Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Merlot

Merlot is a black-berried grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera, originating from the Bordeaux region of southwestern France, where it has been cultivated for centuries to produce red wines known for their round, structured profile and use in both varietal bottlings and blends.^[1]^[2] Genetic studies have confirmed Merlot's parentage as a cross between Cabernet Franc and the rare cultivar Magdeleine Noire des Charentes, with the variety likely emerging in the 18th century or earlier, as evidenced by historical records and archaeological seeds linked to the 'Merlot' morphoclade dating back to 125–150 AD in Roman-era Languedoc.^[3]^[4] Known by synonyms such as Merlot noir, Alicante, and Crabutet noir, it features medium-sized, cylindrical bunches of large, spherical berries with thin skins, making it vigorous and adaptable but susceptible to diseases like downy mildew and winter injury.^[1]^[5] As one of the world's most important wine grapes, Merlot ranked fourth in global plantings in 2015 with 266,000 hectares across 37 countries, led by France (112,000 hectares), Italy, the United States, and Chile.^[2] In Bordeaux, it dominates the Right Bank appellations like Pomerol and Saint-Émilion, often comprising over 50% of blends to soften the structure of Cabernet Sauvignon, while standalone Merlot wines exhibit milder tannins and high demand for their versatile, high-quality character suitable for both youthful consumption and aging.^[6]^[5]

History and Origins

Genetic Parentage

The genetic parentage of the Merlot grape variety (Vitis vinifera) was elucidated through DNA analysis conducted by researchers at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA, now INRAE) in France. In 2008, a study utilizing microsatellite simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiling across 55 nuclear and three chloroplast loci analyzed over 2,000 grape cultivars from a French germplasm repository, confirming Merlot as a natural offspring of Cabernet Franc as the paternal parent and Magdeleine Noire des Charentes as the maternal parent.^[7] This spontaneous cross likely occurred in southwestern France, highlighting Merlot's deep roots in the region's viticultural heritage. Subsequent genetic studies have reinforced these findings, with analyses of broader Vitis vinifera collections using SSR markers and whole-genome sequencing validating the parent-offspring relationships and excluding alternative candidates like Carmenère, which shares a half-sibling status with Merlot through their common Cabernet Franc lineage.^[8] Merlot exhibits close genetic affinities to other Bordeaux red varieties, including shared allelic markers with Cabernet Franc (its direct progenitor), Malbec (also known as Cot, part of the same kinship cluster), and Petit Verdot, reflecting a network of inter-relatedness among these cultivars derived from ancient crosses in the Bordeaux gene pool.^[7] Merlot's lineage has significant implications for its clonal diversity, as somatic mutations accumulated over centuries of propagation have generated numerous variants within the variety. Studies on Merlot clones reveal higher intra-varietal genetic variation compared to some other Vitis vinifera cultivars, with mutation rates influenced by its hybrid origins; for instance, phased genome assemblies have identified periclinal chimeras and single nucleotide variants specific to Merlot haplotypes, contributing to phenotypic differences in berry size, ripening, and disease resistance among clones.^[9] This diversity underscores the importance of clonal selection programs to preserve and optimize Merlot's adaptability in modern viticulture.^[10]

Historical Development and Naming

Morphometric analysis of archaeological grape seeds has linked varieties in the 'Merlot' morphoclade to Roman-era sites in Languedoc, France, with well-preserved seeds dated to approximately 125–150 AD suggesting early cultivation or exchange of ancestral forms in the region.^[4] The earliest documented mention of the Merlot grape appears in the notes of a Bordeaux official in 1784, where it was referred to under the synonym "Merlau" and noted for producing high-quality wine in the Libournais region on Bordeaux's Right Bank.^[11] Although unconfirmed references to similar dark-berried vines exist in earlier French viticultural texts, Merlot's distinct identity as a variety solidified in the late 18th century, likely as a natural cross from local Bordeaux stock. Genetic analysis later confirmed its parentage, with Cabernet Sauvignon identified as a close relative through shared ancestry with Cabernet Franc.^[12] The name "Merlot" derives from the French word "merle," meaning blackbird, a diminutive form referencing the grape's deep blue-black berries that resemble the bird's plumage or attract the birds due to their appeal.^[13] This etymology is widely accepted among viticultural historians, tracing back to the Occitan dialect spoken in southwestern France, where the variety originated. Alternative folk theories suggesting a link to "mûr tôt" (early ripening), reflecting the grape's tendency to mature ahead of Cabernet Sauvignon, lack strong historical substantiation and are considered less likely.^[14] During the 19th century, Merlot's plantings expanded rapidly across Bordeaux, particularly on the Right Bank in areas like Pomerol and Saint-Émilion, where it thrived in clay soils and produced softer, more approachable wines than the tannic Cabernet Sauvignon. The phylloxera epidemic, which devastated French vineyards from the 1860s to the 1880s, accelerated this rise; Merlot demonstrated greater resilience during replanting on phylloxera-resistant American rootstocks, grafting more successfully and allowing for quicker recovery of production. By the late 19th century, it had become a staple in Bordeaux blends, contributing to the region's economic rebound.^[12]^[15] Merlot's global dissemination accelerated in the 20th century, especially after World War II, as European emigrants and international trade introduced cuttings to new regions, including California, where plantings surged from obscurity in the mid-19th century to widespread cultivation by the 1970s, transforming it into a standalone international favorite by the late 20th century.^[16]

Viticulture

Growing Conditions

Merlot thrives in temperate climates characterized by warm days and cool nights, which help maintain acidity and develop complex flavors in the grapes. The optimal growing season temperatures range from 20-25°C (68-77°F), allowing for balanced ripening without excessive heat stress.^[17] Harvest typically occurs in early to mid-September in the Northern Hemisphere, aligning with the grape's early maturation cycle.^[18] The variety prefers well-drained gravelly or clay-limestone soils, such as those found on Bordeaux's Right Bank, which provide warmth retention and nutrient availability while preventing waterlogging.^[19] Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot shows greater tolerance for cooler and wetter conditions, making it suitable for a broader range of sites with marginal warmth.^[20] Merlot exhibits early bud break in early spring, often shortly after Chardonnay, which increases its vulnerability to spring frosts but enables it to capitalize on longer growing periods in temperate zones. It ripens 7-14 days earlier than Cabernet Sauvignon, rendering it adaptable to cooler, marginal climates where later-ripening varieties might struggle.^[21] Regarding water needs, Merlot demonstrates moderate drought tolerance, enabling survival in moderately dry conditions, but it benefits significantly from supplemental irrigation in arid regions to sustain yield and quality. However, the grape is sensitive to frost damage during bud break and to excessive humidity, which can promote bunch rot and necessitate careful site selection or management.^[18]^[22]

Cultivation Practices and Challenges

Merlot vines are typically trained using the Guyot or bilateral cordon systems to manage canopy growth, balance vegetative vigor, and ensure even ripening across clusters.^[23] The Guyot system involves cane pruning with one or two fruiting canes retained per vine, promoting controlled bud counts of 6-10 per vine to limit yields to an ideal range of 40-60 hectoliters per hectare for optimal fruit quality.^[24] Cordon pruning, by contrast, uses permanent arms with short spurs, facilitating mechanical operations in flatter terrains while maintaining similar yield targets through precise spur selection.^[23] These systems enhance sunlight interception and air flow, reducing disease risk and supporting consistent phenolic development in berries. Merlot exhibits high susceptibility to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator), and black rot (Guignardia bidwellii), necessitating integrated management with fungicides and cultural practices like leaf removal for better canopy aeration.^[25] In humid environments, these pathogens can cause significant cluster losses, with Merlot's thin-skinned berries particularly vulnerable during flowering and veraison.^[2] To mitigate this, resistant clones such as Merlot Kanthus, developed through interspecific hybridization post-2000, have been introduced, offering improved tolerance to both mildews while preserving traditional wine characteristics.^[26] These clones reduce fungicide applications by up to 80% in trials, supporting sustainable viticulture.^[27] Yield control in Merlot cultivation relies on green harvesting, where excess clusters are manually removed mid-season to concentrate resources on remaining fruit, targeting 8-12 clusters per vine for balanced ripening and quality.^[28] This practice prevents overcropping, which can dilute flavors and elevate vegetative aromas in the resulting wine. Harvesting methods vary by terrain: hand-picking is preferred in steep or uneven vineyards to selectively remove unripe or damaged grapes, preserving integrity, while mechanical harvesters are employed in expansive, flat areas for efficiency, yielding comparable composition when vines are properly trained.^[29] Recent environmental pressures, particularly climate change, pose significant challenges to Merlot cultivation, with accelerated ripening observed in warming regions like Bordeaux and California in recent warm vintages such as 2023 and 2025. For example, in Bordeaux's 2025 vintage, some Merlot harvests began as early as late August due to warm conditions, while the 2024 vintage saw delays to mid-September amid heavy rains. Elevated temperatures advance phenological stages by 10-20 days, resulting in grapes reaching 14%+ alcohol potential before full flavor maturity, alongside reduced acidity levels, altering traditional wine balance.^[30] Adaptation strategies include earlier planting in cooler microclimates to extend the growing season and the use of shade cloths to mitigate heat stress, delaying sugar accumulation by 3-5 days in trials.^[31] Projections from IPCC-aligned models indicate potential yield reductions of 20-30% by 2050 in these traditional areas due to increased drought and heatwaves, prompting shifts toward resilient rootstocks and irrigation enhancements.^[32] In Bordeaux, the 2024 vintage yields were low due to mildew and uneven ripening from wet weather, while 2025 saw small berries and reduced volumes from drought stress, underscoring the need for adaptive practices.^[33]^[34]

