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Parcel locker

A parcel locker is a secure, automated storage unit consisting of multiple lockable compartments of varying sizes, used for the deposit and retrieval of packages by carriers and recipients through , often via codes or keys, thereby facilitating contactless last-mile in residential, commercial, or public settings. These systems integrate technology such as sensors, real-time notifications, and secure authentication methods like PINs, QR codes, or biometric scans to ensure package safety and operational efficiency. Parcel lockers originated in the early , with pioneering implementations in ; for instance, Deutsche Post introduced the "Packstation" network in in 2003, marking one of the first widespread automated systems for parcel handling. In the United States, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) formalized parcel lockers as standardized units installed alongside cluster box units (CBUs) or post office boxes to store oversized parcels, initially requiring at least one locker per ten customer compartments in the early , updated to one per five in 2021. Subsequent expansions included Poland's launching its "Paczkomat" network in 2009, which grew to become a model for 24/7 accessible lockers integrated with . Globally, adoption accelerated with the rise of , particularly during the , as consumers sought contactless options. Key benefits of parcel lockers include enhanced against and , as packages are stored in locked compartments rather than left unattended; 24/7 availability for pickup, reducing failed attempts; and logistical efficiencies that optimize routes and lower operational costs by up to 30% in emissions through consolidated last-mile . They also promote by minimizing redeliveries, which account for significant carbon footprints in traditional parcel services. In multifamily housing and urban areas, USPS parcel lockers specifically address the challenges of centralized mail for large items, often accessed via keys left in standard mailboxes. The global smart parcel locker market, valued at USD 1.01 billion in , is projected to reach USD 2.55 billion by 2032, driven by growth and infrastructure investments in regions like , , and .

Introduction and History

Definition and Purpose

A parcel locker is an automated, secure storage unit comprising multiple lockable compartments designed for the self-service collection and dispatch of parcels and oversized letters, distinguishing it from traditional mailboxes that primarily accommodate smaller mail items such as letters and . These systems function as centralized hubs, often installed in public or communal locations like apartment complexes, retail stores, or transit points, enabling efficient handling of larger packages without requiring direct handoff to recipients. The primary purpose of parcel lockers is to address key challenges in last-mile delivery, including failed delivery attempts due to recipient unavailability, package theft from unsecured locations, and the need for flexible, around-the-clock access for end-users. By providing a secure drop-off and pickup alternative, they reduce delivery inefficiencies, lower operational costs for carriers through consolidated routing, and enhance customer convenience in the context of rising volumes. This makes parcel lockers a vital tool in modern , particularly in urban and dense population areas where traditional home delivery faces logistical constraints. Parcel lockers have evolved from basic postal boxes used for mail storage into sophisticated smart systems that integrate seamlessly with e-commerce platforms and digital notifications. Early iterations resembled simple locked compartments for services, but advancements in and have transformed them into intelligent networks that support real-time tracking and user verification. In a typical , a delivers the parcel to an available compartment in the locker, scans or inputs the recipient's details to secure it, and the system automatically notifies the recipient via , , or app with a unique access code or for retrieval. The recipient then visits the locker at their convenience, enters the provided code to unlock the specific compartment, and retrieves the package, ensuring a contactless and secure process without staff intervention. This streamlined operation minimizes wait times and supports dispatch functions, allowing users to deposit outgoing parcels similarly.

Historical Development

The concept of parcel lockers traces its roots to 19th- and early 20th-century postal systems, where early precursors such as automated vending machines and secure postal boxes were introduced in post offices to facilitate the collection of packages and letters. In the late 19th century, the began installing "package boxes" adjacent to standard letterboxes to handle larger items, marking an initial step toward parcel storage. By the 1920s, innovations like mail chutes in buildings further evolved these systems, allowing for more efficient parcel handling in urban settings. The modern era of automated parcel lockers began in the early 2000s, with the first pilot project launched by in in November 2001 under the name "Packstation," followed by its public rollout in 2003. This initiative represented a pioneering shift toward electronic, self-service parcel delivery, initially tested at select locations to address growing demands. During the 2000s, adoption expanded primarily in amid the e-commerce boom, while prototypes emerged in the United States; in , early concepts took root around the mid-2000s, driven by similar logistical needs in densely populated areas. The 2010s marked accelerated growth, with major providers integrating parcel lockers into their networks. introduced its Paczkomat system in in 2009, rapidly expanding to become a key player in out-of-home delivery. launched its Locker service in 2011 in cities including , , and , leveraging partnerships with retailers to enhance accessibility for online shoppers. This period saw widespread implementation across and initial scaling in and , fueled by rising online retail volumes, with Nordic countries like adopting pilots around 2015. A significant surge occurred from onward during the , as contactless delivery options gained prominence, leading to a 78% increase in package deliveries to smart lockers in the first three quarters of alone. This trend contributed to substantial market expansion, with global installations growing from fewer than 10,000 units in 2010 to over 500,000 by 2023. Growth continued post-pandemic, with expansions such as InPost's launch of parcel lockers at post offices in November 2025, reflecting ongoing adoption in new markets.

