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Recorder

The recorder is a family of woodwind musical instruments belonging to the fipple flute (or duct flute) group, characterized by a whistle-like mouthpiece that directs airflow against an internal edge to produce sound without requiring complex finger techniques or reeds.^[1]^[2] These end-blown instruments, typically made from wood or plastic, feature a straight cylindrical or conical bore with eight finger holes and a thumb hole, enabling a diatonic scale in their fundamental key.^[3] Common sizes include the soprano (descant in C), alto (treble in F), tenor (in C), and bass (in F), each suited for different ranges in ensemble playing.^[2] Originating in Europe during the Middle Ages and gaining prominence in the Renaissance and Baroque eras, the recorder was widely used in art music, consorts, and court ensembles by composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Philipp Telemann, and George Frideric Handel, who incorporated it into concertos, sonatas, and orchestral works.^[3]^[4] Its name derives from the English verb "to record," reflecting its early role in helping singers maintain pitch accuracy during rehearsals, or possibly from the French "recorder" meaning to trill or sing softly.^[5] The instrument's popularity waned after the Baroque period but experienced a revival in the early 20th century through historical performance practices and craftsmanship by figures like Arnold Dolmetsch, leading to modern wooden instruments prized for their tonal warmth and dynamic range.^[6] Today, the recorder serves both educational and professional purposes, often introduced to children due to its simplicity and affordability, though high-quality models support virtuoso performance across genres from early music to contemporary compositions.^[2] Despite its association with beginner plastic versions, which can produce shrill tones, wooden recorders offer expressive capabilities comparable to other woodwinds, fostering ensemble traditions like recorder consorts that emphasize polyphony and intonation precision.^[3] Its enduring appeal lies in accessibility for amateurs alongside technical demands for experts, underscoring its evolution from medieval origins to a staple in historical and pedagogical repertoires.^[4]

Musical Instruments

Woodwind Recorder

The recorder is an end-blown woodwind instrument classified as a duct flute, featuring a fipple mouthpiece that channels exhaled air through a narrow duct to strike a sharp edge, thereby exciting vibrations in the air column within its bore.^[7] This mechanism produces a clear, reedy tone distinct from transverse flutes, with sound modulated by covering or uncovering eight finger holes—seven on the front and one thumb hole on the back—typically arranged in a diatonic scale.^[7] Instruments are constructed with a cylindrical or slightly conical bore, often in three jointed sections for the soprano size, and range from approximately 30 cm for the soprano to over 1.4 m for the bass, enabling a fundamental pitch range of about two octaves per model, such as C5 to D7 for the soprano.^[8] Common consort sizes include soprano (descant in C), alto (treble in F), tenor (in C), and bass (in F), facilitating ensemble playing in compatible keys.^[8] Originating in medieval Europe around the 10th century as primitive single-piece flutes, the recorder evolved into a refined aerophone by the 15th and 16th centuries, when soprano and alto models were staples in Renaissance consorts alongside other duct flutes.^[9] It gained prominence in the Baroque era for solo and ensemble repertoire, only to decline in the Classical period before a 20th-century revival led by Arnold Dolmetsch, who reproduced historical models and advocated its use in schools starting in the late 19th century.^[10] This resurgence emphasized the instrument's acoustic simplicity—relying on steady breath pressure for reliable oscillation without complex embouchure control—and its low production cost, making it ideal for beginner education; by the mid-20th century, millions of students worldwide encountered it as an entry-level woodwind.^[11] Traditional recorders employ hardwoods like boxwood or maple for their resonant properties and stability, yielding superior timbre and dynamic range compared to plastic alternatives, which dominate student markets for durability and affordability but often suffer from inconsistent intonation due to imprecise manufacturing tolerances in bore diameter and hole placement.^[12] Wooden models mitigate these issues through material density and craftsmanship, allowing better pitch stability across registers, though both types demand precise finger sealing and breath control to counteract inherent acoustic compromises like uneven harmonics in higher overtones.^[13] Recent innovations include hybrid designs such as the ARTinoise re.corder, introduced around 2021, which augments a standard soprano body with embedded sensors for wireless MIDI output and app integration, enabling electronic sound synthesis while preserving acoustic playability for enhanced projection and versatility in contemporary settings.^[14]

