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Dope

Dope is a multifaceted English slang term borrowed from Dutch doop ("sauce" or "dipping liquid"), first attested in American English in 1807 to denote gravy or any viscous mixture.^[1] By the mid-19th century, it acquired senses including a stupid or foolish person (1851) and, by 1889, a narcotic drug, initially referring to opium preparations smoked in semi-liquid form.^[1]^[2] The verb form emerged concurrently to mean administering such a substance, later extending to "doping" racehorses or athletes with performance-enhancing drugs in early 20th-century sports contexts.^[1]^[2] In the 1900s, dope also came to signify confidential or inside information, particularly betting tips on doped animals, reflecting its ties to illicit manipulation.^[1] By the 1960s, within counterculture, it commonly denoted marijuana or other recreational narcotics, contributing to its pejorative association with addiction and impairment—"dopey" deriving from drug-induced stupor.^[2] A semantic reversal occurred in 1980s hip-hop slang, where dope shifted to praise potent marijuana before broadening to mean excellent, cool, or superior in quality, as in describing music, fashion, or achievements evoking euphoric highs.^[2]^[3] This positive connotation gained mainstream traction through rap lyrics and media, contrasting its earlier negative implications while underscoring slang's dynamic, context-dependent evolution.^[2]

Etymology and Semantic Evolution

Origins from Dutch Influence

The word dope derives from the Dutch term doop, signifying a thick dipping sauce or gravy, which entered American English around 1807 primarily through linguistic influences from Dutch colonial settlements, such as New Amsterdam (later New York City).^[1]^[4] In its initial adoption, dope denoted any viscous or semi-liquid substance, including sauces and thick mixtures used in culinary or practical contexts, reflecting the Dutch verb doopen ("to dip" or "to mix").^[2] This early sense appears in American writings, such as those of Washington Irving in the early 19th century, where it referred to gravy or similar preparations in regional dialects.^[4] By the mid-19th century, the term had broadened in U.S. usage to encompass various syrupy or absorbent liquids, often in technical or everyday applications like lubricants or coatings, maintaining its connotation of thickness without narcotic implications at this stage.^[5] A pivotal semantic shift occurred by 1889, when dope began denoting the viscous, semi-liquid preparation of opium for smoking—typically a gum-like residue mixed for pipes—marking its first direct association with drugs in English slang.^[1] This transition likely arose from the substance's sticky, sauce-like consistency, bridging the literal and emerging pharmacological meanings amid growing opium use in American contexts.^[6]

Historical Shifts in Meaning

By the mid-19th century, "dope" had extended beyond its initial connotations of thick sauces or lubricating mixtures to encompass narcotic preparations, particularly opium-based concoctions, reflecting the era's growing awareness of such substances in medicinal and illicit contexts.^[1] This semantic shift arose from the word's association with viscous, administered mixtures, as opium was often prepared in syrupy forms for ingestion.^[4] The term's application to drug addicts emerged soon after, with "dope fiend" denoting an opium user recorded by 1886, though some attestations place it as early as the 1850s in reference to habitual narcotic consumption.^[7] By 1896, "dope fiend" was firmly established in American slang for victims of opium addiction, underscoring the word's pejorative linkage to dependency on stupefying agents.^[8] Concurrently in the 1850s, "dope" developed a derogatory sense denoting a foolish or stupid person, predating its more specialized narcotic usage and likely deriving from the perceived mental dulling induced by drugged states or from the ineptitude implied in handling such preparations.^[9] This connotation persisted as a mild insult, independent of formal etymological derivations but tied empirically to subcultural observations of impaired cognition, without reliance on institutional linguistic authorities prone to interpretive biases.^[5] In the early 20th century, around 1900, "dope" acquired a meaning of inside or confidential information, particularly in horse racing contexts, where it analogized the secretive "preparation" (doping) of animals to tips on their condition or performance.^[10] This evolution stemmed causally from racing jargon, as bettors sought details on whether horses had been administered stimulants, transforming the term from a physical mixture to abstract intelligence via metonymic extension.^[4] Such shifts illustrate slang's organic development through practical analogies in niche communities, rather than prescriptive redefinitions, with ironic valences emerging later from subcultural reappropriation.^[9]