Technology and Operation

Key Components

Parcel lockers rely on a combination of and software elements to function as automated, secure and retrieval systems for parcels. The forms the physical foundation, enabling the , , and of packages in a modular and adaptable manner. Key components include modular compartments designed in varying sizes to accommodate different parcel dimensions, from small envelopes to larger boxes, allowing for efficient utilization. Electronic locks, often electromagnetic or motor-driven, secure these compartments and are controlled remotely or via user input, with features like tamper detection to prevent unauthorized . User interfaces such as touchscreens or keypads provide intuitive interaction points for entering codes or scanning identifiers, typically featuring high-brightness displays (≥500 nits) and weather-resistant ratings (IP65) for outdoor durability. or RFID facilitate quick package identification and sorting, with scan speeds of 0.1–0.5 seconds and compatibility for 1D/2D codes or QR formats. Sensors, including occupancy detectors, modules for presence detection, and environmental monitors for temperature and tampering, ensure status updates and optimal conditions, such as maintaining cool temperatures for perishable items. Software components drive the operational intelligence of parcel lockers through central management systems that track , monitor usage, and generate reports via backend databases and dashboards. These systems integrate connectivity, often using protocols like , , NB-IoT, or , to enable notifications and remote control of locker states. integrations with carrier and platforms automate parcel routing and assignment, streamlining delivery processes without manual intervention. As of 2025, advancements include connectivity for enhanced data speeds and for automated package sorting in some systems. Power and infrastructure requirements support reliable deployment in diverse environments. Many systems incorporate solar-powered options, such as integrated panels combined with backups, to enable off-grid operation and reduce energy costs, particularly for outdoor installations. Weatherproof enclosures, constructed from durable or with IP54+ or higher ratings, protect against environmental factors like and extreme temperatures. Network needs typically include cellular (/) or connectivity for stable data transmission, ensuring uninterrupted functionality even in remote locations. Scalability is achieved through expandable designs, such as banks of modular lockers that can be added or reconfigured based on demand, and user-facing interfaces that allow seamless integration with existing networks for broader deployment.

Security and Access Methods

Parcel lockers employ a variety of access methods to ensure only authorized individuals can retrieve packages, enhancing user convenience while maintaining security. Common methods include PIN codes generated via s or notifications, which recipients enter on a interface to unlock the designated compartment. QR codes, scanned by built-in readers, provide a quick, contactless option often linked to delivery confirmations. RFID cards allow seamless access for registered users, such as in or residential settings, by tapping the card against a reader. Biometric scans, including recognition, offer high-security verification without physical tokens, increasingly adopted in advanced systems for their resistance to duplication. One-time mobile notifications, sent through apps, enable temporary access via Bluetooth or geofencing, expiring after use to prevent reuse. Security features in parcel lockers are designed to protect against unauthorized entry and tampering. Tamper-proof locks, typically electromagnetic or solenoid-based, use reinforced construction to resist forced opening, alerting operators to any attempts. Integration with monitors locker areas in real-time, providing visual records of interactions for investigative purposes. Encrypted transmission, often employing AES-128 standards, secures communications between the locker, central servers, and user devices, safeguarding sensitive information like access codes. Audit logs capture all access attempts, including timestamps and user IDs, enabling comprehensive tracking and forensic analysis of events. Anti-theft measures further bolster parcel locker integrity by limiting exposure and enabling proactive interventions. Time-limited access windows restrict code validity to periods typically lasting 7-10 days post-delivery, varying by provider, after which the parcel may be returned to the sender if unclaimed. Oversized parcel alerts notify operators via integrated sensors when items exceed compartment dimensions, prompting reassignment to larger units or manual handling. Remote locking capabilities allow administrators to override and secure compartments from afar using mobile apps, useful in cases of suspected misuse or system anomalies. Parcel locker systems adhere to international standards for data privacy and to build trust and meet regulatory requirements. Compliance with GDPR ensures personal data, such as recipient details and access logs, is processed securely with user consent and minimal retention. ISO standards, including ISO 27001 for and ISO 27701 for privacy extensions, guide the implementation of robust controls like access restrictions and encryption protocols. These frameworks help mitigate risks in global deployments, ensuring interoperability and legal conformity across jurisdictions.

