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Praxair

Praxair, Inc. was an American multinational industrial gases company founded in 1907 as the Linde Air Products Company, the first in North America to commercialize the cryogenic production of oxygen. Headquartered in Danbury, Connecticut, it became an independent public company in 1992 after being spun off from Union Carbide, and it grew into one of the largest industrial gases providers worldwide, particularly leading in North and South America.^[1]^[2] The company specialized in manufacturing and distributing atmospheric gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and argon, as well as process gases including carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium, serving key sectors like healthcare, energy, manufacturing, and electronics until its merger with Linde AG in 2018 to form Linde plc, the world's largest industrial gases company.^[1]^[3] Praxair's origins trace back to the early 20th century when it pioneered cryogenic air separation technology under the Linde name, initially as a subsidiary of Union Carbide following a 1917 acquisition.^[1] Over the decades, it expanded through strategic acquisitions, including Liquid Carbonic in 1995 to enter the carbon dioxide market, Air Liquide's German pipeline business in 2004, NuCO2 in 2013 for beverage carbonation, and Yara International's European CO2 operations in 2016, which bolstered its global footprint and product diversification.^[2] By 2017, Praxair operated over 400 production facilities worldwide, with more than 260 in North America, international sales accounting for 57% of its $11.4 billion in revenue, and it employed approximately 26,500 people across more than 50 countries.^[1] In addition to its core gases business, Praxair developed a surface technologies segment that provided coatings and treatments for components in aerospace, energy, and automotive industries to enhance durability and performance.^[1] The company was recognized as the third-largest industrial gases supplier globally before the merger, which combined it with Linde—the second-largest—to create a entity with over $30 billion in annual revenue, 80,000 employees, and operations in more than 100 countries.^[4] Post-merger, Praxair's legacy continues within Linde plc, contributing to innovations in sustainable gases solutions and decarbonization technologies.^[2]

Overview

Company Profile

Praxair, Inc. traces its origins to 1907, when it was founded as the Linde Air Products Company by German engineer Carl von Linde in Cleveland, Ohio, initially focusing on the production of oxygen through air separation for oxy-acetylene welding applications.^[2]^[5] This marked the establishment of the first U.S. firm dedicated to commercial oxygen production from ambient air, laying the groundwork for the industrial gases sector.^[6] Over the subsequent decades, Praxair evolved into a prominent global leader in the industrial gases industry, classified within the chemicals sector and specializing in the supply of atmospheric gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and argon, as well as process gases for diverse applications.^[1] Headquartered in Danbury, Connecticut, from 1992 until the 2018 merger, the company expanded its operations to become one of the largest providers of industrial gases, emphasizing innovation in gas production, distribution, and end-use technologies. Post-merger, Praxair's operations were integrated into Linde plc, with its Danbury headquarters serving as Linde's US operational base, continuing contributions to industrial gases innovation as of 2025.^[7]^[1]^[2] In October 2018, Praxair completed a merger of equals with Linde AG, forming Linde plc and positioning Praxair as a key subsidiary within the world's largest industrial gases company by revenue.^[8] The Praxair brand was discontinued in the United States effective September 1, 2020, although it continued in select international markets initially before full integration under the Linde name.^[9] As historical benchmarks of its pre-merger stature, Praxair generated $11.437 billion in sales in 2017 and employed 26,461 people worldwide as of December 31, 2017.^[1]

Leadership and Governance

Stephen F. Angel served as Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Praxair from 2007 until the completion of the merger with Linde AG in October 2018.^[10] Under his leadership, Praxair focused on strategic growth in industrial gases, emphasizing operational efficiency and global expansion. Angel's tenure was marked by his prior experience at General Electric, where he held various management roles for 22 years before joining Praxair.^[11] Key executives supporting Angel included Matthew J. White, who served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from January 2014 until the merger.^[12] White oversaw Praxair's financial strategy, including capital allocation and investor relations, drawing from his earlier roles as President of Praxair Canada and in various finance positions within the company since 2004.^[13] The executive team reported to Angel and collaborated on risk management and compliance in the highly regulated industrial gases sector. Praxair's board of directors consisted of nine members as of 2017, with eight independent directors to ensure objective oversight.^[14] Notable board members included Nance K. Dicciani, former President and CEO of Honeywell Specialty Materials; Edward G. Galante, former Senior Vice President of ExxonMobil; and Martin H. Richenhagen, Chairman, President, and CEO of AGCO Corporation, among others such as Oscar Bernardes, Raymond W. LeBoeuf, Larry D. McVay, Wayne T. Smith, and Robert L. Wood.^[14] The board adhered to corporate governance guidelines that promoted majority voting for directors, annual evaluations, and independence standards aligned with NYSE requirements.^[14] Governance practices placed strong emphasis on ethics and compliance, with a comprehensive Code of Ethics applicable to all directors and employees, overseen by the Audit Committee to address risks in the chemicals and industrial materials industry.^[14] Following the merger's completion on October 31, 2018, Praxair's leadership integrated into Linde plc, with Steve Angel assuming the role of Chief Executive Officer and joining the board.^[3] The U.S. Federal Trade Commission approved the transaction on October 22, 2018, conditional on divestitures of assets in nine industrial gases markets to maintain competition, including sales to buyers such as Messer Group and Matheson Tri-Gas.^[15] This regulatory measure shaped the post-merger governance structure, ensuring compliance with antitrust standards while transitioning Praxair's operations under Linde's unified leadership framework.