Legal and Judicial Roles

Recorder as Judge

A recorder in England and Wales is a part-time judicial officer, typically a senior barrister or solicitor with at least ten years of advocacy experience, appointed to preside over trials and other proceedings in the Crown Court.^[15] The role originated in the 15th century as a municipal officer tasked with recording court proceedings in boroughs and cities, evolving over time into a judicial position where the recorder served as the chief legal officer and sole judge at quarter sessions for local criminal matters.^[16] ^[17] Appointments are made by the King on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor, following selection by the Judicial Appointments Commission through open competition based on merit, with eligibility requiring substantial legal practice.^[18] Initial terms last five years, with automatic extensions for successive five-year periods unless declined or revoked for cause, allowing incumbents to maintain their legal practice while sitting.^[19] Recorders typically sit for 15 to 30 days annually, handling a caseload that includes managing pre-trial preparations, presiding over jury trials for indictable offenses, and delivering verdicts or sentences with powers equivalent to those of salaried circuit judges, such as imposing custodial terms up to life imprisonment where applicable.^[20] ^[19] Unlike full-time circuit judges, recorders hold a fee-paid, part-time position without a dedicated salary, chambers, or administrative support staff, functioning primarily as an honorific stepping stone to salaried judicial roles while enabling flexible deployment to address court backlogs.^[15] As of 2023, approximately 955 recorders served in England and Wales, an increase from 874 in 2020, contributing to judicial efficiency by supplementing permanent judges without necessitating proportional expansions in full-time appointments amid rising caseloads.^[21] This part-time structure supports the Crown Court's handling of serious criminal cases, with recorders often assigned to less complex trials to optimize resource allocation.^[20]

Recorder as Public Records Official

In the United States, the county recorder, also known as the recorder of deeds, serves as an elected public official responsible for maintaining permanent records of real estate transactions, including deeds, mortgages, liens, and easements, to establish clear chains of title and protect property rights.^[22] This role ensures that subsequent buyers and lenders can verify ownership history, preventing disputes over unrecorded interests that could otherwise cloud titles.^[23] In jurisdictions like Maricopa County, Arizona, the office records over 51 million documents related to property transfers, while in Lucas County, Ohio, it focuses on accurate, permanent documentation of legal transfers and encumbrances.^[24]^[25] The position traces its origins to colonial land registries established to formalize property claims amid expanding settlements.^[26] The Plymouth Colony recorded its first deed in 1627, and by 1640, Virginia mandated public recording of deeds to validate ownership against competing claims.^[27] These early systems evolved into state-specific recording statutes, which require instruments affecting real property—such as sales, liens, and releases—to be filed with the recorder for public notice and priority under "first to record" rules.^[28] Core functions include examining documents for compliance, indexing by grantor-grantee and legal description, and providing public access, often for fees that fund operations.^[29] Recorders must enforce formatting standards, such as including notary acknowledgments and property details, to ensure recordability.^[30] Statutory duties also extend to preserving vital statistics in some counties, though the emphasis remains on real property integrity to support transparent markets and legal certainty.^[31] Transition to digital systems has enhanced accessibility and fraud prevention, with many offices implementing online indexing and property alert notifications to flag unauthorized filings.^[32] For instance, digitized records reduce manual errors in chain-of-title verification and enable real-time monitoring, as seen in programs alerting owners to suspicious deed activity.^[33] However, under-resourced offices face criticisms for processing delays, often due to staffing shortages or outdated infrastructure, leading to backlogs that hinder timely title searches and transactions.^[34] Despite such inefficiencies, digitization efforts have demonstrably cut errors and improved public trust in select jurisdictions.^[35]

