bilateral agreements.^[12] ^[15] Critics, including human rights organizations, highlighted risks of violence in Mexican border cities, with reports of kidnappings and assaults on waiting migrants, though DHS assessments noted that 89 percent of MPP participants did not request return to the U.S. for safety reasons, and low asylum success rates suggested many claims lacked credible fear of persecution under international standards.^[15] The policy was expanded to Brazilian nationals in January 2020 but paused for certain vulnerable groups like pregnant women or those with acute medical needs.^[12] In January 2025, following changes in U.S. administration, DHS reinstated MPP effective immediately, citing deteriorated border conditions with monthly encounters exceeding 200,000 in late 2024 and renewed Mexico cooperation, marking a return to the policy's core mechanism to manage asylum flows amid ongoing legal and operational refinements.^[16] This reactivation aligns with empirical evidence that paroling claimants into the U.S. incentivizes volume over validity, as non-MPP border asylum claims historically feature grant rates under 10 percent when adjusted for representation and nationality risks, contrasting with higher rates for interior or vetted applicants.^[17]

Member of Provincial Parliament

A Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) is the elected representative serving in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, the unicameral legislature of Canada's most populous province. The title applies exclusively to Ontario, distinguishing it from the "Member of the Legislative Assembly" (MLA) designation used in other provinces. MPPs number 124, each representing a geographic electoral district called a riding, which collectively cover Ontario's population of approximately 15 million.^[18]^[19]^[20] MPPs are elected via a first-past-the-post voting system during provincial general elections, which must occur at least every four years under Ontario's fixed-date election law established in 2005, though early elections can be called if the government loses a confidence vote. Eligible voters, aged 18 and older and resident in Ontario, select one candidate per riding from party-nominated or independent contenders. The most recent election, held on June 2, 2022, resulted in a majority Progressive Conservative government led by Premier Doug Ford, securing 83 seats.^[21]^[22] In the legislature, MPPs debate and vote on bills concerning provincial jurisdictions, including education, healthcare, infrastructure, and natural resources, as defined by Canada's constitutional division of powers. Government MPPs may hold cabinet positions, while all participate in standing committees scrutinizing policy and expenditures. Beyond Queen's Park in Toronto, MPPs maintain constituency offices to address local issues, such as advocating for funding or resolving bureaucratic matters for residents.^[19]^[23]^[24] Unlike federal Members of Parliament (MPs), who handle national affairs in Ottawa, MPPs focus solely on subnational matters and lack authority over federal domains like defense or international trade. Party discipline is strong, with MPPs typically voting along caucus lines, though independent or opposition MPPs can influence outcomes through amendments or procedural motions. Salaries for MPPs are set by the Integrity Commissioner and adjusted periodically; as of 2023, base pay stands at around CAD $116,550 annually, plus expense allowances.^[20]^[23]

Computing and Technology

Massively Parallel Processing

Massively parallel processing (MPP) is a computational paradigm that employs a large number of processors, often numbering in the hundreds or thousands, to execute tasks concurrently by partitioning workloads into independent subtasks processed simultaneously across distributed nodes.^[25]^[26] This approach contrasts with sequential processing by leveraging parallelism to achieve significant speedups for data-intensive operations, particularly in environments where problems can be decomposed into loosely coupled components.^[27] MPP systems typically feature distributed memory architectures, where each processing node operates independently with its own local memory, minimizing shared resource contention but requiring explicit data communication via message passing. The origins of MPP trace back to the late 1970s and early 1980s, driven by demands for high-performance computing in specialized applications such as image processing. An early exemplar was the Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) developed by Goodyear Aerospace for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, delivered in 1983 with 16,384 processors dedicated to analyzing satellite imagery and breaking computational bottlenecks in data-heavy simulations.^[28] Subsequent advancements included W. Daniel Hillis's Connection Machine systems in the mid-1980s, which pioneered scalable SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) architectures for massively parallel execution in scientific and AI research.^[29] By the 1990s, MPP had become integral to supercomputing, with systems like the Intel Paragon supporting over 1,000 processors for general-purpose parallel workloads, evolving from custom hardware to commodity clusters.^[30] In terms of architecture, MPP implementations often adopt a shared-nothing model, especially in database contexts, where data is partitioned across nodes to enable local processing without centralized bottlenecks, facilitating linear scalability as nodes are added.^[31] This differs from more loosely coupled distributed computing, which spans independent systems over networks with higher latency, whereas MPP emphasizes coordinated, low-latency inter-node communication for synchronized parallelism within a unified framework.^[32] Modern MPP leverages off-the-shelf components, including graphics processing units (GPUs) capable of handling tens of thousands of threads, as seen in high-performance computing clusters for tasks requiring massive thread-level parallelism.^[2] Key applications of MPP include big data analytics in MPP databases such as Teradata, which distribute queries across nodes for petabyte-scale processing, and scientific simulations in fields like weather forecasting and genomics.^[3]^[33] In machine learning, MPP architectures accelerate training on vast datasets by parallelizing matrix operations across GPU arrays.^[2] MPP offers advantages in scalability, where performance scales nearly linearly with added processors for embarrassingly parallel tasks, and fault tolerance through node redundancy, enabling continuous operation despite individual failures.^[34] However, it introduces challenges such as the complexity of even data distribution to avoid hotspots, which can degrade efficiency if partitions are imbalanced, and elevated overhead from inter-node synchronization and query optimization.^[33]^[4] These systems also demand substantial initial investment in hardware and expertise, limiting adoption to high-volume environments despite their efficacy for large-scale, decomposable computations.^[26]