Global Wine Regions

France

France is the world's leading producer of Merlot, with approximately 112,000 hectares planted nationwide, accounting for about 42% of the global total of 266,000 hectares as of 2015 data from the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV).^[2] Recent estimates suggest around 116,000 hectares in 2024.^[35] This dominance underscores Merlot's integral role in French viticulture, particularly within the strict Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) framework, which regulates grape varieties and blend compositions to maintain quality and typicity; for instance, Bordeaux AOC wines must incorporate Merlot alongside Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and others, with no single variety exceeding certain proportions in specific sub-appellations like Saint-Émilion, where Merlot often comprises at least 50% of the blend.^[36] Bordeaux serves as the primary hub for Merlot cultivation in France, where it occupies over 60% of the region's vineyard area, approximately 74,550 hectares as of 2020 estimates, making it the most planted variety in this prestigious area.^[37] On the Right Bank, in AOCs such as Saint-Émilion and Pomerol, Merlot dominates plantings—often reaching 70-80%—due to its affinity for clay and limestone soils, producing structured, plush wines that highlight its role as the principal component.^[38] In contrast, on the Left Bank appellations like Médoc and Graves, Merlot is blended with Cabernet Sauvignon for balance and complexity, typically comprising 20-40% of the assemblage to soften the latter's tannic intensity while adhering to AOC guidelines that permit up to 10% of authorized accessory varieties.^[37] Beyond Bordeaux, Merlot's presence is more limited in other French regions, though it plays a supporting role in Languedoc-Roussillon with nearly 30,000 hectares dedicated primarily to IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée) blends and varietal wines.^[39] In the Loire Valley, plantings are modest and concentrated in areas like Touraine and Anjou, where Merlot contributes to lighter red styles under IGP designations, representing less than 5% of the region's total vineyard area.^[40] Recent expansions in Southwest France since 2020 have focused on varietal Merlot expressions in emerging AOCs like Côtes de Duras and Bergerac, driven by demand for accessible single-variety reds and climate-adapted viticulture. Iconic producers exemplify Merlot's prestige in France, with Château Pétrus in Pomerol renowned for its 100% Merlot wines from old vines on unique blue clay soils, producing highly concentrated expressions that command premium prices. The 2022 vintage presented significant challenges across Bordeaux due to successive heatwaves from June to August, exacerbating drought stress and requiring vigilant canopy management to preserve freshness and acidity in Merlot grapes, resulting in lower yields but concentrated flavors in top sites.^[41]

Italy

Merlot holds a prominent position in northeastern Italy, where it dominates viticulture in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto, encompassing over 20,000 hectares of the country's total Merlot plantings. In these regions, the variety thrives in the diverse soils ranging from gravelly plains to hilly terrains, contributing to robust red wines that balance Merlot's plush fruitiness with local character. It is frequently blended with indigenous grapes like Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso, enhancing structure and adding notes of dark berry and herbal complexity to Friuli's traditional assemblages.^[42]^[43] In Tuscany and central Italy, Merlot's role emerged prominently in the 1970s through innovative Super Tuscan blends, where it complements Cabernet Sauvignon and other Bordeaux varieties in prestigious wines from areas like Bolgheri. Exemplars include contributions to cuvées such as those from Ornellaia and Sassicaia-inspired styles, which bypassed traditional Chianti regulations to emphasize international grape potential on Tuscan clay-limestone soils. Since the 2010s, standalone IGT Merlot varietals have surged in production and acclaim, with 100% Merlot bottlings like Masseto and L'Apparita demonstrating the grape's ability to yield opulent, age-worthy wines with black fruit and velvety tannins.^[44] Italy ranks as the world's second-largest Merlot producer after France, cultivating approximately 28,000 hectares.^[42] This scale underscores Merlot's versatility across the peninsula, from entry-level everyday reds to premium expressions. In Friuli's Grave del Friuli DOC, regulations permit up to 100% Merlot for varietal wines, fostering a range of styles from fresh, fruit-forward examples to more structured, oak-influenced versions that highlight the denomination's alluvial gravels.^[45]^[46] Recent advancements reflect Merlot's adaptation to modern challenges, including a notable uptick in organic conversions within Veneto's vineyards, where certified organic areas grew by around 6% nationally in 2023, with Veneto contributing significantly to this trend through sustainable practices on Merlot plots. In Emilia-Romagna, researchers are testing disease-resistant Merlot clones, such as Merlot Kanthus and Merlot Khorus, to bolster resilience against climate-induced stresses like increased humidity and pathogens, ensuring the variety's long-term viability in evolving conditions.^[47]

Spain

In Spain, Merlot occupies approximately 12,852 hectares of vineyards, ranking it among the country's prominent red grape varieties despite the dominance of indigenous cultivars like Tempranillo.^[48] The grape's adoption reflects a broader trend toward international varieties in Spanish winemaking, particularly in blends that enhance softness and fruitiness. Catalonia stands out as a primary hub for Merlot cultivation, with significant plantings in the Priorat and Penedès appellations, where it integrates into robust red blends alongside Garnacha and Cariñena, leveraging the region's Mediterranean climate for ripe expressions.^[49] In Penedès, Merlot contributes to both still reds and sparkling Cava bases, often dominating red plantings that span over 4,000 hectares collectively with Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo.^[50] Further north in Rioja, Merlot has gained traction since the late 20th century, when regulatory updates to the DO permitted limited use of international varieties to modernize traditional Tempranillo-based blends.^[51] Today, it comprises a small but influential portion of Rioja's 66,000 hectares under vine, adding plush texture and berry notes to crianzas and reservas without overshadowing the region's native character.^[52] Emerging plantings are also appearing in Ribera del Duero, where Merlot softens the intense Tempranillo-driven reds of this high-altitude plateau, and in Galicia's cooler coastal zones, though it remains secondary to local Albarino whites and Mencía reds.^[53] These developments underscore Merlot's adaptability across Spain's diverse terroirs. Spanish Merlot wines typically exhibit softer, fruit-forward profiles shaped by the nation's warmer continental and Mediterranean climates, yielding aromas of ripe blackberry, plum, and subtle herbal undertones rather than the herbaceous edge seen in cooler regions.^[48] In Catalonia's sun-drenched vineyards, this translates to approachable, velvety reds with moderate tannins, while Rioja blends offer balanced elegance. Recent EU approvals for disease-resistant hybrids since 2021 have begun influencing post-2023 plantings, allowing Spanish producers to incorporate resilient Merlot crosses that reduce pesticide needs amid climate pressures.^[54] Cultivation faces notable challenges, including severe droughts in 2023 and 2024 that caused a 21% national drop in wine yields, exacerbating water stress in Merlot's key areas like Rioja and Catalonia.^[55] Despite this, growth persists through expansion in organic vineyards, particularly in La Rioja, where over 10% of the region's plantings now follow sustainable practices, boosting Merlot's role in eco-focused blends.^[56]

Central and Eastern Europe

In Hungary, Merlot plays a significant role in red wine production, with approximately 5,000 hectares planted, concentrated in the Villány and Eger regions. In Villány, a warmer southern area, Merlot contributes to robust blends alongside indigenous varieties like Kékfrankos, yielding structured wines with dark fruit notes suited to the region's loess and limestone soils. Eger's cooler continental climate produces more elegant Merlot expressions, often integrated into Egri Bikavér blends where it balances the spiciness of Kékfrankos with its softer tannins and plum aromas. Following Hungary's EU accession in 2004, Merlot-based exports have grown, supported by improved quality standards and international recognition of these blends.^[57]^[58] The Czech Republic and Slovakia together maintain around 2,000 hectares of Merlot vineyards, primarily in South Moravia for the Czechs and the Small Carpathian region for Slovaks. In South Moravia's Pálava subregion, Merlot adapts to the cool continental climate, resulting in wines with elevated acidity, vibrant red berry flavors, and mineral undertones from the area's volcanic and limestone soils. Slovak plantings, though smaller, emphasize similar cool-climate styles, with Merlot often vinified as varietal wines or blended for freshness rather than power. These areas focus on sustainable viticulture to mitigate frost risks, producing lighter-bodied reds that highlight the grape's versatility in northern latitudes.^[59]^[60]^[61] Bulgaria and Romania represent emerging markets for Merlot, with combined plantings of about 3,000 hectares as of 2024, centered in Danube Plain and Thracian Valley areas. In Bulgaria, Merlot supports international-style blends with Cabernet Sauvignon, offering approachable wines with black fruit and soft tannins from the region's diverse microclimates. Romanian producers in Dealu Mare use Merlot similarly in Bordeaux-inspired cuvées, capitalizing on the grape's adaptability to hilly terrains for export-oriented production. Recent climate warming has enabled higher-quality Merlot vintages from 2023 to 2025 across Central and Eastern Europe, with riper fruit and balanced acidity, while sustainable practices like cover cropping in Hungary's Tokaj hybrids enhance resilience to variable weather.^[62]^[63]^[64]

Other European Regions

In Portugal, Merlot covers approximately 2,000 hectares, representing about 2.9% of the national vineyard area, with notable plantings in the Alentejo and Dão regions where it is frequently blended with indigenous varieties like Touriga Nacional to produce structured reds that balance Merlot's plush fruit with local aromatic intensity.^[2] Post-2020, there has been modest expansion of Merlot in the Vinho Verde region, incorporating it into lighter red blends amid a broader push for diverse still wines in this traditionally white-dominated area.^[65] Recent EU regulatory changes, including approvals for disease-resistant hybrid varieties since 2022, are spurring crossbreeding initiatives in Portugal, such as those involving Merlot derivatives, to bolster resilience against climate challenges like drought and fungal pressures.^[66] In Germany, Merlot occupies a limited niche of around 933 hectares, concentrated in warmer sites within the Pfalz (429 hectares) and Rheinhessen (246 hectares) regions, where its early ripening provides a key advantage in the country's cooler continental climate, enabling reliable harvests and contributions to soft, fruit-forward blends or varietal wines.^[67] Switzerland features small but significant Merlot plantings, primarily in the Italian-speaking Ticino canton with about 1,090 hectares dedicated to the variety, which dominates local reds and supports a niche focus on organic viticulture amid terraced, alpine-influenced vineyards. In Cyprus, Merlot appears in even smaller-scale plantings as part of experimental blends, contributing to a combined total of roughly 2,000 hectares across these peripheral European areas, emphasizing sustainable and boutique production styles.^[68]^[69]