Recording Devices and Technology

Audio and Video Recorders

Audio recording devices capture acoustic signals through transduction, converting sound waves into electrical impulses via microphones—such as dynamic or condenser types that respond to diaphragm movement—and storing them on media for later playback. Early mechanical systems like Edison's phonograph in 1877 used cylinders or discs to etch grooves representing waveforms, but magnetic recording advanced fidelity by exploiting electromagnetic hysteresis on wire or tape.^[36] Valdemar Poulsen's 1898 telegraphone marked the first magnetic device, winding steel wire past an electromagnet to imprint varying magnetization proportional to audio input, enabling reusable storage without physical wear from playback.^[37] Practical tape-based systems emerged with AEG's Magnetophon K1 in 1935, using acetate-backed paper tape coated in iron oxide, which reduced noise through AC biasing—a technique applying high-frequency bias to linearize the hysteresis curve and minimize distortion.^[38] This allowed broadcast-quality recordings at speeds around 76 cm/s, far surpassing wire's limited bandwidth. Consumer analog recorders proliferated with Philips' compact cassette in August 1963, compacting 1.5 mm tape into a cartridge for 4.76 cm/s playback, though prone to issues like tape bunching and frequency roll-off above 12 kHz.^[39] Digital audio recorders shifted paradigms in the 1970s by sampling analog signals via pulse-code modulation (PCM), quantizing voltage levels into binary data to eliminate cumulative noise. Denon's 1971 commercial digital recordings on modified video tape demonstrated superior dynamic range over 90 dB, free from analog tape's hiss and wow/flutter caused by mechanical inconsistencies.^[40] Modern digital systems employ analog-to-digital converters sampling at standardized rates, such as 44.1 kHz for CD audio—twice the 20 kHz human hearing limit per Nyquist-Shannon theorem—to reconstruct waveforms without aliasing, paired with 16-bit depth for 96 dB signal-to-noise ratio.^[41] Storage evolved from magnetic tape to hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs), with SSDs offering shock resistance and access times under 0.1 ms versus tape's sequential retrieval. Video recorders parallel audio's trajectory, initially adapting film kinescopes before magnetic tape enabled direct capture. Bing Crosby Enterprises demonstrated the first videotape recording in 1951, using helical-scan heads to magnetize oxide-coated tape with FM-modulated luminance and color subcarriers, achieving 525-line resolution for NTSC standards.^[42] Ampex's 1956 VRX-1000 commercialized quadplex tape at 38 cm/s, storing 525-line black-and-white video but suffering dropout errors from oxide flaking. Analog video cassettes like Betamax (1975) and VHS (1976) standardized home recording, though bandwidth limits capped quality at 240 lines vertical resolution.^[43] Digital video transitioned with SMPTE's D-1 format in 1986, encoding component signals in 4:2:2 PCM at 270 Mbps for uncompressed 10-bit storage, averting analog's generational degradation where each dub amplified noise by 6 dB.^[44] By the 2000s, file-based systems on SSDs or HDDs dominated, supporting codecs like H.264 for compressed 1080p at 50 Mbps, enabling non-linear editing and archival permanence without tape's physical decay from hydrolysis or demagnetization. Both analog and digital formats excel in evidentiary permanence, as recordings preserve causal sequences unaltered for forensic or historical analysis, outperforming memory's fallibility. Analog drawbacks include media degradation—tape losing up to 3 dB per decade from magnetic viscosity—and sensitivity to temperature/humidity causing sticky-shed syndrome. Digital avoids these via bit-perfect copies but demands robust error detection like CRC checksums to counter bit rot, estimated at 1 in 10^15 bits annually on HDDs. Fidelity in analog relies on continuous waveforms for harmonic richness, yet introduces inherent noise floors around 50 dB; digital achieves theoretical perfection above Nyquist limits but risks quantization artifacts if bit depth underspecifies quiet signals.^[40]

