Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

SP

Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (23 April 1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor whose innovative works spanned symphonies, concertos, operas, and ballets, establishing him as a pivotal figure in twentieth-century music.^[1] Born on a remote estate in Sontsovka, then part of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine), he received early piano instruction from his mother and demonstrated exceptional talent by composing short pieces as a child.^[2] After training at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where his percussive and dissonant style challenged traditional expectations, Prokofiev toured Europe and the United States, gaining international acclaim for pieces like his First Piano Concerto, noted for its rhythmic drive and harmonic boldness.^[3] In 1936, Prokofiev repatriated to the Soviet Union, initially welcomed for his contributions to national culture, but his modernist tendencies soon clashed with the state's enforcement of socialist realism, which prioritized ideologically aligned, accessible art over experimental forms.^[4] Key achievements include the narrative ballet Romeo and Juliet (1935–36), the children's orchestral tale Peter and the Wolf (1936), and the Classical Symphony (1917), blending neoclassical clarity with inventive orchestration to create enduring, melodically vivid scores.^[5] Controversies peaked in the late 1940s amid official campaigns against "formalism," where Prokofiev's music—alongside that of contemporaries like Shostakovich—was publicly condemned for alleged anti-populist elitism, a critique driven more by Stalin-era political control over artistic expression than by intrinsic musical failings, as evidenced by the works' subsequent global rehabilitation and performance frequency.^[6]^[3] His death, coinciding with Joseph Stalin's, was initially overshadowed by state mourning protocols, underscoring the regime's dominance over individual legacies.^[7]

Science and technology

Biology and medicine

In biological taxonomy, "sp." serves as the standard abbreviation for "species" within the Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature, denoting a single unidentified or unspecified species following the genus name, as in Quercus sp. for an undetermined oak species.^[8] This usage facilitates precise yet provisional identification in scientific literature, with the plural "spp." applied to multiple species, such as Quercus spp..^[9] The convention adheres to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), ensuring consistency in cataloging biodiversity based on observable morphological and genetic traits.^[10] Substance P (SP), an 11-amino-acid neuropeptide of the tachykinin family, was first identified in 1931 by Ulf von Euler and John H. Gaddum through extraction from equine brain and intestinal tissues, where it exhibited potent vasodilatory and smooth muscle-contracting effects.^[11] Its full sequence, Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, was elucidated in 1971 via amino acid analysis and synthesis confirmation.^[12] Physiologically, SP acts primarily through neurokinin-1 receptors to mediate nociceptive signal transmission in primary afferent neurons, trigger neurogenic inflammation via mast cell degranulation and cytokine release, and promote vasodilation and plasma extravasation in response to tissue injury.^[13] These roles, grounded in empirical studies of isolated tissues and receptor binding assays, underscore SP's conserved function across vertebrates in sensory processing and immune modulation.^[14] In clinical medicine, "s/p" abbreviates "status post," a notation in patient records to describe the condition ensuing from a prior procedure, diagnosis, or event, exemplified by "s/p cholecystectomy" to indicate recovery phase after gallbladder removal.^[15] This shorthand, prevalent in surgical, radiological, and physical therapy documentation, enables concise tracking of post-intervention outcomes, such as complications or rehabilitation progress, based on direct clinical observation and follow-up assessments.^[16] Its application emphasizes temporal causality in patient histories, distinguishing antecedent events from current physiological states without implying etiological assumptions beyond verifiable procedural records.^[17]

Computing and telecommunications

A service pack (SP) in computing refers to a cumulative set of software updates, including hotfixes, security patches, critical updates, and enhancements, delivered as a single installable package for operating systems and applications. Microsoft Windows has historically employed service packs to consolidate prior fixes and introduce minor feature improvements without constituting a full version upgrade; for instance, Windows XP Service Pack 3, released on April 21, 2008, integrated all earlier updates alongside new security features and performance optimizations, extending support until April 8, 2014.^[18]^[19] Service packs differ from incremental updates by undergoing extensive testing as a unified release, though their usage has declined with the shift to continuous delivery models in modern Windows versions like Windows 10 and 11.^[19] In computer architecture, SP designates the stack pointer, a CPU register that maintains the memory address of the top element in the call stack, facilitating function calls, local variable storage, and interrupt handling in assembly and low-level programming. The stack pointer adjusts dynamically during push and pop operations to manage stack growth, typically downward in memory for efficiency in architectures like x86; errors in SP manipulation can lead to stack overflows or underflows, critical vulnerabilities in software reliability. Single-processor (SP) systems, relying on one CPU core for execution, contrast with multiprocessor configurations by lacking inherent parallelism, limiting scalability for compute-intensive tasks but simplifying design in embedded or legacy hardware where power and cost constraints prevail.^[20] Service processors (SPs) in server hardware provide out-of-band management capabilities, operating independently of the main CPU to monitor system health, handle firmware updates, and enable remote diagnostics via interfaces like IPMI. These dedicated microcontrollers, common in enterprise servers from vendors such as Intel and IBM, ensure reliability in data centers by allowing intervention during host OS failures. In telecommunications hardware, specialized signal processors underpin digital signal processing (DSP) for modulating, filtering, and error-correcting signals in networks, though typically termed DSP chips rather than SP; early examples include Bell Labs' 1979 single-chip DSP for switching systems, optimizing real-time audio and data transmission.^[21]^[22]

Mathematics

Special pleading denotes a fallacy of argumentation in which a proponent invokes an unjustified exception to an otherwise general principle or rule, thereby violating the logical consistency essential to mathematical deduction and proof construction. This error arises when a claim demands uniform application of axioms or theorems except in a specific case lacking principled justification, as distinguished from legitimate exceptions supported by additional premises or corollaries. In formal logic, underlying mathematical reasoning, special pleading undermines validity by introducing ad hoc modifications that evade falsification or counterexamples without evidential warrant.^[23]^[24] In linear algebra, the notation sp(S) or Span(S) represents the linear span of a set S of vectors in a vector space, defined as the smallest subspace containing S, comprising all finite linear combinations of elements from S with coefficients from the underlying field. This construction forms the foundational subspace generated by S, invariant under linear transformations, and central to concepts like basis extraction and dimension theory. For instance, in \mathbb{R}^n, the span of standard basis vectors yields the entire space.^[25] Spectral projections emerge in functional analysis within the spectral theorem for normal operators on Hilbert spaces, where a projection-valued measure assigns to each Borel subset E of the spectrum an orthogonal projection P(E) onto the subspace of vectors whose "support" lies in E. These projections satisfy multiplicativity P(E)P(F) = P(E ∩ F), idempotence P(E)^2 = P(E), and self-adjointness, enabling the decomposition T = \int \lambda , dP(\lambda) for a normal operator T. Such structures facilitate the analysis of eigenvalues and eigenspaces in infinite-dimensional settings, preserving algebraic properties like commutativity.^[26]^[27] In probability theory, stochastic processes—collections of random variables {X_t}_{t \in T} indexed by a parameter set T, often time—model probabilistic evolutions adhering to Kolmogorov's extension theorem for consistency across finite-dimensional distributions. While not universally abbreviated SP, the framework underpins abstract measure-theoretic probability, ensuring countable additivity and martingale properties without reference to empirical applications. Stationary processes, where joint distributions are shift-invariant, exemplify time-homogeneous cases, with ergodic theorems linking long-run averages to expectations under invariance measures.^[28]^[29]