United States

Merlot is the second most widely planted red grape variety in the United States, with approximately 50,000 acres dedicated to it as of 2024, according to aggregated American Viticultural Area (AVA) data from state agricultural reports.^[70] Plantings surged during the 1990s "Merlot boom," driven by consumer demand for its soft, approachable wines, reaching peak levels by the early 2000s.^[71] However, the 2004 film Sideways, in which the protagonist famously rejects Merlot, contributed to a sharp decline in sales and new plantings, with U.S. Merlot acreage dropping by about 20% between 2004 and 2010.^[72] By 2025, the variety has recovered steadily, supported by renewed interest in balanced red blends and premium expressions, stabilizing at current levels.^[73] In California, which accounts for roughly 70% of U.S. Merlot production, Napa Valley and Sonoma County dominate with over 7,800 combined acres, producing plush, fruit-forward styles influenced by the state's warm climate and diverse soils.^[74] Napa's Merlot often features concentrated black fruit and velvety tannins from hillside vineyards, while Sonoma's cooler coastal influences add herbal notes and elegance. The Central Coast, particularly Paso Robles, has innovated with bolder, structured Merlots from limestone-rich sites, expanding the region's output to more than 2,800 acres in San Luis Obispo County alone.^[75] Washington State ranks as the second-largest producer, with about 10,000 acres of Merlot primarily in the Columbia Valley AVA, where cooler nights and long daylight hours impart greater structure and acidity to the wines compared to California's riper profiles.^[76] The Walla Walla AVA stands out for its high-elevation sites and volcanic soils, yielding Merlots with bright red fruit, earthiness, and aging potential, often blended with Cabernet Sauvignon for added complexity.^[77] Merlot cultivation is emerging in eastern states, with notable growth in Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains, where the 2023 vintage earned international awards for its elegant, terroir-driven expressions from clay-loam soils.^[78] New York's Finger Lakes region has seen Merlot thrive in its moderated lake climate, producing lighter, food-friendly wines, while Texas High Plains benefits from high altitude and sandy soils for robust, heat-tolerant plantings. Overall, these areas experienced a 15% increase in Merlot acreage from 2023 to 2025, attributed to their climate resilience amid shifting weather patterns.^[79] Recent trends in U.S. Merlot production emphasize sustainability, with certifications like SIP Certified and LIVE rising across key regions; for instance, over 20% of California vineyards achieved sustainable status by 2024, focusing on water efficiency and biodiversity.^[80] The 2024 droughts in California significantly impacted yields, reducing Merlot production by approximately 20% in affected areas due to water restrictions and heat stress, though quality remained high with concentrated flavors.^[81]

Canada and Mexico

In Canada, Merlot is primarily cultivated in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, where it occupies approximately 650 hectares, representing about 18% of the region's total vineyard plantings.^[82]^[83] The variety thrives in the valley's semi-arid climate with long daylight hours, often blended with Cabernet Sauvignon or Cabernet Franc to produce structured reds, though experimental blends with Pinot Noir highlight its softer, fruit-forward qualities in cooler microclimates. In Ontario's Niagara Peninsula, Merlot covers around 500 hectares, benefiting from the moderating influence of Lake Ontario; here, it is occasionally vinified in icewine-style formats, pressing frozen grapes to yield intensely sweet, concentrated expressions with notes of plum and chocolate.^[84] Canada's total Merlot plantings stand at roughly 1,200 hectares as of 2024, contributing to about 3,000 hectares of non-U.S. North American acreage when combined with Mexico. Growers face challenges from the country's short growing seasons and harsh winters, which can lead to bud damage or vine loss, necessitating hardy rootstocks and site selection on south-facing slopes for optimal ripening. The 2025 vintage in British Columbia has shown promising results, with cooler summer trends and timely rainfall enhancing acidity levels and preserving vibrant berry flavors in Merlot, marking a rebound from prior frost-affected years.^[85] In Mexico, Merlot occupies an estimated 1,500 hectares, concentrated in the warm Baja California region, particularly the Valle de Guadalupe, and the inland Parras Valley of Coahuila. These areas produce bold, full-bodied Merlots with ripe black fruit and spice notes, suited to the hot, arid conditions moderated by coastal fog in Baja and high-altitude elevation in Parras. Wine production has expanded significantly since the 2010s, building on post-NAFTA trade liberalization that facilitated investment and export growth, with Merlot gaining prominence in premium blends. Recent developments include a 25% rise in organic wine exports from 2023 to 2025, driven by sustainable practices in regions like Parras Valley, where certified organic Merlot lots have boosted international demand.^[86]^[87]^[88]

Chile

Merlot has been a significant grape variety in Chile since the late 19th century, when vines were imported from Bordeaux, though much of the early plantings were inadvertently mixed with Carmenère due to visual similarities in leaf and cluster morphology.^[89] This genetic confusion persisted until DNA fingerprinting in the 1990s, led by researchers like Jean-Michel Boursiquot, confirmed the distinct identities and prompted Chilean producers to separate and replant true Merlot vines, enhancing varietal purity.^[89] Today, Chile ranks as the third-largest global producer of Merlot by planted area, with approximately 11,000 hectares dedicated to the variety as of recent surveys.^[16] The primary growing regions for Merlot in Chile are the Maipo Valley, near Santiago, and the Colchagua Valley in the Rapel region, where the grape benefits from the Mediterranean climate, alluvial soils, and Andean influences that promote balanced ripening.^[90] These areas account for the majority of Chile's Merlot cultivation, with Maipo producing structured wines from its cooler sub-zones and Colchagua yielding fuller-bodied expressions from warmer, inland sites.^[91] Further south in the Maule Valley, Merlot plantings contribute to robust, age-worthy styles, though the region faced challenges from the 2023 wildfires that destroyed approximately 300-1,000 hectares of vineyards across central and southern Chile, impacting over 6,800 producers; recovery efforts have focused on replanting and infrastructure rebuilding by 2025.^[92] Chilean Merlot wines are typically fruit-driven, showcasing ripe black cherry, plum, and berry notes with soft, velvety tannins that make them approachable in youth.^[93] In coastal-influenced areas like the Casablanca Valley, cooler Pacific breezes impart greater elegance, freshness, and herbal undertones to the variety, contrasting with the more opulent profiles from inland valleys. Production emphasizes export markets, with over 80% of Chilean wines, including Merlot-dominant blends, shipped internationally to meet demand for value-driven Bordeaux-style cuvées.^[94] Amid ongoing Andean droughts exacerbated by climate change, Chilean viticulturists have adopted sustainable drip irrigation systems to optimize water use, delivering precise volumes to Merlot vines—typically 700 mm annually—while preserving soil health and grape quality in water-scarce regions like the Central Valley.^[95]

Argentina

In Argentina, Merlot thrives primarily in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan, where it occupies a significant portion of the nation's total plantings of approximately 5,062 hectares as of 2021 data from the National Viticulture Institute, with Mendoza accounting for 3,859 hectares (76%) and San Juan for 388 hectares (8%).^[96]^[97] These regions, part of the Andean Cuyo area, benefit from the variety's adaptability to the continental climate, though overall Merlot acreage has declined by 30% over the past decade amid a shift toward premium quality over volume. Recent estimates indicate around 4,610 hectares as of 2024.^[98] High-altitude vineyards, often exceeding 1,000 meters above sea level in Mendoza's Uco Valley and foothills, promote concentrated flavors through intense sunlight exposure and cool nights that preserve acidity and enhance phenolic ripeness.^[99]^[100] Merlot's role in Argentine winemaking expanded post-2000 as producers refined high-elevation sites to produce more structured varietals, moving beyond bulk production to emphasize elegance and complexity.^[98] It constitutes around 4% of total national vineyard area and roughly 5% of red grape plantings, trailing dominant varieties like Malbec but contributing to a diverse red wine portfolio.^[96]^[101] In premium expressions, Merlot is frequently blended with Malbec to soften the latter's robust tannins and add plush berry notes, as seen in acclaimed wines from Luján de Cuyo and Tupungato that balance intensity with approachability.^[102]^[103] The Andean terroir, characterized by alluvial soils, low humidity, and significant diurnal shifts, imparts distinctive spicy aromas and flavors to Argentine Merlot, including cedar, pepper, and clove alongside blackcurrant and plum.^[104]^[105] This results in wines with vibrant structure and aging potential, particularly from Mendoza's stony, well-drained parcels. Recent challenges include weather variability, such as the 2024 El Niño-driven high temperatures and erratic conditions in Patagonia that affected yields across red varieties like Merlot, though the impact was more pronounced from heat than frost compared to prior years.^[106] Meanwhile, plantings are expanding modestly in cooler northern areas like Salta's Calchaquí Valleys, where elevations up to 1,700 meters yield fresher, more aromatic Merlot styles, supporting a 1-2% increase in regional red acreage from 2023 onward.^[107]^[97] Merlot arrived in Argentina during the 19th-century European introductions that laid the foundation for modern South American viticulture.^[108]

Oceania

In Australia, Merlot occupies approximately 8,500 hectares of vineyard land, with significant plantings concentrated in the cool-climate regions of Coonawarra in South Australia and Margaret River in Western Australia. These areas contribute to the variety's warm-climate expression, yielding bold wines characterized by ripe plum, blackberry, and subtle herbal notes, often enhanced by oak maturation for added spice and structure. The style reflects the maritime influences of these coastal zones, producing plush, approachable reds that have gained international acclaim.^[109]^[110]^[111] The Australian Merlot sector has undergone substantial recovery since the oversupply challenges of the 2010s, when excess red wine production, including Merlot, led to market disruptions and vineyard removals amid declining exports and domestic demand. By 2024, strategic replanting and a shift toward premium, region-specific expressions have stabilized the industry, with focus on quality over volume in established appellations like Coonawarra and Margaret River. Recent trends include adaptations to the 2025 drought in South Australia, where growers are implementing resilient grapevine selections and improved irrigation techniques to mitigate water stress and maintain yields.^[112]^[113] In New Zealand, Merlot covers about 1,000 hectares as of 2024, predominantly in the Hawke's Bay region, where cooler conditions impart elegant styles with vibrant red fruit, herbal undertones, and bright acidity. These wines often feature in blends with Syrah, creating complex, peppery profiles that balance Merlot's softness with Syrah's structure, as seen in notable examples from Martinborough and Hawke's Bay estates. The total Merlot area across Oceania stands at around 9,500 hectares in 2024, emphasizing premium single-vineyard productions that highlight terroir-driven quality.^[114]^[115] New Zealand's Merlot cultivation has seen a notable organic shift, with vineyard conversions increasing by approximately 20% between 2023 and 2025, driven by sustainable practices and consumer demand for low-intervention wines. This trend supports biodiversity and resilience in Hawke's Bay's gravelly soils, enhancing the variety's herbal and earthy expressions while aligning with broader industry goals for environmental stewardship.^[116]^[117]