Specialized Data Recorders

Specialized data recorders encompass rugged hardware systems engineered for capturing critical parameters in high-stakes environments, prioritizing data integrity amid extreme conditions to enable post-event causal analysis. In aviation, flight data recorders (FDRs) and cockpit voice recorders (CVRs)—collectively termed "black boxes" despite their high-visibility orange casing—form dual units that log flight parameters and audio, respectively.^[45] FDRs capture metrics such as altitude, airspeed, heading, and control inputs at rates up to hundreds of times per second, while CVRs record crew communications and ambient cockpit sounds, typically overwriting older data in a continuous loop of 2 to 25 hours depending on aircraft type.^[46] These devices, equipped with underwater locator beacons emitting ultrasonic pings for up to 90 days at depths to 20,000 feet, adhere to crash-survivable standards including resistance to 3,400 g impacts, 2,000°F fires for 60 minutes, and prolonged submersion.^[47] Mandated for commercial aircraft following mid-20th-century crashes that highlighted the need for empirical reconstruction—such as the 1954 BOAC de Havilland Comet incidents—their regulatory origins trace to FAA requirements in the 1960s for basic flight condition logging.^[48] Technical specifications for aviation recorders follow EUROCAE ED-112A, which outlines minimum operational performance for crash-protected systems, including parameter lists expanded from initial mandates to over 1,000 in modern implementations for comprehensive causal inference in accidents.^[49] Recovery success exceeds 95% in accessible wreckage, facilitating investigations where data elucidates failure modes like structural flaws or pilot error, though beacons and designs mitigate but do not eliminate challenges in remote or deep-sea sites. Contrary to perceptions of indestructibility, these units can suffer data loss from overwhelming forces, as in cases of total fragmentation or unrecoverable submersion beyond beacon range, underscoring their engineered limits rather than absolute invulnerability.^[45]^[50] Recent enhancements include solid-state memory for terabyte-scale storage capable of retaining hours of high-fidelity parameters, with proposals for deployable or wireless variants to enable real-time ground transmission, potentially bypassing recovery dependencies while raising bandwidth and security concerns.^[51]^[52] Beyond aviation, event data recorders (EDRs) in vehicles integrate into electronic control units to log pre- and post-crash metrics like speed, brake status, throttle position, and accelerations, capturing 5 seconds prior to impact at sampling rates up to 500 Hz.^[53] Governed by NHTSA's 49 CFR Part 563, these standards ensure accuracy within 5% for deltas up to 50 g, aiding forensic reconstruction of collision dynamics with near-universal recovery in intact vehicles due to their embedded nature.^[54] Seismic data recorders, deployed in arrays for geophysical monitoring, employ multi-channel digitizers compliant with SEG standards for land-based acquisition, recording ground motion across broadband frequencies to catalog earthquake parameters like magnitude and epicenter with high fidelity even in magnitude 9+ events.^[55] Laboratory variants, such as precision event loggers for vibration or thermal testing, maintain similar hardware robustness—often with shock-mounted sensors and redundant storage—to preserve transient data for failure analysis, achieving recovery rates approaching 100% in controlled settings through fail-safe enclosures.^[56] Across these domains, empirical validation via recovered datasets has driven iterative improvements, emphasizing causal linkages over narrative conjecture in hazard mitigation.^[57]

Publications

Newspapers Titled "Recorder"

The Recorder, published in Port Pirie, South Australia, originated from an 1898 amalgamation of earlier local publications and operates as a weekly newspaper serving the Port Pirie region with coverage of community events, local government, and regional developments. It maintains a print circulation of more than 3,600 copies alongside a digital readership exceeding 8,000 weekly, contributing to public record-keeping by archiving regional history and current affairs since its inception.^[58]^[59]^[60] In the United States, the Greenfield Recorder functions as a daily newspaper (published Monday through Saturday) based in Greenfield, Massachusetts, delivering news on Franklin County including local politics, education, and community issues as part of the Newspapers of New England group. Established with roots in local journalism traditions, it supports journalistic documentation of public events and has sustained operations amid shifts to digital formats.^[61]^[62] The Recorder, serving Bedford, Lewisboro, Pound Ridge, and Mount Kisco in New York, operates as an independent, nonprofit community newspaper with both print and online editions, emphasizing local reporting on municipal decisions, schools, and resident concerns to preserve community records. Founded to provide reader-supported coverage, it has maintained activity into the 2020s despite broader industry challenges from digital media transitions.^[63]^[64] Historically, the Amsterdam Recorder, tracing to 1832 in Amsterdam, New York, provided hometown news until integration into the Daily Gazette, exemplifying how such titles chronicled small-city life and public proceedings over decades before consolidations driven by declining print ad revenues. Similarly, the Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder, launched in 1934 through a merger of African American weeklies in the Twin Cities, has documented civil rights events, urban policy, and cultural milestones for its community, adapting to market declines via digital expansion while retaining a focus on verifiable local and national records.^[65]^[66]

Periodicals Titled "Recorder"

