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COT

COT is an or initialism that may refer to: == Domestic uses ==
  • [[Cot (bed)|Cot]] (bed), a small portable bed
  • [[Cot (small house)|Cot]] (small house), a small dwelling
== Mathematics and computing == == Business and finance ==
  • [[Commitment of Traders|Commitment of Traders]], a report on futures trading
  • Cost of Treatment
== Education == == Government and military ==
  • Commanding Officer of Troops
  • [[Council of Trent|Council of Trent]], an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church
== Transportation ==
  • Cargo Oil Tank
  • Certificate of Transport
== People ==
  • [[Pierre Cot|Pierre Cot]] (1895–1977), French politician
  • [[Jean-Pierre Cot|Jean-Pierre Cot]] (born 1937), French judge and politician
== Arts, media, and miscellaneous ==

Domestic uses

Cot (bed)

A cot, also known as a camp bed, is a lightweight, portable typically consisting of a fabric sheet, such as or , stretched over a collapsible frame designed for easy transport and setup. This design emphasizes durability and minimalism, allowing it to fold compactly for storage or travel while providing a raised sleeping surface off the ground. The historical origins of the cot trace back to , where a remarkable three-fold folding was discovered in the of (reigned 1343–1323 B.C.), crafted from lightweight hardwood with bronze hinges, copper-alloy supports shaped like paws, and a woven mat for the sleeping surface. This artifact highlights early innovations in portable furniture for elite travel and expeditions. Military applications evolved from such designs, with folding beds noted in contexts, particularly for officers. By the , cots became standard for field use, exemplified by Washington's camp (1775–1780), constructed from , , iron, , , and , which folded for mobility during troop movements. During the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865), hospital cots featuring canvas stretched over folding wooden frames served in field hospitals to accommodate wounded soldiers efficiently. Modern cots commonly employ metal frames made of or aluminum for strength and reduced weight, paired with synthetic fabrics like 600-denier or that resist tearing and provide breathability, while traditional options use . Construction incorporates folding mechanisms such as hinged joints at the legs and central crossbars, often with locking pins or tension bars to ensure stability when deployed, allowing the entire unit to collapse into a compact form for carrying via integrated handles or bags. These features make cots ideal for temporary setups, balancing portability—typically weighing 15–25 pounds—with robustness. Cots find widespread use in military field operations for rapid deployment in camps, where they elevate sleepers above uneven terrain and insects. In emergency shelters, such as after , they provide scalable housing solutions for displaced populations, often distributed by relief organizations. For children, portable cots serve as safe, space-saving sleeping options in homes, daycare centers, or scenarios, while in settings, adjustable models support recovery in clinics or temporary care facilities. Standard dimensions approximate 75–84 inches in length, 25–30 inches in width, and 14–18 inches in height to accommodate adults comfortably, with heavy-duty variants supporting up to 600 pounds for specialized needs like bariatric care.

Cot (small house)

In , particularly in regional dialects of and , "cot" serves as an term for a small, humble such as a , , or , typically constructed from basic materials like thatch, wood, or stone. This usage derives from "cot," meaning a or enclosed , which also etymologically connects to the portable bed but refers here distinctly to a fixed structure. Historically, the term appears in 18th- and 19th-century literature depicting rural life in the UK and , where cots represented modest farm laborers' homes tied to feudal land systems. In Scottish poetry, evocatively portrayed the cot in works like "The Cotter's Saturday Night" (), illustrating the daily existence of a "cotter"—a or laborer residing in such a simple abode in exchange for agricultural work, often evoking themes of resilience amid hardship. Culturally, the cot symbolizes rural poverty and unadorned simplicity in Scottish and , often romanticized as a haven of honest toil yet emblematic of social marginalization, setting it apart from more substantial cottages associated with modest prosperity. In literature and oral traditions, it underscores themes of community endurance in the face of economic precarity, without the embellishments of wealthier rural homes.