Types and Variants

General Parcel Lockers

General parcel lockers are secure, automated storage systems designed for the collection and dispatch of standard packages in everyday and postal operations. These lockers commonly feature modular designs that can be configured as fixed-location banks in urban settings, such as apartment complexes or hubs, to accommodate high delivery volumes in dense areas. Standalone units are often installed at locations for convenient during hours, while curbside models provide roadside placement for quick drop-offs without requiring building entry. This variety allows for flexible deployment in both residential and commercial environments, enhancing last-mile efficiency in cities where traditional deliveries face logistical challenges. Capacity in general parcel lockers is optimized through compartments sized to handle a range of package dimensions, from small envelopes (typically under 10 inches in height) to larger boxes up to 24 inches or more, ensuring versatility for common items. Dynamic allocation software plays a key role by analyzing package scans in real-time to assign the most suitable compartment, minimizing wasted space and improving overall utilization rates across the locker network. Such systems can support dozens of compartments per unit, with modular expansions allowing scalability based on urban demand patterns. These lockers integrate seamlessly with multiple carriers, including USPS and , through standardized and scanning protocols that enable cross-provider deliveries and returns without proprietary restrictions. Return functionalities are supported via drop-off slots, where users deposit packages for carrier pickup, streamlining for online shoppers. This multi-carrier compatibility reduces delivery failures and supports broader ecosystems. User experience is prioritized through intuitive self-service interfaces, such as touchscreens that guide package retrieval or dispatch with step-by-step prompts and notifications via apps. Multilingual support, often including major languages like English, , and , ensures for diverse urban populations, while features like voice guidance further enhance for all recipients. These elements contribute to higher by offering 24/7 and reducing wait times at staffed points.

Specialized Applications

Specialized parcel lockers adapt standard designs to handle sensitive or regulated items, incorporating features like environmental controls and enhanced tracking to meet specific industry needs. Pharmaceutical lockers feature temperature-controlled compartments to maintain the integrity of medications, often operating within ranges of 2–8°C for refrigerated drugs or 20–25°C for room-temperature stability, as defined in USP <659> guidelines. These units ensure compliance with HIPAA in the United States by protecting patient health information during automated dispensing, with secure access limited to verified users via PIN or biometric methods. Commonly deployed in pharmacies and hospitals, they facilitate 24/7 contactless pickup, reducing wait times and exposure risks in healthcare settings. Other variants include cold-chain lockers for perishables such as groceries or meal kits, which maintain sub-ambient temperatures to prevent spoilage during short-term storage. Secure vaults for high-value items, like , employ reinforced construction, tamper-evident seals, and monitoring to deter . In residential settings, lockers allow drop-off and collection of for off-site services, while tool-sharing lockers enable access to shared with timed reservations and usage . Regulatory requirements emphasize chain-of-custody tracking for controlled substances, mandating documented handling from receipt to dispensing to prevent diversion, as outlined in ASHP guidelines. Restricted access protocols, including dual authentication and audit trails, ensure only authorized personnel interact with these items, aligning with standards for secure storage. Case examples include Pharmacy's electronic pickup kiosks, announced in October 2025 with initial rollout in December 2025, which enable rapid, secure retrieval of prescriptions at partnered locations without handling controlled or temperature-sensitive substances in the units themselves. Hospital-specific implementations, such as St. Luke's Health System's automated medication lockers at supermarkets, provide convenient access to non-controlled prescriptions, enhancing patient convenience while maintaining security. Traka's medication distribution lockers in healthcare facilities load patient-specific doses into individual compartments for precise, traceable delivery.