South Africa and Asia

In South Africa, Merlot occupies a prominent place among red grape varieties, with approximately 5,300 hectares planted nationwide as of 2022, primarily concentrated in the Stellenbosch and Paarl regions of the Western Cape. Stellenbosch alone accounts for about 1,473 hectares of Merlot within its total red varietal plantings of 7,829 hectares, benefiting from the area's cool maritime climate that supports balanced ripening and complex flavors. Paarl contributes significantly as well, with its warmer valleys fostering fuller-bodied expressions often used in blends. Merlot's expansion in these districts reflects a deliberate shift toward premium red wine production since the early 2000s, when plantings grew from just 81 hectares in 1982. Recent data indicate 5,029 hectares as of December 2024.^[118] Merlot is frequently blended with indigenous Pinotage in South African winemaking, creating distinctive "Cape Blends" that combine Merlot's plush fruitiness with Pinotage's earthy spice and structure. Examples include the Footprint Merlot-Pinotage from Western Cape, which highlights blackberry and violet notes, and the 50/50 Middelvlei Pinotage-Merlot, known for its plum and blackcurrant aromas with medium body. These blends exemplify South Africa's innovative approach to varietal synergy, enhancing market appeal both domestically and abroad. The post-apartheid era catalyzed a significant export boom for South African wines, including Merlot, as international sanctions lifted in the early 1990s, allowing reintegration into global markets. By the early 2000s, exports surged, with production volumes crossing 400 million liters in 2008 to meet rising demand, driven by improved quality and varietal diversity like Merlot. This growth positioned South Africa as a key player, though Merlot-specific contributions remain part of broader red wine exports, which now represent about 4% of global wine trade value. Recent challenges in the Western Cape, including water restrictions from 2023 to 2025 due to ongoing drought, have impacted wine production, contributing to a 7% decline in the 2024 harvest to 1.1 million tonnes from 87,848 hectares.^[119] These measures, aimed at conserving resources amid climate variability, led to lower yields but emphasized quality, with Merlot benefiting from careful irrigation in key areas like Stellenbosch. South Africa's overall wine output constitutes about 3.9% of global production in 2024, underscoring its scale despite these pressures. In Asia, Merlot cultivation is emerging, particularly in China, where the Ningxia region hosts around 39,000 hectares of vineyards overall, with Merlot playing a supporting role alongside dominant Cabernet Sauvignon. Ningxia's Helan Mountains provide ideal conditions for Merlot, contributing to blends that account for a growing share of the region's 140 million annual bottle output as of 2024. This expansion is fueled by rising domestic consumption, projected to reach 913.9 million liters in China by 2024, as urban consumers increasingly favor premium reds. Chinese Merlot-Cabernet blends have seen notable growth, with production rising alongside overall wine output to 2.6 million hectoliters in 2024, reflecting a 17% decline from prior years but strong recovery potential through innovative blending. These blends, often from Ningxia, enhance color and aromatic complexity, as demonstrated by experiments showing 20% Merlot addition improving Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Domestic demand drives this trend, with China's market valued at $42 billion in 2021 and expected to grow at over 11% CAGR. Japan's Merlot production is nascent but gaining recognition, exemplified by the Suntory Iwadarehara Merlot 2020 from Nagano, which earned 93 points at the International Wine & Spirit Competition in 2025 for its elegant red fruit and smooth tannins. Planted in the Iwadarehara vineyard, this wine highlights Japan's cool-climate adaptations for Merlot. Experimental Merlot plantings in India and Thailand total around 500 hectares combined, focusing on high-altitude sites to counter tropical heat. In India, Nashik's approximately 3,200 hectares of wine grape varieties include small Merlot plots yielding aromatic wines like Big Banyan's varietals, within a total grape area of about 58,000 hectares. Thailand's efforts, such as GranMonte's 12-hectare estate and PB Valley's 32 hectares, emphasize sustainable trials, producing limited Merlot-driven reds for local tourism. Asian Merlot growth overall stems from domestic consumption surges, with markets like China and India prioritizing accessible, fruit-forward styles.^[120]

Wine Production and Styles

Red Merlot Characteristics

Red Merlot wines exhibit a distinctive sensory profile characterized by aromas and flavors of ripe plum, black cherry, and dark chocolate, often layered with subtle herbal and earthy notes. These wines typically feature soft, velvety tannins that contribute to a smooth mouthfeel, a medium body, and balanced acidity, with alcohol by volume (ABV) commonly ranging from 13% to 14%.^[48]^[121]^[122] In winemaking, Merlot grapes undergo alcoholic fermentation in stainless steel tanks or oak barrels to extract color, flavor, and tannins from the skins, often with post-fermentation maceration lasting 1-3 weeks for enhanced structure. Malolactic fermentation is standard, converting sharp malic acid to softer lactic acid for a rounder palate. Premium red Merlot is frequently aged in French oak barrels for 12-24 months, imparting vanilla and spice nuances while promoting integration of fruit and tannin components.^[123]^[124]^[125]^[126]^[127] Style variations in red Merlot highlight its versatility, from the elegant, structured Bordeaux blends on the Right Bank where it dominates and softens Cabernet Franc or Cabernet Sauvignon, to bolder New World varietals from regions like California and Chile that amplify plush fruit and higher ripeness. Vintage conditions significantly influence ripeness and sugar levels.^[128]^[129]^[130] As of 2025, Merlot enjoys rising popularity in chillable red styles, served slightly cool to emphasize its refreshing fruit notes, and low-intervention approaches that minimize additives for authentic expression. Global Merlot production contributes substantially to the world's approximately 230 million hectoliters of wine annually, with key regions like France's Pays d'Oc alone accounting for over 1 million hectoliters of varietal Merlot.^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134]

White Merlot

White Merlot is produced by vinifying red Merlot grapes using techniques that minimize skin contact to extract color, phenolics, and tannins, resulting in a light-colored wine akin to a rosé or blanc de noirs style. The grapes are typically destemmed and crushed, then either directly pressed to separate the juice from the skins or allowed a brief maceration period of 4 to 12 hours to impart subtle pink hues ranging from pale salmon to golden tones.^[135]^[136] Fermentation occurs in stainless steel tanks at cool temperatures to retain freshness, and malolactic fermentation is generally avoided to maintain the wine's crisp acidity and vibrant fruit character.^[135] This production method yields wines with a delicate flavor profile featuring red fruit notes such as strawberry, raspberry, and cherry, often complemented by peach, citrus, and floral undertones. The resulting wines exhibit bright acidity, minimal tannins for a soft mouthfeel, and alcohol levels typically between 11% and 12.5% ABV, making them refreshing and approachable. Notable examples include Beringer White Merlot from California, which showcases berry and orange peel aromas, and selections from Switzerland's Ticino region, like those from Vini Delea, emphasizing stone fruit and rose petal nuances.^[135]^[137]^[138] The style of White Merlot emerged in the 1980s in Switzerland's Italian-speaking Ticino canton, where Merlot dominates plantings and accounts for over 85% of local production; innovative winemakers there began pressing the variety as a white wine to utilize surplus grapes and create a lighter alternative to traditional reds. This approach has since gained traction in the United States, particularly California producers like Sutter Home, and in Eastern European countries such as Bulgaria and Romania, where Merlot is widely grown and occasionally vinified in this pale style similar to White Zinfandel. Globally, White Merlot represents a very small fraction of total Merlot production, primarily as an experimental or niche offering.^[138]^[139] Recent trends highlight a surge in sparkling White Merlot since 2023, with producers in regions like Canada and Bordeaux experimenting with méthode traditionnelle to add effervescence and enhance fruit-driven profiles. Additionally, as climate change prompts adaptations in warmer growing areas, the style serves as a strategy for earlier-harvested Merlot, producing lighter, more acidic wines that counterbalance rising sugar levels and alcohol potential in reds.^[140]^[141]^[135]

Culinary Aspects

Food Pairings

Red Merlot wines, known for their medium tannins and plush fruit flavors, pair excellently with roasted meats such as lamb and beef, where the wine's structure complements the savory depth of the dishes.^[142] The tannins in Merlot help balance the richness of fatty proteins by cleansing the palate and reducing perceived astringency.^[143] Mushroom-based preparations, like portobello or risotto, enhance the wine's earthy notes, creating a harmonious synergy.^[144] Hard cheeses, particularly aged Gouda, match well due to their nutty intensity, which echoes Merlot's subtle herbal undertones.^[145] White Merlot, produced with minimal skin contact to yield a lighter, crisp style, suits seafood dishes, poultry, and fresh salads, leveraging its brighter acidity to refresh the palate. This acidity effectively cuts through creamy sauces in preparations like poached salmon or herb-roasted chicken, preventing heaviness.^[142] Regional variations add nuance to pairings; for instance, Bordeaux-style Merlots, often blended, complement hearty French cassoulet, where the wine's firmness stands up to the bean and sausage stew.^[146] In contrast, New World Merlots from regions like California or Chile pair seamlessly with barbecue, enhancing grilled meats through their affinity for charred, smoky flavors.^[147] General guidance advises avoiding spicy foods with Merlot.^[148] Plant-based options like eggplant dishes—such as roasted or in tomato-based pastas—align with Merlot's versatility for vegetarian fare.^[149] In 2025, sustainable pairings have gained attention amid rising demand for eco-conscious choices.^[150]