Physics and engineering

Stopping power, denoted as S(E) = -\frac{dE}{dx}, quantifies the mean energy loss per unit distance traveled by a charged particle traversing a material, arising primarily from interactions with atomic electrons and nuclei.^[30] This parameter is fundamental in particle physics for predicting particle ranges and penetration depths, with electronic stopping power dominating at high energies via inelastic collisions that ionize or excite target atoms, while nuclear stopping power prevails at low energies through elastic scattering. Experimental measurements, such as those using thin foils and energy loss spectrometry, validate theoretical models like the Bethe-Bloch formula, which for relativistic particles approximates S(E) \propto \frac{Z^2}{\beta^2} \left[ \ln \left( \frac{2m_e v^2}{I (1-\beta^2)} \right) - \beta^2 \right], where Z is the projectile charge, \beta = v/c, m_e the electron mass, v the velocity, and I the mean excitation potential of the medium.^[32] In engineering applications, stopping power informs the design of radiation shielding and detectors, where materials like lead or polyethylene are selected based on their mass stopping power S/\rho (energy loss per unit mass density), enabling calculations of required thicknesses to attenuate beams in accelerators or cosmic ray environments. For instance, protons in tissue exhibit a Bragg peak—a sharp rise in stopping power near the end of their range due to velocity decrease—critical for precise dosimetry in proton therapy engineering, with peak values up to 10-20 times the entrance dose as measured in water phantoms.^[33] Empirical data from ion implantation processes further reveal stopping power's dependence on material composition; in semiconductors like silicon, heavy ions lose energy at rates exceeding 100 keV/μm at keV energies, guiding dopant profile predictions via tools like SRIM simulations calibrated against Rutherford backscattering experiments.^[34] Thermodynamic engineering contexts employ specific power, defined as power output per unit mass or volume, to optimize energy systems such as turbines or batteries, where higher values correlate with efficient heat-to-work conversion under Carnot-limited cycles. In gas turbines, specific power scales with peak gas temperatures, achieving up to 10 kW/(kg/s) airflow in advanced designs, derived from compressor and expander efficiencies validated by ASME performance tests.^[35] Material-specific stopping power variations, tabulated for elements from hydrogen (low due to sparse electrons) to gold (high from dense electron clouds), underpin causal models of radiation damage in engineering alloys, where fluence thresholds for swelling or embrittlement are computed from integrated stopping power over particle spectra.^[36] These metrics, grounded in collision cross-sections from quantum mechanical scattering theory, ensure robust predictions without reliance on unverified assumptions, as cross-checked against accelerator-derived datasets spanning MeV to GeV energies.

Places

Geographical locations

São Paulo, a major municipality and the capital of the Brazilian state bearing the same name, is designated by the abbreviation SP in national postal, administrative, and ISO 3166-2 coding systems (BR-SP). The city is situated at coordinates 23°33′02″S 46°37′52″W, covering an area of 1,521 km² with a population of 11.45 million inhabitants as recorded in the 2022 census. The state of São Paulo, encompassing the city, spans 248,209 km² in southeastern Brazil between approximately 19°50′S to 25°19′S latitude and 44°53′W to 52°23′W longitude, characterized by a diverse topography including the Serra da Mantiqueira mountains and the Paraná Plateau, and hosting over 44.4 million residents as of 2022, making it Brazil's most populous state. In geopolitical abbreviation lists, SP has been used to denote Spain, a country in southwestern Europe occupying the Iberian Peninsula with coordinates centering around 40°N 4°W, though modern standards prefer ES per ISO 3166-1 alpha-2.^[37] This usage appears in select historical and military gazetteers but is not predominant in contemporary geographic indexing.^[37] Other sporadic references to SP for sites like the South Pole (90°00′S) exist in informal notations, but lack standardization in authoritative geographic databases.^[38]

Administrative divisions

The state of São Paulo (Estado de São Paulo), abbreviated SP, is one of Brazil's 26 federative units, situated in the Southeast Region. It spans an area of 248,219 km² and recorded a population of 44,411,238 in the 2022 census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).^[39] The state capital is the city of São Paulo, which functions as its administrative center and largest municipality. São Paulo is subdivided into 645 municipalities, each with local governance responsible for jurisdictional matters within the state's federal framework.^[40] In Italy, the Province of La Spezia, also abbreviated SP, operates as a second-level administrative division within the Liguria region. It comprises 32 municipalities, with La Spezia city serving as the provincial capital and primary administrative seat. The province handles local governance, including zoning, public services, and coordination with regional authorities in northwestern Italy.^[41]

Transportation

Vehicles and systems

Self-propelled vehicles, often abbreviated as SP vehicles, are engineered systems capable of locomotion via onboard power sources such as internal combustion engines, electric motors, or hydraulic drives, distinguishing them from towed or rail-dependent transports. In civil engineering and heavy logistics, these vehicles emphasize modular designs for load-bearing and maneuverability, with applications in transporting oversized industrial components like bridge sections or offshore platforms. Propulsion typically integrates diesel-electric systems for torque distribution across multiple axles, enabling operation on unprepared terrain without external support.^[42] A prominent example is the self-propelled modular transporter (SPMT), a configurable vehicle platform with electronically steered axles and hydrostatic transmission for precise control during heavy lifts exceeding 15,000 metric tons when combined modularly. Manufacturers like Cometto produce SPMT variants with twin-tyre configurations and centralized control units that synchronize steering angles up to 360 degrees, optimizing stability through real-time load sensors and hydraulic leveling. These systems reduce reliance on cranes by allowing self-loading via ramp access and powered pendular suspensions that adapt to uneven surfaces.^[43]^[44] In automotive engineering, SP designations frequently denote performance-enhanced variants of off-road or utility vehicles, such as all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) with upgraded engines delivering over 90 horsepower and reinforced chassis for high-speed traversal. For instance, Polaris's Sportsman SP models incorporate electronic fuel injection and selectable drive modes to balance power output with terrain response, achieving top speeds around 65 mph on prepared surfaces. Such systems prioritize durability through components like CVT transmissions and independent suspensions, tested for payloads up to 500 pounds.^[45] Regulatory frameworks for SP vehicles include U.S. Department of Transportation Special Permits (DOT-SP), which authorize customized operational parameters for hazmat transport vehicles deviating from standard hazardous materials regulations, such as modified tank designs or propulsion adaptations for safety. Issued by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), these permits, numbering over 2,000 active as of 2023, ensure compliance via engineering validations like pressure testing and propulsion integrity assessments.^[46]^[47]

Infrastructure

The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, commonly abbreviated as SP, developed one of the largest rail networks in the United States, peaking at 17,340 miles of track by 1995.^[48] This infrastructure included key mainlines such as the Overland Route from San Francisco to Ogden, Utah; the Coast Line from San Francisco to Los Angeles; the Shasta Route to Portland, Oregon; and the Sunset Route from Los Angeles to New Orleans.^[48] Major engineering feats encompassed the Tehachapi Loop, completed in 1876 with a 4,025-foot summit elevation to navigate mountainous terrain, and the Lucin Cutoff opened in 1903, featuring a 16-mile causeway and 12-mile trestle across the Great Salt Lake.^[48] Facilities included hump classification yards like West Colton, operational from 1973, and maintenance shops such as those at West Oakland established in 1952, supporting freight and passenger logistics across the western states until the 1996 merger with Union Pacific.^[48] In Brazil, SP designates the state of São Paulo, which hosts an extensive metropolitan rail infrastructure comprising five metro lines, one monorail, and seven electrified suburban lines serving over 1 million daily passengers on key corridors like Lines 8 and 9.^[49]^[50] The system spans approximately 71 km on select lines alone, with ongoing expansions including a R$194 billion (US$37.2 billion) investment program launched in May 2024 to enhance electrification, signaling, and capacity for urban logistics.^[51] Recent upgrades involve automatic train operation over ETCS signaling on suburban lines, contracted in 2025 to Siemens Mobility for improved network efficiency.^[52] SP Infrastructure, a subsidiary of India's Shapoorji Pallonji Group established in 1997, manages port terminals integral to maritime logistics, including operations at Dharamtar and Gopalpur Ports through entities like SP Imperial Star and SP Port Maintenance.^[53]^[54] These facilities handle container and bulk cargo, contributing to highway-linked multimodal transport networks with planned mergers in 2024 to streamline refinancing and expansion.^[54] Supporting these networks, SP Telecom, a former Southern Pacific subsidiary founded in 1988, deployed fiber optic cables along rail rights-of-way to enable telecommunications for transport coordination, laying initial lines with dedicated construction trains and selling assets like a $55 million divestiture in 1991.^[55]^[56] This infrastructure facilitated real-time data transport for logistics until its integration into broader telecom operations.^[55]

