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Turquoise parrot

The Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) is a small, ground-feeding parrot endemic to southeastern Australia, measuring approximately 20 cm in length and weighing 35–46 g.^[1] Males are brightly colored with a deep blue face, bright green upperparts, yellow underparts tinged orange on the breast, blue underwing coverts, and a distinctive brown or red shoulder patch, while females are duller overall with a paler blue face, buff or white lores, a pale green breast, and no shoulder markings.^[1] Juveniles resemble females but develop more blue on the face with age.^[1] This species belongs to the genus Neophema in the family Psittacidae and is known for its quiet, sociable nature, often foraging in small groups on the ground.^[2]^[3] The Turquoise parrot inhabits a variety of lowland environments up to 700–1,130 m elevation, including open eucalypt woodlands, grasslands, heathlands, shrublands, and ecotones between forests and farmlands, particularly those with a grassy understory and scattered trees.^[1]^[2] Its distribution spans from southeastern Queensland (around 26°S) through eastern New South Wales to north-central Victoria, covering an extent of occurrence of about 771,000 km², though it is largely absent from higher altitudes and more arid inland areas.^[1]^[2] The population is estimated at around 20,000 mature individuals and appears stable, with some local increases in Victoria due to adaptation to introduced plants like cape weed.^[2] Behaviorally, the Turquoise parrot is mostly resident and sedentary, though it may form nomadic flocks outside breeding season; it roosts communally in tree hollows and emits soft metallic calls in flight or high-pitched twittering while feeding.^[1] Its diet consists primarily of seeds from native and introduced grasses and herbs (such as Leucopogon microphyllus and Stellaria media), supplemented by flowers and fruits.^[1] Breeding occurs mainly from August to December, sometimes extending to April–May, with nests in tree hollows or stumps containing 4–6 eggs that hatch after about 18–19 days and fledge at 4–5 weeks.^[1] Major threats include predation by introduced foxes and cats, habitat degradation from grazing and land clearing, loss of hollow-bearing trees for nesting, and inappropriate fire regimes that reduce grassy foraging areas.^[1]^[2] Despite these pressures, the species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its stable population and wide distribution, and it is listed under CITES Appendix II for international trade regulation.^[2]^[1] Conservation efforts focus on protecting woodland remnants and managing threats in agricultural landscapes.^[2]

Taxonomy

Classification

The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) belongs to the order Psittaciformes, family Psittacidae, subfamily Platycercinae, and genus Neophema, which includes other small Australian grass parrots such as the scarlet-chested parrot (Neophema splendida).^[4]^[5]^[6] The species was first described by British naturalist George Shaw in 1792 under the name Psittacus pulchellus in the genus Psittacus, based on a specimen likely from the Leverian Museum collection.^[7] The current binomial name Neophema pulchella was established when Italian ornithologist Tommaso Salvadori created the genus Neophema in 1891 to accommodate this and related species, reflecting their distinct morphological and ecological traits within the broad-tailed parrots.^[8]^[7] Neophema pulchella is considered a monotypic species with no recognized subspecies, as genetic and morphological variation across its range does not warrant further subdivision.^[4]^[9] Molecular phylogenetic studies, including analyses of mitochondrial genomes and nuclear loci, place it in a clade with the scarlet-chested parrot, with divergences among Neophema species estimated at approximately 2–3 million years ago during the late Pliocene.^[10]

Naming and etymology

The common name "turquoise parrot" derives from the vivid turquoise-blue coloration on the male's face and upper breast, a feature that distinguishes it among Australian parrots. This name, along with the variant "turquoisine parrot," emerged in English ornithological literature shortly after the species' formal description, reflecting early European observers' focus on its striking plumage. The binomial scientific name Neophema pulchella combines the genus Neophema with the specific epithet pulchella. The genus Neophema, established by Tommaso Salvadori in 1891, originates from the Greek words neo- (new) and phema (voice or sound), implying "new voice" and alluding to the parrots' distinctive calls; it replaced the earlier genus Euphema established by Johann Georg Wagler in 1832, which means "good voice" from Greek eu- (good) and phema.^[11] The species name pulchella, a diminutive form of the Latin pulcher (beautiful), translates to "little beautiful one," highlighting the bird's attractive appearance; it was first applied in the original description as Psittacus pulchellus by George Shaw in 1792 in The Naturalist's Miscellany.^[11]^[6] Historically, the turquoise parrot appeared under synonyms such as Lathamus azureus (coined by René Primevère Lesson in 1830, with azureus from Medieval Latin for "sky-blue") before its placement in Neophema by Italian ornithologist Tommaso Salvadori in 1891, which formalized its current nomenclature under emerging international standards.^[6] No widely documented Indigenous Australian names for the species have been recorded in historical ornithological sources.^[9] Post-20th-century revisions under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), adopted in 1961 and updated thereafter, stabilized the name Neophema pulchella by prioritizing Shaw's 1792 description as the valid type, preventing displacement by junior synonyms and ensuring nomenclatural consistency across global avian taxonomy.^[11]

