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Push

Push is a 1996 novel by American author Ramona Lofton, who writes under the pen name , chronicling the harrowing experiences of its , Claireece "Precious" Jones, a 16-year-old African American girl in 1980s enduring incestuous rape by her father—resulting in two children, one with and both exposing her to —alongside physical and emotional from her , compounded by extreme poverty and illiteracy. Written in the raw, phonetic vernacular of Precious's journal entries, the narrative depicts her enrollment in an , where becomes a pathway to confronting trauma and reclaiming agency amid cycles of familial and societal neglect. Published by , the book earned the Stephen Crane Award for First Fiction from the Book-of-the-Month Club and the First Novelist Award from the Black Caucus of the American Library Association, marking Sapphire's debut as a voice amplifying marginalized urban struggles through unfiltered realism. Its 2009 film adaptation, Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire, directed by , garnered widespread recognition, including for Best Supporting Actress (Mo'Nique) and Best Adapted Screenplay (Geoffrey Fletcher), highlighting themes of against entrenched disadvantage. Despite acclaim for exposing causal factors in intergenerational dysfunction—such as absent accountability and failed welfare interventions—the novel has sparked debates, with detractors citing its graphic content as perpetuating damaging tropes of family pathology, leading to school bans and removals over concerns of offensiveness versus authenticity.

Arts and entertainment

Music

"Push" is the title of a 1997 song by band , released on June 10 as the second single from their debut studio album . The track, written by lead singer Rob Thomas and producer , addresses themes of emotional dependency and manipulation in a troubled relationship, with lyrics alternating perspectives between partners. It achieved commercial success, reaching number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and number 1 on the chart for one week in July 1997. The re-entered charts in 2023 following its feature in the film . Ableton Push is a dedicated hardware controller and instrument for music production, developed by German software company Ableton GmbH to accompany its Live digital audio workstation. The original Push model launched on March 5, 2013, featuring a grid of 64 velocity-sensitive pads for playing drums, melodies, and chords, along with encoders for real-time parameter control, emphasizing tactile workflow for electronic music creators. Later iterations include Push 2 (2015), which added a color display, and Push 3 (2023), introducing standalone operation independent of a computer via built-in processing power and an SSD for running Ableton Live directly on the device. Push instruments prioritize hands-on sequencing, sampling, and sound design, gaining adoption among live performers and studio producers for their integration of hardware immediacy with software flexibility. Other recordings titled "Push" include a 2007 track by from his album Insomniac, co-written with , which blends pop and dance elements but received limited chart impact compared to his other singles, and a 1983 R&B single by the group One Way, peaking at number 78 on the Hot 100.

Film and television

Push is a 2009 American thriller film directed by Paul McGuigan and written by David Bourla. The film stars Chris Evans as Nick Gant, a telekinetic operative in hiding; as Cassie Holmes, a young clairvoyant; as Kira Hudson, a woman with memory-alteration abilities; and as Henry Carver, the antagonist leading Division, a covert pursuing enhanced psychics. Additional cast includes and . The plot centers on individuals with powers—such as (Movers), (Watchers), and mind influence (Pushers)—who evade or confront after experimental drugs amplify their abilities. Nick, whose father was killed by in 1998, partners with Cassie in to locate , who possesses a serum granting temporary invincibility to attacks, aiming to dismantle the agency. occurred in and other locations, with a budget of $38 million. released the film on February 6, 2009, where it earned $31.8 million domestically and $48.9 million worldwide. Critics gave mixed to negative reviews, with a 23% approval rating on based on 123 reviews, citing derivative elements from films like X-Men and , though praising action sequences and . Audience reception was more favorable, averaging 6.1/10 on from over 118,000 user ratings. In 2010, Summit Entertainment announced development of a television series adaptation in partnership with E1 Entertainment, envisioned as an extension focusing on rogue psychics uniting against , but the project did not proceed to . No other major film or television works titled Push directly relate to this franchise.