As a Narcotic or Illicit Drug

Definition and Common Types

"Dope," in its usage as a narcotic or illicit drug, refers to a recreational substance administered to produce euphoria or intoxication, distinct from medically prescribed pharmaceuticals intended for therapeutic purposes. The term emphasizes illegally sourced or abused preparations, often derived from opium or synthetic analogs, rather than regulated medications.^[2]^[5] Historically tied to opium derivatives in the late 19th-century United States, "dope" first denoted a thick, molasses-like opium paste smoked for its stupefying effects by the 1880s, evolving by the early 1900s to broadly signify any such mind-altering illicit compound.^[2]^[11]^[5] Common types encompassed by this slang include opioids like heroin, which remains a primary association in contemporary usage; stimulants such as cocaine; and cannabis (marijuana) when procured and consumed illicitly for non-medical recreation.^[12]^[2] Other narcotics, including various amphetamines or synthetics abused outside legal frameworks, may also fall under the term depending on regional vernacular.^[2]

Pharmacological Effects

Illicit drugs commonly termed "dope," such as opioids, stimulants, and cannabis, exert short-term pharmacological effects primarily by hijacking the brain's reward circuitry, particularly through elevated dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, which underlies the sensation of euphoria.^[13] ^[14] This dopamine surge occurs via distinct mechanisms depending on the drug class: psychostimulants like cocaine inhibit the dopamine transporter (DAT), preventing reuptake and prolonging extracellular dopamine availability, while opioids indirectly enhance dopamine release by disinhibiting GABAergic interneurons in the reward pathway.^[15] ^[16] Opioids, including heroin often slang-termed "dope," bind preferentially to mu-opioid receptors (MOR), activating G-protein-coupled inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and hyperpolarization of neurons, which suppresses pain signaling via reduced neurotransmitter release in the spinal cord and brainstem while eliciting euphoria through mu-2 receptor subtypes that modulate reward.^[16] ^[17] This binding transiently masks nociceptive input by decreasing presynaptic calcium influx and postsynaptic excitability, though the euphoric effect diminishes rapidly with tolerance onset due to receptor desensitization.^[18] Cannabis-derived tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), another substance referred to as "dope," functions as a partial agonist at cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors in the central nervous system, modulating endocannabinoid tone and altering perceptual processing by inhibiting GABA and glutamate release in cortical and hippocampal regions, resulting in distorted time perception, mild euphoria, and anxiolytic effects at low doses.^[19] ^[20] CB1 activation also contributes to variable dopamine release in reward areas, though less potently than direct monoamine modulators.^[21] User-reported sensory enhancements, such as intensified music appreciation or visual acuity under these drugs, stem from altered neural filtering rather than genuine physiological improvements; for instance, THC impairs binocular depth perception tasks and reduces susceptibility to certain visual illusions, indicating disrupted rather than augmented sensory fidelity.^[22] Similarly, cocaine's short-term arousal masks underlying deficits in fine motor control and attention allocation, with dopamine overload leading to hyperfocus on salient stimuli at the expense of broader perceptual accuracy.^[23] These effects vary by dosage, route of administration, and individual neurochemistry, with rapid onset (seconds for smoked or injected forms) and offset tied to pharmacokinetics.^[18]