Mathematics and computing

Cotangent

The cotangent function, denoted as \cot \theta, is defined for an angle \theta in a right triangle as the ratio of the length of the side adjacent to \theta to the length of the opposite side. Equivalently, in terms of the unit circle or general trigonometric identities, \cot \theta = \frac{\cos \theta}{\sin \theta} = \frac{1}{\tan \theta}, where it is undefined whenever \sin \theta = 0. This reciprocal relationship to the tangent function underscores its role as one of the six fundamental trigonometric functions. The term "cotangens" was first introduced by Danish mathematician Thomas Fincke in his 1583 work Geometriae rotundi, marking a significant advancement in trigonometric nomenclature alongside his coining of "tangens." Prior to Fincke, the concept was known in Latin as umbra versa in medieval shadow tables compiled by Arab mathematicians around 860 CE. In the development of complex analysis, the cotangent function became integral through Leonhard Euler's partial fraction expansion, \pi \cot(\pi z) = \frac{1}{z} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left( \frac{1}{z - n} + \frac{1}{z + n} \right), which connects it to infinite series, zeta functions, and Fourier expansions. The of y = \cot x (with x in radians) exhibits periodicity with a period of \pi, meaning \cot(x + \pi) = \cot x for all x where defined. It features vertical asymptotes at x = k\pi for every k, where the function approaches positive or negative , and horizontal zeros at x = \frac{\pi}{2} + k\pi, reflecting its reciprocal nature to the function's , which is shifted by \frac{\pi}{2}. Between asymptotes, the curve decreases from +\infty to -\infty, passing through zero, with no local maxima or minima due to its strictly decreasing monotonicity in each interval. In , the cotangent function's is \frac{d}{d\theta} \cot \theta = -\csc^2 \theta, derived via the on \frac{\cos \theta}{\sin \theta}, facilitating analysis of rates of change in trigonometric models. Applications in physics include modeling oscillatory phenomena and waveforms, such as in the analysis of mechanical vibrations where cotangent ratios describe phase relationships. In , particularly electrical circuits, cotangent appears in (AC) analysis to compute impedance and power factors involving reactive components, aiding in the design of filters and resonant systems.

Chain of Thought

Chain of Thought (CoT) is a prompting technique in that enhances the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by instructing them to generate a series of intermediate reasoning steps before producing a final answer. This method mimics human-like problem-solving by breaking down complex tasks into explicit logical sequences, thereby improving accuracy on tasks requiring multi-step inference, such as , , and symbolic manipulation. Unlike standard prompting, which often leads to direct but error-prone outputs, CoT encourages models to articulate their thought process, revealing potential errors and enabling self-correction during generation. The technique was popularized in 2022 through the seminal paper "Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models" by Jason Wei and colleagues at Google Research, which demonstrated its effectiveness on models like . This work built on earlier few-shot prompting approaches but introduced CoT as a way to elicit emergent reasoning abilities in sufficiently large models, scaling performance with model size. Subsequent developments included zero-shot CoT, introduced in the paper "Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners" by Takeshi Kojima et al., which uses simple instructions like "Let's think step by step" without examples to prompt reasoning chains. By 2025, CoT had evolved into integrated features in advanced models, such as OpenAI's , where it boosts performance on reasoning benchmarks, and xAI's series, which incorporates visible "thinking modes" for transparent step-by-step outputs in versions like Grok-3 and Grok-4. At its core, CoT operates by appending reasoning demonstrations or triggers to prompts, guiding the model to output a chain of steps that lead to the ; for instance, in tasks, the model might first identify operations, then compute intermediates, before aggregating results. This mechanism proves particularly effective for benchmarks like GSM8K, where standard prompting on 540B achieved only 17.9% accuracy, but CoT elevated it to 58.1%, establishing a then-state-of-the-art result and highlighting CoT's role in unlocking latent reasoning. In applications, CoT has been widely adopted for commonsense tasks (e.g., improving MultiArith scores from 17.7% to 78.7%) and symbolic reasoning, with integrations in production systems by 2025 enhancing reliability in areas like and decision support. Despite its advantages, CoT has notable limitations, including substantially increased token consumption—often 5-10 times more than direct prompting—which raises computational costs and latency, making it less suitable for applications. It also shows reduced efficacy on simple tasks, where the overhead of reasoning steps can introduce unnecessary errors or verbosity without performance gains. By 2025, studies indicated on frontier models, as inherent reasoning improvements in architectures like those in and reduced the marginal benefits of explicit CoT prompting.