Education

Master of Public Policy

The Master of Public Policy (MPP) is a professional graduate degree that trains students in the analytical methods for designing, evaluating, and implementing public policies across sectors such as government, nonprofits, and international organizations.^[35] Unlike the Master of Public Administration (MPA), which prioritizes administrative execution and management of policies, the MPP emphasizes rigorous policy formulation, economic analysis, and evidence-based decision-making.^[35] Programs typically span two years of full-time study, combining coursework with practical applications like policy simulations and capstone projects to build skills in quantitative analysis and stakeholder negotiation.^[36]^[37] Core curricula in MPP programs draw from disciplines including economics, political science, statistics, and ethics, requiring students to master tools for cost-benefit analysis, econometric modeling, and program evaluation.^[38]^[39] Common requirements include foundational courses in microeconomics, quantitative methods (such as regression analysis and data interpretation), public finance, and policy design, often culminating in a policy analysis exercise or thesis that applies these skills to real-world problems.^[39]^[37] Many programs offer concentrations in areas like environmental policy, health policy, or international development, allowing specialization through electives and internships.^[40] Some variants, such as one-year accelerated tracks or fully online formats, adapt the degree for mid-career professionals, incorporating concentrations in national security, cyber policy, or public law.^[41]^[42] Admission to MPP programs requires a bachelor's degree with a strong academic record and evidence of quantitative proficiency, often demonstrated through coursework in calculus, statistics, or economics, or standardized tests like the GRE.^[39] While some programs admit recent undergraduates, others, such as Princeton's, mandate at least seven years of full-time professional experience in public or nonprofit sectors to ensure applicants can handle the program's intensity.^[43] Application materials typically include resumes, statements of purpose, letters of recommendation, and transcripts, with selective programs like those at Harvard or Stanford accepting cohorts of 150-200 students annually based on holistic review.^[39]^[36] Graduates of MPP programs enter roles such as policy analysts, legislative assistants, research fellows, or strategy consultants, with median salaries for urban planners (a common outcome) at $80,600 as of recent data.^[44] Employment rates are high, with 90% of seekers from programs like the University of Chicago's Harris School securing positions within months, often in federal agencies, think tanks, or consulting firms.^[45] Alumni outcomes include advancement to senior positions like head of public policy or program evaluators, leveraging skills in budgeting, grant writing, and data-driven advocacy.^[44]^[46] Accreditation by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA) signifies that programs meet global standards for curriculum rigor, faculty expertise, and student competencies in policy analysis and ethical leadership, with over 300 accredited master's programs worldwide as of 2024.^[47]^[48] NASPAA evaluates programs on universal competencies like leading and managing in public governance, analyzing and synthesizing data, and articulating policy recommendations, ensuring alignment with professional demands.^[49]