Health Risks and Long-Term Consequences

Opioids, a common category of dope, demonstrate high addiction potential through rapid development of tolerance, necessitating escalating doses for effect, and precipitating severe withdrawal symptoms such as muscle aches, diarrhea, anxiety, sweating, and abdominal cramps upon cessation.^[24]^[25]^[26] Cannabis, another form often referred to as dope, carries a risk of cannabis use disorder in 21-36% of past-year users, with longitudinal surveys indicating dependency rates up to 30% among regular consumers, particularly those initiating in adolescence.^[27]^[28] Physically, chronic opioid use impairs respiratory function via central depression, elevating overdose mortality through apnea and hypoxia, while also straining the cardiovascular system with risks of hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias, and long-term complications like fractures and infections.^[29]^[30]^[31] Heavy cannabis consumption, especially via smoking, contributes to respiratory irritation and bronchitis, alongside acute cardiovascular effects like tachycardia and elevated myocardial infarction risk in vulnerable individuals.^[32] Long-term psychological consequences include cognitive deficits from adolescent-onset cannabis use, with cohort studies documenting persistent IQ reductions of 5.5 to 8 points into adulthood among heavy users, alongside impairments in learning and processing speed.^[33]^[34]^[35] Cannabis exposure further elevates psychosis risk, as evidenced by population-based longitudinal analyses showing doubled odds of psychotic disorders and earlier onset by 2-3 years in users compared to non-users, countering claims of negligible harm with causal associations tied to dose and potency.^[36]^[37]^[38] Opioid dependence exacerbates mental health via dysphoria during withdrawal and heightened vulnerability to comorbid anxiety and depression, perpetuating cycles of use.^[24]^[39]

Societal and Legal Controversies

The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 imposed federal regulation on opioids and cocaine, requiring manufacturers, importers, physicians, and pharmacists to register and pay taxes, while mandating prescriptions for non-medical distribution, effectively criminalizing recreational use.^[40] This laid groundwork for broader prohibitions, culminating in the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, which classified drugs into five schedules based on abuse potential and medical value, rendering Schedule I substances like heroin, LSD, and marijuana federally illegal for possession, distribution, or manufacture absent accepted medical use.^[41] These laws entrenched prohibition, with ongoing federal illegality conflicting state-level reforms in some cases. The "War on Drugs," escalated under Presidents Nixon and Reagan through intensified enforcement and sentencing, yielded mixed empirical outcomes: interdiction efforts reduced cocaine purity by up to 10% in the 1980s and contributed to supply disruptions, though black markets adapted via synthetic alternatives and smuggling innovations.^[42] Critiques highlight over-incarceration, with drug offenses accounting for 15-20% of U.S. prison populations peaking at over 2 million total inmates by 2000, yet data also link stricter enforcement to the 1990s crime decline, as incapacitating dealers correlated with 10-20% drops in violent offenses per studies of sentencing impacts.^[43]^[44] Enforcement efficacy persists in targeted operations reducing local supply, but systemic persistence of cartels underscores limits without addressing demand. Debates pit prohibition's public health rationale against liberalization's liberty claims. Libertarians, emphasizing self-ownership and constitutional limits on federal power, argue adults bear personal risks, with prohibition fueling violence and corruption absent evidence of net societal gain from bans.^[45] Conservatives counter that drugs erode agency via addiction—evidenced by relapse rates exceeding 40% for opioids—and impose externalities like family breakdown and productivity losses, with legalization historically amplifying consumption as seen post-alcohol Prohibition.^[46] Pro-legalization advocates cite Portugal's 2001 decriminalization of personal possession, which shifted focus to treatment, but critics note pre-existing downward trends in HIV and overdoses confounded attribution, with youth experimentation rates holding steady or rising slightly (e.g., lifetime cannabis use among 15-24-year-olds at 10-15%) and no robust causal evidence of net benefits amid economic confounders.^[47] Oregon's Measure 110, effective 2021, decriminalized small amounts of hard drugs but correlated with a 20%+ surge in overdose deaths (from 712 in 2020 to over 1,000 by 2022, driven by fentanyl), heightened public disorder, and inadequate treatment uptake, prompting partial recriminalization via House Bill 4035 in 2024 amid stalled behavioral changes.^[48]^[49] These cases underscore risks of normalized use increasing youth access through reduced deterrence, with normalization effects evident in rising adolescent perceptions of drug safety post-reform.^[50]