Several periodicals titled Recorder have been published, primarily focusing on specialized interests such as musical instrument techniques and typography, with quarterly or biannual frequencies distinguishing them from daily newspapers.^[67]^[68] These publications serve niche audiences, offering articles, reviews, and historical analyses supported by contributions from practitioners and scholars, though subscriber data remains limited due to their specialized nature.^[69] The American Recorder, a quarterly journal published by the American Recorder Society (ARS), debuted in 1950 and provides scholarly content on the recorder instrument, including technique, repertoire, performance practice, and early music history.^[70] Volumes feature peer-reviewed articles, instrument reviews, and contributions from recorder specialists, such as evaluations of plastic recorder models tested over multi-year periods.^[69] The ARS, established in 1939, uses the journal to disseminate research and event news to members, with archives accessible digitally from 1960 onward, reflecting its role in sustaining interest in the instrument amid niche market constraints.^[71]^[72] In the United Kingdom, Recorder and Music Magazine served as the official journal of the Society of Recorder Players from May 1963 to 1973, published by Schott and covering recorder pedagogy, historical contexts, and related early music topics through articles and profiles of figures like Edgar Hunt.^[73]^[74] Its cessation followed editorial resignations and publisher decisions, leading to the launch of The Recorder Magazine around 1974 as a successor, issued quarterly by Peacock Press in Hebden Bridge.^[75] This publication continues with indexed issues from 1993 to 2025, featuring technical discussions, competition reviews, and event coverage, such as analyses of recorder makers and editions, while maintaining a focus on practical and historical scholarship for players.^[67]^[76] The Recorder, originally launched in 1902 by Monotype as a technical journal on typesetting and related technologies, was redesigned and relaunched in 2014 as a biannual magazine exploring typography's cultural and design impacts.^[77] Issues, exceeding 100 pages, include essays on type's societal role, with contributions emphasizing verifiable design history over speculative trends, and it has been produced in limited runs for design professionals.^[78]^[79] This evolution from machinery-focused content to broader graphic design analysis underscores adaptations to digital shifts, though print editions persist for targeted readership.^[80]

Other Historical and Cultural Uses

Biblical and Ancient References

In the Hebrew Bible, the term "recorder" translates the Hebrew mazkīr, denoting a senior royal official charged with preserving annals, decrees, and significant events of the kingdom. In 2 Samuel 8:16, Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud holds this position under King David, functioning as a remembrancer who documented court proceedings and oversaw the implementation of royal orders.^[81]^[82] This role prioritized archival duties over adjudication, serving as a chancellor-like figure who elevated petitions and complaints to the sovereign while maintaining historical records.^[83] A parallel instance appears in 2 Kings 18:18, where Joah son of Asaph acts as recorder during King Hezekiah's reign (circa 715–686 BCE), coordinating with the steward Eliakim son of Hilkiah and secretary Shebna amid Assyrian diplomatic pressures.^[84]^[81] Here, the recorder's involvement in state communications underscores responsibilities for verifiable documentation rather than judicial rulings, aligning with broader ancient Near Eastern emphases on written chronicling for administrative continuity.^[83] The conceptual lineage of such roles traces etymologically to Latin recordārī ("to remember" or "call to mind"), which combined re- ("again") and cor ("heart"), implying deliberate recollection through inscription; this evolved via Old French recorder into English usage for officials by the early 15th century.^[85]^[86] In ancient Mesopotamia, comparable scribal functions emerged around 3500 BCE, with dub-sar professionals etching cuneiform on clay tablets to log trade transactions, tax assessments, and governmental edicts, establishing systematic record-keeping as a cornerstone of state capacity.^[87]^[88] Egyptian scribes, employing hieroglyphics from circa 3100 BCE, similarly handled administrative ledgers for pharaonic bureaucracy, including census data and resource allocation, favoring durable written evidence over transient oral accounts.^[89]^[90] These practices in the Near East fostered proto-bureaucratic norms of empirical verification, influencing archival traditions that privileged inscribed permanence for accountability across successive polities.^[91]^[92]

Miscellaneous Modern Applications

In contemporary municipal governance, particularly in the United States, the city recorder role endures as an elected or appointed official tasked with safeguarding public records, overseeing elections, and archiving legislative actions to ensure transparency and compliance with statutes like Oregon's public records laws. For instance, in Ogden, Utah, the city recorder manages democratic processes including voter registration and access to official documents, distinct from broader administrative duties.^[93] Similarly, in Grants Pass, Oregon, the position encompasses risk management, election administration, and records retention as of 2023 guidelines.^[94] Basic audio recording software exemplifies another modern application of the term, with Microsoft's Sound Recorder—introduced alongside Windows 3.0's multimedia extensions in 1990—enabling rudimentary voice capture from microphones for memos or notes, constrained by early hardware limits to seconds-long clips.^[95] Evolved into the Voice Recorder app by Windows 10 (2015) and rebranded as Sound Recorder in Windows 11 (2021), it now accommodates extended sessions, background recording, and OneDrive syncing, though it remains inferior to specialized tools like Audacity for editing or multi-track work due to its emphasis on simplicity over advanced waveform manipulation.^[96]