Organizations and Advocacy

Marijuana Policy Project

The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) is a Washington, D.C.-based 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization dedicated to reforming cannabis policy by advocating for the legalization of marijuana for adult recreational and medical use, regulated akin to alcohol. Founded in January 1995 by Rob Kampia, Michael Kirshner, and Chuck Thomas—activists who previously worked at the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML)—MPP emerged at a time when cannabis remained fully prohibited federally and in every state, with no congressional bills addressing reform.^[50]^[51]^[52] The group's core strategy emphasizes ending prohibition to curb enforcement costs, dismantle black markets, generate tax revenue, and prioritize treatment over incarceration, drawing on data showing disproportionate arrests for low-level possession—over 8.2 million from 2001 to 2010 alone, predominantly affecting non-white individuals despite similar usage rates across demographics.^[53]^[51] MPP pursues change through state-level lobbying, ballot initiative support, coalition-building with lawmakers and businesses, and public education to counter misinformation on risks like impaired driving or youth access, which it argues are better managed via regulation than criminalization. Key tactics include drafting legislation for decriminalization and regulated markets, funding campaigns (e.g., contributing in-kind services worth $341,640 to Massachusetts Question 4 in 2016, which legalized adult use), and rebutting opponent claims with evidence from post-legalization states showing stable or declining teen usage rates per federal surveys.^[50]^[54]^[55] The organization has influenced reforms in states like Vermont, where it led a four-year push culminating in 2013 decriminalization of simple possession (reducing penalties to a $100 fine for up to one ounce), and supported South Dakota's 2020 dual ballot victories for medical and adult-use legalization—the first such paired success nationwide.^[56] As of 2025, MPP reports involvement in advancing legalization across more than half of U.S. states permitting recreational sales, yielding billions in annual tax revenue (e.g., $3.7 billion collected nationwide in 2023) while arrests for possession dropped over 90% in reformed jurisdictions.^[55]^[51] Under Executive Director Adam J. Smith, appointed July 15, 2025, the group focuses on federal descheduling efforts, equity provisions like conviction expungement, and countering rollback attempts, such as Ohio's SB 56 passed October 23, 2025, which recriminalized certain voter-approved provisions despite an 87-8 legislative vote.^[57]^[53] Funding derives mainly from individual donors across all states, supplemented by foundations and cannabis industry contributions for specific campaigns, though MPP discloses limited details beyond tax filings showing reliance on non-corporate grassroots support to maintain advocacy independence.^[58]^[59] Critics, including prohibition advocates, question whether MPP's push overlooks potential rises in high-potency products or traffic fatalities post-legalization (up 5-10% in some studies), but the organization cites regulatory data indicating net public safety gains from licensed testing and age controls.^[60]^[54]

Medicines Patent Pool

The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) is an international public health organization established in July 2010 by UNITAID, an agency funded by innovative financing from countries including Brazil, Chile, France, Norway, South Korea, and the United Kingdom, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.^[61]^[62] Its core mechanism involves negotiating non-exclusive voluntary licenses from patent-holding pharmaceutical innovators, enabling generic manufacturers in designated low- and middle-income countries to produce and distribute affordable versions of essential medicines, primarily targeting diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis C, and, more recently, COVID-19.^[63] This approach aims to balance patent incentives for innovation with expanded access, without resorting to compulsory licensing, by facilitating technology transfer and quality-assured production.^[64] MPP's operations focus on high-burden health priorities, with initial emphasis on antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV treatment. By 2010, the U.S. government became the first entity to contribute patents to the pool, including those for darunavir, a protease inhibitor used in HIV regimens.^[65] Over time, MPP secured licenses for over 20 priority medicines, covering more than 100 patents across therapeutic areas; for instance, agreements with companies like Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare have enabled pediatric formulations and long-acting injectables for HIV, while tuberculosis licenses support child-friendly dispersible tablets.^[66] These licenses typically exclude higher-income markets and impose royalties capped at 3-5% on sales in eligible countries, with provisions for sub-licensing to promote local manufacturing capacity.^[67] Empirical assessments indicate substantial public health impacts from MPP's model. Through voluntary licensing since inception, over 43 billion treatment doses have been supplied globally, averting an estimated 1.4 million HIV-related deaths and generating US$2.3 billion in direct savings for procurers, alongside theoretical savings of US$10 billion compared to originator prices.^[68]^[69] Peer-reviewed analyses, including those examining diffusion patterns, find that MPP licensing accelerates generic entry by 2-3 years in pooled countries, enhances innovation through follow-on formulations (e.g., fixed-dose combinations), and does not demonstrably reduce originator R&D incentives, as evidenced by sustained patent filings post-licensing.^[67] For hepatitis C, MPP-facilitated generics reduced treatment costs from US$1,000 per course to under US$50 in licensed markets, enabling scale-up in resource-limited settings.^[70] Despite these outcomes, MPP's voluntary framework has faced scrutiny for limitations inherent to its structure. Licenses often exclude populous middle-income countries like China, Brazil, and Russia—markets representing significant demand—due to innovator reluctance to forgo revenues, potentially constraining broader diffusion; critics argue this reflects pharmaceutical companies' prioritization of profits over maximal access, framing participation as partial philanthropy rather than comprehensive reform.^[71]^[72] Independent evaluations note that while MPP mitigates patent thickets (overlapping intellectual property barriers), it does not address all access hurdles, such as regulatory delays or supply chain issues, and its dependence on company goodwill limits scalability compared to statutory flexibilities under TRIPS agreements.^[73] Nonetheless, econometric studies affirm net positive effects on both access and incremental innovation, without evidence of anticompetitive harm.^[74]