Technology and computing

Push technology

Push technology, in , refers to a communication where servers initiate the unsolicited transmission of or updates to client devices or applications, in contrast to the pull model where clients must repeatedly request information from servers. This approach enables or near- delivery of content, such as feeds, alerts, or dynamic updates, without requiring constant client polling, which can reduce network overhead in scenarios demanding immediacy. The origins of trace back to the mid-1990s, with PointCast Network emerging as a pioneering implementation in February 1996; it functioned as a specialized and that broadcasted personalized news, weather, and stock data directly to users' desktops over dial-up connections, supported by advertising revenue rather than subscription fees. This system exemplified early "channel-based" push, akin to webcasting, where content was aggregated into predefined streams and delivered periodically, though it faced scalability issues due to bandwidth limitations of the era, leading to PointCast's pivot away from by 2000. Subsequent developments in the late 1990s and early introduced techniques like long-polling (a hybrid approximating push via extended HTTP requests) to overcome and constraints in traditional environments. Modern push technology relies on standardized protocols for efficient, bidirectional or unidirectional data flow. WebSockets, defined in RFC 6455 published in December 2011 by the IETF, establish persistent, full-duplex connections over , facilitating low-latency push for applications like online gaming and live chat. (SSE), part of the specification finalized around 2014, enable unidirectional server-to-client streaming over HTTP for simpler use cases such as live feeds. , introduced in RFC 7540 in May 2015, allows servers to preemptively send resources (e.g., CSS or files) alongside initial responses, reducing round-trip times without altering the core request-response model. These standards address earlier limitations by supporting multiplexing, compression, and better handling of mobile networks, though adoption varies; for instance, WebSockets power services like collaborative tools, while push is used in content delivery networks for optimization. Key advantages of push technology include enhanced responsiveness for time-sensitive applications, such as financial trading platforms or alerts, by eliminating polling delays—potentially cutting from seconds to milliseconds—and conserving client life on devices through reduced connection cycles. It also supports in broadcast scenarios, as seen in protocols for video streaming. However, disadvantages encompass server-side resource demands from maintaining open connections, risks of overwhelming users with unsolicited content (often perceived as intrusive, akin to ), and challenges in flow control or replaying missed events without additional queuing mechanisms. Privacy implications arise from persistent tracking for targeted pushes, necessitating opt-in mechanisms and compliance with regulations like GDPR, implemented in 2018. Examples of push technology in practice include instant messaging protocols like XMPP extensions for real-time delivery, collaborative software such as for live document syncing via WebSockets, and systems employing Comet-style long-polling for dashboard updates. In mobile ecosystems, it underpins app notifications via platforms like , launched by in 2012, which handles billions of daily pushes across and . Despite its evolution, push remains complementary to pull strategies, often hybridized in architectures to balance efficiency and reliability.

Push notifications

Push notifications are short messages delivered from an to a user's , appearing as alerts even when the is not actively running or in the foreground. They enable real-time communication for updates, reminders, or promotions, typically requiring user opt-in for delivery. Unlike in-app pop-ups, push notifications originate server-side and rely on platform-specific services to route messages efficiently while conserving battery and data. The technology traces its modern mobile origins to June 17, 2009, when Apple introduced the (APNs) with 3.0, allowing third-party apps to send alerts via a centralized gateway. Android followed with (GCM) in 2012, later rebranded as (FCM) in 2016 for enhanced scalability across platforms. Early precursors existed in desktop email systems like BlackBerry's Push Services in the , but widespread adoption surged with proliferation, reaching billions of daily deliveries by the mid-2010s. Technically, push notifications operate via a client-server- : the registers a unique device token with the platform's upon installation or permission grant; the app server then sends payloads (up to 4KB for APNs, 4KB for FCM) to this , which queues and forwards them over persistent connections like to the device. Upon receipt, the device's OS displays the notification—rich formats may include images, buttons, or actions—and triggers callbacks if interacted with, enabling background sync without constant polling. This model reduces latency compared to pull-based polling, though delivery success depends on factors like network availability and Do Not Disturb settings, with services retrying failed attempts for up to 28 days in FCM. Major platforms include APNs, which handles iOS, macOS, and notifications with and token-based authentication, prioritizing user privacy through sandboxed delivery. FCM supports , iOS (via APNs integration), web, and Chrome OS, offering topic-based subscriptions for fan-out messaging to millions of devices. Cross-platform tools like OneSignal or abstract these services, but native integration remains essential for reliability, with APNs enforcing stricter payload limits and FCM providing analytics on delivery metrics. While effective for engagement—studies show opt-in rates yielding 10-20% open rates in apps—push notifications raise privacy concerns due to persistent tracking via s, prompting regulations like the EU's and GDPR, which mandate explicit, granular before sending, with fines up to 4% of global revenue for violations. In the , CCPA requires mechanisms for residents, emphasizing data minimization to avoid sharing unnecessary identifiers. Platforms like APNs and FCM enforce token revocation on app deletion and support silent notifications to limit exposure, but critics note risks of and unauthorized profiling persist without robust enforcement.