History

Origins and Early Development

Praxair traces its origins to 1907, when German engineer Carl von Linde founded the Linde Air Products Company in Buffalo, New York, as the first U.S. firm to produce oxygen from air through cryogenic air separation.^[2] The company initially concentrated on manufacturing oxygen and acetylene gases, which were essential for oxy-acetylene welding and cutting applications in emerging industrial sectors like metal fabrication and shipbuilding.^[5] This innovation built on von Linde's earlier liquefaction patents, enabling the commercial production of high-purity gases at scale and establishing a foundation for the American industrial gases market. In 1917, amid World War I disruptions, the U.S. government confiscated Linde Air Products' assets due to its German ownership, leading to its integration into the newly formed Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation on November 1.^[16] As the Linde division of Union Carbide, the company expanded its portfolio beyond oxygen and acetylene to include synthetic ammonia production and other industrial gases, supporting chemical manufacturing and agricultural applications.^[17] This merger provided resources for technological advancement, positioning the division as a key player in the growing demand for compressed and liquefied gases. During the 1920s, the Linde division pioneered the development of "tonnage" oxygen plants—large-scale facilities capable of producing hundreds of tons of oxygen daily—which revolutionized steel production by enabling oxygen enrichment in blast furnaces and open-hearth processes.^[18] By the end of the decade, Linde had become the world's largest oxygen producer, with plants strategically located near steel mills to supply this vital resource.^[19] World War II accelerated demand for Linde's products, as the division supplied oxygen for military welding in shipyards and aircraft assembly, as well as medical-grade oxygen for field hospitals and aviation support.^[20] Post-war reconstruction and industrial boom in the late 1940s and 1950s drove further growth, with the division expanding into rare gases such as argon for inert welding atmospheres and helium for cryogenics and lighter-than-air applications.^[21] This diversification strengthened Union Carbide's Linde operations, laying the groundwork for broader industrial gas innovations by mid-century.^[18]

Spin-off from Union Carbide

In 1992, Union Carbide Corporation spun off its industrial gases business as an independent entity named Union Carbide Industrial Gases Inc., distributing shares to Union Carbide shareholders on a one-for-one basis to separate the gases operations from the company's core chemicals and basic materials segments.^[22]^[16] This move allowed the new company to operate autonomously, focusing on the production and distribution of atmospheric and process gases while leveraging Union Carbide's established technology in air separation.^[23] The company adopted the name Praxair Inc. at the time of the spin-off, derived from the Greek word "praxis," meaning practical application, combined with "air" to symbolize the efficient separation and utilization of atmospheric gases in industrial processes.^[22] As an independent entity, Praxair pursued technology-driven growth strategies, emphasizing innovations in cryogenic air separation, including patents for systems that improved efficiency in oxygen and nitrogen production, such as dual-temperature turboexpansion processes. Under CEO H. William Lichtenberger, early efforts included reducing debt, cutting overhead through workforce reductions, and forming joint ventures for global expansion.^[22]^[23] Praxair began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: PX) in June 1992 at an initial price of approximately $16.75 per share.^[24] The stock experienced significant growth through the 1990s, with notable gains including a 64% increase in 1995 and a 43% rise in 1999, culminating in a closing price of $44.38 by the end of 2000, reflecting strong market confidence in its operational improvements and expansion.^[24] A pivotal acquisition in the mid-1990s was the $2.2 billion purchase of CBI Industries in early 1996, which included its Liquid Carbonic subsidiary and significantly enhanced Praxair's presence in carbon dioxide production and markets across Latin America, Poland, and Thailand.^[22] This deal supported Praxair's strategy of inorganic growth to diversify its geographic footprint and product offerings beyond North America.^[23]