Metal Powder Products

Metal Powder Products (MPP) is a United States-based manufacturer specializing in custom-engineered components produced via powder metallurgy (PM), metal injection molding (MIM), and related processes.^[75] The company produces high-precision parts such as gears, bearings, bushings, and spacers, primarily serving industries including automotive, hydraulics, appliances, and medical devices.^[76] With operations focused on lightweighting materials, enhancing component strength, and solving production challenges through net-shape manufacturing, MPP emphasizes efficiency in material use and design complexity.^[77] Founded in 1948 in Logan, Ohio, MPP began as a pioneer in powder metal technology and has since expanded through organic growth and acquisitions.^[77] Key milestones include the acquisition of Carbon City Products in 1986, Powdered Metal Products in 1999, NetShape Technologies in 2018—which prompted a rebranding to MPP—and Proform Powdered Metals in 2021.^[77] In 2016, the company was acquired by Mill Point Capital LLC, a private equity firm, enabling further investments in capacity and innovation.^[77] By 2023, MPP operated seven plants across North America, producing over 290 million parts annually for more than 500 customers and shipping to over 40 countries.^[77] The firm has received the Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) Part-of-the-Year award 45 times since 1966, recognizing excellence in PM design and production.^[77] MPP's core processes involve compacting metal powders into shapes under high pressure, followed by sintering to achieve density and strength, often with secondary operations like heat treating, machining, and assembly.^[78] Expertise extends to aluminum powder metallurgy parts and complex geometries unattainable via traditional machining, reducing waste and costs in high-volume applications.^[78] In recent years, the company has targeted electrification markets, securing its largest-ever contract in 2025 as part of a strategic push under new leadership.^[79] Labor relations have faced challenges amid private equity ownership, particularly at the Campbellsburg, Indiana facility, where workers represented by IUE-CWA Local 88502 held pickets in June 2025 after over a year of stalled contract negotiations.^[80] Critics, including employee advocates, have attributed workplace instability to cost-cutting measures post-acquisition, contrasting with prior stability in the metal powder sector.^[81] Headquartered in Noblesville, Indiana since a 2018 relocation from Indianapolis, MPP continues to advance PM innovations while navigating these operational dynamics.^[77]

Economics

Marginal Physical Product

The marginal physical product (MPP) of an input factor, such as labor or capital, measures the additional quantity of physical output produced by employing one more unit of that input while holding all other inputs constant.^[82] ^[83] This concept applies primarily to the short-run production process, where at least one input is fixed, and it reflects the incremental contribution of the variable input to total physical output, often denoted as total product (TP).^[84] In discrete terms, MPP is calculated as the change in total product divided by the change in the input quantity, or MPP = ΔTP / Δinput.^[85] For continuous production functions, such as Q = f(L, K) where Q is output, L is labor, and K is fixed capital, the MPP of labor is the partial derivative ∂Q/∂L, representing the slope of the total product curve at a given input level.^[86] MPP typically rises initially due to specialization and efficiency gains but eventually diminishes under the law of diminishing marginal returns, where additional units of input yield progressively smaller output increments as the fixed inputs become constraining.^[87] Distinct from marginal revenue product (MRP), which incorporates the market value of output by multiplying MPP by marginal revenue (MRP = MPP × MR), MPP focuses solely on physical units and informs production efficiency rather than profitability directly.^[88] In firm decision-making, MPP guides input adjustments to maximize output per unit of variable resource, with optimal employment occurring where the input's price equates to its value contribution, though MRP is more directly relevant for demand derivation.^[89] Empirical analysis of MPP, often derived from production data, underpins assessments of technological efficiency and resource allocation in industries like agriculture or manufacturing, where input-output relationships are observable.^[90]