Physical description

Morphology and measurements

The Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) is a small, slender parrot with an average total length of 20–22 cm from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail. Its wing length measures approximately 10.7–11.6 cm, with a wingspan of 32 cm, and it weighs 35–45 g on average.^[12]^[13] Males are slightly heavier, typically 40–45 g, while females average 35–40 g, reflecting minimal sexual size dimorphism.^[12] The species exhibits a lightly built body with a long, graduated tail, aiding in maneuverability.^[4] The wings are short and rounded, adapted for agile, undulating flight through open woodlands and grasslands.^[4] The beak is short, curved, and robust, suited for cracking seeds, its primary food source.^[12] As with other parrots, the feet are zygodactyl, featuring two toes directed forward and two backward, which supports both perching in trees and foraging on the ground.^[14]

Plumage and sexual dimorphism

The turquoise parrot exhibits marked sexual dimorphism in its plumage, with males displaying more vibrant colors than females. Adult males feature a bright turquoise-blue face and forehead extending to the ear coverts, grading lighter on the cheeks, contrasted against bright green upperparts and yellow underparts. A distinctive brick-red to crimson patch on the inner median and lesser secondary coverts of the upperwing is visible primarily in flight, while the wings are edged in blue with black tips, and the tail shows pale blue central feathers with rich yellow outer tips and edges.^[15]^[12]^[3] Adult females are duller overall, with a more subdued olive-green to pale blue face restricted to the forehead and cheeks, often featuring a whitish or cream-colored mask around the eyes and lacking the extensive blue of males. Their upperparts and body are a muted yellow-green, with pale green on the breast and a yellow belly sometimes tinged orange in older individuals; the red wing patches are absent or greatly reduced, replaced by a pale off-white underwing bar, and the tail mirrors the male's pattern but with less intensity.^[15]^[12] Juveniles resemble females in plumage but are even less vibrant, with pale blue limited to the forehead and cheeks, rudimentary or absent red on the wing coverts, and overall subdued yellow-green tones; they also possess a shorter tail compared to adults. Both sexes attain immature plumage resembling that of adults through a partial molt within the first six months, though juvenile flight feathers and tail feathers are retained until the post-breeding molt around one year of age, achieving full adult coloration early in the second year.^[12] The species undergoes an annual post-breeding molt commencing around one year of age, typically in late summer following the breeding season, during which birds replace body feathers and eventually flight feathers over several weeks.^[12]

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) is native to southeastern Australia, with its current range extending from southeastern Queensland near Gympie, through the tablelands and slopes of eastern New South Wales, to northeastern Victoria, including around Albury and extending to east Gippsland.^[16]^[2] This distribution is confined to the eastern mainland, with no records of vagrants outside Australia.^[2] Historically, the species' range was broader, reaching northward to the Suttor River in central Queensland, but it contracted significantly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries primarily due to widespread habitat clearance for agriculture.^[2] The current distribution remains patchy, consisting of isolated populations in coastal valleys and inland plains across its core range in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria.^[2] As assessed by BirdLife International in 2024, the extent of occurrence for the turquoise parrot is approximately 771,000 km², reflecting its overall spread across southeastern Australia, while the area of occupancy is unknown.^[2] As of 2024, the area of occupancy is estimated at around 20,000 km² (low reliability), with indications of increase in New South Wales.^[9]