Expansion and Pre-Merger Growth

During the 2000s, Praxair pursued aggressive international expansion, particularly in Asia, where it established key joint ventures to capitalize on emerging markets in chemicals, electronics, and metals. In 2003, the company formed a 50-50 joint venture with Air Liquide to develop air separation and hydrogen-carbon monoxide production facilities at the Shanghai Chemical Industry Park in China, supporting the region's rapid industrialization and projected sales growth exceeding 30% annually over the following years.^[25] This initiative contributed to a 20% increase in Praxair's Asia sales to $389 million in 2003, driven by strong volume growth in China, Korea, India, and Thailand, with investments totaling $40 million that year alone.^[25] By the mid-2000s, Praxair had expanded its footprint through six wholly-owned companies and seven joint ventures across China, further solidifying its position in high-growth sectors.^[26] In 2004, Praxair acquired Air Liquide's German business, including two pipelines and other assets serving large customers in refining, chemicals, and steel industries, for €498 million ($612 million), which strengthened its European pipeline network and on-site supply capabilities.^[27] To enhance its European operations, Praxair completed multiple acquisitions of local industrial gases distributors throughout the decade, including the purchase of Yara International ASA's European CO2 business in 2016, which bolstered its capabilities in food, beverage, and other resilient markets following an earlier joint venture formed in 2007.^[2] In 2008, Praxair finalized 15 acquisitions with combined sales of nearly $90 million. These were part of over 26 acquisitions since 2007 with combined sales exceeding $350 million, strengthening its production and distribution networks across Europe and beyond.^[28] These moves helped Praxair integrate tonnage and bulk gas operations, improving its competitive edge in the region.^[28] In 2013, Praxair acquired NuCO2, a leading provider of beverage carbonation services, for $1.1 billion, expanding its carbon dioxide market share primarily in North America and enhancing service to the food and beverage sector.^[29] Praxair also advanced its technological capabilities by developing on-site gas generation systems tailored for high-demand industries like electronics and healthcare. In the early 2000s, the company invested in design and installation of advanced bulk and on-site production systems, including high-flow specialty gas delivery for semiconductor manufacturing and medical applications, enabling customers to produce nitrogen, hydrogen, and other gases reliably at their facilities.^[30] These innovations reduced dependency on external supply chains and supported Praxair's growth in precision sectors. Financially, Praxair experienced steady revenue expansion in the lead-up to the 2016 merger announcement, rising from $5.0 billion in 2000 to $11.4 billion in 2017, reflecting successful scaling in global markets and operational efficiencies.^[26]^[1] Complementing this growth, the company emphasized sustainability, implementing technologies like regenerative flue gas systems in 2015 that reduced furnace fuel consumption by up to 30% and lowered emissions in gas production processes.^[31] Additionally, Praxair launched a hydrogen plant in India in 2015 using refinery byproducts as feedstock, further minimizing environmental impact while aligning with broader goals to cut greenhouse gas emissions.^[32]

Operations

Global Reach

Prior to its merger with Linde AG, Praxair maintained a significant global presence, operating in over 50 countries across North America, Europe, South America, and Asia, where these regions accounted for 95% of its 2017 sales.^[1] The company's major operational hubs were concentrated in the United States and Canada in North America, several European nations including Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands, key South American markets such as Brazil, Mexico, and Peru, and Asian countries like China and India.^[1]^[33] This footprint enabled Praxair to serve diverse industries while leveraging local sourcing and community engagement initiatives that benefited over 355,000 people worldwide in 2017.^[33] Praxair held a leading position in the North American industrial gases market, particularly in the United States, where it operated in 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, supported by approximately 260 cryogenic, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide plants along with five major pipeline complexes.^[1] In the U.S., the company established a stronghold in the steel sector through long-term supply agreements for oxygen and other gases essential to steel production, as well as in healthcare, where it provided medical gases and equipment to hospitals and clinics nationwide.^[1]^[34] In Asia, Praxair pursued aggressive expansion during the 2010s, including investments in joint ventures and new facilities in China; for instance, in 2010, it acquired a stake in a major Chinese industrial gases producer, and by 2015, it secured a long-term supply contract with China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) to support refinery expansions with oxygen and nitrogen production.^[35]^[36] These efforts positioned Praxair as the leading industrial gases supplier in China, with 18 wholly-owned companies and multiple joint ventures by the mid-2010s.^[35] Praxair's supply chain was underpinned by a vast network of over 400 production facilities globally, including numerous air separation units (ASUs) that produced high-purity oxygen, nitrogen, and argon for industrial applications.^[1] In Europe, it managed around 70 cryogenic and CO2 plants with three pipeline complexes; in South America, more than 60 such facilities and one major pipeline; and in Asia, about 70 plants, contributing to its role as one of the world's largest industrial gases providers with $11 billion in annual sales by 2017.^[1]^[33] Following the 2018 merger completion, Praxair's assets were integrated into the new Linde plc entity, which operates in over 80 countries, though some divestitures occurred to address regulatory concerns, such as the sale of the majority of Praxair's European business to Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation in December 2018.^[37]^[3]