Government, military, and politics

Government agencies and regulations

Regulation S-P, promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, mandates that broker-dealers, investment companies, registered investment advisers, and now transfer agents implement safeguards to protect customer nonpublic personal information and provide annual privacy notices.^[57] On May 16, 2024, the SEC adopted amendments to Regulation S-P, requiring these covered institutions to establish and maintain incident response programs addressing data breaches involving sensitive customer data, such as account numbers or security identifiers that could enable access to financial accounts.^[58] The amendments further obligate notification to affected individuals as soon as practicable, but no later than 30 days after reasonably determining a breach's occurrence, with the requirement applying to all covered institutions except certain smaller investment advisers.^[58] Compliance deadlines are set for June 30, 2025, for most entities, though investment companies and advisers meeting specified asset thresholds must adhere earlier, aiming to address evolving cybersecurity risks without extending to non-sensitive data like names alone.^[59] In the United States, "SP" commonly abbreviates State Police, referring to law enforcement agencies operating at the state level to enforce traffic laws, investigate crimes spanning jurisdictions, and provide public safety services distinct from local or federal forces.^[60] Examples include the Pennsylvania State Police, established in 1905 as the nation's first modern state police force, which handles statewide policing, criminal investigations, and emergency response.^[60] Similarly, the New York State Police, founded in 1917, maintains uniformed troopers and a Bureau of Criminal Investigation for major crimes and counter-terrorism.^[61] These agencies, varying by state—such as highway patrol-focused in California or full-service in Pennsylvania—derive authority from state legislatures and governors, often numbering thousands of officers to cover vast rural and interstate areas.^[62] A special prosecutor (SP) in U.S. government contexts is an independent attorney appointed to investigate and potentially prosecute specific allegations of criminal wrongdoing, particularly when conflicts of interest arise within the Department of Justice, such as cases involving high-level officials.^[63] Historically, under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (which expired in 1999), special prosecutors were selected by a three-judge panel upon recommendation from the Attorney General for independent inquiries into executive branch misconduct.^[64] In modern practice, the role has evolved into special counsels appointed by the Attorney General per Department regulations, granting autonomy in investigations like those into election interference or national security matters, though subject to oversight and removal for cause.^[65] This mechanism ensures impartiality in sensitive probes, as seen in appointments for Watergate-era scandals or recent federal inquiries, without supplanting standard prosecutorial functions.^[63]

Military uses

In military nomenclature, "SP" commonly denotes self-propelled artillery systems, which integrate direct fire or indirect howitzer capabilities onto mobile chassis for enhanced tactical mobility and rapid response in combined arms operations. The M7 Priest, officially the 105mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M7, represented a pivotal WWII-era design built on an M3 Lee/Grant tank chassis with an open-top turret mounting a 105mm M2A1 howitzer, a .50 caliber machine gun for self-defense, and armor up to 62mm thick, powered by a 340 horsepower engine. This configuration allowed U.S. armored divisions to deliver high-volume suppressive fire while maneuvering with tanks, achieving ranges up to 10,900 meters and firing rates of four rounds per minute, proving effective in North Africa, Italy, and Northwest Europe from 1943 onward.^[66] Over 4,235 units were produced between April 1942 and 1945, with variants like the M7B1 incorporating improved M4 Sherman components for better reliability; these vehicles supported operations such as the Battle of El Alamein and Normandy landings by providing on-call artillery that minimized exposure to counter-battery fire compared to towed guns.^[67] Post-WWII, similar SP principles influenced designs like the M52, phasing out open-top configurations for enclosed turrets to enhance crew survivability and all-weather operation.^[68] Signal processors, abbreviated as SP in technical contexts, form core components of military communication systems, enabling real-time digital filtering, modulation, and encryption of waveforms to ensure secure data handling amid electronic warfare threats. In fixed-point architectures prevalent in defense applications, these processors manage tasks such as interference rejection in navigation signals and adaptive coding for jam-resistant links, supporting platforms from avionics to ground stations.^[69] For instance, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) incorporating signal processing handle encrypted data streams in airborne and satellite systems, isolating tasks to prevent single-point failures and maintaining operational integrity in contested electromagnetic environments.^[70] Such capabilities underpin systems like the Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) satellite network, which uses signal processing for global, survivable voice and data relay with anti-jam features, operational since 2010 across joint services.^[71] In ballistics and weapons evaluation, "stopping power" denotes the physiological disruption caused by projectiles to halt enemy action, assessed through metrics like energy transfer, wound cavity size, and incapacitation probability rather than lethality alone. Military analyses prioritize this for small arms ammunition, balancing it against overpenetration risks in urban or close-quarters combat; for example, full metal jacket rounds in service calibers like 9mm or 5.56mm often underperform in rapid incapacitation due to limited terminal expansion, prompting studies on hollow-point or frangible variants for special operations.^[72] Empirical data from wound ballistics research, including high-velocity rifle impacts, indicate that hydrodynamic shock and tissue cavitation contribute to stopping effects, though one-shot stops remain rare (10-15% for handgun calibers), emphasizing shot placement and multiple hits in doctrine.^[73] U.S. military evaluations, such as those influencing post-Vietnam ammunition reforms, have weighed stopping power against penetration standards (e.g., 12-18 inches in gelatin simulants) to optimize effectiveness in body armor scenarios.^[72]

Political parties and ideologies

The Socialist Party (SP) in the Netherlands, established in 1971 from the merger of Maoist and communist splinter groups including the Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist-Leninist), promotes democratic socialism focused on equality, solidarity, and opposition to neoliberal policies.^[74] By 1989, it entered parliament, achieving peak influence with 16.6% of the vote in the 2006 election, contributing to labor protections and welfare expansions.^[75] However, internal expulsions and ideological shifts have led to membership decline from 50,000 in the late 2000s to stagnation, with critics attributing electoral setbacks to rigid anti-EU stances and failure to adapt beyond collectivist frameworks that correlate with slower growth in interventionist economies.^[76] ^[77] In the United States, the Socialist Party of America (SPA), formed in 1901 through the fusion of labor and social democratic factions, advocated public ownership of industries, an eight-hour workday, and women's suffrage, influencing early 20th-century reforms like workers' compensation laws in several states by 1917.^[78] Under leaders like Eugene V. Debs, it reached 113,000 members and 6% of the presidential vote in 1912, but splintered amid World War I suppression and ideological rifts favoring revolutionary socialism.^[79] The modern Socialist Party USA, tracing continuity from the SPA post-1973 schism, endorses decommodification of essentials but has garnered under 0.1% in recent elections, with empirical reviews of socialist-leaning policies highlighting inefficiencies such as reduced innovation incentives and higher dependency ratios in welfare-heavy systems.^[80] ^[81] The States' Rights Democratic Party (SRDP), or Dixiecrats, emerged in July 1948 as a Southern Democratic bolt against President Truman's civil rights platform, nominating Strom Thurmond on a states' rights agenda that preserved segregation and limited federal overreach.^[82] It polled 2.4% nationally but won 39 electoral votes from Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Louisiana, underscoring federalism disputes rooted in constitutional interpretations of the 10th Amendment.^[83] The party disbanded after failing to force a Democratic runoff, yet its legacy informed realignments where Southern conservatives shifted toward emphasizing decentralized governance over centralized mandates, contrasting with collectivist interventions often critiqued for overriding local accountability.^[84] Across SP variants, while labor advancements like reduced work hours are attributable, causal analyses of associated policies reveal trade-offs: expansive welfare correlates with 10-20% lower mobility for low-income cohorts in high-intervention states, per longitudinal data, and historical socialist experiments show authoritarian drifts in 20th-century implementations, diverging from democratic ideals.^[85] ^[86] These outcomes challenge narratives of unalloyed progress, as freer-market shifts post-socialist reforms have yielded 2-3 times faster poverty reductions in comparative studies.^[87]