Habitat preferences

The turquoise parrot prefers open eucalypt woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus species, such as box-ironbark associations, and callitris pine forests (Callitris spp.), particularly those with grassy understories.^[9] It shows a marked affinity for ecotones between these woodlands and native grasslands, as well as areas adjacent to farmland or heath.^[2] Key habitat features include native grass-dominated ground cover, which supports foraging, and the presence of tree hollows in live or dead trees for nesting, often in species like river red gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along riparian zones near creeks.^[17] These riparian areas provide essential shelter and breeding sites, with hollows typically located in dead branches or trunks.^[9] The species occupies elevations between 0 and 1,130 m, primarily on inland slopes and tablelands of southeastern Australia.^[2] It avoids dense forests, which lack suitable open understories, and arid desert regions beyond its moist temperate range.^[2] During the non-breeding season, turquoise parrots shift toward more open grassy areas to access abundant seeds, while maintaining use of treed corridors for dispersal.^[9] This local movement, often less than 10 km, reflects adaptations to seasonal resource availability within their preferred landscapes.^[17]

Behavior and ecology

The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) typically occurs in pairs or small family groups consisting of parents and their offspring, with group sizes ranging from 3 to 10 individuals during much of the year. Larger flocks of up to 30 birds may form post-breeding in autumn and winter, particularly when foraging resources are abundant. These group dynamics facilitate social interactions and resource sharing while minimizing predation risk in open habitats.^[18]^[19] The species is predominantly sedentary across its range in southeastern Australia, exhibiting no long-distance migration. Instead, it undertakes local nomadic movements, often along treed corridors in response to fluctuations in food availability and rainfall patterns. These short dispersals allow populations to exploit seasonal resources without extensive relocation.^[18] Vocalizations play a key role in social cohesion, with soft twittering contact calls emitted during flight or on the ground to maintain group proximity and pair bonds. Sharper, high-pitched alarm notes, described as "zit-zit" or zitting calls, are used to signal threats and defend territories against potential intruders. These calls are generally subdued compared to larger parrots, reflecting the species' preference for inconspicuous behavior.^[16]^[19] Turquoise parrots form monogamous pairs that defend small nesting territories around cavity sites, with occasional displays of aggression toward conspecific intruders to protect breeding areas. Such interactions are brief and focused, helping to secure resources for the pair and their young without extensive territorial disputes.^[20]

Foraging and diet

The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) is primarily granivorous, with the bulk of its diet comprising seeds from native and introduced grasses and herbs, such as Austrodanthonia spp., Poa annua, Anthoxanthum odoratum, and Briza spp..^[19]^[21] It also consumes seeds from shrubs like common fringe-myrtle (Calytrix tetragona) and erect guinea-flower (Hibbertia riparia), as well as nectar from plants such as Grevillea alpina.^[19] Foraging occurs predominantly on or near the ground, often in pairs or small groups of 5–30 individuals, typically in open clearings, forest margins, pastures, and disturbed sites like road verges and lawns where seeding plants are abundant.^[16]^[19]^[21] These birds actively feed from early morning through late afternoon, with a midday rest period, and show a preference for shaded areas that provide camouflage while searching for food.^[19] Brief references to social foraging highlight coordinated movements in these groups to exploit patchy seed resources.^[22] Supplementary components of the diet include green plant material, flowers, fruits, and occasional insects such as scale insects, which provide protein, particularly during periods of higher nutritional demand.^[19]^[16] The turquoise parrot drinks water daily, typically twice per day at dawn and dusk, from sources like puddles, streams, or dams, a behavior that influences its selection of habitats near reliable moisture.^[19]^[23]

Reproduction and breeding

The turquoise parrot exhibits a monogamous mating system, with pairs forming from communal flocks as the breeding season approaches. The breeding season typically spans primarily from August to December in eastern Australia, peaking between October and November in many regions, with occasional breeding in April–May for second broods.^[17]^[16]^[24]^[1]^[4] Nesting occurs in tree hollows, often in living or dead Eucalyptus or Callitris trees, at heights of 1 to 3 meters above the ground; pairs may also use stumps, logs, or artificial nest boxes. The female prepares the nest by lining the hollow with decayed wood dust, fine wood chips, leaves, or grass. Clutch sizes range from 2 to 6 glossy white eggs, with an average of 4 to 5; eggs are laid at intervals of 2 to 3 days. Incubation lasts approximately 18 to 22 days and is performed solely by the female, who leaves the nest briefly to feed or drink while the male remains nearby or provides food.^[17]^[16]^[9]^[24] Both parents share chick-rearing duties, with the female brooding the hatchlings for the first few days before the male assists in feeding them regurgitated seeds and soft foods. Chicks remain in the nest for about 4 weeks, fledging at 25 to 32 days of age, after which they depend on the parents for 1 to 4 additional weeks while learning to forage. In favorable conditions, pairs may raise a second brood in the same season. Breeding success yields an average of 2.3 to 2.8 fledglings per nesting attempt or successful nest.^[17]^[16]^[9]^[24]