Slang Usages in Vernacular English

Denoting Stupidity or Folly

The slang usage of "dope" to denote a stupid, foolish, or simpleminded person originated in American English in the mid-19th century, with the earliest recorded instance dating to 1851.^[1] This pejorative sense developed independently from the word's initial meaning as a thick, viscous sauce or gravy—itself borrowed from Dutch doop ("sauce" or "dip," from the verb doopen, "to dip")—via a metaphorical extension implying mental dullness or "thick-headedness," akin to the sluggish consistency of the substance.^[1] Unlike later associations with narcotics, which arose in the 1880s, this connotation of intellectual deficiency predates drug-related slang by decades and stems directly from dialectal influences evoking stupidity through viscosity.^[51] In vernacular usage, "dope" served to mock instances of poor judgment or credulity, often in everyday dialogue or narrative contexts portraying characters as gullible or inept. For example, early 20th-century literature employed it to highlight folly, as in admonishments like "you dope" directed at someone overlooking obvious facts or making naive errors.^[52] This sense persisted in American idiom, appearing in works critiquing irrational decisions, such as a character's self-rebuke for foolish oversight in everyday scenarios.^[53] Despite the emergence of ironic positive reversals in slang during the 20th century, the derogatory application endured, particularly in informal critiques of illogical behavior or incompetence. Dictionaries continue to list it as a primary definition for a "stupid person," reflecting its ongoing role in English vernacular to denote folly without the glamour of later connotations.^[54] This longevity underscores the term's roots in unvarnished assessments of mental shortcomings, untainted by subsequent cultural shifts toward euphemism.^[51]

Reversal to Meaning Excellent or Admirable

In the mid-20th century, "dope" underwent a semantic reversal in African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and emerging hip-hop subcultures, shifting from connotations of stupidity or impairment—derived from its earlier associations with drug-induced dullness—to an ironic affirmation of quality or excellence.^[2] This inversion, observed as early as the 1970s in urban communities, leveraged the term's pejorative history to signify something superior or skillfully executed, often as a form of linguistic reclamation amid marginalization.^[3] Linguists attribute this flip to patterns of incongruity in slang evolution, where negative descriptors are repurposed for positive emphasis within in-group communication, though direct causal links remain anecdotal rather than empirically quantified.^[55] By the late 1970s, "dope" as "cool" or "impressive" entered hip-hop lexicon through Bronx street culture, predating widespread commercialization; for instance, forum recollections from participants place its hood usage around 1974, aligning with hip-hop's foundational block parties.^[56] This subcultural adoption reflected anti-establishment attitudes, using the term to valorize authenticity and prowess in defiance of mainstream derision, without evidence of deliberate ideological engineering.^[57] Empirical tracking via cultural analyses shows no uniform timeline, but oral histories and slang dictionaries confirm its positivity emerged independently of drug references, distinguishing it from "high" euphemisms.^[2] Popularization accelerated in the 1990s through rap music and youth media, where artists like those in gangsta rap employed "dope" to denote superior style, beats, or bravado, embedding it in lyrics that reached millions via albums such as Dr. Dre's The Chronic (1992), which normalized the term in tracks praising technical mastery.^[58] By the 2000s, mainstream appropriation via MTV and advertising co-opted it for commercial products, diluting its subcultural edge; Nielsen data on hip-hop's market share, rising from 8% of U.S. music sales in 1995 to 14% by 2005, correlates with this diffusion, though causation stems from cultural export rather than invention.^[59] Usage surveys indicate transience, with Gen Z favoring alternatives like "lit" by 2010s, underscoring its role as a fleeting marker of generational rebellion rather than enduring lexicon.^[51] This commercial pivot, while economically verifiable, severed ties to original anti-authority contexts, rendering the term a neutral compliment in broader vernacular.^[60]