Business and finance

Commitment of Traders

The Commitment of Traders (COT) report is a weekly regulatory publication issued by the U.S. (CFTC) that details the aggregate positions held by different types of traders in futures and options on futures markets. It categorizes reportable traders into three main groups: commercial hedgers, who use futures to manage price risks in their business operations; non-commercial speculators, such as hedge funds and managed money traders seeking profits from price movements; and non-reportable traders, comprising smaller positions below reporting thresholds. The report focuses on markets where 20 or more traders hold positions exceeding CFTC-specified reporting levels, providing transparency into based on data collected from exchanges and clearing members. The origins of the COT report trace back to 1924, when the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Futures Administration first published annual summaries of trader positions in futures contracts to market activity. The weekly format began in June under the CFTC's predecessor agency, initially covering major commodity futures like and . Significant expansions occurred over time, including the addition of financial futures in the and, in , the incorporation of swaps data through new categories for swap dealers and index traders to reflect the growing of commodity markets. As of 2025, the report is typically released every Friday at 3:30 p.m. Eastern Time, capturing positions as of the previous Tuesday's close, though a federal in October 2025 caused temporary delays in publications; historical data remains available back to 1986 for futures-only reports. In terms of structure, the COT report offers multiple versions, with the disaggregated format providing the most detailed breakdown by separating long, short, and spreading positions within commercial and non-commercial categories, alongside non-reportable positions. Key metrics include total , the number of traders per category, and week-over-week changes in positions, which highlight shifts in market participation and balance between buyers and sellers. Net positions, calculated as long minus short for each trader type, serve as a primary indicator of overall bullish or bearish sentiment. Analysts and traders rely on the COT report to gauge prevailing , distinguish between hedging and speculative activity, and compute metrics like the commercial hedger-to-speculator ratio for assessing potential price reversals. It aids in forecasting price movements by revealing overcrowding in positions, such as extreme net longs by speculators that may signal tops or bottoms in commodities like crude oil, , and major currencies. For instance, in September 2023, COT data showed non-commercial speculators increasing their combined net long positions in Brent and WTI crude oil futures by 137,000 contracts—a 35% rise—to an 18-month high of 527,000 contracts, driven by production cuts from OPEC+ members including amid ongoing global supply concerns.

Cost of Treatment

The cost of treatment (COT) in healthcare economics refers to the total financial burden associated with managing a specific , , or illness, encompassing both —such as expenses for pharmaceuticals, hospital stays, and diagnostic tests—and , including lost productivity from patient or time off work and transportation to medical facilities. COT is typically calculated by summing direct and indirect costs, expressed as: \text{COT} = \text{Direct Costs} + \text{Indirect Costs} where direct costs cover medical resources like consultations and medications, and indirect costs account for broader economic impacts such as wage losses. In the United States, average COT for cancer treatments exceeded $10,000 per month as of 2024, varying by cancer type and stage, with chemotherapy alone ranging from $1,000 to $12,000 monthly. Historical trends indicate that COT has risen steadily from 2020 to 2023, driven by medical inflation outpacing general economic inflation and the adoption of advanced technologies like precision medicine, with U.S. spending growing 7.5% in 2023 to $4.9 trillion overall (or $14,570 ). Studies up to 2025, including a , highlight potential reductions through AI-driven diagnostics in targeted applications, such as 14–19.5% lower per-patient screening costs for by minimizing unnecessary procedures and improving efficiency. Key factors influencing COT include insurance coverage, which mitigates out-of-pocket expenses; regional variations, with U.S. spending on and outpatient care at $8,353 as of 2019 compared to $3,636 on average in peer countries; and policy interventions like the (ACA), which has enhanced affordability by expanding coverage and reducing uninsured rates, thereby lowering uncompensated care costs for providers. A notable example is the COT for treatments, where U.S. hospitalization costs for people with private health coverage averaged around $41,600 in 2020 amid high demand for intensive and novel therapies. Direct hospital costs for increased from approximately $10,400 (March 2020) to $13,100 (March 2022), adjusted for and stay characteristics, reflecting greater resource use despite improved protocols and availability; lower-cost antivirals like those for Paxlovid were introduced by 2023.