Production and Distribution

Praxair's production of atmospheric gases relied on cryogenic air separation in air separation units (ASUs), where air was purified, compressed, cooled to cryogenic temperatures, and distilled to yield high-purity oxygen, nitrogen, and argon as primary products, with rare gases as by-products.^[1] Non-cryogenic alternatives, such as vacuum pressure swing adsorption and membrane separation, supplemented ASU output for certain applications requiring lower purity levels.^[1] Hydrogen production employed chemical processes like steam methane reforming of natural gas, which generated synthesis gas followed by purification, or recovery from petrochemical by-products such as ethylene cracking.^[38] Carbon dioxide was obtained through chemical recovery from industrial sources, including fermentation in beverage production, limestone calcination, and exhaust streams from ammonia or hydrogen plants, often involving compression and purification to meet commercial grades.^[39] The company maintained a network of facility types to optimize output, including large-scale ASUs for high-volume bulk production—such as the 2,400-ton-per-day plant commissioned in Burns Harbor, Indiana, in 2017—and smaller, modular on-site plants installed at customer locations for dedicated, just-in-time supply of specific gases.^[40] Overall, Praxair operated around 260 ASUs in North America, 70 in Europe, over 60 in South America, and about 70 in Asia, enabling flexible scaling to regional demands.^[1] Distribution logistics were tailored to gas volume, purity, and delivery distance, with approximately 30% of sales delivered on-site through dedicated pipeline networks connecting production facilities to large industrial consumers under long-term contracts.^[1] Bulk liquid transport via insulated trucks and rail tankers handled 34% of sales, transferring cryogenic liquids like liquid oxygen or nitrogen directly into customer storage vessels for vaporization on demand.^[41] The remaining 27% involved high-pressure cylinder packaging for portable, smaller-scale applications, distributed through a global network of filling centers and depots.^[1] Safety and operational efficiency were prioritized through compliance with occupational health regulations and investments in monitoring technologies, achieving a 10% reduction in significant safety events in 2016 and a recordable injury rate eight times below the OSHA industrial average.^[42] Praxair aligned its management systems with ISO 45001 for occupational health and safety, alongside ISO 14001 for environmental management, to standardize risk mitigation across facilities.^[43] These measures, including advanced process controls, helped minimize downtime and supported reliable supply.^[42] Prior to the 2018 merger, Praxair's production capacity underpinned annual sales exceeding $11 billion in 2017, driven by over 400 facilities worldwide that collectively generated substantial volumes of industrial gases.^[1]

Products and Services

Core Offerings

Praxair's core offerings centered on a portfolio of industrial gases, encompassing atmospheric, process, and specialty varieties, alongside complementary services for supply and management. These products were supplied in various forms, including bulk liquids, compressed gases in cylinders, and on-site generation systems, tailored to meet diverse industrial needs prior to the 2018 merger with Linde.^[1] Atmospheric gases formed the backbone of Praxair's product line, produced primarily through cryogenic air separation processes. Key offerings included oxygen, used for combustion enhancement and medical applications; nitrogen, applied in inerting atmospheres and cryogenic cooling; and argon, essential for welding and shielding. Rare gases such as neon, krypton, and xenon were also provided, often for specialized lighting and insulation uses. These gases were available in high volumes to support large-scale industrial operations.^[1]^[44] Process gases complemented the atmospheric lineup, addressing chemical and energy sector demands. Hydrogen was supplied for refining processes and emerging fuel cell technologies; carbon dioxide for beverage carbonation and food preservation; helium for cryogenic applications and semiconductor manufacturing; and acetylene for cutting and welding. These gases were sourced from natural deposits, by-products, or synthesis methods to ensure reliable availability.^[1]^[44] Specialty gases represented Praxair's high-precision segment, featuring ultra-high-purity mixtures designed for electronics fabrication and calibration standards. These included electronic gases like high-purity silane and ammonia for semiconductor production, as well as custom calibration mixtures certified to exacting tolerances for analytical instruments. Purity levels reached 99.999% (5.0 grade) or higher for semiconductor-grade offerings, ensuring minimal impurities critical for advanced manufacturing.^[1]^[45]^[46] In addition to gases, Praxair provided integrated services to optimize customer operations. Gas management systems encompassed on-site air separation plants under long-term contracts (typically 10-20 years), bulk liquid delivery for medium-scale needs, and packaged cylinder supplies with shorter 1-3 year agreements. Equipment leasing and maintenance supported gas handling, including cylinders, regulators, and installation systems. Supply contracts often featured minimum volume commitments and price adjustment mechanisms to align with market conditions.^[1]^[47]

Industry Applications

Praxair's industrial gases found extensive applications in the healthcare sector, where oxygen was essential for respiratory therapy and supporting patients with breathing difficulties in hospitals and clinics.^[48] Nitrous oxide served as a key anesthetic agent, facilitating safer induction and faster recovery during surgical procedures.^[49] In manufacturing, Praxair supplied argon as a shielding gas for welding processes, particularly in the automotive industry for joining metals like aluminum and steel in vehicle frames and components.^[50] Nitrogen was widely used to displace oxygen in food packaging, preventing oxidation and extending shelf life for products such as snacks and meats through modified atmosphere techniques.^[51] The energy sector relied on Praxair's hydrogen for refining operations, where it supported hydrocracking and desulfurization to produce cleaner fuels.^[52] Additionally, hydrogen contributed to emerging clean energy solutions, including storage systems for renewable power integration and fuel cell technologies.^[53] In electronics, Praxair provided ultra-pure gases critical for semiconductor fabrication, enabling precise etching, deposition, and cleaning processes in chip production to meet the demands of advanced computing and consumer devices.^[54] By 2017, Praxair's sales distribution reflected these applications, with manufacturing accounting for 22% of total revenue, chemicals and energy combined for 22%, and electronics for 9%.^[1] Healthcare represented 8% of sales, underscoring the diversified impact of its gas offerings across key industries.^[1]