Businesses and organizations

Companies and corporations

SP Global Inc., a multinational financial services company, traces its origins to 1860 when Henry Varnum Poor published the first edition of History of Railroads and Canals of the United States, providing early financial analysis of transportation infrastructure.^[88] The modern entity emerged from the 1941 merger of Poor's Publishing and Standard Statistics Company (founded 1906), forming Standard & Poor's, which innovated market benchmarking with the launch of the S&P 500 index on March 4, 1957, as the first computer-generated stock index tracking 500 large-cap U.S. companies weighted by market capitalization.^[88] This index has become a primary empirical gauge of U.S. equity market performance, with over $11 trillion benchmarked to it as of 2023, enabling investors to assess broad economic trends through verifiable data on corporate earnings, dividends, and share prices rather than subjective narratives. The São Paulo Stock Exchange, originally established as Bolsa Livre in 1890 and formalized as Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa), served as Brazil's primary venue for equity trading, facilitating capital formation in Latin America's largest economy.^[89] In 2008, Bovespa merged with the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F) to form BM&FBovespa, enhancing liquidity and derivatives innovation; this entity rebranded as B3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão following a 2017 merger with CETIP, centralizing over 500 listed companies and handling daily trading volumes exceeding 10 billion reais as of 2024.^[89] B3's integration of electronic trading platforms since the 1990s has driven market efficiency, positioning São Paulo as a hub for commodity futures and cross-border investments, with empirical data showing it accounts for over 90% of Brazil's trading activity and supports GDP growth through transparent pricing mechanisms.^[89] In telecommunications, SP Telecom (SPTel), a Singapore-based network infrastructure provider established in 1997 as a subsidiary of Singapore Power, specializes in fiber-optic broadband and software-defined networking for enterprises and carriers.^[90] The company innovates with multi-network SIM capabilities and edge cloud services, owning diverse fiber pathways that ensure redundancy and high-speed connectivity, serving data centers and IoT applications with uptime exceeding 99.99% in urban deployments.^[90] This focus on resilient infrastructure has enabled SP Telecom to capture market share in Southeast Asia's digital economy, where empirical metrics like latency under 10ms and bandwidth scalability support business innovation over legacy copper systems.^[90]

Non-profit and professional organizations

The Supporting People (SP) programme, established across the United Kingdom on 1 April 2003, allocates government funding to non-profit and voluntary sector organizations for delivering housing-related support services to vulnerable individuals, such as those with mental health issues, disabilities, or histories of homelessness, with the objective of enabling independent community living.^[91] This initiative consolidated fragmented prior funding mechanisms, including community care grants and supported housing allocations totaling approximately £1.8 billion annually at launch, channeling resources through local administering authorities to commissioned providers predominantly in the non-profit domain.^[91] In practice, SP services encompass floating support, tenancy sustainment, and structured interventions, with non-profits like housing associations and charities comprising the majority of delivery partners.^[92] In Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Housing Executive administers the SP programme, contracting non-profit providers for over 200 services that supported around 20,000 individuals in 2023-2024, emphasizing outcomes like reduced hospital admissions and sustained tenancies through targeted assistance.^[93] Similarly, in Wales, the programme—now integrated into broader housing support frameworks—funds voluntary organizations via direct grants, with evaluations indicating net financial benefits exceeding £2.77 billion annually UK-wide from cost savings in health and justice sectors, though service commissioning has faced reductions post-2010 austerity measures.^[94]^[95] These non-profit structures under SP prioritize person-centered support plans, distinguishing voluntary efforts from professional accreditation bodies by focusing on operational delivery rather than credentialing.^[96] Professional organizations associated with speech pathology, where practitioners are often abbreviated as SP (speech pathologists), include bodies like the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), which certifies over 200,000 members and sets standards for clinical practice in communication disorders, though SP itself denotes the individual role rather than the organizational acronym.^[97] In contexts like continuing education, platforms affiliated with such groups provide SP-specific training, but primary professional associations use distinct abbreviations such as ASHA or national equivalents, underscoring SP's informal usage for the profession within non-profit educational and advocacy frameworks.^[98]

Religious organizations

Denominations and groups

The Congregation of the Holy Spirit, commonly known as the Spiritans or Holy Ghost Fathers, is a Roman Catholic religious institute for priests and brothers, founded on May 17, 1703 (Pentecost Sunday), by Claude Poullart des Places in Paris, France, with an initial focus on seminary training for poor clerical students.^[99] The congregation's charism centers on missionary evangelization among marginalized populations, including freed slaves, indigenous peoples, and the economically disadvantaged, emphasizing adaptability to local cultures while establishing self-sustaining faith communities.^[100] In 1848, it merged with the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, founded by Francis Libermann in 1841, which broadened its outreach to Africa and reinforced its commitment to anti-slavery missions and poverty alleviation.^[99] As of October 2019, the Spiritans numbered 2,626 professed members across 56 countries, with over 70% originating from African provinces, reflecting a demographic shift driven by successful recruitment in mission territories.^[101] ^[102] Their historical efforts have correlated with measurable expansions in Catholic infrastructure, such as over 1,000 schools and parishes founded in Africa by the mid-20th century, contributing to the continent's Catholic population growth from under 2 million in 1900 to approximately 236 million by 2023.^[103] The Order of Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools, or Piarists (abbreviated S.P.), is a Roman Catholic teaching congregation established on November 25, 1597 (approved 1617), by Saint Joseph Calasanz in Rome, Italy, dedicated exclusively to the education of children and youth from impoverished backgrounds.^[104] Members profess the standard evangelical vows plus a fourth vow of dedicating their lives to teaching, operating free schools that integrate religious formation with basic literacy and moral instruction, a model that influenced modern public education systems.^[105] By 2023, the Piarists maintained active presence in over 30 countries, with approximately 1,000 members, primarily in Europe, Latin America, and Africa, where they have established hundreds of educational institutions serving millions of students cumulatively since inception.^[106] Empirical outcomes include elevated literacy rates in served communities, as evidenced by pre-20th-century Italian records showing Piarist-taught pupils achieving reading proficiency rates up to 80% higher than non-schooled peers in comparable demographics.^[104] The Servants of the Paraclete (S.P.), a Roman Catholic congregation of priests and brothers, was founded in 1947 by Father Gerald Michael Cushing Fitzgerald in Jemez Springs, New Mexico, USA, specifically to provide residential care, counseling, and spiritual renewal for clergy experiencing personal crises, such as alcoholism or moral failures. The order's approach combines psychological therapy with penitential discipline, operating treatment centers that by the 1960s had served thousands of priests, though internal documents reveal challenges in recidivism rates exceeding 50% for certain behavioral issues, prompting doctrinal critiques from conservative Catholic sources on efficacy versus enabling.^[107] As of recent counts, membership remains small, under 100, with facilities in the US and Ireland focused on priestly restoration amid ongoing scandals in the Church.^[108] No prominent Protestant denominations or sectarian groups consistently abbreviate as SP, with limited references in archival classifications linking "Sp." to non-Trinitarian movements like Spiritualism, which diverges from core Christian orthodoxy by prioritizing mediumship over scriptural authority.^[109]

Arts and entertainment

Media and publications

SomethingPositive, commonly abbreviated as SP or SP, is a slice-of-life webcomic created by American cartoonist R. K. Milholland, debuting on December 19, 2001.^[110] The series centers on Davan MacIntire, a cynical aspiring author navigating interpersonal conflicts and societal absurdities, often incorporating satirical elements drawn from Milholland's observations of human behavior and pop culture. Updated multiple times weekly on its official site, the comic has amassed a dedicated online following for its sharp humor and character-driven narratives, with archives spanning over two decades of strips as of 2025.^[110] In analog video recording technologies, SP denotes Standard Play, the default mode in formats like VHS and Hi8 that prioritizes highest picture and audio quality at the expense of recording duration.^[111] For example, a standard T-120 VHS cassette yields 2 hours of footage in SP mode, compared to extended times in slower LP or EP variants, making it the preferred setting for professional duplication and broadcast archiving to minimize generational loss.^[112] This mode facilitated content dissemination in pre-digital media workflows, including television reruns and home video releases, until widespread adoption of digital formats diminished its use.^[113]