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Dec 18, 2024 · Event data recorders are devices installed in a vehicle to capture and record technical information immediately before and during a crash on the ...
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SEG Library - Digital Seismic Recorder specification standards
These standards shall be applied to apparatus used for acquiring and recording seismic data for geophysical exploration. B. Excluded from consideration in these ...
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[PDF] Instrumentation Guidelines for the Advanced National Seismic System
National-scale monitoring emphasizes the recording of longer-period data at very low noise sites with sensitive, low-noise seismographs; accelerometers are ...
[57]
[PDF] Event Data Recorders (EDRs) Duration Study - NHTSA
Widespread deployment of Event Data Recorders (EDRs) offers a unique opportunity to use EDR data to determine crash causation and better understand driver ...
[58]
Port Pirie Recorder - Facebook
The Recorder has been part of the Port Pirie community since 1898. We circulate more than 3600 copies and have digital readership of more than 8000 per week.
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Recorder Newspaper | SAcommunity - Connecting Up Australia
Sep 23, 2024 · The Recorder has been published since 1898. Services: Local newspaper - published weekly, servicing Port Pirie, Crystal Brook and region.
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Port Pirie Recorder
Get the latest news to your email inbox FREE! REGISTER · Logo The Recorder. Search ... PORT AUGUSTA – Thirty volunteer guides from botanic gardens across ...NewsDigital Editions
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Greenfield Recorder - Key source of news and information ...
The Newspapers of New England Family. Amherst Bulletin · Athol Daily News · Concord Monitor · Daily Hampshire Gazette · Greenfield Recorder · Monadnock Ledger ...
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The Greenfield Recorder - Facebook
The Greenfield Recorder is a daily newspaper serving Franklin County and the North Quabbin region.
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The Recorder News Bedford, Lewisboro and Pound Ridge: Home
The Recorder is a reader-supported community news organization that publishes a website and print newspaper offering independent, nonprofit journalism ...
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The Recorder Newspaper (@therecordernewspaper) - Instagram
Oct 15, 2025 · The Recorder is a community news organization offering independent, nonprofit journalism for Bedford, Lewisboro, Pound Ridge, and Mount Kisco, NY.<|separator|>
[65]
The Amsterdam Recorder | dailygazette.com
Your Hometown Newspaper Since 1832. ... Amsterdam High NY sports scores and features, The Recorder. Sep 26 ...
[66]
Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder - Minnesota Historical Society
Long-running Twin Cities African American newspaper the Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder began its life on August 10, 1934 as two separate weekly titles.
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RM Index - The Recorder Magazine
Index to Recorder Magazines,. 1993-2025. Any of these magazines may be ordered at £6.00 each including postage; alternatively we can supply photocopies of ...
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American Recorder Magazine Archive
American Recorder Magazine Archive. You must be logged in to access this page. Click here to login. P.O. Box 480054 Charlotte, NC 28269-5300.
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American Recorder magazine: Extra Coverage
In FEATURES for the Summer 2024 AR, two professional recorder players set out to test 43 plastic recorders over a two-year period. Read the findings in The ...Missing: periodicals titled
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Arrangement and Description - American Recorder Society Collection
Jul 11, 2022 · The indices to the American Recorder Magazine, vols 1-33 [1950 – 1992] are included, plus the ARS Newsletters, 1950 – 2004. Also included ...Missing: founded publisher
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ARS NEWS - Constant Contact
ARS published a newsletter prior to launching American Recorder magazine in 1960, and later began using newsletters for more local and date-sensitive news.
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American Recorder Society - Vieth Consulting
American Recorder Editor Gail Nickless to Retire After 30 Years ... The complete American Recorder magazine archive is now available from 1960 - Present.
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Recorder and music magazine. | Item Details | Research Catalog ...
Official journal of: Society of Recorder Players. Title. Recorder and music magazine. Imprint. London : Recorder and Music Magazine, 1963-73. Issued ...
[74]
Recorder and music magazine : the official journal of the Society of ...
Recorder and music magazine : the official journal of the Society of Recorder Players ; Cited In: RILM abstracts ; Life Dates: Vol. 1, no. 1 (May 1963)-v.4, no.7.<|separator|>