Merger with Linde

Negotiations and Agreement

In August 2016, Praxair Inc. and Linde AG initiated early-stage discussions regarding a potential merger that would combine their industrial gases operations into a global leader.^[55] These talks aimed to create synergies in production, distribution, and market presence but stalled in September 2016 over disagreements on valuation and corporate governance structures, leading both companies to terminate negotiations.^[56] Praxair reapproached Linde in late November 2016 to revive the discussions, and by early December, the companies had resumed formal talks.^[57] On December 20, 2016, the boards of both firms announced an agreement in principle for Praxair to acquire Linde in a merger-of-equals transaction valued at approximately €33.9 billion ($35.2 billion), structured as an all-stock deal to form a new entity headquartered in the United Kingdom.^[58] The proposed combination was expected to generate annual cost savings of about $1 billion through operational efficiencies and enhanced scale in the industrial gases sector.^[59] Negotiations continued into 2017, culminating in revised terms finalized on June 1, 2017, under a binding business combination agreement that valued the overall transaction at around $73 billion.^[60] In this all-stock arrangement, Praxair shareholders would receive one share in the new holding company, Linde plc, for each Praxair share held, while Linde shareholders would receive 1.54 shares per Linde share, maintaining an approximately equal ownership split.^[61] The strategic rationale emphasized creating the world's largest industrial gases company with pro forma annual revenues exceeding $27 billion, enabling greater innovation, supply chain resilience, and market leadership across key industries like healthcare, energy, and manufacturing.^[3] Throughout the negotiation period, the merger faced significant regulatory scrutiny, including antitrust reviews by the European Commission and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which required commitments to divestitures in overlapping markets to address competition concerns.^[15] These hurdles extended the approval process but did not derail the agreement, as both companies worked to satisfy conditions for assets in regions where their combined market shares posed risks.^[62]

Completion and Integration

The merger between Praxair Inc. and Linde AG closed on October 31, 2018, following the satisfaction of all customary conditions, including shareholder approvals from both companies—Praxair's stockholders had approved the transaction on September 27, 2017—and regulatory clearances from authorities such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and the European Commission, which were finalized on October 22, 2018.^[3]^[63]^[8] This completion marked the culmination of negotiations initiated in 2016, enabling the formation of a combined entity positioned as the world's largest industrial gases company by market capitalization. Linde plc was established as the new parent holding company, incorporated in Ireland to facilitate the merger structure, with its ordinary shares dual-listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker LIN and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under LIN.^[3]^[64] Praxair shareholders received one ordinary share of Linde plc for each Praxair share held, while Linde AG shareholders who tendered their shares under the exchange offer received 1.54 shares of Linde plc per Linde AG share.^[3] To comply with antitrust requirements, the companies executed required divestitures of overlapping assets, notably the sale of the majority of Praxair's European industrial gases business to Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation for approximately €5 billion ($5.9 billion) in December 2018; this included operations in countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, which generated about €1.3 billion in annual sales.^[37] The acquired assets were rebranded as Nippon Gases Europe, preserving local operations and employment while integrating into Taiyo Nippon Sanso's global network.^[65] The integration process included a gradual phase-out of legacy branding, with Praxair Inc. officially renamed Linde Inc. in the United States on September 1, 2020, aligning the subsidiary fully under the Linde name following the merger's operational unification. Early post-merger efforts emphasized cost synergies, targeting $1.2 billion in annual savings at full run-rate through measures such as supply chain optimizations, procurement efficiencies, and facility consolidations, with substantial realization by 2020 contributing to operating profit growth across regions like the Americas (up 8%) and EMEA (up 7%).^[8]^[66]

Legacy and Impact

Environmental and Sustainability Efforts

Praxair established its global Sustainable Development Program in the early 2000s, emphasizing environmental stewardship, resource efficiency, and compliance with regulations to minimize ecological impacts across operations.^[14] This initiative integrated sustainability into business strategy, driving targets for energy efficiency and emissions reductions, including a goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity by 15% by 2020 from a 2015 baseline through process optimizations.^[32] By 2017, Praxair had achieved cumulative energy savings of 5.5 million MWh and avoided 3.4 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalent emissions since 2009, largely via efficient air separation units (ASUs) and fleet improvements that lowered trucking GHG intensity by 1.7% year-over-year (contributing to a cumulative 5% reduction since 2016).^[33] In sustainability innovations, the company developed recovery and recycling processes for rare gases like xenon and neon, including on-site reclamation and off-site purification to reduce waste and enhance resource circularity in electronics and semiconductor sectors.^[67] Following the 2018 merger with Linde, Praxair's operations integrated into Linde plc's broader sustainability framework, aligning with the company's ambition for net-zero emissions by 2050, with near-term targets validated by the Science Based Targets initiative.^[68] Praxair assets have contributed to renewable energy projects, such as expanding green hydrogen facilities—including a 35 MW proton exchange membrane electrolyzer in Niagara Falls, now operational as of September 2025—and sourcing 18 TWh of low-carbon electricity in 2023 to power atmospheric gas production.^[69] Praxair's pre-merger and post-merger efforts are documented in annual sustainability reports, which disclose metrics on water usage and waste management to promote transparency and continuous improvement. For instance, in 2017, Praxair reported withdrawing 407.7 million cubic meters of water, with 98.1% recycled through cooling systems, and generating 132,200 metric tons of waste, of which 89% was recycled or diverted from landfills.^[32] These reports, continued under Linde, track progress toward goals like 100% water management plans at high-stress sites by 2028 and zero waste to landfill at 450 sites by the same year.^[68]