Referring to Information or Intelligence

The slang usage of "dope" to denote information, particularly reliable or insider knowledge, originated in American English during the early 20th century, drawing from the word's prior connotation of a thick preparation or mixture.^[1] In gambling contexts like horse racing, bettors sought "dope" as factual tips or predictions on outcomes, akin to a strategic "sauce" providing an edge over competitors.^[2] Phrases such as "inside dope" emerged to specify confidential or privileged intel, often contrasting with public speculation by emphasizing sourced details from trainers, jockeys, or track conditions.^[54] This application extended beyond betting to broader informational utility, where "the straight dope" signified unvarnished, authentic facts rather than rumor or hype.^[2] By the mid-20th century, expressions like "the dope on" a subject conveyed comprehensive, verifiable lowdown, as in journalism or investigative reporting seeking empirical leads over anecdotal hearsay.^[7] For instance, in sports media, "dope sheets" compiled statistical data and odds to inform wagers, prioritizing quantitative metrics like past performances over subjective opinions.^[61] Unlike casual gossip, which often relies on unconfirmed narratives, this slang prioritizes actionable, evidence-based insights—such as causal factors influencing events—to enable informed decision-making in high-stakes scenarios like policy analysis or market predictions.^[54] Historical examples include 1919 baseball coverage, where "dope" referred to pre-game forecasts grounded in player stats and team form, though such intel proved fallible against unforeseen variables like the Black Sox scandal.^[61] The term's endurance reflects its utility in demanding contexts requiring distilled, reliable data over speculative filler.^[2]

Technical and Industrial Applications

Dopant in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Doping entails the deliberate incorporation of trace impurity atoms, termed dopants, into an intrinsic semiconductor lattice such as silicon to engineer its electrical properties by modulating charge carrier density. In silicon, which possesses a diamond cubic crystal structure with four valence electrons per atom, n-type doping introduces group V elements like phosphorus that substitute silicon sites, donating a fifth valence electron to the conduction band and thereby increasing free electron concentration while maintaining charge neutrality through ionized donors.^[62]^[63] P-type doping, conversely, employs group III elements such as boron, which accept an electron from the valence band to form a positively charged hole, elevating hole density as the majority carrier.^[62] This donor-acceptor mechanism shifts the Fermi level, enabling precise control over conductivity from intrinsic levels (~10^10 carriers/cm³ at room temperature) to extrinsic regimes exceeding 10^18 carriers/cm³, fundamentally altering the material from an insulator-like behavior to that of a controllable conductor.^[64] The practice originated in the post-World War II era, building on the 1947 invention of the germanium point-contact transistor by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Laboratories, where rudimentary impurity control demonstrated amplification.^[65] Advancements in silicon doping followed, with Gordon Teal's 1950 development of zone-refining techniques at Bell Labs producing high-purity crystals intentionally alloyed with phosphorus or boron to form p-n junctions, enabling the first silicon junction transistors by 1954 and supplanting germanium due to silicon's superior thermal stability and oxide compatibility.^[65] This precision proved indispensable for integrated circuits, as Robert Noyce's 1959 planar process at Fairchild Semiconductor integrated multiple doped regions via diffusion masks, scaling from discrete devices to millions of transistors per chip by the 1970s.^[66] Contemporary manufacturing employs thermal diffusion—exposing wafers to dopant vapors at 900–1200°C for graded profiles—or ion implantation, accelerating dopant ions (e.g., B⁺ or P⁺) to keV–MeV energies for shallow, abrupt junctions, necessitating post-implant annealing at 900–1100°C to activate dopants and recrystallize amorphized lattice regions.^[67]^[68] These methods yield empirical benefits, including p-n diodes with rectification ratios >10^6:1 and bipolar transistors with current gains (β) up to 100–1000, underpinning logic gates and amplifiers in microprocessors.^[69] However, overdoping beyond solubility limits (e.g., ~3×10^20 atoms/cm³ for boron in silicon at 1100°C) induces supersaturation, precipitating clusters that generate dislocations and deep-level traps, elevating leakage currents by orders of magnitude and degrading minority carrier lifetimes.^[70]^[71] Ion implantation exacerbates transient defects like vacancy-interstitial pairs, with incomplete annealing correlating to reduced hole mobilities below 100 cm²/V·s in heavily doped p-type regions.^[68]