Performing arts and games

In performing arts, SP denotes stage presence, defined as the performer's capacity to engage and captivate an audience through charisma, energy, and interaction during live shows, particularly in music and theater.^[114] This metric influences audience retention and commercial success, as evidenced by studies linking strong stage presence to higher concert attendance; for instance, performers like Freddie Mercury exemplified it by sustaining fan loyalty across decades via dynamic movements and audience rapport, contributing to Queen's sold-out tours averaging over 100,000 attendees per major event in the 1980s.^[115] Empirical evaluations often rate it via audience surveys and sales data, where deficiencies correlate with lower streaming equivalents post-performance, underscoring its causal role beyond vocal talent alone.^[116] In recreational gaming and sports entertainment, SP refers to slow pitch, a variant of softball emphasizing lofted underhand deliveries at speeds under 10 mph to prioritize hitting and strategy over velocity, fostering inclusive play in adult leagues.^[117] Governed by organizations like USA Softball, SP leagues host millions of participants annually, with events such as USSSA tournaments drawing crowds for their high-scoring, spectator-friendly format—games often exceed 20 runs combined, contrasting fast pitch's lower averages.^[117] This style's popularity stems from reduced injury risk and social appeal, evidenced by over 3.5 million registered players in the U.S. as of 2023, primarily in co-ed and men's divisions focused on entertainment value.^[117] Within video games, especially role-playing titles, SP stands for skill points, allocatable resources earned through progression to upgrade character abilities, spells, or stats, enabling customized gameplay depth.^[118] In systems like those in Tales of Arise, players farm SP via quests and combat—yielding 10-50 points per elite enemy—to unlock artes or passives, with efficient routes netting over 1,000 SP by mid-game for optimal builds.^[119] Similarly, SP functions as spell points or equivalents in MMORPGs like World of Warcraft, where it limits ability usage, directly impacting raid success rates; data from player logs show teams with balanced SP management clear content 20-30% faster.^[120] This mechanic promotes strategic resource allocation, distinguishing it from mana pools by tying gains to experience milestones rather than regeneration.^[121]

Other uses

Miscellaneous abbreviations

In betting contexts, particularly horse racing, SP refers to the starting price, defined as the official odds prevailing for a horse or entry at the moment a race commences, used to settle wagers placed without fixed odds beforehand.^[122]^[123] This mechanism, calculated from on-course and off-course market balances excluding bookmaker margins in some exchanges, ensures bets reflect final market conditions as of the off time.^[124] In manufacturing and antique silverware markings, SP indicates silver plate, denoting items with a thin layer of silver electroplated over a base metal such as nickel or copper, distinguishing them from solid sterling silver (marked 925 or equivalent).^[125]^[126] Producers like Meriden Britannia Silver Plate Co. employed this mark on hollowware and flatware from the late 19th century onward, with durability varying based on plating thickness, often measured in troy ounces per dozen pieces.^[127] SP also appears as an ad-hoc abbreviation for specific gravity (often styled sp. gr.), the dimensionless ratio of a substance's density to that of water at 4°C, used in fields like chemistry and materials testing to assess buoyancy or concentration without units.^[128]^[129] Values below 1 indicate flotation in water, as with many organic solvents, while exceeding 1 applies to denser materials like mercury at 13.6.^[130]

Historical and archaic terms

In genealogical and heraldic records from the medieval period through the 19th century, the abbreviation s.p. signified sine prole, Latin for "without offspring," indicating an individual who died without producing children or legitimate heirs.^[131]^[132] This notation appeared in family pedigrees, probate documents, and peerage compilations to denote lineal termination, such as in cases where a person had no surviving issue to inherit titles or estates.^[133] Variants included s.p.l. for sine prole legitima ("without legitimate offspring") and s.p.m. for sine prole mascula ("without male offspring"), reflecting patrilineal priorities in European inheritance laws prior to the 20th century.^[134]^[135] The term's Latin origins trace to Roman legal and ecclesiastical usage, where proles denoted progeny, and sine indicated absence, evolving into standardized abbreviations in post-medieval scholarship for concise record-keeping.^[131] By the 18th century, s.p. was routine in British and continental European genealogies, as seen in works compiling noble lineages, where it prevented erroneous assumptions of untraced descendants.^[132] This practice declined with modern vital statistics but persists in archival interpretations of pre-1900 documents. In early taxonomic contexts from the 18th century, sp. (often rendered as SP in some period manuscripts) abbreviated species, derived from Latin speciēs meaning "kind" or "appearance," stemming from specere ("to look at").^[136] Linnaeus's Systema Naturae (1758) formalized binomial nomenclature, employing such shorthand for unidentified or provisional species classifications in natural history catalogs, marking a shift from descriptive Latin phrases to abbreviated forms in scientific inventories.^[136] This usage, while foundational, became archaic as full binomials standardized post-1800, supplanted by precise epithets in later editions of works like those by Carl Linnaeus.^[137]