Health and diseases

Known pathogens

The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) is susceptible to a range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens, with infections more frequently documented in captive populations than in the wild, where direct evidence remains limited. Most data are extrapolated from congeneric Neophema species or general psittacines.

Bacterial Pathogens

Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of psittacosis, induces respiratory distress, lethargy, and systemic infections in psittacine birds, including those in the Neophema genus; transmission occurs via inhalation of contaminated dust or droppings from infected birds.^[25] Salmonella spp., acquired through contaminated food or water, lead to enteritis, diarrhea, and septicemia in parrots, posing risks in captive settings where hygiene may be compromised.

Viral Pathogens

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), caused by the circovirus beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), results in progressive feather loss, beak and nail deformities, and immune suppression, often proving fatal in young or stressed individuals; while not confirmed in wild turquoise parrots, susceptibility is likely given its prevalence across Australian psittacines.^[26] Avian paramyxovirus serotype 3 (APMV-3) frequently affects Neophema spp., manifesting as mild respiratory symptoms, pancreatitis, and neurological signs such as ataxia, with higher mortality in dense aviary conditions.^[27]

Fungal Pathogens

Aspergillosis, primarily due to *Aspergillus* fumigatus, targets the respiratory tract in immunocompromised or stressed psittacine birds, including those in the Neophema genus, causing granulomatous lesions, dyspnea, and weight loss; spores are inhaled from environmental sources like moldy substrate or feed.^[28]

Parasitic Pathogens

Internal parasites such as coccidia (e.g., Eimeria spp.) infect the intestinal tract, leading to mucoid diarrhea and enteritis, particularly in crowded captive flocks where oocysts spread via feces.^[29] External parasites including feather mites (Knemidokoptes spp.) can infest skin and follicles in psittacine birds, resulting in poor feather condition, itching, and secondary bacterial infections. The haemosporidian blood parasite Haemoproteus minutus has caused lethal outbreaks in captive turquoise parrots, with megalomeronts forming in tissues and inducing severe anemia and organ damage.^[30]

Disease susceptibility and impacts

The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) is likely susceptible to psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), a circoviral infection that induces chronic feather abnormalities, including dystrophy, loss, and abnormal regrowth, which impair flight efficiency and diminish mate attraction by altering plumage vibrancy essential for courtship displays.^[31]^[32] In juveniles, PBFD often manifests acutely, leading to high mortality rates that can reach up to 50% in infected nestlings of susceptible psittacine species, including those in the Neophema genus, due to immunosuppression and secondary infections.^[31]^[33] Psittacosis, caused by Chlamydia psittaci, affects adult turquoise parrots with acute respiratory symptoms such as pneumonia, lethargy, and weight loss, which reduce overall vitality and lower breeding success by impairing parental care and egg viability.^[34]^[35] Outbreaks in wild psittacine populations, including Australian natives, are frequently associated with environmental stressors like habitat degradation, which compromise immune function and facilitate bacterial transmission through aerosols from droppings or secretions.^[36]^[37] Due to its fragmented and small population sizes, the turquoise parrot demonstrates heightened vulnerability to introduced pathogens like PBFD and psittacosis compared to more robust parrot species with larger, interconnected groups that buffer disease spread.^[17]^[18] This susceptibility is exacerbated by lower genetic diversity in isolated subpopulations, potentially reducing adaptive resistance to novel infections.^[10] Serological monitoring in New South Wales has revealed PBFD exposure in wild psittacine birds, with historical surveys indicating prevalence rates of 41-94% across flocks.^[38] Ongoing surveillance emphasizes the need for vigilant health screening to mitigate impacts on survival and reproduction in both wild and recovering populations.^[39]