Varnishes and Preparations in Industry

In the aviation industry, dope denotes a plasticized nitrocellulose lacquer applied to fabric-covered aircraft to shrink and tauten the covering material while imparting waterproofing and protective qualities. Cellulose nitrate emerged as the initial doping agent prior to World War I, marking a pivotal advancement in aircraft construction by enabling durable fabric exteriors on biplanes.^[72] During the war, nitrate-based dopes became ubiquitous for tautening Grade A cotton or linen on fighters and reconnaissance planes, though their high flammability posed risks in combat.^[73] These varnishes typically comprised nitrocellulose dissolved in volatile solvents like acetone or ethyl acetate, forming a thin, transparent film upon drying.^[74] The designation "dope" for such viscous varnishes traces to its etymological roots in the Dutch doop, signifying a thick dipping sauce or gravy, which entered American English around 1807 to describe any dense liquid mixture.^[1] This connotation extended to industrial preparations beyond aviation, including nitrocellulose-thickened formulations in printing inks, where it acts as a film-forming binder for quick-drying, glossy finishes on flexographic and gravure processes.^[75] In explosives manufacturing, dope-like mixtures stabilized nitroglycerin or served as colloiding agents in smokeless powders, leveraging nitrocellulose's gelling properties to create homogeneous, pourable pastes before extrusion.^[76] By the mid-20th century, dope's prominence waned in heavy aviation due to the shift toward aluminum monoplanes and composites, which obviated fabric coverings; however, butyrate or polyurethane dopes endure in ultralight and vintage restorations for their tautening efficacy.^[73] Nitrocellulose dopes' toxicity and volatility prompted workplace safeguards as early as World War I, including ventilation in "dope shops" to mitigate solvent vapors.^[77] Despite synthetic alternatives, these historical preparations underscored dope's role in enabling early powered flight through simple, effective surface treatments.^[74]

Representations in Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Films and Television

Dope is a 2015 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Rick Famuyiwa, starring Shameik Moore as Malcolm, a geeky high school senior in Inglewood, California, who shares interests in 1990s hip-hop and computer programming with his friends Jib and Diggy.^[78] After receiving an invitation to an underground party, the group becomes entangled in a drug deal gone awry, acquiring a backpack filled with MDMA, which propels them into a series of chaotic events involving gangsters and opportunists.^[79] The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2015, and was released theatrically by Open Road Films on June 19, 2015, grossing $17.5 million against a $7 million budget.^[80] Critics praised Dope for its energetic portrayal of Black adolescent life outside stereotypes, with Moore's performance highlighted as a standout for capturing youthful ingenuity amid urban pressures; it holds an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 161 reviews, with the consensus noting its smart, insightful approach.^[81] However, some reviews pointed to narrative convolutions and uneven handling of its drug-centric plot, as in Roger Ebert's assessment of it as entertaining yet not fully transcending genre tropes.^[79] The film earned nominations including an Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay and contributed to discussions on authentic representations of nerd culture in inner-city settings.^[80] On television, Dope is a Netflix documentary series that aired from 2017 to 2019 across three seasons, examining the U.S. and Mexican drug trade through interviews with dealers, users, and police officers.^[82] Episodes cover topics such as methamphetamine production in Mexico and opioid distribution in America, presenting unfiltered accounts without narration to emphasize real-world perspectives.^[83] Season 1 received mixed reception, scoring 56% on Rotten Tomatoes from limited reviews, with commendations for its visceral access but critiques for lacking deeper analytical context on policy failures.^[84] The HBO series 2 Dope Queens (2018), adapted from the podcast by Jessica Williams and Phoebe Robinson, features live stand-up specials where "dope" denotes excellence in slang usage, addressing themes of Black womanhood, relationships, and comedy through guest performances. It earned a 94% Tomatometer rating, lauded for its humorous, socially aware takes delivered in front of diverse New York audiences.^[85]