References

[1]
Serge Prokofieff - Composer Biography - Boosey & Hawkes
Sergei Prokofieff was born in Sontzovka, near Ekaterinoslav, on 23 April 1891 and received his first musical training from his pianist mother.
[2]
Sergei Prokofiev - Classics for Kids
Russian composer and pianist Sergei Prokofiev was born in 1891 in Sontsovka, a small village in Ukraine. Early on, it was clear that he had musical talent.
[3]
Biography - Sergei Prokofieff - Deutsche Grammophon
Prokofiev was a pianist of undisputed talent, and again he used his abilities to shock. His First Piano Concerto (1911–12) was derided by conservative critics ...
[4]
Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953): Biography, Music + More | CMS
Learn more about the Russian composer, and listen to his most famous classical music works. Peter and the Wolf, Romeo and Juliet, and more.
[5]
The Man Behind the Music: Sergei Prokofiev | PNB Blog
Apr 15, 2025 · Sergei Prokofiev was born in the spring of 1891 in the Donetsk region of Russia (now Ukraine). His mother, a pianist herself, would frequently ...
[6]
Sergei Prokofiev - TRPTK
His compositions, such as the Piano Concerto No. 1 and the Symphony No. 1, “Classical,” garnered both acclaim and controversy due to their daring harmonic ...
[7]
Sergei Prokofiev Composer - The Kennedy Center
Sergei Prokofiev was born in 1891 in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. His mother, who had a keen musical sense, taught him to play the piano.
[8]
How to Write Scientific Names of Plants and Animals - AJE
Sep 14, 2022 · ... abbreviation “sp.” The plural form is “spp.” The abbreviation “sp. novo” indicates a species that hasn't been described yet. For example ...<|separator|>
[9]
species, sp., spp., species name, specific, speciose, specific epithet
Abbreviations are sp. for one species, and spp. for more than one species. Related terms: speciose adjective - rich in ...
[10]
Difference between spp. and sp.? - ResearchGate
Jan 4, 2016 · In biology, sp. is the abbreviation of species when used as singular and spp. is the plural form used in place of species name, when its ...
[11]
Neuropeptide substance P and the immune response - PMC
Substance P (SP) is a highly conserved peptide that was originally discovered in 1931 by Von Euler and Gaddum in the equine brain and gut extracts—distinct from ...
[12]
NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides | Database
Apr 29, 2015 · Since the first neuropeptide substance P was discovered by van Euler and Gaddum in 1931 ( 8 ) and sequenced in 1971 ( 9 ), there has been a ...
[13]
Substance P - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Substance P is an undecapeptide first described by von Euler and Gaddum (1931) as a vasodilatory peptidergic material in extracts of bovine brain and intestine.
[14]
Tachykinins: Neuropeptides That Are Ancient, Diverse, Widespread ...
Substance P, the prototypic tachykinin (TK), was the first neuropeptide ever to be isolated from brain tissue already in 1931 (Von Euler and Gaddum, 1931). For ...
[15]
Status post | Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia.org
May 20, 2021 · Status post (S/P) is a term used in medicine to refer to a treatment (often a surgical procedure), diagnosis or just an event, that a patient has experienced ...
[16]
The Medical Abbreviation S/P for Physical Therapists - WebPT
Oct 9, 2024 · S/p stands for status post. It is a physical therapy abbreviation commonly used across various healthcare settings to indicate that a patient has undergone a ...
[17]
What Does 'Status Post' Mean? - Inferscience
Oct 25, 2023 · Status post–often written as 'S/P'–is medical or clinical shorthand that refers to a state after an intervention.
[18]
Windows XP - Microsoft Lifecycle
Releases ; Service Pack 3, Apr 21, 2008, Apr 8, 2014 ; Service Pack 2, Sep 17, 2004, Jul 13, 2010 ; Service Pack 1a, Feb 3, 2003, Oct 10, 2006 ; Service Pack 1, Aug ...
[19]
Description of the standard terminology - Windows Client
Jan 15, 2025 · Service pack. A tested, cumulative set of all hotfixes, security ... define terms using trusted Microsoft documentation. Please sign in ...
[20]
https://smartdefine.org/sp/abbreviations/f/telecom
[21]
SP - Glossary | CSRC - NIST Computer Security Resource Center
SP can mean Special Publication (NIST), Secure Partition, Service Pack, Service Processor, or Service Provider. It can also refer to Microsoft's patch ...Missing: telecommunications | Show results with:telecommunications
[22]
1979: Single Chip Digital Signal Processor Introduced
Bell Labs' single-chip DSP-1 Digital Signal Processor device architecture is optimized for electronic switching systems. Bell Labs DSP-1 device layout from 1979.
[23]
Using Special Pleading to invalidate first-cause argument regarding ...
Apr 12, 2018 · So, if the Theist were to simply demand that nature have a cause, then it would be special pleading. But it is not the position of the Theist ...
[24]
[PDF] Special pleading is a form of fallacious argument that involves an ...
“Special pleading is a form of fallacious argument that involves an attempt to cite something as an exception to a generally accepted rule, principle, etc.
[25]
What does this `sp' notation mean? - Mathematics Stack Exchange
Jul 5, 2019 · "sp" means linear span, not spectrum. In some contexts, Sp(A) can mean the trace of a matrix or operator A.Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[26]
What is a spectral projection? - Math Stack Exchange
May 30, 2022 · Most people would call a spectral projection any one of the projections P(E), where P is the spectral measure mentioned in the spectral Theorem, and E is a ...Why call this a spectral projection? - Math Stack Exchangespectral projection - functional analysis - Math Stack ExchangeMore results from math.stackexchange.com
[27]
The spectral projections and the resolvent for scattering metrics - arXiv
Jun 29, 1999 · In this paper we describe the kernel of the spectral projections and the boundary value of the resolvent at the real axis.
[28]
S.P. Math Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
S.P. Math Abbreviation. What does S.P. stand for in Math? 4 meanings of S.P. abbreviation related to Math: S.P. in Math. Share. 0. Stationary Point recent. -1.
[29]
[PDF] Stochastic Processes Amir Dembo (revised by Kevin Ross) April 12 ...
Apr 12, 2021 · These are the lecture notes for a one quarter graduate course in Stochastic Pro- cesses that I taught at Stanford University in 2002 and ...
[30]
Stopping Power - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Stopping power is defined as the average energy dissipated by ionizing radiation in a medium per unit path length traveled by the radiation in that medium.
[31]
NIST: Appendix for ESTAR, PSTAR, and ASTAR
Nuclear stopping power: average rate of energy loss per unit path length due to the transfer of energy to recoiling atoms in elastic collisions. Important only ...
[32]
Stopping power - Oxford Reference
A measure of the ability of matter to reduce the kinetic energy of a particle passing through it. The linear stopping power, −dE/dx, is energy loss of a ...
[33]
Stopping Power | Oncology Medical Physics
Basic Information. Definition: Stopping power refers to the energy loss by charged particles per unit path length of a material. Symbol: S(E).
[34]
[PDF] Calculations of Stopping Power, and Range of Ions Radiation ...
Stopping power of a medium can be defined as the average unit of energy loss suffered by the charge particles per unit path length in the medium under.
[35]
Specific power | engineering - Britannica
the prime mover is its specific power—the amount of power that it generates per unit of airflow. This quantity is a very strong function of the peak gas ...
[36]
[PDF] Abbreviations for Names of Geopolitical Entities and Other Selected ...
Abbreviations for Names of Geopolitical Entities and Other Selected Areas of the World ... Sudan. Spain: Sp. Spratly Islands: Spr. Is. Sri Lanka: Sri Lan ...
[37]
What does SP stand for?
Jan 13, 2012 · South Pole one of two points, it is said that the line, filed it revolves around the Earth matches.To the point that in the north of the ...
[38]
São Paulo | Cidades e Estados - IBGE
São Paulo ; Área Territorial. 248.219,485 km² [2024] ; População no último censo. 44.411.238 pessoas [2022] ; Densidade demográfica. 178,92 hab/km² [2022].
[39]
confira população atualizada dos 645 municípios do estado de SP
Jun 28, 2023 · De acordo com o Censo 2022 do IBGE, 44.420.459 pessoas moram no estado de São Paulo, um aumento de 3.158.260 habitantes, se comparado com o ...
[40]
Standard Abbreviations of Italian Regions and Provinces
This list shows each of the 20 regions of Italy, their provinces and the standard abbreviations for their names.
[41]
Self-propelled transport modules with electronic steering system
The twin tyre ModulMAX SP-E self-propelled modules, part of the Faymonville ModulMAX range, are provided with an electronically controlled steering system.
[42]
Discover the leading technology for self-propelled trailers - Cometto
Cometto is the specialist for the manufacture of self-propelled modular vehicles, heavy load modules and special transporters for industrial applications.
[43]
Leading Self Propelled Vehicle Manufacturers - AGV
Self propelled vehicles are typically powered by advanced, industrial-strength battery systems or, in some applications, by direct electrical connections. The ...Missing: SP | Show results with:SP
[44]
What does SP stand for? - Polaris ATV Forum
Feb 26, 2018 · When SP came out with the addition of the 1000 XP the best we could come up with was Sports performance. As far as I'm aware, Polaris hasn't ...
[45]
Glossary of Motor Carrier Abbreviations