Other Specialized Uses

Microsoft Project Plan

A Microsoft Project Plan refers to a project management file created and managed using Microsoft Project software, typically saved in the proprietary .MPP binary format. This format encapsulates comprehensive project data, including task lists, resource assignments, timelines, dependencies, budgets, and baselines, enabling users to develop, track, and execute project schedules. Introduced with early versions of Microsoft Project in the 1980s, the .MPP format has evolved to support advanced features like critical path analysis and earned value management, though it remains incompatible with non-Microsoft tools without conversion.^[91]^[92] Core elements of an .MPP file include hierarchical task structures, where tasks can be linked via finish-to-start, start-to-start, or other dependency types to model workflow sequences. Resource management within the plan allows assignment of personnel, equipment, or materials with associated costs and availability calendars, facilitating workload leveling and overtime calculations. Gantt charts visualize task durations and milestones, while network diagrams illustrate dependencies; these views update dynamically as changes occur, such as duration adjustments or constraint applications like "as soon as possible" or fixed dates. Budget tracking integrates cost rates and actual expenditures, supporting variance analysis against planned values.^[93]^[94] Compatibility challenges arise with version differences, as .MPP files from newer Microsoft Project releases (e.g., Project 2021 or later) may not open fully in older versions without feature loss or manual upgrades, prompting Microsoft to recommend XML exports (.xml) for interoperability. Third-party viewers or converters exist but often lack full fidelity, risking data corruption in complex plans with custom fields or macros. Integration with Microsoft tools like Excel for data import/export or Power BI for reporting enhances .MPP usability in enterprise environments. Security features include password protection, though the binary nature limits external auditing without specialized parsers.^[95]^[96] In practice, Microsoft Project Plans are employed across industries for initiatives ranging from construction timelines to software development sprints, with baseline snapshots enabling progress comparisons via earned value metrics like schedule variance (SV) and cost performance index (CPI). Recent updates in Microsoft Project for the web allow .MPP imports, bridging desktop and cloud workflows, though full feature parity requires subscription plans like Project Plan 3. Limitations include scalability issues for portfolios exceeding thousands of tasks and a learning curve for non-experts, often mitigated by templates for standard methodologies like Agile or Waterfall.^[97]^[98]

Mechanical Protection Plan

The Mechanical Protection Plan (MPP) is a vehicle service contract provider in the United States, specializing in extended warranties for new and pre-owned automobiles to cover mechanical breakdowns beyond manufacturer warranties.^[99] Founded in 1979 and headquartered in Merriam, Kansas, MPP Co., Inc. administers these contracts, which are underwritten by Old United Casualty Company, rated "A Excellent" for financial strength by A.M. Best.^[100] ^[101] The company has served over 5 million customers and paid more than $400 million in claims as of recent reports.^[99] MPP offers tiered coverage options tailored to vehicle age and type. For used vehicles, plans range from Bronze (basic powertrain coverage for engine and transmission components) to Platinum (exclusionary coverage resembling bumper-to-bumper protection, excluding only a short list of non-mechanical items like tires and body panels).^[100] New vehicle plans include Care (maintenance-focused), Elite, and Luxury Plus, with add-ons for scheduled maintenance such as oil changes, tire rotations, and chassis lubrication.^[100] Additional benefits typically encompass 24/7 roadside assistance (up to $100 per occurrence), towing (up to $100), and rental car reimbursement ($35 per day, maximum 10 days).^[100] Contracts are repair-cost focused, addressing the 35% average rise in automotive repair expenses over the past five years, and can be serviced at ASE-certified shops.^[99] Availability is limited to 10 states: Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Texas.^[100] MPP products are primarily sold through automotive dealerships, often as dealer-installed options, rather than direct-to-consumer online quotes, which has drawn criticism for lacking pricing transparency.^[100] The company holds an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau (accredited since 2013) and averages 4.5/5 in Google reviews, though it has faced around 30 resolved complaints in the past year related to claims processing.^[100] While MPP emphasizes comprehensive protection against unforeseen repair costs, independent analyses rate its overall value at 8.3/10, praising coverage breadth but noting regional restrictions and the absence of sample pricing as drawbacks.^[100] Consumer experiences vary, with some reporting reliable payouts for major components like transmissions, but extended warranties in general have been critiqued in financial studies for yielding net losses to buyers on average due to low claim frequencies relative to premiums.^[100] MPP maintains leadership in the service contract sector through affiliations, including with Berkshire Hathaway Automotive for select distributions.^[102]