Acquisitions and Innovations

Praxair expanded its portfolio through strategic acquisitions that strengthened its position in specialty gases and distribution. In 1996, the company acquired CBI Industries for $2.2 billion, incorporating the Liquid Carbonic subsidiary, a leading provider of dry ice and beverage carbonation gases, which enhanced Praxair's capabilities in packaged gases and merchant markets.^[70]^[71] This deal added significant production assets and customer bases in North America, contributing to Praxair's growth in carbon dioxide applications. In 2013, Praxair purchased NuCO2 for $1.1 billion, the largest U.S. supplier of beverage carbonation systems to the food service industry, bolstering its offerings in bulk CO2 delivery and expanding market share in the restaurant sector.^[72]^[29] Technological innovation was a cornerstone of Praxair's strategy, particularly in gas separation processes. During the 1990s, Praxair developed ion transport membrane (ITM) technology, which uses ceramic membranes to enable cost-effective, high-purity oxygen production by separating oxygen ions from air at high temperatures.^[73] This breakthrough, supported by early patents such as those filed in the late 1990s for mixed-conducting membranes, reduced energy requirements for oxygen generation compared to traditional cryogenic methods and opened applications in syngas production and oxy-fuel combustion.^[74] Praxair's ITM advancements positioned it as a leader in membrane-based air separation, with ongoing refinements leading to DOE-funded projects by the 2000s.^[75] Praxair committed substantial resources to research and development, focusing on sustainable gas technologies. Annual R&D expenditures averaged approximately $93 million from 2015 to 2017, supporting innovations in clean energy gases such as hydrogen production and purification for fuel cell applications.^[1] These investments emphasized energy-efficient processes, including advancements in hydrogen reforming and membrane reactors to lower emissions in industrial uses. Following the 2018 merger with Linde AG to form Linde plc, Praxair's technological assets were integrated into the combined entity, enhancing global capabilities in air separation and carbon management, including advancements in green hydrogen production via electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources for low-carbon supply in refining and ammonia production. Praxair's expertise in air separation units (ASUs), including single-column designs for flexible oxygen supply, contributed to Linde's projects in carbon capture, such as oxy-fuel systems that enable efficient CO2 sequestration by providing high-purity oxygen.^[76] This integration amplified the application of Praxair's innovations in low-carbon technologies, supporting Linde's on-site ASU deployments for sustainable ammonia and steel production. By 2018, Praxair's independent operations had amassed an extensive patent portfolio exceeding 1,000 active patents worldwide, with a strong emphasis on energy-efficient gas production and separation technologies that improved operational sustainability and reduced environmental impact.^[1] These intellectual properties underscored Praxair's legacy in driving industry advancements toward lower-energy, cleaner processes.