Education

College of the Ozarks

The is a private Christian located in Point Lookout, , overlooking near Branson. Founded in 1906 by Presbyterian minister Reverend James Forsythe as the School of the Ozarks, it began as a high school to provide for children from low-income families in the Ozark unable to afford traditional schooling. The institution evolved into a in 1956 and a four-year bachelor's degree-granting college in 1965, adopting its current name in 1990 while maintaining its core mission of fostering Christ-like character, hard work, and patriotism among students. Today, it operates as a tuition-free institution through its signature work-study program, where full-time students commit to 15 hours of weekly labor in over 100 on-campus jobs, such as maintenance, , or , covering tuition costs while promoting vocational skills and financial responsibility. The college's 1,000-acre residential campus supports an enrollment of approximately 1,500 undergraduates, with a student-faculty ratio of 15:1. It offers bachelor's degrees in more than 30 majors across five pillars—academic, vocational, Christian, patriotic, and cultural—including business administration and accounting, elementary and secondary education, and agriculture with emphases in animal science and sustainable farming. The six-year graduation rate stands at 64%, reflecting the rigorous integration of academics with mandatory work and service requirements. Known as "Hard Work U," the college emphasizes character development and debt-free graduation, with funding derived primarily from private donations, a substantial endowment, and revenue from campus enterprises like the Keeter Center's mill operations, which produce fruitcakes and other . It does not participate in federal programs but allows eligible students to access federal grants via the to offset room, board, and other expenses. The Patriotic Education pillar includes required coursework on American heritage, civic duty, and , reinforcing the institution's commitment to producing informed, patriotic citizens. Historically, the college endured the through its self-reliant work ethic, avoiding closure by relying on student labor and community support rather than external bailouts. In the 2020s, expansions funded by alumni and donors have included enhancements to vocational facilities, such as updated labs and technology resources for engineering and business programs. Graduates benefit from a strong emphasis on practical skills and integrity, achieving an employment rate of 91% one year after graduation, often in fields aligned with their majors, while prioritizing character formation over financial debt.

College of Occupational Therapists

The College of Occupational Therapists (COT) served as the primary professional body for occupational therapists in the , tracing its origins to 1936 when the of Occupational Therapists (AOT) was founded to represent practitioners in , , and . The AOT merged with the Scottish Association of Occupational Therapists (founded 1932) in 1969, leading to the formation of the British Association of Occupational Therapists (BAOT) in 1974, which established the COT as its charitable arm focused on education and standards. In 2017, the COT received a from Queen Elizabeth II, transforming into the Royal College of Occupational Therapists (RCOT) to enhance its influence and governance. The first formal training in the UK emerged in the 1930s, with Elizabeth Casson founding Dorset House School in in 1930, marking the profession's early institutionalization. As the successor to the COT, the RCOT maintains core functions including establishing standards for occupational therapy education, practice, and ethics, as outlined in its Professional Standards for Occupational Therapy Practice, Conduct and Ethics. It accredits pre-registration university programs to ensure alignment with World Federation of Occupational Therapists requirements and registration. The organization also advocates for occupational therapy integration into (NHS) policies, influencing workforce strategies and preventive care initiatives through partnerships with government and health bodies. Membership exceeds 36,000 as of 2025, encompassing therapists, students, and support staff who access continuing (CPD) resources and research funding opportunities. The RCOT Research and Innovation Fund provides smaller grants, such as up to £9,500 for annual awards, to support research and development in occupational therapy. Key initiatives under the RCOT include post-COVID rehabilitation guidelines developed from 2020 onward, offering quick guides for occupational therapists to support adults, children, and young recovering from symptoms like fatigue and cognitive challenges. campaigns, such as the , and Belonging Strategy, promote inclusive recruitment and global representation by addressing barriers for underrepresented groups in the profession. In June 2025, RCOT launched its Advancing occupational therapy: Research and innovation to guide future research efforts. The RCOT provides guidance on digital occupational therapy, emphasizing standards for delivery to enhance remote access while ensuring and equitable outcomes.