Serving and Aging

Merlot wines are best served at temperatures that highlight their fruit-forward profiles and balanced tannins. For red Merlot, the optimal serving temperature is 16–18°C (60–65°F), allowing the wine's plum, blackberry, and subtle herbal notes to emerge without the alcohol overpowering the palate.^[151] Younger red Merlots, which often exhibit firmer tannins, benefit from decanting for 30–60 minutes prior to serving; this aeration softens the structure and enhances aromatic complexity.^[152] White Merlot, produced as a lightly skinned or rosé-style variant, should be served chilled at 8–10°C (46–50°F) to preserve its crisp acidity and red fruit flavors, such as strawberry and cranberry.^[153] The aging potential of Merlot varies significantly by quality level and origin. Entry-level Merlots, typically from warmer climates or mass-produced blends, are designed for early consumption within 2–5 years, when their vibrant fruit and soft tannins are at their peak.^[154] In contrast, premium Bordeaux-style Merlots, such as those from Pomerol, possess greater structure from higher tannins and acidity, enabling them to age gracefully for 10–20 years; during this period, primary fruit notes evolve into secondary flavors like leather, tobacco, and dried fig.^[155]^[156] Proper storage is essential to maintain Merlot's quality over time. Bottles should be kept in cool, dark conditions at 12–14°C (54–57°F) with 50–70% humidity to prevent cork drying and oxidation; consistent temperature fluctuations can accelerate aging prematurely.^[157] The choice of closure influences longevity: traditional cork allows minimal oxygen ingress, promoting gradual maturation and complex development, while screw caps provide airtight seals for consistent preservation but may result in slower evolution of tertiary aromas.^[158]^[159] In 2025, Merlot consumption trends reflect shifting consumer preferences toward convenience and environmental responsibility. Ready-to-drink formats, including canned Merlot-based wines, have surged in popularity, with the global canned wine market projected to grow from USD 112.9 million in 2024 to USD 211.5 million by 2030, driven by portability for outdoor and casual occasions.^[160] Sustainability in packaging has also gained traction, with winemakers adopting lightweight glass bottles, recycled materials, and biodegradable labels to reduce carbon footprints and appeal to eco-conscious buyers.^[161]

Varietal Nomenclature

Synonyms

Merlot is known by numerous synonyms reflecting its widespread cultivation and historical nomenclature across viticultural regions. Common alternative names include Merlot Noir, a direct reference to its dark berries in French-speaking areas; Merlau or Merlau Rouge, an early variant documented in Bordeaux records from the late 18th century; and regional designations further illustrate its adaptability, such as Plant du Médoc in southwestern France, evoking its origins in the Médoc subregion, and Médoc Noir in Hungary, highlighting its association with Bordeaux-style viticulture.^[1]^[162]^[2] Historically, Merlot has been conflated with other varieties in older texts and plantings, leading to additional names. For instance, in 19th-century French ampelography, it appeared under aliases like Crabutet Noir and Sémillon Rouge due to superficial resemblances in berry characteristics. A notable case of misidentification occurred in Chile, where Carménère vines, imported from Bordeaux in the 19th century, were widely labeled and vinified as "Merlot" until genetic analysis in the 1990s revealed the distinction, affecting approximately 50% of plantings before the error was corrected.^[1]^[162]^[163] Officially, Merlot is recognized in major international databases with an extensive array of synonyms. The Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) lists over 70 synonyms for the variety, encompassing linguistic variations across continents. The International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV) acknowledges it under primary name Merlot, with key synonyms like Bigney Rouge (Romania), Merlot Rouge (Morocco), and Plant Médoc (Macedonia and Bosnia), noting its presence in 37 countries as of 2015. In the European Union, standardization efforts through national vine variety catalogs have consolidated these names since the early 2000s, with no significant new synonyms added post-2023, emphasizing Merlot Noir as the authorized designation in France and harmonized listings elsewhere.^[164]^[2]^[165] Merlot shares a parent with Cabernet Sauvignon, both being offspring of Cabernet Franc, which contributes to their similar dark fruit profiles and use in Bordeaux blends.^[166] However, Merlot ripens two to three weeks earlier than Cabernet Sauvignon, allowing it to thrive in cooler climates where the latter struggles, and it produces wines with softer, rounder tannins compared to the firmer structure of Cabernet Sauvignon.^[167] Visually, the two varieties exhibit resemblance in their compact clusters and medium-sized, spherical berries, which can lead to occasional confusion in the vineyard.^[168] A notable historical confusion involves Carmenère, which was misidentified as Merlot during 19th-century plantings in Chile after phylloxera devastated Bordeaux vineyards.^[169] This error persisted for over a century because Carmenère vines have nearly identical leaf shapes and berry appearances to Merlot, often growing intermixed in Chilean fields and harvested together.^[89] Distinguishing features include Carmenère's orange shoot tips and more open basal leaf sinus, contrasting with Merlot's reddish-brown shoot tips and closed sinus.^[170] Among other relatives, Malbec is a half-sibling to Merlot, sharing the parent Magdeleine Noire des Charentes, but Malbec features thicker, darker skins that yield more intense color and higher acidity in wines, unlike Merlot's softer, redder profile.^[171] Grenache, while not closely related genetically, shares Merlot's role as a high-yield red variety but differs in its looser, winged clusters and production of spicier, lower-tannin wines with raspberry and herbal notes rather than Merlot's plush plum character.^[172] Accurate identification of Merlot and its relatives relies on ampelography, which examines leaf margins, petiole sinuses, and shoot characteristics, though it can be subjective for close look-alikes like Carmenère.^[6] DNA fingerprinting using microsatellite markers provides precise varietal confirmation by comparing profiles against reference databases, resolving ambiguities beyond visual traits.^[173] Within Merlot itself, clonal variations arise from somatic mutations, leading to differences in cluster density, berry size, and yield, with selections like FPS 03 offering tighter clusters for better disease resistance.^[174]