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Difference Between Parallel and Distributed Computing - Baeldung
Apr 16, 2024 · Unlike parallel computing, which focuses on a single machine with tightly coupled processors, distributed computing deals with loosely coupled, ...
[33]
Teradata In The Cloud: Advantages And Disadvantages Of MPP ...
Apr 28, 2023 · MPP database systems' significant advantage is their biggest disadvantage: the distribution of data evenly across nodes. The even distribution ...
[34]
Massively Parallel Processing - Dremio
MPP enables fast processing speed, high scalability, and fault-tolerance. What are the limitations of MPP? Limitations include the inability to effectively ...Missing: disadvantages | Show results with:disadvantages
[35]
MPA/MPP Degrees - NASPAA
The MPP degree focuses upon formulating and evaluating public policy while the MPA degree focuses upon the implementation of public policy. Both programs ...
[36]
Graduate Program - Stanford Public Policy
The purpose of the master's program is to further develop knowledge and skills in public policy and to prepare students for a professional career or doctoral ...
[37]
MPP Core Curriculum | Master of Public Policy (MPP) | Programs
The core courses emphasize practical applications of analytical skills and encourage students to “learn by doing” through numerous exercises and projects.
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Master of Public Policy (MPP) | The University of Chicago
A two-year MPP program for students interested in developing the analytical skills needed to take on today's pressing policy challenges.<|separator|>
[39]
Master in Public Policy | Harvard Kennedy School
The two-year MPP Program prepares you to understand complex public problems and craft concrete solutions.
[40]
Master in Public Policy | The Catholic University of America | CUA
The concentration includes courses on ethics, program evaluation, international development policy, and specific field courses such as global health, education, ...
[41]
Master's in Public Policy (1-Year Program) | NYU Wagner
Tangible Career Outcomes. Graduates of ... Explore the application process for our MS in Public Policy program, including admissions criteria and deadlines.
[42]
Master of Public Policy - Academic Catalog - APUS
The Master of Public Policy program offers an online curriculum with concentrations in Cyber, Space, National Security, Environment, Public Law, or Health, ...
[43]
Master in Public Policy
A minimum of seven years of full-time work experience in the public or nonprofit sectors is required for admission. In preparation for the pace of the ...Missing: outcomes | Show results with:outcomes
[44]
MPP Career Outcomes - McCourt School of Public Policy
Our Graduates' Job Titles · Head of Public Policy · Policy Analyst · Research Fellow · K-12 Policy Analyst · Strategy Consultant · Legislative Assistant.
[45]
Overall Outcomes | Harris School of Public Policy
Out of 418 students seeking employment, 378 (90 percent) accepted employment. The following Harris programs are reflected in overall outcome data: Master of ...
[46]
Master of Public Policy
Outcomes and Careers ... Alumni of UConn's MPP program go on to successful careers as policy analysts, research associates, program analysts, and finance/budget ...
[47]
Roster of Accredited Programs - NASPAA
All NASPAA-accredited programs have successfully met the NASPAA Accreditation Standards for Professional Master's Degree Programs in Public and Nonprofit ...
[48]
[PDF] 2024-2025 ROSTER OF ACCREDITED PROGRAMS - NASPAA
Sep 1, 2024 · Nazarbayev University. Graduate School of Public Policy. MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. 2029-2030. MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY. 2029-2030. Mexico.
[49]
NASPAA: The Global Standard in Public Service Education
NASPAA is the recognized global accreditor of master's degree programs in these fields. NASPAA Strategic Plan · NASPAA Accreditation · Join NASPAA! NASPAA News.Roster of Accredited Programs · About · List of NASPAA Members · NASPAA Staff
[50]
Marijuana Policy Project - Ballotpedia
The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) is a national 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. It works to lobby state and federal governments ...
[51]
Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) - InfluenceWatch
Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) advocates for legalizing cannabis for adults and patients in the US at both the state and federal levels.
[52]
Overview of the Marijuana Policy Project
MPP, which was founded in January 1995, is the largest organization in the U.S. that's focused solely on enacting humane cannabis laws.
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Marijuana Policy Project - We Change Laws!
Support our efforts to end prohibition, fight for fairness, reduce crime, and boost local economies through marijuana policy reform.
[54]
MPP Rebuttals to Claims from Opponents of Cannabis Regulation
Here are some responses to common concerns against legalizing cannabis: Concerns about Impaired Driving / Road Safety, Concerns about Youth Using Cannabis.Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[55]
Ballot Initiatives - Marijuana Policy Project