Major Providers and Systems

Amazon Locker

Locker is a delivery and pickup system introduced by in 2011, initially launched in select cities including , , and to provide customers with secure alternatives to . The program has expanded significantly since its inception, reaching over 40,000 locker installations worldwide by September 2023, with locations integrated into everyday environments to enhance . Operationally, Locker integrates seamlessly with the Amazon shopping platform, allowing customers to select a nearby locker as their delivery address during checkout via the website or app. Eligible packages, typically those under 16 x 12 x 14 inches and weighing less than 10 pounds, are delivered by carriers such as to the designated locker, where they are stored securely until pickup. Upon arrival, customers receive an with a 6-digit PIN code or , which they use to access the locker—either through a interface on screen-equipped models or via the Amazon Shopping app's functionality on screenless units. Packages must be retrieved within three days, after which unclaimed items are returned to for refund processing. Lockers are primarily situated in high-traffic retail settings, such as , pharmacies, convenience stores, and complexes, alongside standalone hubs in urban areas to minimize delivery disruptions and theft risks. As part of the broader Hub , the system extends beyond traditional to include pickup options at stores, enabling staffed assistance for larger or ineligible items. Unique to Locker are its return capabilities, where customers can drop off eligible returns directly into designated slots without needing a printed label, streamlining the process through app-based . Additionally, employs data-driven algorithms to optimize placement and allocation, based on shipping options, historical usage, and location-specific to maximize and reduce rejections.

DHL Packstation and Similar Systems

The Packstation system originated in with pilot testing commencing in November 2001 and a public launch in 2003, establishing it as a pioneering automated parcel locker tailored for efficient last-mile delivery. By the end of 2023, the had grown to approximately 15,000 units nationwide, enabling round-the-clock access for users across urban and suburban areas. Registration occurs through a free customer account via the official website or the Post & mobile app, which facilitates parcel tracking and notifications. Access methods include app-based unlocking for newer "compact" Packstations without screens, as well as transponder-equipped customer cards for traditional units, ensuring secure and contactless retrieval using a unique pickup code (PAK code). Comparable systems from other major providers expand on this model while adapting to diverse markets. , based in , operates a vast network of over 30,000 automated parcel machines (APMs) as of late 2023, incorporating built-in sorting technology to streamline inbound and outbound processing without manual intervention. Access Point employs a store-based approach, leveraging partnerships with thousands of local retailers worldwide to serve as collection and drop-off hubs, prioritizing convenience in high-traffic commercial locations over standalone automation. , a key player in modular locker solutions, maintains networks exceeding 20,000 units across and the by early 2024, with flexible, scalable designs that integrate into residential, , and corporate environments for both consumer and enterprise use. Operational distinctions among these systems highlight a focus on and versatility beyond single-carrier ecosystems. Multi-carrier support is a core feature, permitting deposits from competing services like Hermes or GLS in DHL's newer OneStopBox extensions, thereby broadening accessibility for senders and recipients. International capabilities allow registered users to retrieve parcels at compatible lockers abroad, such as through DHL's partnerships, reducing barriers for cross-border . B2B applications are prominent, with customized solutions for bulk shipments, secure returns, and integration into supply chains, as seen in Quadient's enterprise-grade modules that support inventory tracking and access controls for multiple employees. Recent innovations further enhance these networks' adaptability and efficiency. Mobile lockers, such as DHL's collaboration with Smarcel in , introduce relocatable units that can be towed to temporary high-demand sites like events or zones, optimizing resource deployment without fixed . AI-optimized routing integrates to forecast locker utilization and adjust delivery paths dynamically, minimizing failed attempts and fuel use, as implemented in DHL's last-mile and InPost's algorithms. These advancements underscore a shift toward sustainable, data-driven operations in non-proprietary parcel systems.