References

[1]
Grape Variety: Merlot - Foundation Plant Services - UC Davis
Variety Name, Merlot. TTB Approved Name(s), Merlot. All Synonyms, Alicante, Bigney, Bigney rouge, Bordeleze Belcha, Crabutet, Crabutet noir, Medoc noir, ...
[2]
[PDF] Distribution of the world's grapevine varieties | OIV
There are two sub-species of Vitis vinifera: sylvestris, which corresponds to the wild form of the vine, and vinifera, referring to the cultivated form. Over ...<|separator|>
[3]
None
### Summary of Merlot Parentage Findings
[4]
Evolution and history of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) under domestication
Dec 23, 2009 · The 'Merlot' group shows geographical heterogeneity. It comprises two varieties from the Aquitaine region and Switzerland and Gouais of unknown ...Results · Seed Shape Diversity In... · Discussion
[5]
Chapter 3. Choice of Varieties - NC State Extension Publications
Merlot is a thinner-skinned red vinifera variety with milder tannins that is good as both a varietal wine or as a blend. It is in good demand and has good ...Grape Type And Regional... · Vinifera Challenges · Native And Hybrid Varieties
[6]
Black Grapes of Bordeaux - Foundation Plant Services - UC Davis
Although Cabernet Sauvignon is considered the pre-eminent grape of Bordeaux, Merlot is more widely planted. By the 18th century, Cabernet Sauvignon had become ...
[7]
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2008.00041.x
[8]
Genetic Characterization by SSR Markers of a Comprehensive Wine ...
In this work, we focused on a wine and dual-use grapevine subcollection that consists of 930 accessions. Genetic analysis allowed to identify 521 unique ...Missing: INRAE | Show results with:INRAE
[9]
Chimeras in Merlot grapevine revealed by phased assembly
Jul 14, 2023 · In this study we used new generation Hifi long reads sequencing, recent bioinformatics tools and trio-binning with parental sequences to detect periclinal ...
[10]
Harnessing clonal diversity in grapevine: from genomic insights to ...
Aug 4, 2025 · This review discusses the interaction between somatic mutations, epigenetic regulation, and emerging breeding technologies. We begin by ...
[11]
The Intriguing Legacy of Merlot Wine - LoveToKnow
Gathering evidence from wine historians around the world, the first mention of Merlot came in 1784 from a Bordeaux official, probably a statesman or other high ...Missing: Balestrat | Show results with:Balestrat
[12]
Merlot Grape Variety: Its Rise and Rise - Cellar Tours
After the phylloxera louse destroyed Bordeaux's vineyards in the 19th century, the land was replanted with a far smaller number of varieties. In 1794, over 34 ...
[13]
Merlot - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Grape variety for red wine; origin from French merle "blackbird," Latin merola. Meaning linked to dark wine color or birds' fondness for grapes.
[14]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/merlot
[15]
The Wine Conversation — 10-Minute Masterclass... Merlot
Dec 1, 2023 · Another reason is that, after phylloxera, when American rootstock proved to be the preventative solution, Merlot took better to grafting than ...
[16]
Tasting No 279 – July 29, 2025 The best Merlot regions
Jul 22, 2025 · Merlot arrived in California in the mid-19th century but remained relatively obscure until after World War II, when vintners began using Merlot ...
[17]
Bordeaux Adapts with New Grapes - Wine Spectator
Feb 26, 2021 · After phylloxera devastated the region, wineries chose to replant with a select few. "I think the new varieties make less change, if they ...
[18]
Temperature-dependent responses of the berry developmental ...
The temperature response for the Merlot berries was much less distinct, with ... growing season is driven by an intrinsic relationship between temperature and ...
[19]
Growing Merlot Wine Grapes
Jun 20, 2019 · Merlot needs cool to warm climates, well-drained soil, and is susceptible to winter injury, frost, and disease. It needs moderate nitrogen and ...
[20]
Bordeaux Terroir | Wine Folly
Soil type dictates what grapes are grown · Gravel soils are warm and Cabernet Sauvignon likes heat · Clay soils are cooler and Merlot needs to chill a bit.Missing: optimal | Show results with:optimal
[21]
Merlot Around the World - WineMakerMag.com
Merlot usually ripens about two weeks earlier than Cabernet Sauvignon, suits cooler conditions, and is higher in sugar and lower in malic acid than its more ...
[22]
Varietal Focus: Merlot - Wine Business
Jan 1, 2015 · Merlot buds earlier and ripens earlier than Cabernet Sauvignon. It is susceptible to shatter in bad weather during flowering, and its thin skin ...
[23]
The Wine Quality of Merlot Relies in Irrigation Supplementation and ...
Sep 12, 2024 · It is concluded that a half irrigation can be enough to improve grape quality under Mediterranean conditions, without affecting yield components and enhancing ...
[24]
Conversion to Mechanical Pruning in Vineyards Maintains Fruit ...
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of training systems on components of yield, and berry chemistry of 'Merlot' grapevine during and ...
[25]
The evolution of Michigan viticulture and pruning systems - Grapes
May 2, 2025 · The Guyot pruning system is defined by three fundamental pruning cuts. Cut 1 – "The Cut of the Past": This is the first pruning cut, which removes the canes ...Missing: cultivation cordon
[26]
Information on disease resistance patterns of grape varieties may ...
Nov 14, 2022 · The resistance patterns of 16 grapevine varieties to DM, PM, black rot (BR), and gray mold (GM) were evaluated over a 4-year period under field conditions.
[27]
[PDF] New Disease-Resistant Cultivars - Novavine
Bred for resistance to downy mildew and powdery mildew as well as exceptional cold hardiness, these clones are excellently suited to difficult sites. Limited ...
[28]
Grape variety and grafted vine plant Merlot Kanthus
Find out everything you need to know about the Merlot Kanthus® vine grafted vine plant: features, growing systems, sensitivity to diseases and oenological ...Missing: clone | Show results with:clone
[29]
Effect of Merlot crop load on grape and wine quality (2019)
Common inherited wisdom in viticulture says that smaller crop loads lead to better wine1,2. Smaller crop loads are often achieved by pruning, cluster thinning, ...
[30]
Influence of manual and mechanical grape harvest on Merlot wine ...
Mechanical grape harvesting itself does not compromise wine composition. Only 6 out of 91 variables showed statistically significant differences in wines.Missing: green yield
[31]
Given climate change, will Bordeaux always be Bordeaux? - Twins
'Merlot is the earliest ripening red grape variety in Bordeaux. It tends to make wines with lower alcohol levels and less acidity. And yet, 2022 produced ...Missing: accelerated California 2023-2025
[32]
The interplay between grape ripening and weather anomalies in ...
There has been extensive literature focusing on climate change impacts on grape ripening and future global wine production.<|control11|><|separator|>
[33]
Switching grape varieties can help winemakers adapt to climate ...
Grape growers are already using adaptation strategies, such as shade cloths and misting systems, to cool down the plants, said Wolkovich. When those aren't ...
[34]
Wine Regions Could Shrink Dramatically With Climate Change ...
Jan 27, 2020 · The regions of the world that are suitable for growing wine grapes could shrink by half or more, according to a new study.
[35]
[PDF] Cahier des charges de l'appellation d'origine contrôlée
Feb 7, 2023 · Pour les cépages merlot N, sémillon B et muscadelle B, le nombre d'yeux francs à la taille ne peut excéder 40000 yeux francs par hectare et ...
[36]
Learn Bordeaux Wine Production Facts, Figures, Grape Varieties
In value, more than 2.5 billion Euros of Bordeaux wine are produced each year! Bordeaux is the largest wine-producing region in France and arguably the most ...
[37]
Left and Right Bank Bordeaux: What is the difference? - Decanter
Jul 8, 2024 · In early 2021, France's national appellation body, INAO approved the use of six new grape varieties in Bordeaux, as part of efforts to combat ...
[38]
https://www.decanter.com/learn/left-right-bank-bordeaux-difference-436548/
[39]
Merlot - Les Vins de Loire
The name "Merlot" comes from the word "merle", as blackbirds are particularly fond of its juicy grapes. In the 19th century, it was considered the "grape of the ...<|separator|>
[40]
Bordeaux 2022 weather and crop report | Jancis Robinson
Apr 3, 2023 · Much of the rain in June came from storms following a crazy heatwave around the weekend of 18 June, when many record temperatures of 40 °C (104 ...
[41]
The discovery of Merlot - UFarmer
Jun 14, 2024 · Its cultivated area in Italy amounts to 28,000 hectares, while worldwide it amounts to 250,000 hectares. Merlot: a wine to taste. Merlot is a ...
[42]
Merlot in Italy: production regions, characteristics and pairings
Merlot traits in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The Colli Orientali is the area of Friuli that best offers Merlot vines the ideal conditions to flourish and to provide ...
[43]
https://www.svinando.co.uk/blog/merlot-in-italy-production-regions-characteristics-and-pairings
[44]
20 VITIGNI PIÚ COLTIVATI IN ITALIA - Italy's Finest Wines
MERLOT ( 23.631 ettari) – 3.70%. CHARDONNAY (20.056 ha) – 3.14%. BARBERA (18.431 ha) – 2.89%. NEGROAMARO (17.504 ha) – 2.74%. PRIMITIVO (16.321 ha) – 2.55%.
[45]
https://www.italysfinestwines.it/vitigni-piu-coltivati-italia/
[46]
[PDF] Sensory profile of wines produced from disease-resistant grapevine ...
This study evaluated the quality of wines produced from Merlot. Kanthus and Merlot Khorus varieties compared to their parental Merlot N. cultivar in Salento, an ...
[47]
The Comprehensive Guide to Merlot | Wine Folly
Merlot should be enjoyed slightly below room temperature, ideally 60-68°F (15-20°C). This ensures the aromas are emphasized but not the alcohol. A large, ...Missing: 20-25° | Show results with:20-25°
[48]
From Penedès to Priorat - Discover Catalonia's Wine Regions
Spanning 465 hectares with over 20 grape varieties, it is deeply committed to organic and sustainable viticulture. Wine enthusiasts and travelers are invited to ...
[49]
Spain's Penedès Wine Region Is Ripe For Exploring - Forbes
Jan 8, 2018 · Smaller quantities of red grapes grow on 10,000 acres (4,035 hectares) dominated by Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo. ... Rovellats ...
[50]
Wine 101: Rioja | VinePair
Apr 8, 2021 · Then in 1901, the first document of Phylloxera in Rioja happened. By ... Merlot, they're not predominantly part of these blends. As a ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[51]
Production areas - Consejo Regulador DOCa Rioja - Riojawine
66.000 Ha / Of vineyards. Each of the more than 66,000 hectares is a particular ecosystem that makes QDO Rioja a unique territory in the world whose essence ...
[52]
Ribera Del Duero Wine Region Guide - Cellar Tours
Aug 14, 2024 · The visionary Eloy Lecanda started Ribera on the path toward greatness, planting vines at Vega Sicilia after he inherited the property in 1859.
[53]
EU grants member states the right to use resistant hybrid varieties in ...
Dec 14, 2021 · Member states are now allowed to employ resistant varieties in the production of wines with protected denominations of origin (PDO).Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[54]
The Spanish wine campaign will fall by 21% due to the prolonged ...