Music and Literature

Dope, an American industrial metal band, was formed in New York City in 1997 by vocalist and songwriter Edsel Dope.^[86] The group has released seven studio albums, drawing influences from hard rock and nu metal, with themes often exploring alienation and aggression rather than direct drug references.^[87] In hip-hop, "dope" as slang for excellent or high-quality appears in numerous tracks, such as The Black Eyed Peas' "My Humps" (2005), where it denotes desirable traits, reflecting the term's reversal from denoting stupidity to admiration in urban vernacular.^[57] Conversely, songs like Future's "Move That Dope" (2014), featuring Pharrell Williams, Pusha T, and Casino, employ "dope" to signify narcotics in contexts of trafficking and consumption, aligning with rap's frequent depiction of street life.^[88] In literature, the Beat Generation prominently featured "dope" as slang for marijuana, heroin, and other narcotics, portraying addiction as both existential pursuit and destructive force. William S. Burroughs' Junky (1953), a semi-autobiographical account, defines a "dope fiend" as one driven to extreme actions by narcotic dependency, emphasizing total physiological need over moral failing.^[89] Such representations captured countercultural experimentation but drew criticism for romanticizing dependency amid post-World War II disillusionment. In hip-hop-influenced novels, "dope" evokes both drug trade perils and cultural coolness; for instance, in urban fiction, it underscores survival economics in impoverished settings, as seen in works depicting dealer hierarchies where "dope" denotes product quality and risk.^[90] These artistic uses enable raw expression of lived realities, fostering empathy for marginalized experiences and critiquing societal failures.^[91] However, empirical studies link frequent exposure to substance-referencing media, including music, with heightened initiation risks among adolescents, suggesting portrayals may normalize use by associating it with rebellion or success, though causation remains debated due to confounding peer influences.^[92] Longitudinal data indicate music preferences correlate with drug experimentation, but reverse causality—users seeking affirming content—complicates claims of direct harm induction.^[93] Critics from recovery perspectives argue glamorization in rap, where over 70% of top tracks reference drugs, contributes to attitudinal shifts toward viewing narcotics as aspirational, potentially elevating real-world usage rates.^[94]