Global Adoption

Europe

Europe has emerged as a leader in parcel locker adoption, with nearly 155,000 units installed across the continent by the end of 2023, representing a 29% year-on-year increase. This growth is driven by high e-commerce penetration rates, such as 77% of the population engaging in online shopping in Germany, combined with dense urban populations that facilitate efficient last-mile delivery solutions. Leading markets include Germany, where DHL's Packstation network operates more than 15,500 automated lockers as of mid-2025, enabling 24/7 access for millions of users. Similarly, Poland stands out with InPost operating over 46,900 parcel machines as of the end of 2024, where lockers are the most popular delivery method among consumers for their convenience and security. Country-specific initiatives further underscore Europe's mature ecosystem. In , Colissimo's Pickup network includes around 1,200 automated lockers integrated into urban and retail locations, supporting La Poste's broader goal of sustainable delivery options. By October 2025, expanded its European network to 40,000 lockers alongside 100,000 parcel shops. Finland's Posti, through its Matkahuolto service, maintains approximately 2,200 parcel lockers, emphasizing accessibility in a less densely populated context. The features an expanded network from providers like , with over 23,000 pickup locations including thousands of lockers as of 2024, and emerging Royal Mail installations, focusing on high-traffic areas to complement traditional postal services. These systems are bolstered by regulatory efforts, such as the Urban Mobility Framework, which promotes zero-emission urban freight to curb last-mile emissions from parcel deliveries. Key growth drivers include the synergy between expansion and urban infrastructure, where lockers reduce failed delivery attempts and optimize routes in densely populated areas. To address challenges, many networks integrate with systems, allowing users to collect parcels during commutes via apps or station-based units, as seen in initiatives across and . Additionally, EU member states provide subsidies for rural expansion, funding locker installations in underserved areas to bridge the urban-rural divide and promote equitable coverage. These measures not only enhance efficiency but also align with broader environmental goals by minimizing delivery vehicle trips.

Asia and Oceania

Asia has seen rapid parcel locker adoption, driven by explosive growth and dense urban populations. In , major operators like Network and have deployed extensive networks of automated parcel delivery terminals, contributing to significant national infrastructure as of 2025. In , urban pilots by postal services such as have introduced digital parcel lockers in cities like , featuring automated storage for varying parcel sizes to address last-mile challenges in high-density areas. The has integrated parcel lockers into initiatives, with companies like launching automated networks across to support efficient, contactless deliveries aligned with national goals. In , parcel lockers cater to both urban convenience and rural accessibility. operates over 1,100 free, 24/7-accessible Parcel Lockers nationwide as of 2025, enabling secure collection and returns at convenient locations to streamline logistics. In , networks emphasize rural expansion, with ongoing developments in regions like and to enhance parcel access in non-urban areas through dedicated locker installations. Key trends in the region include high-density urban deployments with round-the-clock availability, as seen in Singapore's Pick Network of over 1,000 lockers providing 24/7 secure access for pickups. Parcel lockers are increasingly integrated with super-apps for seamless user experiences, such as in where platforms like those from enable app-based tracking and collection within broader ecosystems. Government-backed initiatives further bolster infrastructure, exemplified by Singapore's Locker Alliance, a collaboration led by the to create a federated network of lockers and collection points for improved last-mile efficiency. The parcel locker market reflects this momentum, valued at approximately USD 130 million in 2023 and projected to reach USD 338 million by 2030, growing at a compound annual rate of about 14.5% amid surging adoption by over 2 billion online shoppers in the region.

Americas and Other Regions

, the parcel locker ecosystem is heavily influenced by Lockers, which comprise over 40,000 units deployed across dozens of major metropolitan areas as of 2024, primarily at retail locations like Whole Foods and convenience stores to enable secure, 24/7 package retrieval. Complementary initiatives, such as the LockerNYC program, are expanding to 70 urban sites by 2025 to address and delivery congestion in high-density areas. In , maintains a network exceeding 22,500 indoor parcel lockers installed in apartment and buildings, providing 24/7 access to over four million residents and integrating with national postal services for efficient last-mile delivery. Across Latin America, adoption is advancing through e-commerce leaders like Mercado Libre, which is scaling hybrid systems combining automated lockers with staffed pickup points in Brazil and Mexico to bolster delivery reliability amid rising online retail volumes. These networks leverage partnerships with local retailers and transport hubs, such as pet shops and gas stations, to extend reach in urban and suburban settings. Parcel locker deployment in the has accelerated in urban centers since 2020, propelled by surges during the , with systems reducing failed deliveries and supporting high-volume residential complexes. However, rural regions encounter slower uptake due to expansive geography, sparse , and logistical hurdles that complicate and . In , urban expansion is fueling parcel locker growth, particularly in where Takealot operates numerous pickup points nationwide, including recent integrations at to offer convenient collection for orders. Supporting this, networks like The Courier Guy provide over 1,400 automated lockers across urban areas, enabling round-the-clock parcel handling in response to increasing demands. In the , Saudi Arabia's systems extend beyond traditional carriers through Aramex's PUDO network, which includes dedicated lockers and partner outlets for flexible, on-demand pickups since its 2019 launch. Emerging markets in and the prioritize affordability in locker adoption, incorporating to capitalize on widespread usage for notifications and access, thereby minimizing costs for users in rapidly urbanizing zones. The North American parcel locker sector is projected to expand substantially through 2030, supported by ongoing penetration and initiatives that enhance urban efficiency.