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Any sources for 60s/70s recorder & music magazine? - Facebook
May 2, 2024 · ... American Recorder' journal, Vol. 50, issue 5, pp. 32-33, 2009, but we can't get to it. Would someone be able to help us out with a copy of ...American Recorder journal review of 'Pipeaux' - FacebookFavorite scholarly articles from old Ars magazines? - FacebookMore results from www.facebook.com
[76]
https://earlymusicshop.com/products/the-recorder-magazine-spring-2025
[77]
https://magculture.com/blogs/journal/at-work-with-luke-tonge-the-recorder
[78]
The Recorder: The original monotype magazine, redesigned and re ...
Apr 28, 2016 · The Recorder magazine, which features 100+ pages on typography and graphic design, exploring type's role in a wider cultural context.Missing: periodicals journals
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The Recorder | Communication Arts
Monotype commissioned Luke Tonge to redesign The Recorder, a typography magazine first published by Monotype in 1902. With a new editorial approach ...Missing: founded | Show results with:founded
[80]
FPO: The Recorder Magazine - UnderConsideration
Feb 23, 2015 · First published in 1902, Monotype's magazine The Recorder has been relaunched with a completely new look, and a new focus: the wider role ...
[81]
2 Samuel 8:16 Commentaries: Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the ...
The recorder seems to have been a high officer of state, a kind of chancellor, whose office was to keep a record of the events of the kingdom for the king's ...
[82]
2 Samuel 8:16 Bible Commentary
Jehoshaphat... was recorder; literally, remembrancer. It was his office to reduce the king's decrees to writing, and also to see that they were carried into ...
[83]
Recorder Meaning - Bible Definition and References
The "recorder" was the chancellor or vizier of the kingdom. He brought all weighty matters under the notice of the king, such as complaints, petitions, and ...
[84]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings%2018%3A18&version=NIV
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Recorder - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Anglo-French and Latin meaning "remember," early 15c. recordour meant a city's legal officer; by 1873 it also meant a registering device ...
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RECORD Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
more ... an official writing that records what has been said or done by a group, organization, or official.Synonyms of record · Recordkeeping · Break the record · Court of record<|separator|>
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Scribes in Ancient Mesopotamia - World History Encyclopedia
Jan 20, 2023 · Scribes in Mesopotamia were initially tasked with recording transactions in trade and keeping records. Eventually, they became an integral ...
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The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia - EDSITEment
That writing system, invented by the Sumerians, emerged in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. At first, this writing was representational.<|separator|>
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Scribes in Ancient Egypt: Custodians of the Voice and Words of the ...
One of the earliest writing systems known to humankind, Egypt flourished due to its development and use of hieroglyphic, hieratic, and later, demotic scripts.
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The Life of a Scribe in Ancient Mesopotamia - The Archaeologist
Feb 14, 2025 · Administrative Record-Keeping – They documented government decrees, tax records, census data, and trade transactions. Religious Duties – Scribes ...
[91]
Empires and Bureaucracies: A Transdisciplinary Approach
Our oldest archival records originate from the Near East. Systems of archival record-keeping developed over several millennia in Mesopotamia before spreading ...
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[PDF] Accounting and accountability in ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia ...
This paper analyzes record-keeping in Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, focusing on ancient accountability, and proposes a framework of levels and spheres of ...
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Recorder's Team | Ogden, UT
Elections Official. The City Recorder is the local official who administers democratic processes such as elections, access to city records, and all legislative ...
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[PDF] City Recorder - Grants Pass, OR
Incumbents are responsible for serving as the clerk of the council, handling general risk management, managing city elections, ensuring compliance with city ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[95]
https://shanekirk.com/2015/10/a-brief-history-of-windows-audio-apis/
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First Look: Windows 11's New Sound Recorder App | PCMag
Jun 27, 2022 · The replacement for Voice Recorder gets a new name, a new look, and new input and output capabilities.