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... against drug use were to be withdrawn. The drug legalization argument ultimately rests on the dual proposition that current policies have failed and that ...
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Oct 4, 2016 · “Dope” was first used to mean a thick liquid prepared out of opium for smoking in the late 19th century, the OED says, and before too long came to mean any ...
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slangwall
As time went on, the word dope evolved into new and different meanings. A new meaning came about which stated that it was "a preparation, mixture, or drug, ...<|separator|>
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DOPE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
informal : to take an intoxicating drug. 2. informal : to use a performance ... The first known use of dope was in 1786. See more words from the same year ...The dope · Synonyms of dope · Dope out · Dope up
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Aug 17, 2009 · Here is the definition of the street term "DOPE" the word dope was in heavy use from about the late 50s till the late 80s as it refers to drugs ...
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Don't Believe the Dope: Few Saw Black Sox Scandal Coming
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Semiconductor Materials - IEEE IRDS™
P-type semiconductors are “doped” with boron or gallium. The two doping elements have only three valence electrons. When they mix with the silicon lattice, a ...
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Working in its chemical physics department with technician Ernie Buehler, Teal grew single crystals of silicon and “doped” them with tiny impurities to make ...
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[PDF] california state university, northridge
Ion implantation introduces controlled doping into the silicon substrate but also creates lattice damage that must be repaired through thermal annealing. While ...
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In Si, the com- mon dopants are boron for p type and arsenic, antimony, and phosphorus for n type. 2.1 Diffusion sources. There are different sources for the ...
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Na- tive defects have frequently been invoked to explain doping problems in semiconductors. For instance, the problem of achieving p-type ZnSe was long ...
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the conservation challenge of doped fabric aircraft in the Flight gallery
Nov 16, 2016 · Cellulose nitrate was the first cellulose ester to be used in aircraft dopes in the years before the First World War. It was a major step ...
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Covering With Dope By Ron Alexander | Aircraft Spruce ®
Nitrate dope has been successfully used on fabric since early World War I days. It was initially the only chemical applied to the fabrics used such as Grade A ...
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Breathing New Life into an Old Fabric
Nov 20, 2013 · Early doping lacquers were based on cellulose nitrate, which had both benefits and detriments as a tautening agent; from a conservation ...
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as an additive to NG and used in some commercial blasting explosives to reduce the freezing point of the NG. 6. Issued March 1972. Page 25. RESTRICTED. Page 96 ...
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The toxic nature of aircraft dopes had been recognised in both Germany and Britain before the start of World War I but initially the properties of cellulose ...
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Dope (2015) - IMDb
Rating 7.2/10 (91,208) "Dope" shows the constant struggles of being a moral teenager engulfed in a society driven by illegal behavior and surrounded by peers who are nudging you onto ...Full cast & crew · Parents guide · Dope · Plot
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Rating 2.5/4 · Review by Odie HendersonThe movie, Dope, is about a teenage boy in the 90's era born in a rough neighborhood in Los Angeles, California. It portrays the story of a studious teen ...
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Jan 24, 2015 · Film Review: 'Dope' ... Rick Famuyiwa's indie-est project since 'The Woods' is a buoyant teen caper comedy that's one of this year's brighter ...Missing: critical | Show results with:critical<|separator|>
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Dope (2015) | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 88% (161) Featuring a starmaking performance from Shameik Moore and a refreshingly original point of view from writer-director Rick Famuyiwa, Dope is smart, insightful ...Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
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Rating 7.3/10 (1,898) Dope: Ride along for an uncompromising look at the lives of those who sell, use and wage a war on drugs in the U.S. and Mexico.Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
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Dope. 2019; 3 Seasons; ⁨TV-MA⁩; Documentary. Filmed from the perspectives of ... Dope: Season 3 (Trailer). 1m 28s. TRAILER. Dope: Season 2 (Trailer). 1m 29s.Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
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Dope: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 56% (2) This docuseries offers a raw, inside look at what it's like to work in, and battle against, the rampant and profitable illegal drug trade. But while Dope offers ...
[85]
HBO and HBO Max Series Ranked by Tomatometer - Rotten Tomatoes
2 Dope Queens Tomatometer icon 94% Popcornmeter icon 56%. #57. Synopsis: Jessica Williams and Phoebe Robinson -- described as hilarious and socially aware at ...Missing: slang | Show results with:slang
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Dope - YouTube Music
Dope is an American industrial metal band from New York City, formed in 1997. The band has released seven full-length studio albums.
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15 Best Songs About Drugs - Billboard
Mar 9, 2022 · 15 Best Songs About Drugs · “Purple Pills,” D12 · “Move That Dope,” Future featuring Pharrell, Pusha T & Casino · “Can't Feel My Face,” The Weeknd.Missing: slang | Show results with:slang
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Drug Use and Beat Writers - Liverpool Scholarship Online
] A dope fiend is a man in total need of dope […]. You would lie, cheat, inform on your friends, steal, do anything to satisfy total need. Because you would ...
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Hip-Hop in Transition (Chapter 7) - African American Literature in ...
In the former case, the double meaning of the term “dope” – a slang term that could mean either “drugs” or “excellent” depending on context – allows the ...
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