Government and military

Commanding Officer of Troops

The of Troops (COT) is a designated in the U.S. military, typically a or higher rank, responsible for leading and commanding troops during ceremonial events such as reviews, parades, honor guards, and military funerals. This role focuses on ensuring the precise execution of movements, honors, and protocols, distinct from broader command duties by emphasizing personnel , , and operational coordination specific to the event. The COT is selected by the overall based on prior experience to maintain uniformity and adherence to standards. Key responsibilities include preparing troop formations, directing commands like "Present Arms" or "Eyes Right," and coordinating with support elements such as bands, salute batteries, and reviewing officers to execute the ceremony sequence flawlessly. In military funerals, for instance, the COT verifies the readiness of all participants, signals the executive officer to initiate rifle volleys, and oversees the presentation of honors, including flag folding and "Taps." At installations like Arlington National Cemetery, where the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) conducts daily funerals, the COT—often drawn from regiment leadership—manages escort details, ensuring dignified and synchronized operations for up to 30 services per weekday. This personnel-centric focus differentiates the COT from installation commanders, who handle administrative and security oversight, by prioritizing ceremonial morale and readiness. The role's historical origins trace to medieval military traditions of formal reviews and were formalized in the U.S. through Baron Friedrich von Steuben's Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the (the "") in 1779, establishing standardized drill for ceremonies. Post-World War II, as the reorganized amid demobilization, the COT position was integrated into updated regulations to support joint-service events and national commemorations, reflecting expanded ceremonial demands during the era. Specific protocols, including for joint formations, are governed by DoD Directive 1005.8, which outlines positioning for , , , , and elements during funerals and changes of command; recent joint-service integrations emphasize , such as coordinated honors across branches at . Selection for the COT requires demonstrated command experience, often from or brigade-level leadership, with officers trained through drill and courses emphasizing execution. Assignments typically rotate every 2-3 years in underlying command billets to foster broad , though the COT designation itself is event-specific and drawn from experienced personnel at the installation or unit.

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, convened by Pope Paul III on December 13, 1545, in Trent, Italy, and concluding on December 4, 1563, under Popes Julius III and Pius IV. Held in three distinct periods (1545–1547, 1551–1552, and 1562–1563) due to political interruptions, it gathered Catholic bishops, theologians, and legates to confront the Protestant Reformation by clarifying doctrine and initiating internal reforms. The council's proceedings emphasized unity against emerging Protestant challenges, such as those from Martin Luther, while addressing longstanding abuses like clerical corruption and indulgences. Among its pivotal decisions, the council reaffirmed the seven sacraments as essential channels of , including , , , , extreme unction, , and matrimony, rejecting Protestant reductions to fewer rites. In its sixth session, it defined justification as involving both and , countering , and upheld in the during the 13th session. Reforms targeted the clergy, mandating , prohibiting , and requiring bishops to reside in their dioceses; crucially, the 23rd and 24th sessions established seminaries for rigorous priestly education to elevate moral and intellectual standards. These decrees, confirmed by in 1564, aimed to restore discipline and doctrinal precision. The spanned 25 formal sessions, with attendance fluctuating from around 34 prelates at the opening to a peak of 255 during later gatherings, predominantly and bishops, though invitations extended to Protestant representatives who largely declined. The final session in 1563 addressed , saints' invocation, and indulgences, while commissioning revisions to the , , and a for parish instruction, published in 1566 as the of the to standardize teaching. Historically, the Council ignited the , bolstering Catholic resurgence through enhanced education via the Society of Jesus (), whose schools proliferated to counter Protestant influences, and inspiring art's emotive style to evoke piety and counter , as seen in decrees from the 25th session regulating sacred images. By 2025, its legacy endures as a cornerstone of Catholic identity, informing the doctrinal continuity emphasized at the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and fueling scholarly discussions on its balance of reform and tradition in addressing modern secularism.