Other technologies

In , the push operation refers to the insertion of an element at the top of a , which follows the last-in, first-out (LIFO) . This process involves incrementing the stack pointer to allocate space for the new element and storing the data at that location, enabling efficient management of temporary data such as function calls in or expression evaluation. The operation typically achieves constant O(1) in array-based stack implementations, as it only requires updating the pointer without shifting existing elements. In systems, particularly , the "git push" command uploads commits from a local to a specified remote , transferring necessary objects and updating remote references to synchronize changes across collaborators. Introduced as part of Git's distributed model since its initial release in 2005, this operation calculates differences between local and remote states before transmitting only the required data, supporting features like tracking and pushes with safeguards against overwriting . Developers must authenticate and configure upstream branches, often using options like "--all" to push multiple branches or "--tags" for annotations, ensuring collaborative workflows in . Push-pull topologies appear in certain network protocols and distributed systems, where "push" phases propagate data proactively from sources to recipients, complemented by "pull" requests for on-demand retrieval, as seen in streaming applications to optimize and . This hybrid approach, explored in research since the early , enhances efficiency in scenarios like video dissemination by reducing polling overhead while allowing adaptive fetching.

Sports and recreation

American football

In , the term "push" commonly refers to the tush push, a short-yardage offensive play executed from under center, where the receives the and is immediately propelled forward by trailing teammates applying force to his posterior and lower body to breach the defensive line. This variation of the traditional emphasizes mass over individual agility, leveraging the collective strength of the offensive line and additional blockers to gain one or two yards, particularly in goal-line or fourth-and-short situations. The play gained prominence in the (NFL) through the , who refined it into a high-success-rate , achieving conversions on approximately 96.6% of fourth-and-1 attempts during the 2023 and 2024 seasons. The tush push's mechanics involve the , often a mobile player like , diving forward while offensive linemen create a narrow , allowing rear players—typically a and —to drive him through the gap without leaping, reducing fumble risk compared to standard sneaks. Prior to 2005, rules prohibited offensive assistance to the ball carrier beyond the , but amendments now permit pushing the runner directly, distinguishing it from illegal blocking in the back. For the 2025 season, the introduced a rule requiring pushers to align at least one yard behind the quarterback to mitigate pile-up risks and enhance visibility for officials. Despite its efficacy—evidenced by the Eagles' repeated first-down successes, including a controversial early-whistle call granting them a first down against the on October 26, 2025—the play has sparked debate over its reliance on brute force rather than skill, drawing comparisons to mauls and prompting calls for prohibition from figures like president Mark Murphy, who argued it lacks competitive merit. Critics contend the tush push undermines football's emphasis on individual athleticism and increases injury potential in entangled scrums, though empirical data from Eagles usage shows minimal long-term wear compared to repeated designed runs. Defenses counter it by stacking the line with heavier personnel and employing containment to force lateral movement, yet few teams replicate the Eagles' 90-plus percent success rate, attributing their to superior line cohesion and stability. As of late 2025, the play remains legal, with ongoing discussions balancing its strategic value against perceptual concerns of inevitability in low-risk scenarios.