In 2020, South Dakota became the first state in the country to legalize medical cannabis and adult-use cannabis on the same ballot.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[56]
Our History - Marijuana Policy Project
When MPP was founded in January 1995, medical cannabis was illegal in every state, and legislation to reform federal cannabis laws had not been introduced ...
[57]
Marijuana Policy Project Welcomes Adam J. Smith as New ...
Jul 15, 2025 · Marijuana Policy Project Welcomes Adam J. Smith as New Executive Director. Jul 15, 2025. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Tuesday, July 15, 2025. Contact: ...
[58]
Why donate to MPP? - Marijuana Policy Project
One hundred percent of our funding comes from the individual contributions of our members. MPP supporters come from every U.S. state, Puerto Rico, Great Britain ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
[59]
Marijuana Policy Project Profile: Summary - OpenSecrets
Ballot Measures. Ballot measures allow voters to vote directly on a law or policy change. Explore the ballot measures attracting the most spending and their ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[60]
The Effect of State Marijuana Legalizations: 2021 Update
Feb 2, 2021 · As of November 2020, the Marijuana Policy Project listed 23 states with bills to legalize marijuana, 14 with bills to decriminalize marijuana, ...<|separator|>
[61]
About Us - MPP - Medicines Patent Pool
History. MPP was established in 2010 by Unitaid. Its vision was that non-exclusive voluntary licensing through a public health agency would enable more ...
[62]
Creating access to affordable, high-quality medicines - Unitaid
Unitaid founded the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) in 2010 and remains its primary funder. ... Licenses negotiated by MPP permit other pharmaceutical manufacturers ...
[63]
MPP Home - The Medicines Patent Pool
The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) is a UN-backed international public health organisation dedicated to increasing access to essential medicines and health ...
[64]
Medicines Patent Pool Progress and Achievements
MPP's efforts in prioritizing medicines, signing agreements with innovators, & advancing Health through improved access to essential treatments.
[65]
US Government First to Share Patents with Medicines Patent Pool
Sep 30, 2010 · The Medicines Patent Pool is supported by UNITAID, an innovative global health financing mechanism that was co-founded by Brazil, Chile, France, ...
[66]
Prioritised Medicine Licenses - HIV | Tuberculosis | MPP
The mission of the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) is to facilitate the development of- and increase access to, life-saving medicines and health technologies ...
[67]
Global drug diffusion and innovation with the medicines patent pool
This paper studies the impact of the first joint licensing platform for patented drugs, the Medicines Patent Pool, on global drug diffusion and innovation.
[68]
Medicine & Treatment Access | MPP 2024 Annual Report
Jun 26, 2025 · Economic impact · The international community has saved US$ 2.3 billion by accessing MPP products. · In addition, US$ 10 billion in theoretical ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements<|separator|>
[69]
The economic and public health impact of intellectual property ...
Oct 25, 2021 · We aimed to study the economic and health effect of voluntary licensing for medicines for HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in low-income and middle-income ...
[70]
Patent pooling to increase access to essential medicines - PMC - NIH
In our feasibility analysis, we found that licensing through the patent pool could offer significant public health impact. In many low- and middle-income ...
[71]
Full article: Medicine patent pool – pharma philanthropy or PR?
Aug 3, 2015 · The criticisms of Merck's Agreement are mainly twofold, the selection of countries included and whether it will deliver increased access to HIV ...
[72]
The Medicines Patent Pool: A Remedy for the Anti-Commons
Apr 23, 2020 · The country scope is one of the great challenges for the Medicines Patent Pool because pharmaceutical companies do not like to give up large ...
[73]
Patent Pools: Intellectual Property Rights and Competition - PMC - NIH
Patent pools do not correct all problems associated with patent thickets. In this respect, patent pools might not stop the outsider problem from striking ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[74]
Licensing Life-Saving Drugs for Developing Countries: Evidence ...
In this paper, we exploit a rich data set on licensing from the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) that allows us to conduct such empirical analysis. Established by ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[75]
MPP: Custom-Engineered Powder Metal Solutions
Discover MPP's innovative powder metal solutions, offering precision and functionality with over 75 years of expertise in metal technologies.
[76]
Metal Powder Products 2025 Company Profile - PitchBook
Metal Powder Products, founded in 1948, manufactures powder metal components for automotive, hydraulic, and medical sectors, and is private equity-backed.
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https://mppinnovation.com/about