Jun 6, 2024 · Wine exports have also seen a decline, reaching 20 million hectoliters between April 2023 and March 2024, marking a 3.6% decrease from the ...
[55]
Spain, Rioja: Update 2024 – Volume Loses, Quality Wins
Feb 29, 2024 · The new rules will also allow up to 15% of grapes or wine from outside the village. ... hectares of vines there, 260 plots) of the second wine.
[56]
Eger Wine District - Wines of Hungary
The total production area of the Eger wine district is 22,162 hectares, of which 18,302 are first class. Only 5,732 hectares of this vast area are currently ...
[57]
Eger PDO: A Guide to the Wine Region - Taste Hungary
Apr 9, 2020 · As well as blends, the region produces attractive Syrah and Pinot Noir. Much of the Kadarka has been replaced by Kékfrankos, Merlot and Cabernet ...
[58]
Merlot - red wine variety | Wines from Czech Republic
Merlot is a smooth, dark ruby to garnet wine with notes of plum, chocolate, and black fruit, often with a velvety taste and lower acidity.Missing: Slovakia South
[59]
[PDF] VF skl_956x148_ ENGLISH akt_07-13 jk.indd
In the Czech Republic the area under vine is approx. 18,000 hectares – 96 % in Moravia and 4 % in Bohemia. Of the whole area under vine, 70 % are planted to ...
[60]
Wine country Slovakia - Slovak-wines.ch
Apr 13, 2020 · The area under vines in 2015 was approximately 22,452 hectares. Many of these are still largely unknown wine-growing regions. Slovakia is ...
[61]
Bulgarian wine today | Jancis Robinson
Jun 25, 2020 · The only public data on varieties grown dates back to 2013, based on more than 60,000 ha of vineyards, and while it shows Merlot followed by ...
[62]
https://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/bulgarian-wine-today
[63]
The Impact of Climate Change on Eastern European Viticulture - MDPI
This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on climate change impacts on Eastern European viticulture, focusing on smart irrigation and water management ...Missing: vintages | Show results with:vintages
[64]
Record year for Vinho Verde - The Portugal News
Jan 25, 2022 · The production of “vinho verde” green wine grew by more than three million litres in 2021 and broke the "export record", according to the ...
[65]
EU grants member states the right to use resistant hybrid varieties in ...
Jan 21, 2022 · EU now allows resistant hybrid varieties in PDO wines, previously only Vitis vinifera were allowed, due to climate change and sustainability.Missing: Merlot post-
[66]
Merlot - Deutsches Weininstitut
The grape variety has also established itself in Germany and was cultivated on 933 hectares ... Palatinate (429 hectares) and Rheinhessen (246 hectares).
[67]
Canton of Ticino - Wine Regions - Falstaff
The Italian-speaking corner of Ticino is the Swiss home of Merlot. With a total area of 1,090 hectares, the variety, which originates from the Bordeaux region, ...
[68]
The Circle in Cyprus 2.0
May 26, 2025 · The yearly output is 80,000 bottles, produced from 20 ha of vineyards, 12 ha of his own and 8 ha owned by some 200 local farmers. In the tasting ...
[69]
WA Wine 360 - Washington State Wine Commission
ACREAGE UNDER VINE: Total vineyard acreage: 950 (384 Hectares); Washington acreage: 381 (154 Hectares) ... It is home to almost a third of the state's planted ...
[70]
Merlot: Rise, Demise, Rebirth - GuildSomm
Oct 24, 2019 · Plantings swelled accordingly. But while premium regions such as Napa and Sonoma enjoyed big increases, the Central Valley saw spikes as well.
[71]
Has Sideways Affected Napa Merlot Planting and Prices?
Jul 23, 2014 · Though VFA point out the Sideways anti-Merlot screed resonated in the vineyards: “Planting slowed down rapidly and bearing acreage began ...<|separator|>
[72]
https://www.grapecollective.com/has-sideways-affected-napa-merlot-planting-and-prices/
[73]
California Merlot - Wine Institute
Top California Counties for Merlot Acreage, 2024. County, Total Acres. San Joaquin, 6,517. Napa, 4,066. Sonoma, 3,776. Monterey, 3,418. Sacramento, 3,103. San ...Missing: AVA | Show results with:AVA
[74]
Wine Growing Areas - Capstone California
Cabernet Sauvignon claims almost half the 40,000-some acres (16,187 hectares) of vineyards across the region's 11 nested AVAs. That said, Merlot is the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[75]
https://capstonecalifornia.com/study-guides/varieties/red/merlot/wine_growing_areas
[76]
Regions & AVAs - Washington State Wine Commission
AVA. Beverly, Washington AVA. Location: Central WashingtonDesignated: 2024Total Size: 2,415 acresAcreage Under Vine: 400 acresTop Varieties: Cabernet ...Missing: data | Show results with:data
[77]
The 20 Best Merlots for 2025 - VinePair
Sep 10, 2025 · From South African expressions to bottlings from Virginia, Texas, New York, and beyond, here are the 20 best Merlots to drink in 2025.Missing: increase | Show results with:increase
[78]
https://vinepair.com/buy-this-booze/best-merlot-2025/
[79]
Accepting Applications for 2024 SIP Certified
Jan 8, 2024 · When you get SIP Certified, you'll receive a double-sided metal sign to post at your property so your visitors know that your wine was made ...
[80]
[PDF] CALIFORNIA 2024 WINEGRAPE HARVEST BEGINS EARLY AND ...
Nov 3, 2024 · Overall, this was a textbook year for winemaking in Napa. SONOMA COUNTY. Total winegrape acreage: 58,713. Most-planted grape varieties:.Missing: United | Show results with:United
[81]
Exploring British Columbia's Geographical Indications - GuildSomm
Nov 21, 2024 · Spanning over 155 miles (250 kilometers) from north to south, the Okanagan Valley includes 10,920 planted acres (4,420 hectares) and 226 ...
[82]
NEW 2019 B.C. WINE GRAPE ACREAGE REPORT SHOWS ...
May 27, 2021 · NEW 2019 B.C. WINE GRAPE ACREAGE REPORT SHOWS CONTINUED GROWTH OF THE B.C. WINE INDUSTRY · Merlot (1,618.85) · Pinot Noir (1,331.94) · Pinot Gris ( ...
[83]
Making the Case for Merlot on #InterNationalMerlotDay
Nov 7, 2019 · Of a total of 4,152 hectares (10,260 acres) for the entire province, 641 hectares of Merlot is planted (1,585 acres). Merlot is favoured ...
[84]
Early BC 2025 Harvest Notes - BCwinetrends
Oct 1, 2025 · The 2025 BC grape harvest is one of the earliest in years, with exceptional fruit quality and near-full yields after 2024's losses.
[85]
Word on the Mexican grapevine | Jancis Robinson
May 24, 2023 · Vineyards used for wine production span 8,600 ha (21,250 acres), and five out of every 10 bottles consumed in Mexico are produced domestically.
[86]
Mexico: Mexican Organic Production and Trade
Jun 13, 2024 · Trade in organic products between the United States and Mexico is flourishing, reaching record highs in 2023. The top five organic exports ...Missing: Merlot | Show results with:Merlot
[87]
An Overview of Mexican Wine Country | Wine Folly
The region is a melting pot of French, Spanish, and Italian grapes, from Nebbiolo to Chenin Blanc, making up 7,700 acres of vineyards. Wine blends are quite ...Modern Mexican Wine · The North: Baja And Sonora · Baja CaliforniaMissing: 2024 | Show results with:2024
[88]
Was there confusion in Chile regarding the Merlot and Carmenère ...
The grape was transplanted to Chile in the 19th century before it virtually disappeared from Bordeaux due to phylloxera. Carmenère did well in Chile, but over ...
[89]
Wine Press: Overview of wines from Chile and Argentina
Oct 14, 2024 · Maipo Valley – Located near Santiago, this region is known for its Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenere and Chardonnay wines. · Colchagua Valley ...Missing: major hectares
[90]
Central Valley Wine Region Guide - Chile - Cellar Tours
Jun 20, 2025 · Over 85 percent of all Chilean wine is made in the iconic Central Valley, an elongated super region that is both incredibly diverse and stunningly beautiful.
[91]
Deadly wildfires devastate vineyards in Chile's Central Valley and ...
Wildfires killed 24, destroyed 400+ hectares of vines, impacted 650 producers, and caused some to lose everything, with 90% of vines lost in one area.Missing: recovery | Show results with:recovery
[92]
https://southamericawineguide.com/bio-bio-and-itata-fires-2023-information-and-how-to-help/
[93]
Chile, the world for a market - Gilbert & Gaillard
Jul 31, 2023 · “Chile is a small and highly concentrated market,” says Cremaschi. “Most of our wineries export more than 80% of their production”. Brazil ...
[94]
Climate change sends Chile's wine industry southward | Reuters
"The merlot won't be able to withstand the heat and it will have to be harvested earlier," Bastias said, adding "clearly there is a desertification process ...
[95]
Argentinian Grapes - W3 Wine School
It has a large wine production (11.5 million hecto-litre/year). 70% of the total pruduction comes from the Mendoza region. 40% of the planting is Malbec.
[96]
merlot - Wines of Argentina
PROVINCE. Hectares. Acres % Variety. Mendoza. 3858,7 9.535,23. 76,23%. San Juan. 388,1. 959,03. 7,67%. Río Negro. 252,8. 624,69. 4,99%. Neuquén. 239,8.
[97]
Merlot, A Jewel Of Argentine Viticulture - Wines of Argentina Blog
Nov 7, 2024 · As one might expect, Mendoza is home to the largest amount of Merlot in Argentina, boasting 79,1% (3530 hectares) of all the vines in the ...Missing: Juan | Show results with:Juan
[98]
Riding high: Argentina wines - Decanter
May 1, 2001 · ' The 256ha planted to date (at altitudes ranging from 1,000m to 1,500m) include Merlot, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon, as ...
[99]
https://www.decanter.com/magazine/riding-high-argentina-wines-249478/
[100]
[PDF] location - Wines of Argentina
of the country of the region. Page 141. │ La Carrera: highest area under new plantings in the Valley. │ Altitude ranges from 1600m (5400 ft) to. 1900m (6200 ...
[101]
https://api.winesofargentina.org/uploads/2021/07/F6odkpjYXf_WOFA_Argentine_Wine_Regions_2021.pdf
[102]
5 Argentina Malbec blends - Decanter wine reviews
Find five quality Malbec blends from some of Argentina's most renowned fine wine regions, including Tupungato, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza and Uco Valley.Missing: premium | Show results with:premium
[103]
https://www.decanterchina.com/en/wine-reviews/5-argentina-malbec-blends-decanter-wine-reviews/
[104]
https://www.vivino.com/en/andean-vineyards-antis-reserve-merlot/w/1149021
[105]
The Bewildering 2024 Season in Argentina (Jun 2024) - Vinous
Jun 5, 2024 · The 2024 vintage in Argentina was marked by the El Niño phenomenon, which created high temperatures in the west of the country. Significant ...Missing: frost impacts Merlot
[106]
Argentina 2025 Tasting Report: A Wine Journey to the Extremes
Jun 10, 2025 · In Salta, elevation brings balance to wines grown near the Tropic of Capricorn. Further south, it's latitude that takes over.Missing: Merlot | Show results with:Merlot
[107]
A journey through Argentine wine history: Guide to wine in Argentina
Sep 12, 2019 · Get to grips with Argentina wine history & production in our guide to the history of Argentine wine. From the colonisers to Malbec, ...
[108]
Merlot: what it tastes like, the best winemakers, and more
Coonawarra ... merlot, while Margaret River also stakes a major claim. Some of the best Australian merlot. Some of the icons. Irvine Parker Estate Petaluma ...
[109]
http://www.meritewines.com/pdf/PeterBourne.pdf
[110]
[PDF] Australia's Wine Industry Crisis and Ways Forward
Jul 18, 2024 · This review examines Australia's wine industry crisis, commissioned by Wine Australia, and explores options for reducing over-supply of red ...
[111]