Transportation

Cargo Oil Tank

A cargo oil tank (COT) is a segregated compartment within an designed to transport crude , refined products, or chemicals in while preventing cross-contamination between different . These tanks form the core of the vessel's cargo-carrying capacity, typically comprising multiple interconnected holds that are isolated from the ship's systems to maintain cargo integrity during voyages. Modern COT design emphasizes safety and environmental protection, incorporating double-hull construction as mandated by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (, Regulation 19, for oil tankers of 600 deadweight tons (dwt) and above delivered on or after 6 July 1996. This structure features an inner hull containing the cargo and an outer hull separated by void spaces, reducing the risk of spills in collisions or groundings. Capacities vary by vessel class, with very large crude carriers (VLCCs) holding up to 2 million barrels of , while inert gas systems—required under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) since 1974 for tankers over 20,000 dwt—fill tank headspaces with non-flammable gases to mitigate explosion hazards. The evolution of COTs traces back to the emergence of supertankers in the 1950s, driven by post-World War II demand for efficient bulk oil transport, which led to larger tank configurations in vessels exceeding 100,000 dwt by the 1970s. Regulatory advancements, including the 1978 MARPOL Protocol's introduction of segregated ballast tanks, addressed early pollution risks, while ongoing updates focus on emissions; MARPOL Annex VI, Regulation 15 addresses volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from tankers through vapor recovery systems in notified ports. Operational procedures for COTs involve loading and unloading through submerged or deck-mounted pumps connected via pipelines and flexible hoses, enabling efficient transfer rates of up to 35,000 barrels per hour per pump in VLCCs. Cleaning between cargoes employs methods like crude oil washing (COW), where heated cargo oil is sprayed via fixed tank-washing machines to dissolve residues, reducing and allowing reuse without excessive water discharge—a practice standardized under MARPOL since the . These tanks underpin global oil trade, with approximately 90% of seaborne oil shipments relying on tanker COTs to move over 60 million barrels daily. Safety enhancements in COT design were significantly influenced by incidents like the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill, where a single-hull tanker's grounding ruptured eight cargo tanks, releasing 11 million gallons of crude oil and prompting the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which accelerated the global shift to double-hull standards to limit outflow in accidents.

Certificate of Transport

The Certificate of Transport (COT), often referring to the Forwarder's Certificate of Transport (FCT) in international freight forwarding, is a negotiable issued by a to certify that they have taken charge of specified for transport, facilitating shipments. Similar certification documents are required for specific cargoes to verify with , , and regulatory standards for items like , hazardous materials, , or vehicles, ensuring minimized risks to , the environment, and security. The issuance process typically requires submission of applications to regulatory bodies, accompanied by evidence of compliance such as vehicle inspections, health checks, or packaging standards, along with applicable fees. Under international frameworks like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (), permits authorize the transport of specimens, confirming adherence to restrictions and requirements through veterinary or authority endorsements. In the , road transport regulations mandate authorizations for animal movements, including Type 2 certificates for long journeys over 65 km, which involve pre-approval inspections to ensure standards are met. These processes are standardized to facilitate cross-border while enforcing fees for administrative and verification costs. Various types of exist depending on the category. For , and national regulations require accompanying documents like certificates or Type 2 authorizations, incorporating checks such as fitness for travel and space requirements during loading. Hazardous goods transport relies on UN Model Regulations, where declarations confirm , , and labeling per standards, often integrated into documents like the FCT for freight forwarding. Military equipment may necessitate specialized export certificates under regimes, verifying security protocols. As of the 2025 edition of the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of by Road (), digital versions of transport documents, including those for hazmat akin to COT, are permitted to streamline global logistics. Historically, transport certification-like documents evolved from 19th-century quarantine laws aimed at preventing disease outbreaks during animal and goods shipments, with early U.S. federal regulations on explosives transport dating to 1866. Following the , 2001 attacks, enhancements were introduced globally, including mandatory security screening in U.S. and EU cargo manifests to mitigate risks in supply chains. Enforcement involves strict penalties for non-compliance, such as civil penalties up to $99,504 per violation for general hazardous materials documentation issues, and up to $238,809 for severe cases resulting in death, serious illness, severe injury, or substantial property damage under the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (as adjusted for 2025). Examples include air freight seizures for missing wildlife permits under , leading to and fines, or sea freight detentions for undeclared , resulting in vessel delays and monetary sanctions. Non-compliance can also incur operational halts, as seen in border checks for unapproved animal transports.