Conservation status

Global and national assessments

The Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, with the assessment conducted in 2024. This status is attributed to its very large extent of occurrence exceeding 20,000 km²—specifically estimated at 771,000 km²—and a stable global population that does not approach vulnerable thresholds under population size criteria (over 10,000 mature individuals).^[2] At the national level in Australia, the species was reassessed as Least Concern in the Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020, despite ongoing regional declines in parts of its range. The global population is estimated at approximately 20,000 mature individuals (2009, data quality poor), with low data quality indicating a stable trend overall, though localized variations persist. Monitoring efforts by Australian authorities estimate that around 18,000 individuals—comprising about 90% of the total population—occur in New South Wales (2009 estimate, data quality low).^[2]^[9] Historically, the Turquoise Parrot experienced a severe decline to near-extinction between 1880 and 1920, primarily due to habitat clearance and modification by introduced herbivores. However, populations have since recovered in regions such as Victoria, with sightings increasing from the 1930s onward following the species' presumed extinction there by the early 20th century.^[4]^[16]

Regional variations and threats

In New South Wales, the Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) is listed as Vulnerable under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016.^[9] Primary threats include the degradation of grasslands through livestock grazing, which reduces the availability of grass and forb seeds essential for foraging, and predation by introduced feral cats (Felis catus) and European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which target nests and adult females.^[9] These factors contribute to habitat stress across key bioregions such as the Sydney Basin and tablelands, where over 50% of native forests and woodlands have been cleared historically.^[9] In Victoria, the species holds Vulnerable status under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, following a 2023 assessment.^[40]^[17] Major threats stem from inappropriate fire regimes that eliminate understory grasses used for feeding and nesting, as well as the loss of hollow-bearing trees due to logging and silvicultural practices, which limit suitable breeding sites near the ground.^[17] These impacts are particularly acute in north-eastern regions like the Warby Ranges, where habitat fragmentation exacerbates vulnerability.^[17] Queensland lists the Turquoise Parrot as least concern under the Nature Conservation Act 1992.^[41] Threats are relatively minor but include urban expansion in southern areas such as near Gympie, which encroaches on open eucalypt woodlands and grassy clearings vital for the species.^[42] Across its range, climate change poses a common threat through induced droughts that diminish seed availability in pastures and grasslands, potentially affecting foraging success and overall population stability.^[18] This aligns with broader national assessments indicating ongoing pressures from environmental variability.^[2]

Recovery and management efforts

Conservation efforts for the Turquoise Parrot focus on habitat protection, threat mitigation, and population monitoring to support its recovery from historical declines. A significant portion of the species' range in New South Wales is encompassed by national parks, such as Weddin Mountains National Park, and traveling stock routes that serve as vital connectivity corridors for movement and foraging.^[9]^[43] In Victoria, grassland reserves in the north-east and east Gippsland regions provide key protected habitats, particularly for ground-foraging populations. In 2024, BirdLife Australia installed 120 custom-made nest boxes in north-eastern Victoria to support breeding.^[2]^[44]^[45] Management actions emphasize maintaining suitable nesting and foraging conditions. Retention of hollow-bearing trees in state forests is prioritized to ensure availability of nesting sites, as the species relies on tree hollows for breeding.^[9] Fox baiting programs target the European red fox, a major predator, with efforts aimed at reducing nest predation rates through coordinated control measures.^[46]^[47] Additionally, weed control initiatives restore native grass understories degraded by invasive species and overgrazing, enhancing food resources like seeds.^[9] Research and monitoring are led by organizations such as BirdLife Australia, which has conducted annual surveys since 2010 to assess distribution and abundance trends across key sites.^[48] Community-driven nest box programs supplement natural hollows, with installations on private lands and reserves increasing available breeding sites and supporting local population growth.^[49]^[17] As of 2025, no major new initiatives have been announced, but ongoing stable or increasing trends observed in monitoring data indicate potential for future downlisting from vulnerable status.^[2]^[9]