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Argon, Helium, and the Rare Gases: The Elements of the Helium Group, Volume 2. Front Cover. Gerhard Albert Cook. Interscience Publishers, 1961 - Argon - 818 ...
[22]
History of Praxair, Inc. - FundingUniverse
Union Carbide had been formed in 1898 to manufacture calcium carbide, a catalyst for the production of metal alloys. The partners had hoped that acetylene ...Missing: II | Show results with:II
[23]
Praxair CEO Lichtenberger Strives To Make Company A 'Performer'
But since the company was spun out of Union Carbide in June 1992, Praxair has lowered its operating costs, increased profits, and reasserted itself in the ...
[24]
PX: Praxair, Inc. Yearly Stock Returns - 1Stock1
1999. 35.25. 50.3125 ; 2000. 50.3125. 44.375 ; 2001. 44.375. 55.25 ; 2002. 55.25. 57.77.
[25]
[PDF] Praxair 2003 Annual Report - AnnualReports.com
Praxair's share of net income from corporate equity investments increased $3 million in 2003 primarily due to improved profitability of its joint venture in ...Missing: Taiyo Nippon Sanso
[26]
None
Summary of each segment:
[27]
Praxair completes 15 acquisitions in 2008 - The Fabricator
Mar 10, 2009 · "We have acquired 26 companies with sales exceeding $350 million since 2007 and remain committed to acquiring selected, high-quality ...Missing: major | Show results with:major
[28]
[PDF] Praxair Editorial_Pgs 1-20.rev - AnnualReports.com
• On-site gases & chemicals management. • Design & installation of advanced bulk & on-site production systems. • High-flow bulk specialty-gas delivery systems.
[29]
Praxair regenerator system proves itself at Grupo Pavisa, Mexico
Jul 22, 2015 · The technology recovers waste energy from furnace flue gases, reducing emissions and improving the energy efficiency of glass production.<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
[PDF] Praxair Inc. Sustainable Value Report GRI Annex 2017 - Linde
Jul 11, 2018 · Praxair has a commitment to verify its processes and performance metrics for Sustainable Development, in accordance with best practice and ...
[31]
[PDF] Sustainable Value Report 2017 - Linde
Praxair employees, from PhD engineers developing applications to meet the global challenge of climate change, to drivers proactively helping to protect human ...
[32]
https://assets.linde.com/-/media/global/corporate/corporate/documents/sustainable-development/praxair-2017-gri-annex.pdf
[33]
Praxair buys stake in ROC - Stamford Advocate
Sep 3, 2010 · Praxair is the leading industrial gases supplier in China, with 18 wholly-owned companies and 10 joint ventures, several strategic alliances, ...<|separator|>
[34]
Praxair secures deal with one of the largest oil companies in China
Apr 27, 2015 · Praxair's product line plants will provide oxygen and nitrogen to CNOOC to support the company's refinery expansion from 250,000 to 460,000 ...
[35]
Linde plc Completes Divestiture of Praxair S European Businesses
Dec 3, 2018 · Linde plc (NYSE:LIN; FWB:LIN), today announced it has completed the divestiture of the majority of Praxair's European business to Taiyo Nippon Sanso ...Missing: integration | Show results with:integration
[36]
[PDF] Analysis of CO2 Emissions, Reductions, and Capture for Large ...
Oct 2, 2010 · The SMR process emits CO2 as a byproduct, thereby raising the question of whether electrolysis could be used to produce hydrogen and avoid this ...
[37]
Carbon dioxide - in various liquid, gaseous and solid supply modes
These include natural carbon dioxide springs, limestone kilns, fermentation processes and gas streams from chemical and petrochemical plants.
[38]
Praxair commissions air separation plant - Hydrocarbon Engineering
Apr 18, 2017 · Praxair, Inc. has announced that it has started up a world-scale air separation unit (ASU) at its Burns Harbour, Indiana, site.
[39]
Bulk gas deliveries - straight to your site | A Linde Company - Praxair
Supplying large volumes of gas through bulk deliveries, where cryogenic liquids or high-pressure gas is transferred into storage tanks on your site.
[40]
[PDF] Praxair 2016 Annual Report - AnnualReports.com
Give us the opportunity to leverage the individual strengths of both companies across a much larger global footprint.
[41]
[PDF] Praxair Policy on Sourcing Conflict Free Materials and RBA Code of ...
Responsible Care® (which includes safety and health). Recognized management systems such as ISO 45001 and ILO Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health.
[42]
Praxair Sells, Processes Gases - ABC News
Jun 24, 2005 · The company produces and sells atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and others) as well as process and specialty gases (CO2, helium, and hydrogen)Missing: generation systems 2000s electronics
[43]
Specialty gases and equipment - when precision matters - Praxair
Our complementary regulators and installation equipment is suitable for specialty gas purity levels up to 5.0 (99.999%) or even 7.0 (99.99999%). For decades, we ...
[44]
Praxair Specialty Gas Guide | PDF | Dangerous Goods - Scribd
Rating 5.0 (2) This catalog provides information about Praxairs Specialty Gases, equipment, and capabilities including descriptions of how our pure and mixture gases have ...
[45]
Praxair, Inc. - SEC.gov
On January 26, 2017, Praxair's Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.7875 per share for the first quarter of 2017, or $3.15 per share annualized ...
[46]
Oxygen IP (>99%) - | A Linde Company
It is widely used in a variety of healthcare settings, with applications from anesthesia to inhalation therapy. Contraindications / Side Effects. Compressed ...
[47]
Nitrous Oxide IP - Praxair
Nitrous Oxide is widely used in anesthesia. Its use improves the quality and safety of anesthesia induction, promotes faster recovery and reduces costs.Missing: respiratory | Show results with:respiratory
[48]
Buy Compressed Argon Gas or Liquid Argon (Ar) - Linde
Argon is used in combination with other gases to weld auto parts, frames, mufflers and other automotive parts. ... Argon Gas Nitrogen Mixture, 1 ppm – 99.9% ...