People

Pierre Cot

Pierre Cot (1895–1977) was a prominent and aviator who played a significant role in the interwar period's aviation and defense policies. Born on November 20, 1895, in , he emerged as a key figure in the Radical-Socialist Party, becoming a deputy in 1928 and rising through its ranks due to his oratory skills and progressive stance on social reforms. As Minister of Air from January 1933 to February 1934 under , and again from June 1936 to January 1938 during the government led by , Cot advocated vigorously for the modernization of military aviation, emphasizing the need for a robust to counter rising threats from and .) His efforts included the approval of Plan I by the Superior Air Council in June 1933, which outlined a production schedule to expand the French air fleet, though implementation faced budgetary and industrial hurdles. Cot's key contributions extended to civil aviation and international solidarity during crises. In 1933, he orchestrated the merger of five smaller airlines—Air Orient, Air Union, Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne (CIDNA), Société Générale de Transports Aériens (SGTA), and Farman—into the national carrier , inaugurating it on October 7 at Airport to consolidate and strengthen France's commercial air transport amid . During the , as Air Minister, Cot supported the Republican government by authorizing the shipment of arms and aircraft on July 21, 1936, in response to their urgent requests, viewing it as a strategic necessity to prevent fascist expansion; this aid included bombers and fighters funneled through covert channels before France's formal adoption of non-intervention. He later critiqued the 1936 non-intervention policy in his writings, arguing it betrayed democratic allies and weakened France's position against . Following the fall of in 1940, Cot went into exile in the United States, where he continued anti-fascist advocacy and penned his memoirs, Triumph of Treason (1944), a scathing of policies, internal betrayals, and failures in rearmament that contributed to the 1940 defeat. Returning to after , he served as a delegate to the , representing interests in early postwar diplomacy, and led the Progressive Party, aligning with leftist causes. His son, Jean-Pierre Cot, carried forward the family legacy in politics as a prominent Socialist figure. Cot's legacy endures in as a progressive reformer who pushed for bold investments amid conservative resistance and debates, highlighting his foresight in warning against complacency, influencing postwar military restructuring despite his mixed success in office.

Jean-Pierre Cot

Jean-Pierre Cot was born on 23 October 1937 in Geneva, Switzerland, the son of Pierre Cot, a prominent French politician and aviation minister during the era. He studied law at the in from 1955 to 1965, earning a Ph.D. in 1966, and subsequently became a professor of and , first at the University of and later at the (), where he specialized in , international , and . Cot's academic career laid the foundation for his engagement in European and international affairs, and he was elected as a (MEP) for the Socialist Group, serving from 1978 to 1979 and again from 1984 to 1999, during which he chaired the Committee on Budgets and held vice-presidential roles in the Parliament. In , Cot served as at the French Ministry for External Relations from May 1981 to December 1982 under President François Mitterrand's Socialist administration, where he focused on reforming France's relations with developing countries and promoting North-South dialogue. Later, he was appointed a at the International Tribunal for the (ITLOS) in 2002, serving until 2020 and contributing to cases on maritime disputes and prompt release of vessels, including as an ad hoc in proceedings before the (ICJ). Throughout his political tenure, Cot advocated for deeper , protections, and progressive foreign policies, often critiquing militaristic approaches in . Cot's scholarly contributions include co-authoring influential works on international institutions, such as La Charte des Nations Unies: Commentaire article par article (with Alain Pellet, multiple editions from 1988 onward), which provides a detailed of UN structures and calls for reforms to enhance , and International Conciliation (1972), examining mechanisms. His writings and ministerial experience also addressed third-world economics, emphasizing equitable development and critiquing neocolonial dynamics in aid policies. Academically, Cot developed courses on at the , influencing generations of scholars and policymakers, and his critiques shaped debates on French foreign policy, particularly regarding cooperation with and the .

Jean Cot

Jean Cot (born April 6, 1934) is a French general who served as the Force Commander of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) from July 1993 to March 1994, overseeing peacekeeping operations during the Bosnian War. A career officer, he previously commanded the 1st French Army and held various high-level positions in the French military.