A fine blend of science with heritage grapevines to future proof ...
Apr 11, 2025 · New climate-resilient and mildew-resistant grapevines have been planted in South Australia to help protect Australia's $45 billion industry.
[112]
[PDF] Beyond Merlot and Syrah - Hawke's Bay Wine
NZ Red Varieties planted area. Page 3. Source: New Zealand Winegrowers Vineyard Report 2025. 3. Variety. Planted Area (Ha). Merlot. 819.23. Syrah. 303.48. Pinot ...<|separator|>
[113]
https://www.csiro.au/en/news/all/news/2025/april/a-fine-blend-of-science-innovation-and-heritage-grapevines-to-future-proof-australian-wines
[114]
[PDF] NEW ZEALAND WINEGROWERS SUSTAINABILITY REPORT
The organic wine sector is showing impressive growth in Aotearoa New Zealand – a reflection of both international demand and increasing industry awareness ...
[115]
https://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-1893-merlot-syrah
[116]
https://www.nzwine.com/media/rznjtruz/2025-nzw-sustainability-report.pdf
[117]
https://wine-intelligence.com/blogs/wine-analytics-pricing-report-data/new-zealand-winegrowers-report-2025-balancing-global-growth-and-emerging-challenges
[118]
Mastering Merlot - WineMakerMag.com
If you live in a northern climate, put the wine outdoors so that it reaches a temperature of 26° F (-3° C) or a little below that. Plastic carboys work ...Missing: optimal | Show results with:optimal
[119]
CA Wines ›
Post-fermentation maceration is more traditional with Merlot, lasting 1-3 weeks, and is important to increase color, flavor, and tannin structure. It also ...
[120]
Modifications in aroma characteristics of 'Merlot' dry red wines aged ...
After the malolactic fermentation, the wines were settled in the fermenter for five days and then the free-run wine was racked off the gross lees and ...2. Materials And Methods · 3. Results And Discussion · 3.4. Aroma Profiles Of All...
[121]
Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity, Chemical Composition, and ...
In this study, 2020 and 2021 vintage Merlot red wines were subjected to 12-month ageing in a stainless-steel tank, Excellence oak barrels with medium, medium- ...2.3. Merlot Wine · 3. Results And Discussion · 3.2. Phenolic Profile And...
[122]
Buy Merlot Wine Online - Millesima USA
Rating 4.8 (1,188) · Free delivery over $150For some warmer climates vintners sometimes prefer an oak-aging process of up to 24 months, which gives the delicate wine more structure. In California, Merlot ...
[123]
The Bordeaux Varietals Defined - Ridge Vineyards
In Bordeaux, France, Merlot is the most prominently grown grape on the Right Bank. More high-end Merlot is produced there than anywhere else in the world.
[124]
https://capstonecalifornia.com/study-guides/varieties/red/merlot/winemaking
[125]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213453023001180
[126]
[PDF] CALIFORNIA VINTNERS REPORT HIGH QUALITY FOR 2022 ...
Nov 7, 2022 · with high sugar and acidity levels. Own-rooted and dry-farmed Merlot fared exceptionally well, as did Pinot. Noir that escaped heat damage.
[127]
https://www.millesima-usa.com/merlot.html
[128]
What will the country be drinking in 2025?
Feb 5, 2025 · 1. White Wine Takes Center Stage. · 2. Rising Demand for Mindful Knowledge about Eco-friendly Wines. · 3. Embrace of Low-Intervention Wines. · 4.Missing: Merlot | Show results with:Merlot
[129]
[PDF] World Wine Production Outlook - OIV
Nov 29, 2024 · World wine production is expected to decline in 2024, estimated between 227 and 235 mhl, a 2% drop from 2023, potentially the smallest since ...Missing: Czech Republic
[130]
“Who produces 1 million hectolitres of Merlot worldwide? Who ...
“Who produces 1 million hectolitres of Merlot worldwide? Who produces 800,000 hl of Chardonnay? Pays d'Oc are the only ones!” By Vitisphere March 19, 2025.
[131]
What is White Merlot? (8 Delicious Wines, How It's Made, Food ...
To produce a traditional Merlot, the winemaker macerates the Merlot grapes with the skins for about 14-21 days. This extended maceration of the grape skins ...Missing: method | Show results with:method
[132]
[PDF] WHITE MERLOT - Talon Wines
We accomplish this by bringing in Merlot grapes at their peak ripeness, destemming and pressing the pink juice to a tank for fermentation, removing the skins.Missing: production method
[133]
https://www.oiv.int/sites/default/files/2024-11/OIV_2024_World_Wine_Production_Outlook.pdf
[134]
WHITE MERLOT: THE SPECIALTY OF TICINO | Vini Delea EU
Jul 13, 2022 · Today, the share of Merlot grapes vinified in white in Canton Ticino reaches more than 30 percent of production. The Vini & Distillati Angelo ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[135]
Tell me something I don't know about (white) Merlot
May 2, 2023 · Produced in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, this style has been growing in popularity since the idea was first born in 1986. So what's ...
[136]
https://www.talonwines.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Tech-Sheet-Talon-White-Merlot-2016.pdf
[137]
Sparkling and white wines for summer 2024 - Jancis Robinson
Jun 15, 2024 · An answer to Bordeaux's red-wine surplus: a white wine from Merlot grapes made by a group of 10 co-ops in Entre-Deux-Mers and Duras. Good fruit ...
[138]
The Best Merlot Food Pairing Ideas (With Wine Styles & Taste Notes)
Merlot wine pairs well with white meat and lightly spiced dark meat, along with vegetables and appetizers.
[139]
Understanding Tannins in Wine: A Complete Guide - Coravin
Jul 17, 2025 · High tannin wines pair exceptionally well with fatty foods, as the fat helps soften the astringent sensation while the tannins cleanse the ...
[140]
Sipping Easy: Exploring Food Pairings for Smooth Merlot
May 29, 2024 · Common foods that pair well with Merlot include poultry, like turkey and chicken, pork, spaghetti and meatballs, lamb, and portobello mushrooms.
[141]
Merlot Food Pairing: 22+ Magnificent Matches (Updated 2023)
Nov 7, 2020 · The best cheeses with Merlot are aged, blue, stinky, and pungent cheese. Pair Merlot with aged Cheddar, aged Gouda, Gorgonzola, Stilton, ...
[142]
Merlot and Food Pairing - CA Wines ›
In addition to the standard red-meat pairings, for which Merlot and Cabernet are both excellent, Merlot is a wonderful partner for tuna, salmon, and even ...
[143]
Cassoulet and red Bordeaux - Matching Food & Wine
Feb 15, 2021 · Although cassoulet comes from south-west France it's not normally paired with a serious bottle of Bordeaux but in fact the combination can ...Missing: Merlot | Show results with:Merlot
[144]
5 Merlot Wine Facts | Wine Folly
Avoid pairing Merlot with fish, leafy greens, or spicy foods, where it can either overwhelm or be overwhelmed. Classic Merlot Regions. Great Merlot starts in ...Merlot Wine Facts · Merlot Taste Profile And... · Off-The-Beaten-Path Merlot
[145]
25 Best Merlot Food Pairing Recipes and Tips - Cooking Chat
Jul 13, 2024 · Tips for Merlot food pairing along with over 25 pairings that work very well with Merlot wine, including meat, seafood and vegetarian.Merlot food pairing tips · Merlot pairing FAQs · Pork Pairings · Merlot with Beef
[146]
The Ultimate Guide To Pairing Food and Wine in 2025
Jun 23, 2025 · Expect to see more plant-based pairings too—miso, tahini, seaweed, and fermented sauces creating just as much depth and complexity as a ribeye ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[147]
Do you chill Merlot? - Wine Spectator
Mar 25, 2019 · Red wines like Merlot should be generally be served a little cooler than room temperature, at about 60° to 65° F.
[148]
Decanting for Young and Old Wines - RIEDEL
Jun 11, 2023 · Decanting a young wine can have the remarkable effect of helping it to mature further through aeration. This exposure to oxygen softens the wine's tannins.
[149]
Complete Guide on Wine Serving Temperatures
White and rosé wine should be served between 44 – 55°F (7 – 12°C) in appropriate white wine glasses. Served in this range, white wines reveal their full ...Tips for wine serving... · Wine serving temperature table · How to serve wine at the...
[150]
https://thefoxmagazine.com/food/the-ultimate-guide-to-pairing-food-and-wine-in-2025/
[151]
Pomerol: an appellation with renowned red wines - Vins de Bordeaux
Merlot. Soil. Gravelly and sandy rock surface mixed with iron oxides ... Aging potential. 5 - 30 years. Serving temperature. 59-62.6° F. The Libournais.
[152]
Merlot, Luxury Pomerol And Affordable Everyday Wine - Forbes
Aug 20, 2020 · Merlot is France's most planted grape with 277,000 acres. It is also Bordeaux's most cultivated with 170,000 acres. The fruit is warm and ripe ...
[153]
https://www.wineandmore.com/complete-guide-wine-serving-temperatures/
[154]
Wine Corks vs Screw Caps: Pros and Cons
Aug 29, 2024 · The screw cap sealed wines were shown to be the most consistent over the study, though cork was found to contribute more aging characteristics.
[155]
https://www.bordeaux.com/us/Our-Terroir/The-Libournais/Pomerol
[156]
Canned Wines Market Size & Share | Industry Report, 2030
The global canned wines market size was estimated at USD 112.9 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 211.5 million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of ...
[157]
https://wineguardian.com/wine-blog/wine-cellars/wine-storage-temperature-vs-serving-temperature/
[158]
Merlot - wein.plus - Lexicon
Dec 9, 2024 · Other areas under cultivation In 25 years, Merlot has almost doubled from 154,752 hectares in 1990 to 266,440 hectares in 2016. This puts the ...
[159]
MERLOT
### Summary of Synonyms for Merlot
[160]
Merlot- Plantgrape
In France, Merlot is officially listed in the "Catalogue of vine varieties" on the A list and classified. This variety is also listed in the catalogues of ...
[161]
How to Choose: Cabernet vs Merlot | Wine Folly
Some warm climate Cabernet Sauvignon are mistaken for Merlot. Some producers use oak-aging to give wine more structure.<|separator|>
[162]
Cabernet Sauvignon vs. Merlot: A Wine Lover's Guide to the ...
Sep 13, 2024 · Ripening Differences: Early vs. Late Bloomers. One of the biggest distinctions between Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon is their ripening time.
[163]
https://winefolly.com/tips/wine-tasting-challenge-carmenere/
[164]
https://www.vivc.de/index.php?r=akzessionen/viewacc&id=27288
[165]
The Changing Face of Carmenère - GuildSomm
Dec 6, 2018 · Carmenère is changing from a wine with strong green notes and less balanced, to a more balanced wine with subtle green notes, and a move away ...Missing: visual | Show results with:visual
[166]
Malbec vs Merlot: How to Choose Between these Two Red Wines
May 9, 2021 · Malbec and Merlot, in fact, share a parent in the grape Magdeleine Noire des Charentes, making them half siblings. Both of these grapes are ...
[167]
Grenache vs. Merlot: A Comprehensive Guide - Wine & News
Aug 13, 2024 · The main differences lie in their color, aroma, body, growing regions, and food pairings, with Grenache typically offering a spicier note and ...
[168]
DNA-Based Variety Identification Services (DNA Fingerprinting)
Analysis of a panel of these specific DNA markers produces the DNA profile or "DNA Fingerprint". The marker panel used is specific to each crop. To identify the ...Missing: ampelography | Show results with:ampelography<|separator|>
[169]
Are Your Grapevine Clones 'True-To-Type?' - Wine Business
Jan 1, 2023 · Grapevine clones can vary due to mutations, affecting fruit maturity, composition, yield, and growth habit. Clonal variations can occur, and ...Missing: markers | Show results with:markers