[49]
Buy Liquid Nitrogen or Compressed Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) - Linde
Optimize your freezing, cooling and packaging processes with Linde's full line of gases, applications and equipment for the food and beverage industry.
[50]
Praxair to build hydrogen plants - Power Engineering
Oct 26, 2001 · In response to an increased demand for hydrogen by refining customers, Praxair, Inc. plans to build two world-class hydrogen plants along ...
[51]
Hydrogen | A Linde Company - Praxair
Carbon dioxide is emitted during the production process leading to a carbon footprint for the hydrogen produced. In the industry, hydrogen produced from natural ...
[52]
Supporting digitalization with gases for semiconductors
Our comprehensive network of bulk gas production plants ensures reliable supply of ultra-high-purity nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), argon (Ar), hydrogen (H2), ...
[53]
Gas suppliers Praxair, Linde hold merger talks - Reuters
Aug 16, 2016 · U.S. industrial gas supplier Praxair Inc <PX.N> and German peer Linde AG <LING.DE> are in early-stage talks about a merger to create a ...Missing: halted September resumed December
[54]
https://www.praxair.co.in/industries/electronics/semiconductor
[55]
Praxair reapproaches Linde to resume merger talks: Report - CNBC
Nov 29, 2016 · Praxair and Linde broke off merger talks in September, ending a deal that would have created a market leader with a value of more than $60 ...Missing: August halted December
[56]
Praxair to Buy Linde for $35 Billion in Industrial-Gas Deal - Bloomberg
Dec 20, 2016 · Praxair Inc. of the US agreed to buy Linde AG for about 33.9 billion euros ($35.2 billion) to create the world's largest supplier of industrial gases.Missing: 2000s | Show results with:2000s<|separator|>
[57]
Linde of Germany Reaches Merger Deal with American Rival Praxair
Dec 20, 2016 · Linde said that the transaction was expected to save about $1 billion a year. The German company called off merger talks in September, saying ...Missing: halted | Show results with:halted
[58]
Linde, Praxair agree $73 billion merger to create global gases leader
Jun 2, 2017 · The boards of Linde <LING.DE> and Praxair <PX.N> voted on Thursday to merge, creating a $73 billion global industrial gases leader in what ...
[59]
[PDF] Linde AG Financial Statements 2017
Mar 8, 2018 · The increase is mainly due to expenses incurred as a result of the proposed merger with Praxair. These expenses totalled EUR 88 m in 2017.
[60]
Commission conditionally clears Praxair and Linde merger
Aug 19, 2018 · The European Commission has approved under the EU Merger Regulation the proposed merger between Praxair and Linde.
[61]
425 - SEC.gov
Praxair's stockholders approved the merger at Praxair's special meeting held on September 27, 2017. The consummation of the proposed business combination ...Missing: negotiations timeline<|control11|><|separator|>
[62]
Merged Linde and Praxair company to be based in Ireland
May 10, 2017 · The new company formed from the planned $70 billion merger of German industrial gases giant Linde and US peer Praxair will likely be based in the Republic.
[63]
Praxair Europe turns into Nippon Gases Europe
Since 3rd, December 2018, the European industrial gases business of the US group Praxair Inc. belongs to Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation (TNSC).Missing: rebranded | Show results with:rebranded
[64]
[PDF] Delivering Sustainable Value - AnnualReports.com
Mar 1, 2021 · In 2020, the Linde team delivered an outstanding performance during the most challenging of times. As the global economy recovers from the COVID ...
[65]
Rare Gases for Electronics - Praxair India Private Limited
The following rare gases are available in a variety of cylinder sizes and delivery modes: Helium - We operate the most diverse portfolio of helium-producing ...Missing: post- war expansion 1950s
[66]
[PDF] 2023 Sustainable Development Report - Linde
Linde continues to invest in advancing clean energy and has taken on several projects and activities aligned with our strategy to decarbonize our own operations ...
[67]
Sustainability
**Summary of Linde's Sustainability Goals:**
[68]
[PDF] Praxair's vision is to be the best-performing ... - AnnualReports.com
Jan 7, 1992 · ful integration of the Liquid Carbonic business acquired in 1996. During. 1996, Praxair acquired CBI Industries, Inc.(CBI) for $2.2 billion ...
[69]
Praxair Inc | Encyclopedia.com
Praxair's origins may be traced back to nineteenth-century Germany, where a professor of mechanical engineering at the College of Technology in Munich started ...
[70]
Praxair adds fizz with $1.1 billion NuCO2 buy | Reuters
Feb 5, 2013 · Praxair bought 17 smaller gas distributors last year in a bid to better compete with Airgas, which commands a quarter of the $7 billion packaged ...
[71]
Praxair to Buy NuCO2 in $1.1 Billion Deal to Add Carbonation
Feb 5, 2013 · Praxair is paying about 10 times this year's Ebitda for NuC02, its biggest acquisition since the 1995 purchase of CBI Industries Inc. for $1.97 ...
[72]
Air Separation Technology | netl.doe.gov
Examples have included OTM (oxygen transport membranes) and ITM (ion transport membranes), which have undergone significant development (notably by Praxair and ...
[73]
Process for separating oxygen from a gas mixture using a solid ...
... Patent 0887099. ... Such membrane systems include the NitroGEN™ systems developed by Praxair ... ion transport membrane on the surface of ion transport membrane.<|separator|>
[74]
Praxair wins DOE grant for ceramic membrane development
Sep 27, 2010 · Praxair, Inc. has won $35m from the U.S. Department of Energy to accelerate the development of oxygen transport membrane (OTM) systems.Missing: ion history
[75]
Single-column cryogenic air separation: Enabling efficient oxygen ...
Nov 15, 2021 · We explore a Praxair single-column ASU (PSC-ASU) design with the goal of reducing costs and improving flexibility, compared to a conventional double-column ASU.Missing: merger | Show results with:merger