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Metal Powder Products Company
MPP has special expertise in the production of a number of powder metal components such as gears and aluminum powder metallurgy parts.
[79]
Inside a Transformational Year at MPP
Jun 3, 2025 · A landmark win representing the single largest piece of business in MPP's 75+ year history is a testament to the new vision and leadership at ...
[80]
MPP Workers Host Picket in Fight for Fair Contract - CWA-UNION.org
Jun 5, 2025 · Metal Powder Products Workers (IUE-CWA Local 88502) have been in negotiations for over a year with no agreement in sight.<|control11|><|separator|>
[81]
https://www.einpresswire.com/article/861974156/private-equity-is-breaking-metal-powder-products-mpp
[82]
marginal physical product - AmosWEB
Marginal physical product is the extra output generated by an extra input. Marginal physical product usually goes by the shorter name marginal product.
[83]
(2) Marginal Physical Product and Average Physical Product
The MPP is the amount of physical product that will be produced with the addition of one unit of a factor, other factors being given.
[84]
Marginal Product Definition, Types & Examples - Lesson - Study.com
Marginal product is the additional output produced as a result of one additional unit of an input being added to the production process.What is Marginal Product? · Importance of Marginal Product
[85]
Production Function - ReviewEcon.com
Marginal Product (MP) is the change in total product (the number produced by all workers) from hiring one more worker. If more than one worker is hired, the ...
[86]
[PDF] Total, Average, and Marginal Physical Products
... Marginal Physical Products ... The total product of labor is given by the function, x = f(L;K). We can graph this as a cross-section of the production function.
[87]
Marginal Physical Product Definition & Examples - Quickonomics
The Marginal Physical Product (MPP) is an economic concept that describes the additional output or product that is produced as a result of adding one more unit ...
[88]
Marginal Revenue Product (MRP) - Defintion, Calculate
MRP = MPP x MR ; MRP is the Marginal Revenue Product ; MPP is the Marginal Physical Product ; MR is the Marginal Revenue Earned.
[89]
Marginal physical product and marginal revenue product - Studocu
Marginal Physical Product refers to the change in output resulting from employing an additional unit of input, while keeping other inputs constant. It is ...
[90]
Marginal physical product: Meaning, Criticisms & Real-World Uses
Oct 16, 2025 · Marginal physical product (MPP) measures the additional physical output gained from adding one more unit of a variable input, holding other ...
[91]
MPP File Extension: What Is It & How to Open It - ProjectManager
Sep 26, 2025 · A MPP file is a file format that is exclusive to Microsoft Project. Each MPP file contains comprehensive information about a project.
[92]
File formats supported by Project desktop - Microsoft Support
The global file (Global.mpt) is a master template file that contains formatting information for all projects, but it cannot store tasks, resources, or ...
[93]
What Is Microsoft Project? Uses, Features and Pricing
Sep 25, 2025 · Microsoft Project is project management software that's used to create schedules, project plans, manage resources and keep track of time.
[94]
What Is Microsoft Project in Project Management? Uses, Features ...
Jul 23, 2025 · Microsoft Project as a program is used to manage project planning, project scheduling, and project control to enhance organizational success.Microsoft Project Views · Microsoft Project Features · Plans and Pricing
[95]
Opening Project MPP files from different versions - Microsoft Support
Trying to open an .MPP file that was created in a later version of Project? Here's what's available. Want more info? See File formats supported by Project.
[96]
Open a project file - Microsoft Support
Open a Project file (MPP) the same way you open files in other Office programs. If you are connected to Project Web App or need to open a file from a ...
[97]
Microsoft Project Online Feature Details - ProjectOnline
Jan 25, 2023 · Core functionality · Project planning, management, and publishing · Task and resource management · Portfolios, reporting and business intelligence.
[98]
Buy Microsoft Planner and Project Plan 3 - Microsoft 365
Features · Rich task management capabilities · Ready-made project templates · Collaborate in a simple, unified experience · Visual, interactive roadmaps · Make ...
[99]
MPP - Mechanical Protection Plan: Welcome To MPP.com ...
We provide vehicle service contracts (frequently referred to as extended warranties), maintenance contracts, paintless dent repair, lease wear coverage and ...Contact Us · Customer Service · MPP Care Coverage · Warranty Plans
[100]
MPP Warranty Reviews, Coverage and Cost (2025)
### MPP Warranty Summary
[101]
About - MPP - Mechanical Protection Plan
We are the Mechanical Protection Plan®, your trusted driving companion since 1979. Contact Us. Name.
[102]
MPP - Mechanical Protection Plan - Berkshire Hathaway Automotive
Care acts as a compliment to your Vehicle Service Contract by covering your vehicle's basic manufacturer recommended scheduled maintenance.