Martial arts

Push hands, known as tui shou (推手) in Chinese, is a two-person training exercise primarily associated with internal martial arts such as taijiquan (Tai Chi Chuan), baguazhang, and xingyiquan. It emphasizes developing sensitivity to an opponent's movements, maintaining balance, and applying principles of yielding and redirecting force rather than direct confrontation. Practitioners engage in controlled physical contact, using circular motions and rooted stances to sense and neutralize pushes or pulls, bridging the gap between solo form practice and free sparring. The exercise typically begins with fixed-step patterns, where partners maintain a stable foot position and alternate techniques like (ward off), (roll back), (press), and an (push), derived from taijiquan form sequences. These drills train ting jin (listening energy), the ability to detect subtle shifts in pressure and intent through touch, allowing practitioners to respond instinctively without relying on visual cues or brute strength. Advanced variations introduce moving steps (huo bu tui shou), freestyle pushing (san shou tui shou), or competitive formats where the goal is to unbalance the opponent without throws or strikes, as seen in events like the World Games. In application, push hands cultivates attributes for close-range , such as exploiting an adversary's to pushes or shoves by adhering, sticking, and following their to disrupt equilibrium. Historical roots trace to internal styles developed in during the Ming and Qing dynasties, with taijiquan variants like and styles formalizing it as a core method for proficiency, though modern practice often prioritizes health benefits like improved coordination and stress reduction over . Empirical observations from practitioners indicate it enhances and reaction timing, but its efficacy in unrestricted fighting requires integration with striking and , as isolated drills may not simulate real aggression.

Politics and society

Push polling

Push polling refers to a form of interactive political conducted under the guise of an survey, typically via , in which callers pose leading or loaded questions intended to persuade respondents rather than collect unbiased data. These questions often introduce unsubstantiated negative claims about a , such as allegations of or failures, framed as hypothetical scenarios to gauge shifts in voter preference. Unlike legitimate polls, push polls prioritize advocacy over measurement, involving high volumes of calls—sometimes tens of thousands—without plans to publish results or adhere to sampling standards. The tactic relies on anonymity and the perceived legitimacy of polling to embed propaganda, exploiting the recency effect where voters retain the planted information without verifying it. Professional polling bodies distinguish push polls by their persuasive intent: true surveys seek neutral responses, whereas push efforts script responses to elicit desired reactions, such as reduced support for an opponent after exposure to smears. Critics, including the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), classify them as unethical campaigning masquerading as research, arguing they erode public trust in legitimate polling. Historical use traces to at least the mid-20th century, but push polling drew scrutiny during the New Hampshire primary, where anonymous calls questioned Bob Dole's ties to controversial figures, contributing to his narrowed lead. A prominent instance occurred in the 2000 South Carolina primary, targeting John McCain with queries like whether voters would be less likely to support him if informed of rumors involving an illegitimate child, ties to the North Vietnamese, or policy extremism; these efforts correlated with a sharp drop in McCain's support from leading polls to a 10-point loss to George W. Bush. Campaigns attributed to Bush denied orchestration, but the absence of disclosure exemplified the tactic's opacity. Similar operations appeared in later races, such as 2013 Virginia gubernatorial contest allegations against Ken Cuccinelli. Legally, push polling faces no blanket federal prohibition, as it falls under protected political speech, though the requires disclosure for certain campaign communications. States vary: mandates identification of sponsors in "push polls" defined as paid surveys referencing candidates, with violations punishable as misdemeanors; enforces similar rules but has drawn criticism for overreach in investigations. The American Association of Political Consultants (AAPC) condemns the practice as a code violation, emphasizing its degradation of over any polling value. Despite ethical rebukes, enforcement remains challenging due to caller and the blur between persuasion and survey.

Other uses

Miscellaneous

In gambling, particularly blackjack, a "push" occurs when the player's hand value equals the dealer's after both have completed play, resulting in neither party winning or losing; the player's original bet is returned without adjustment. This outcome applies only if the dealer does not bust and the totals match at 17 or higher, preserving the player's stake for potential future hands. Push is a 2009 American directed by Paul McGuigan, written by David Bourla, and starring Chris Evans as Nick Gant, a telekinetic , alongside as the clairvoyant Cassie Holmes. The plot centers on psychically enhanced individuals pursued by a clandestine U.S. government agency known as Division, which seeks to weaponize their abilities; the story unfolds primarily in as protagonists race to locate a missing girl with predictive powers. Released on February 6, 2009, by , the film grossed approximately $49 million worldwide against a $38 million budget but received mixed critical reception for its derivative narrative and .

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