Aviculture

History and popularity

The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) entered aviculture in the 19th century, shortly after its scientific description by George Shaw in 1792, becoming one of the earliest Australian parrots kept as cage birds by European colonists and enthusiasts for its striking turquoise and yellow plumage and relatively quiet demeanor.^[19]^[50] Early imports to Europe occurred during this period, contributing to its initial appeal among bird keepers who valued its small size and vibrant colors.^[51] In Australia, the species gained traction in aviculture from the 1920s onward, coinciding with the recovery of wild populations after heavy trapping for the pet trade in the late 1800s had nearly extirpated it from some areas.^[16] Popularity surged globally after the 1980s, driven by advancements in captive breeding techniques that improved survival rates and reduced reliance on wild-caught specimens, making the turquoise parrot a staple in aviaries worldwide.^[51]^[52] Its docile nature and ease of maintenance further endeared it to breeders, with the species now commonly housed in collections across Europe, North America, and Australia.^[53] The discovery and propagation of color mutations, such as the blue variant first bred in Europe in 2010, added to its allure among aviculturists seeking genetic variety.^[53] In Australia, the turquoise parrot is fully protected under state wildlife laws, classified as vulnerable or near threatened in several regions, necessitating licenses or permits for keeping, breeding, and interstate trade to prevent overexploitation.^[54]^[55] Internationally, it has been listed under CITES Appendix II since 1981, regulating commercial trade to ensure sustainability.^[56]^[4] Culturally, the turquoise parrot holds significance in Australia as a local icon in grassland regions like the Glenrowan district, often highlighted in avicultural events and as an emblem of native grassland ecosystems amid conservation awareness efforts.^[17]

Captive breeding and care

In captivity, turquoise parrots (Neophema pulchella) require spacious aviaries to thrive, with a minimum size of 2 m in length by 1 m in width by 2 m in height for a breeding pair to allow for flight and foraging.^[1] These enclosures should include natural perches such as branches of varying diameters, nesting boxes that mimic tree hollows (approximately 15 cm x 15 cm base and 25-30 cm deep with a 4.5-5 cm entrance hole), and enrichment items like swings and shallow bathing dishes.^[57] Temperature should be maintained between 15-25°C to prevent stress, with protection from drafts and extreme cold, while high humidity levels (around 50-60%) support their natural bathing behaviors, facilitated by misters or pans of water.^[1] Breeding pairs typically reach sexual maturity between 12 and 24 months of age, with the season aligning to late winter through summer (August to January in the Southern Hemisphere).^[58]^[1] Females lay clutches of 3-6 eggs, which are incubated solely by the hen for 18-20 days, with fledging occurring after 4-5 weeks and juveniles remaining dependent for an additional 2-3 weeks.^[57]^[1] Successful breeding, achieving 70-80% hatch and fledging rates, depends on a nutrient-enriched diet during this period, including increased protein and calcium sources; pairs should be isolated to avoid aggression or hybridization with other Neophema species.^[52]^[19] The captive diet consists primarily of a small seed mix featuring canary seed, white millet, panicum, and limited oats, supplemented daily with fresh greens (such as spinach, kale, and lettuce), vegetables (carrots and broccoli), and small amounts of fruits (apples, pears, and berries) to replicate their natural foraging.^[1]^[57] Calcium supplementation via cuttlebone or powder is essential, particularly for breeding females, while oily seeds like sunflower should be minimized to prevent obesity; sprouted seeds and occasional insect-based foods (e.g., mealworms) enhance breeding outcomes.^[57]^[52] Health management in aviculture emphasizes quarantine protocols for new birds to screen for psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) and psittacosis, both prevalent in psittacines and transmissible via feathers, feces, or aerosols, with regular veterinary testing recommended.^[59] Aviaries must be kept clean and dry to mitigate risks of mites, respiratory infections, and internal parasites, with deworming performed biannually.^[57]^[52] Selective breeding has produced color mutations such as opaline, which reduces melanin for paler, yellow-shifted plumage, established since the late 20th century, alongside blue, lutino, and pied variants; as of 2025, rare red-opaline combinations have been reported in specialized aviaries, increasing genetic diversity but requiring careful monitoring to maintain viability.^[60]^[57]