Benefits and Challenges

Advantages

Parcel lockers offer significant benefits to recipients by enhancing and convenience in package reception. They substantially reduce the risk of compared to traditional porch deliveries, where items are left unattended and vulnerable; implementations have shown significant decreases in theft incidents, addressing a widespread issue affecting a large portion of online shoppers. Additionally, recipients enjoy flexible pickup times with 24/7 access, allowing collection at personal convenience without relying on specific delivery windows or staff availability. This is particularly advantageous in shared housing environments like apartments, where multiple residents can securely receive and retrieve packages without interpersonal coordination or front-desk dependencies. For delivery providers, parcel lockers streamline operations and cut costs in the critical last-mile phase. Failed delivery rates, which can reach up to 15% for home drops due to absences or access issues, plummet to 0% with lockers, minimizing redelivery efforts and associated expenses. Last-mile costs, often the most expensive segment of , decrease by up to 25% through consolidated drop-offs at locker sites, where drivers handle multiple parcels in one stop rather than individual addresses. Route optimization further improves as deliveries cluster around locker locations, reducing vehicle miles traveled and enabling more efficient scheduling. On a societal level, parcel lockers contribute to environmental by lowering emissions and easing pressures. Substituting home deliveries with locker pickups can reduce total CO2 emissions by 13–32%, primarily through fewer vehicle trips and optimized flows. This leads to decreased reliance on delivery vans, curbing and in densely populated areas. Lockers also enhance for non-homeowners, such as renters in multifamily dwellings, by providing reliable, location-based options independent of personal address stability. Overall, these systems bolster expansion by making secure, efficient delivery ubiquitous, reflected in the global smart parcel locker market, valued at approximately USD 1.08 billion in 2024 and projected to reach USD 2.90 billion by 2033.

Limitations and Issues

Parcel lockers face significant economic barriers, primarily due to high costs ranging from approximately $6,000 to $21,000 per , which encompass hardware, customization, and initial setup, often deterring widespread deployment in less densely populated areas. Ongoing expenses further compound these challenges, including contracts and repairs, which can elevate first-year totals substantially and limit scalability in rural regions where low fails to justify the investment. Operationally, parcel lockers are susceptible to and in unattended locations, undermining despite protective features and requiring additional measures to mitigate risks. Size limitations restrict their use for oversized or irregularly shaped items, as compartments are designed for standard parcel dimensions, often leading to failed deliveries or the need for alternative handling. Integration glitches with legacy systems also pose issues, complicating synchronization of , , and real-time updates in dynamic environments. Social concerns include reduced accessibility for elderly and disabled users, where physical barriers such as compartment height and lack of adaptive features like voice prompts or large displays hinder independent use. The digital divide exacerbates this through app-dependent access, which demands smartphone proficiency and internet connectivity, disproportionately affecting those with limited digital literacy in remote or low-income areas. Equity issues arise from uneven location placement, favoring urban, affluent zones and leaving underserved populations, including minorities and non-drivers, with walking distances often exceeding 0.5 miles to the nearest locker. To address these hurdles, public-private partnerships have emerged as a key strategy, combining governmental regulatory support and financial incentives with private sector expertise to fund and expand locker networks in underserved areas, including rural regions. offers operational improvements by analyzing usage patterns to anticipate failures and schedule repairs autonomously, thereby reducing downtime and costs. standards, incorporating elements like adjustable heights, tactile interfaces, and multilingual support, promote broader for vulnerable groups.

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