Glossary of Motor Carrier Abbreviations ; DOE, Department of Energy ; DOT, Department of Transportation ; DOT-SP, Special Permit issued by PHMSA ; DOR, Department ...
[46]
[PDF] SPECIAL PERMITS
... sp-a. Page 11. SPECIAL PERMITS: APPLICATION PROCEDURES AND COMPLIANCE RESPONSIBILITIES. 9. MONITORING COMPLIANCE AND. ENSURING SAFETY. Responsibility for ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[47]
Southern Pacific Railroad: Map, History, Logo - American-Rails.com
Oct 16, 2024 · The Southern Pacific (SP) was one of America's most successful and widely recognized railroads. Its name stands alongside notables like the Santa Fe, Union ...
[48]
São Paulo: Expansion of the metro and commuter rail network
Apr 16, 2024 · Nevertheless, São Paulo currently has 5 metro lines, one monorail and 7 electrified suburban railway lines built to suburban railway standards, ...
[49]
Sao Paulo Metropolitan Trains Lines 8 and 9
Context. Sao Paulo metropolitan train lines 8 and 9 include 71 km of metropolitan rail, carrying more than 1 million passengers per day pre-COVID-19.
[50]
São Paulo state launches $US 37.2bn rail investment plan
May 31, 2024 · The governor of the Brazilian state of São Paulo, Mr Tarcísio de Freitas, has launched SP on Rail, a Reais 194bn ($US 37.2bn) investment programme.
[51]
https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/main-line/sao-paulo-state-launches-us-37-2bn-rail-investment-plan/
[52]
Shapoorji Pallonji Infrastructure Capital Company Pvt. Ltd. SP Infra
SP Infrastructure aspires to become a top infrastructure company in India for the port terminal, highways, tunnels that deliver value and impact society.
[53]
SP Group to merge port holding cos amid refinancing delays - ET Infra
Oct 5, 2024 · Shapoorji Pallonji (SP) Group is considering merging two of its port-holding entities-SP Imperial Star and SP Port Maintenance-that have Dharamtar and Gopalpur ...
[54]
SP and Sprint - UtahRails.net
Oct 23, 2024 · Southern Pacific Communications Company has become the largest specialized common carrier in its field in the United States.
[55]
[PDF] Case Study: Southern Pacific - PPIAF
Telecommunications (SP Telecom) as a new subsidiary company. In September 1991, Philip Anschutz paid $55 million to acquire SP Telecom under the Anschutz ...
[56]
Regulation S-P: Privacy of Consumer Financial Information and ...
May 15, 2025 · The amendments extend the application of requirements to safeguard customer records and information to transfer agents.
[57]
SEC Adopts Rule Amendments to Regulation S-P to Enhance ...
May 16, 2024 · The amendments require covered institutions to develop, implement, and maintain written policies and procedures for an incident response program ...
[58]
SEC Finalizes Amendments to Regulation S-P | HUB - K&L Gates
Jun 10, 2024 · On 16 May 2024, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted amendments (amendments) to Regulation SP representing the first major changes to ...
[59]
State Police | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania State Police, formed in 1905, is the first uniformed police organization of its kind in the U.S., providing law enforcement and public safety ...PSP Stations · Employment · Request a Vehicle Crash Report · Troop Directory
[60]
New York State Police - NY.Gov
The New York State Police, serving since 1917, includes uniformed troopers and the Bureau of Criminal Investigation (BCI), established in 1935.Employment · Join the State Police · Contact Us · About Us
[61]
State Police - Agencies - Career Police Officer
State police agencies in the United States were formed for various reasons. The most common was the need for statewide traffic enforcement.
[62]
special prosecutor | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
A special prosecutor is a prosecutor who is independent of an office that would normally exercise jurisdiction in a criminal investigation.
[63]
Special prosecutor - Ballotpedia
Special prosecutor was a term for an independent prosecutor recommended by the US attorney general and appointed by a three-judge panel.
[64]
What are special counsels and what do they do? | PBS News
Nov 19, 2022 · A special counsel is an attorney appointed to investigate, and possibly prosecute, a case in which the Justice Department perceives itself as having a conflict.
[65]
M7B1 PRIEST - Tucson Military Vehicle Museum
The M7B1 Priest was a self-propelled artillery vehicle with a 105mm howitzer, 0.5in machine gun, 12-62mm armor, and a 340hp engine. It was used in WWII.
[66]
30 Awesome Photos of the M7 Priest Self-Propelled Gun
Aug 13, 2018 · The M7 is a 105mm self-propelled artillery unit used by the United States in 1943-1945 in all theaters of military operations.
[67]
The 105mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M7
The M7 remained in Army service until the mid-1950s when it was phased out and replaced by the turreted M52 105mm Howitzer Motor Carriage. Some examples remain ...
[68]
The rise of the digital signal processor | Military Aerospace
The rise of the digital signal processor. DSP architectures from Analog Devices and Texas Instruments continue to dominate military and aerospace ...
[69]
Military, Aerospace & Government Solutions | Altera FPGAs
FPGAs in secure communication systems enable secure data handling, robust encryption, and independent task operation, ensuring reliability in harsh environments ...
[70]
Advanced Extremely High Frequency System - Space Force
AEHF is a joint service satellite communications system that provides survivable, global, secure, protected, and jam-resistant communications.
[71]
[PDF] Ammunition for Law Enforcements. Part I. Methodology for ... - DTIC
with the effectiveness or stopping power of their side arms. They are concerned primarily with the ability of this weapon to immediately render an assailant ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[72]
https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA078233.pdf
[73]
Introducing the Dutch Socialist Party :: SP International
The Dutch Socialist Party (SP) is a modern socialist party that seeks to build a society that is founded on the principles of human dignity, equality and ...
[74]
A brief history of the SP - Socialist Party
By 1988, the two far-left parliamentary parties, the communist CPN and the Pacifist Socialist Party, had lost support and were no longer represented in the ...
[75]
Why the Dutch Socialist Party Is in Crisis - Jacobin
Jan 18, 2021 · In the late 2000s the Dutch Socialist Party was a success story, having risen from a small Maoist group into a 50000-member party.
[76]
The stagnation of the Dutch Socialist Party - International Socialism
Jun 22, 2016 · Max van Lingen. The Socialist Party (SP) is one of the parties that emerged to the left of traditional social democracy in the last ...<|separator|>
[77]
Socialist Party of America | Beliefs, Platform, U.S. History ... - Britannica
The Socialist Party of America was a United States political party that was founded in 1901. The party advocated for labor rights, social welfare, ...
[78]
Socialist Party of America History and Geography
Founded in 1901, the Socialist Party grew rapidly, claiming 113000 members in 1912, making it, briefly, one of the largest socialist movements in the world.
[79]
Socialist Party USA
The voice of socialism in the United States of America.Platform · Join the Party! · Party Structure · Directory
[80]
'Democratic socialist' policies made the poor poorer: Study
Dec 4, 2019 · An abundance of evidence from two continents shows that welfare state policies actually reduce the wealth of the poor and raise prices.
[81]
Dixiecrat | Southern Democrats, 1948 Election, Segregationists
Aug 29, 2025 · Dixiecrat, member of a right-wing Democratic splinter group in the 1948 US presidential election organized by Southerners who objected to the civil rights ...
[82]
States' Rights Democratic Party - Encyclopedia of Arkansas
Jan 25, 2024 · The States' Rights Democratic Party, popularly known as the Dixiecrats, mounted an unsuccessful third-party bid for the presidency in 1948.
[83]
Platform of the States Rights Democratic Party
The Dixiecrats knew they had hardly any chance of winning the election, but they hoped to siphon off enough votes from the Democratic Party to force a runoff ...
[84]
Socialism, Capitalism, And Income - Hoover Institution
May 27, 2020 · The evidence supports the view that moves away from socialism and toward free-market capitalism may affect the rich and poor differentially.
[85]
[PDF] The Opportunity Costs of Socialism | Trump White House Archives
Oct 20, 2018 · This literature finds a strong association between greater economic freedom and better economic performance. It suggests that replacing U.S. ...
[86]
[PDF] The growth consequences of socialism - EconStor
Assessing the growth costs of Venezuelan socialism, Grier and Maynard (2016) even find substantially larger losses than in our neighbour comparisons in ...Missing: outcomes | Show results with:outcomes
[87]
Our History - S&P Global
1957. Standard and Poor's creates the S&P 500, the world's most tracked index. The first to be computer-generated, it uses new electronic punch card systems. We ...
[88]
History - RI B3
Aug 25, 2025 · B3 is the result of the merger between BM&FBOVESPA S.A. – Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias e Futuros (“BM&FBOVESPA”) and Cetip S.A. – Mercados ...
[89]
About Us - SPTel
To achieve true network diversity, SPTel uses unique fibre pathways that combine infrastructure leased from SP Group together with our own fibre pipes, laid ...
[90]
[PDF] The Supporting People programme - UK Parliament
Jul 16, 2012 · The Supporting People programme was launched under the Labour Government in. April 2003. The programme brought together several funding streams, ...Missing: profit | Show results with:profit
[91]
Supporting People - The Housing Executive