Arts, media, and miscellaneous

Children of Time

The Children of Time series is a science fiction book series by British author Adrian Tchaikovsky, renowned for its exploration of evolutionary biology and interstellar encounters. It debuted with the 2015 novel Children of Time, which won the Arthur C. Clarke Award for its imaginative depiction of alien intelligence. The series continued with Children of Ruin in 2019 and Children of Memory in 2022, culminating in the full trilogy's recognition with the 2023 Hugo Award for Best Series. A fourth book, Children of Strife, is scheduled for release in March 2026, expanding the universe further. The core narrative follows the remnants of , fleeing a collapsed aboard a generation ship, as they arrive at a distant, terraformed intended for . There, they confront the unforeseen results of a long-abandoned experiment in genetic uplift, leading to the rise of a sophisticated of spiders. Subsequent volumes extend this premise to include interactions with other non-human intelligences and artificial entities, weaving themes of , the ethics of , and interspecies survival across vast timescales, all while avoiding direct spoilers to preserve the story's revelations. Central to the series are its innovative themes of evolving in non-human forms, exemplified by the spiders' development from primitive hunters to a technologically advanced civilization modeled on real-world arachnids like the Portia labiata. Tchaikovsky critiques human by contrasting anthropocentric views of progress with the spiders' adaptive, collective mindset, emphasizing how evolutionary pressures shape and differently across . The portrayal maintains scientific rigor, drawing on accurate depictions of spider behaviors such as web-building, hunting strategies, and social dynamics to ground the speculative elements in plausible . The series has received widespread acclaim for its hard science fiction credentials, including detailed evolutionary simulations and philosophical depth in examining alien perspectives, earning praise from outlets like for revolutionizing depictions of non-human . By 2025, a deluxe collector's edition of Children of Time was released, featuring artwork by Donato Giancola, gilded edges, and a , enhancing its appeal to fans. Ongoing fan analyses in 2025 have focused on the series' , with discussions highlighting its accurate integration of zoological concepts into speculative narratives. Tchaikovsky's background as a and graduate from the informs the series' biological authenticity, allowing him to craft compelling, evidence-based extrapolations of how intelligence might emerge in . His expertise is evident in the nuanced evolution of spider society, from instinct-driven survival to complex cultural and technological advancements, making the narrative a standout in biologically informed .

Circle of Trust

The "circle of trust" is an informal slang term referring to a close-knit group of reliable individuals, such as family or friends, with whom one shares confidential information and excludes outsiders to maintain security and loyalty. This concept emphasizes mutual reliability and exclusivity, often visualized as an inner ring of confidants. The phrase gained widespread popularity through the 2000 comedy film Meet the Parents, directed by Jay Roach and starring Ben Stiller as Greg Focker and Robert De Niro as Jack Byrnes, where Byrnes humorously describes it as a familial "inner circle" tested by trust and deception during Focker's attempts to join the group. In the movie, it serves as a comedic trope highlighting paranoia and relational boundaries, with Byrnes using it to gauge Focker's worthiness amid mishaps like a failed lie detector test. By the mid-2010s, "circle of trust" had evolved into a common COT in online , appearing in memes and to denote trusted networks amid digital interactions, such as personal stories without fear of . Its usage permeated pop , including references in and everyday discourse by 2025, often invoked to underscore the risks of expanding one's confidants in an era of oversharing. The term spread beyond into professional and communal contexts, adopted in for trust-building exercises that foster through structured sessions. In communities, it inspired social experiments like Reddit's 2018 "Circle of Trust" , a game-theory-based invitation system where users built exclusive groups to explore and dynamics. Similarly, in and support groups, it denotes safe spaces for emotional vulnerability, such as peer circles where participants commit to confidentiality to aid recovery. From its origins as a lighthearted film gag, the "circle of trust" has broadened into a self-help concept by 2025, appearing in motivational literature and online challenges that encourage reflection on personal boundaries and relationships. On platforms like , #CircleOfTrust trends feature viral videos where users nominate trusted allies or simulate trust tests, amplifying its role in digital self-improvement narratives. Unlike the more general "inner circle," which focuses on proximity and , the "circle of trust" specifically prioritizes verified , remaining a purely colloquial expression without any formal .

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