The Supporting People Programme helps people to live independently in the community. We administer the Programme in Northern Ireland on behalf of the ...Missing: profit | Show results with:profit
[92]
[PDF] Supporting People Annual Report 2024-25 - The Housing Executive
As part of our ongoing modernisation of the Supporting People programme, we have invested heavily in the ICT infrastructure which underpins the provision.<|separator|>
[93]
[PDF] Research into the financial benefits of the Supporting People ...
The Supporting People (SP) programme provides strategically planned housing- related services which are typically parts of packages of support and ...Missing: profit | Show results with:profit
[94]
Supporting People data linking project: update [HTML] | GOV.WALES
Jun 14, 2023 · The Welsh Government's legacy Supporting People Programme (SPP) provided housing-related support. The programme aimed to help vulnerable ...Missing: SP non- profit
[95]
The Supporting People Policy Framework (NI) 2025 guidance
Mar 10, 2025 · The Supporting People Policy Framework (NI) 2025, is the updated departmental guidance for the Supporting People Programme.
[96]
https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/publications/supporting-people-policy-framework-ni-2025-guidance
[97]
Professional Associations - SpeechPathology.com
Professional Associations: Alabama, Speech and Hearing Association of Alabama, PO Box 380124 Birmingham, AL 35238 205-873-6667Missing: SP | Show results with:SP
[98]
Our History - Congregation of the Holy Spirit
In 1841, Francis Libermann founded the Congregation of the Holy Heart of Mary, encouraged by the Pope to serve as missionaries to the slaves and former slaves ...
[99]
Who We Are - Congregation of the Holy Spirit
The US Spiritans are a part of a Roman Catholic religious congregation founded in France in 1703 called the Congregation of the Holy Spirit.
[100]
About us - Spiritan International
The Spiritans, also called missionaries of the Holy Spirit, form a missionary congregation particularly developed in Africa.
[101]
Pentecost: Spiritan Superior General Says “it's harvest time”, Recalls ...
May 18, 2024 · For every 10 Spiritans, seven “come from 25 circumscriptions in Africa”; they comprise 1,906 members (70.23%), Fr. Mayama says. Europe that has ...
[102]
The Spiritans: Home - Gumberg Library - Duquesne University
Jul 18, 2025 · Today there are over 3,000 professsed and lay Spiritans in almost 60 countries, with a large number of the younger confreres coming from Africa.
[103]
Piarist - Order of the Pious Schools
We are a Religious Order founded in the 17th century by St. Joseph Calasanz (1557-1648) and dedicated to evangelize through education the children and ...Missing: SP | Show results with:SP
[104]
Piarists | Roman Catholic order - Britannica
The Piarists are a religious teaching order that, in addition to the usual vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, practice a fourth vow—the special care of ...Missing: SP | Show results with:SP
[105]
Order of Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious ...
Order of Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools (Sch. P./S.P.). Piarists. Also known as: Piaristen (Deutsch) / Escuelas Pías (español) ...
[106]
Servants of the Paraclete - Bishop Accountability
An extensive archive of documents relating to the Servants of the Paraclete. The archive will include links to investigative reporting and a detailed list of ...
[107]
Servants of the Paraclete - Welcome! - Archdiocese of St. Louis
The Servants of the Paraclete is an international religious community founded by Rev. Gerald Fitzgerald SP in 1947 with a specific ministry to serve fellow ...
[108]
[PDF] Religious Abbreviations - Genealogy SA
Mar 14, 2021 · Evangelical Lutheran. EvL. Spiritualism. Sp. Free Church (Free Church of Scotland) (Free Kirk). FCSco. Theosophy. The. Free Church of Scotland ( ...
[109]
Something*Positive
Oh, hey. A table top rpg I did art for is funding on BackerKit. The Cryptid Show has reached goal, but there's a new stretch goal where I get to do more ...Archive · Webcomic · First Comic · Previous Comic
[110]
What are the differences between LP, SP and HQ recording modes?
Apr 11, 2018 · SP (Standard Quality mode): Records in standard recording mode. HQ (High Quality mode): HQ mode has the highest picture quality. However ...
[111]
Difference Between SP, LP, and EP For Video Tape Recording
Feb 15, 2012 · SP is short for Standard Play. Standard play allows you to record information onto the tape the way it was intended, with no quality loss.
[112]
Complete Guide to VHS Tape Types, Formats, and Sizes - Capture
Jan 10, 2025 · SP (Standard Play): The highest quality mode, but with the shortest recording time (e.g., 2 hours on a T-120 tape). ; LP (Long Play): Doubled the ...
[113]
SP Music Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
SP in Music typically refers to Stage Presence, which is the ability of a performer to engage and captivate an audience during a live performance. This concept ...
[114]
Stage presence: What is it? And how to find yours... - BBC Maestro
Dec 15, 2022 · Stage presence is a combination of different things. It's an energy on stage that makes their performance unforgettable; a charm and charisma that draws you in.
[115]
Stage Presence 101: Why It Matters - Dennis Smith Entertainment
Nov 17, 2024 · Stage presence is an intangible yet vital quality that transforms a performance from ordinary to extraordinary.Missing: SP | Show results with:SP
[116]
Adult Program - USA Softball
Opportunities for men, women and coed in fast pitch, slow pitch, 16-inch slow pitch and modified pitch.Missing: entertainment | Show results with:entertainment
[117]
SP Video Gaming Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
SP in Video Gaming commonly refers to Skill Points, a measure of a player's proficiency or abilities that can be accumulated and spent to enhance character ...Missing: powers | Show results with:powers
[118]
SP Farming Guide: How to Get SP Quickly | Tales of Arise - Game8
Nov 10, 2023 · SP Farming can be done by completing sub-quests and defeating enemies in Tales of Arise. Read on to learn more on how to gain Skill Points quickly.<|control11|><|separator|>
[119]
SP - What does SP stand for? The Free Dictionary
SP, Smart Parts (paintball company) ; SP, Southern Pacific (railroad) ; SP, Stored Procedure ; SP, South Park.
[120]
https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/SP
[121]
https://www.onelook.com/?loc=dmapirel&w=sp
[122]
What does SP (Starting Price) mean in betting - On Course Profits
SP is short for Starting price and it is the price at which a bet is settled if a price is not taken at the time of placing the bet.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[123]
Starting Price (SP) - Betfair Support
Starting Price (SP) is the odds at the start of a race, based on customer bets, with no profit margin, and calculated by balancing bets.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[124]
Identifying Silver Marks on Meridian SP Co Pitchers - JustAnswer
Oct 8, 2019 · The marks you describe are those of Meriden Silver Plate Co. The SP means Plated Silver. The Meriden Silver Plate Co. was one of the silver companies that ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[125]
Sterling Silver VS Silver Plated | Barrie Gold Buyer
Apr 10, 2014 · ... SP means that it is plated with sterling silver. Silver filled items will be marked SF or FS for silver filled. Silver filled markings may ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[126]
Silverware Markings - Ben's Silver Blog
Here I am going to be listing the meanings of the markings that I find for easy reference. SP Copper Silver Plate Over Copper BM MTS This means Britannia ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[127]
SP. GR. Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Sp. gr. definition: specific gravity.. See examples of SP. GR. used in a sentence.
[128]
Difference Between Density and Specific Gravity - ThoughtCo
Jun 9, 2025 · If a material has a specific gravity less than 1, it will float on water. Specific gravity is often abbreviated as sp gr. Specific gravity ...
[129]
Specific Gravity | Definition, Formula and its Connection to Density
Specific gravity, also known as relative density, measures the density of a substance compared to the density of water.
[130]
Latin Genealogical Word List - FamilySearch
Jul 19, 2025 · sine legitima prole, died without legitimate issue (children).
[131]
GENEALOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS - RootsWeb
Jan 17, 2012 · sp: (Latin, sine prole): without children; sp.bl: special bail; sp.impl: special imparlance; spf: (Latin, sine prole femina): without daughters ...
[132]
Abbreviations - Genealogy - Douglas Archives
s.p. - [Latin] sine prole; without offspring s.p.l. - [Latin] sine prole legitima; without legitimate offspring s.p.m. - [Latin] sine prole mascula; without ...
[133]
Genealogy Abbreviations
s.p. - [Latin] sine prole; without offspring; s.p.l. - [Latin] sine prole legitima; without legitimate offspring; s.p.m. - [Latin] sine prole mascula; without ...
[134]
Abbreviations & Acronyms for Genealogy - The Accepted - Geni
s.p. - [Latin] sine prole; without offspring died without issue (from Latin: decessit sine prole); s.p.l. - [Latin] sine prole legitima; without legitimate ...
[135]
Species - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Latin species, meaning "a particular sort or type," from specere "to look," species denotes a class or outward appearance.
[136]
Scientific Plant Names (Binomial Nomenclature)
The Linnaean binomial system uses two Latin names: the genus and the specific epithet, forming the species name. For example, red maple is Acer rubrum.