References

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Turquoise Parrot
Beak grey/black. Eye brown/grey. Female-paler blue face; buff/white lores; pale green breast; yellow underparts and undertail, more often suffused with orange ...
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Turquoise Parrot Neophema Pulchella Species Factsheet | BirdLife ...
The species was distributed throughout south-east Australia from the Suttor River, inland from Mackay in eastern Queensland through eastern New South Wales.
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Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella - eBird
Typically occurs in fringe habitats: favors grassy areas near forest edges where small groups feed on the ground.
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Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella - Birds of the World
Open forest, woodland, native grassland, with marked preference for ecotones between open and closed habitats, eg heath-forest ecotone and adjacent farmland.
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Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) - iNaturalist
The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) is a species of parrot in the genus Neophema native to Eastern AustraliaMissing: scientific | Show results with:scientific
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Neophema pulchella (Turquoise Parrot) - Avibase
The turquoise parrot is a species of parrot in the genus Neophema native to Eastern Australia, from southeastern Queensland, through New South Wales and ...
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Species Neophema (Neophema) pulchella (Shaw, 1792)
... Platycercinae (Subfamily) » Pezoporini (Tribe) » Neophema Salvadori ... The Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella in east Gippsland. Australian Bird ...
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ITIS - Report: Neophema - Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Genus, Neophema Salvadori, 1891 ; Direct Children: ; Species, Neophema chrysogaster (Latham, 1790) – Orange-bellied Parrot, Orange-bellied Parakeet, Perruche à ...Missing: establishment | Show results with:establishment
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[PDF] Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella
Neophema pulchella (Shaw 1792) (Psittacidae) is monotypic (i.e. no subspecies) and an endemic. Australian genus and species. Distribution and number of ...
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Using phylogenetics to explore interspecies genetic rescue options ...
Jun 26, 2021 · There are six species in the genus Neophema with varying distributions across Australia (Figure 1) (Thomas, Thomas, Andrew, & McBride, 2011): N.
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About the Bird: Common Name: Turquoise Parrot Scientific Name ...
Jun 28, 2025 · About the Bird: Common Name: Turquoise Parrot Scientific Name: Neophema pulchella Origin: Eastern Australia Features: Vivid turquoise-blue ...
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Turqiouse Parrot Bioigraphy | PDF | Birds | Tetrapods - Scribd
pulchellus in 1792.[2] He called it the Turquoisine after its turquoise face patch. ... and turquoisine grass parrot, this last name commonly used in aviculture.
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... Nomenclature (ICZN) in 1961 (4th edition, 1999). “The objects of the Code are to promote stability and universality in the scientific names of animals and ...
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[PDF] Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella
Species No.: 302 Band size: 23. Morphometrics: Adult Male. Adult Female. Wing: 109 – 116 mm. 107 – 113 mm. Tail: 106 – 117 mm. 98 – 110 mm. Weight: 37.0 – 46.1 ...
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Turquoise Parrot - Birds in Backyards
The male Turquoise Parrot is bright green above, with a turquoise blue crown and face. A brilliant two-tone blue band around the bend of the wing contrasts ...Missing: length | Show results with:length
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Turquoise Parrot - The Australian Museum
Aug 10, 2022 · The Turquoise Parrot is found in south-east Australia, from south-eastern Queensland, through to eastern and north-eastern Victoria.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
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Turquoise Parrot - SWIFFT
The Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella is a beautifully coloured small sized parrot endemic to eastern Australia. It is a popular species with aviculturists ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology<|separator|>
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Turquoise Parrot - profile | NSW Environment, Energy and Science
Jun 29, 2022 · The Turquoise Parrot's range extends from southern Queensland through to northern Victoria, from the coastal plains to the western slopes of the ...
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Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of the ...
Apr 5, 2017 · To date, the scarlet-chested and turquoise parrots remain on the Approved List of Captive-bred Species under the Wild Bird Conservation Act of ...
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Turquoise parrot - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio
It was described by George Shaw in 1792. A small lightly built parrot at around 20 cm (7.9 in) long and 40 g (1+1⁄2 oz) in weight, it exhibits sexual ...
[24]
Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) identification - Birda
Habitat. The Turquoise Parrot favors grasslands and open woodlands, particularly those dominated by Eucalyptus and Callitris trees. They show a preference for ...
[25]
[PDF] The Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella in the Yea and Yarra ...
The Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella is confined to south-eastern Australia. Its range, which has contracted since European settlement, includes north ...
[26]
[PDF] Conserving the Turquoise Parrot in the Warbys | Kurringai Cottage
Feb 3, 2019 · During the breeding season Turquoise Parrots need to drink regularly to ensure a moist consistency in the food regurgitated to the young at ...
[27]
Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) - Planet of Birds
Feb 12, 2012 · They are small parakeets with a more or less dull green basic color with some contrasting colorful patches, and are commonly known as grass parrots.
[28]
Chlamydophilosis in Birds | VCA Animal Hospitals
Chlamydiosis, also called psittacosis or parrot fever, is a common disease of parrots. The disease is caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci.Missing: turquoise | Show results with:turquoise
[29]
Review of psittacine beak and feather disease and its effect on ...
We review the origin/evolutionary pathways and potential threat of PBFD to endangered psittacine bird populations and captive-breeding flocks. Conclusions: The ...
[30]
Viral Diseases of Pet Birds - Exotic and Laboratory Animals
Clinical signs in psittacines include tracheitis, pneumonia, and enteritis. Paramyxovirus group 3 is reported most frequently in Neophema spp, lovebirds, and ...Missing: pulchella | Show results with:pulchella
[31]
Aspergillosis in Birds | VCA Animal Hospitals
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus, a slow-growing fungus that damages the respiratory tract and other internal organs in birds.Missing: turquoise | Show results with:turquoise
[32]
Parasitic Diseases of Pet Birds - Exotic and Laboratory Animals
Atoxoplasmosis is a highly pathogenic protozoal disease that causes hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in canaries, with coccidia-like oocysts shed in the feces.Missing: turquoise | Show results with:turquoise
[33]
[PDF] Plumage disorders in psittacine birds - part 1: feather abnormalities
Feather mite, found in a Turquoise parrot. (Neophema pulchella) with poor feather condition. Figure 11. Black discolouration of the feathers due to chronic ...
[34]
Haemoproteus minutus is highly virulent for Australasian and South ...
Jan 17, 2019 · We therefore tested the distribution of Haemoproteus parasites in free-ranging parrot ... Turquoise parrot (N. pulchella), Australia, 2004 ...Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
[35]
Psittacine beak and feather disease - DCCEEW
Aug 21, 2024 · It is the most common and highly infectious viral disease among parrots. The disease appears to have originated in Australia.<|separator|>
[36]
[PDF] Beak and feather disease virus in Australian birds
The chronic form of the disease can vary from subtle feather colour changes, such as in the smaller Neophema species of parrots to more severe, progressive ...
[37]
[PDF] PSITTACINE BEAK AND FEATHER DISEASE IN ORANGE ... - AAVAC
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) is a threat to orange-bellied parrots, causing chronic feather disease in adults and severe acute disease in ...
[38]
Psittacosis (Ornithosis) fact sheet - NSW Health
Psittacosis is an uncommon disease that is usually transmitted to humans from birds. It is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia psittaci. While birds are the ...
[39]
Psittacosis in Birds - Veterinary Partner - VIN
Jul 7, 2020 · Psittacosis, also known as parrot fever, ornithosis, and avian chlamydiosis, is a bacterial infection found in at least 465 species of birds ...
[40]
[PDF] Chlamydia in Australian wild birds - Wildlife Health Australia
Jul 12, 2024 · In this Fact Sheet, "avian chlamydiosis" refers to the disease in birds and "psittacosis" refers to disease caused by C. psittaci in humans.
[41]
Parrot fever - Animal diseases - Agriculture Victoria
Jun 26, 2025 · Parrot fever is also known as psittacosis or chlamydiosis. It is a disease that affects birds around the world and is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia ...
[42]
Seroprevalence of psittacine beak and feather disease in wild ...
in New South Wales. The seroprevalence of psittacine beak and feather disease ranged from 41% to 94% in different flocks, indicating infection with the virus ...
[43]
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) prevalence, load and ...
Jul 1, 2020 · We used qPCR and haemagglutination assays to investigate BFDV prevalence, load and shedding in seven abundant host species in the wild in south-east Australia.
[44]
[PDF] Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease - DCCEEW
Figure 1: Shane Raidal et al (2005) Sulphur crested cockatoos and galah chronically infected. They are displaying gross clinical signs of feather loss and the ...
[45]
[PDF] Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Threatened List - Environment
Victoria. Endangered. Turquoise Parrot. Neophema pulchella. Victoria. Vulnerable. Wandering Albatross. Diomedea exulans. Victoria. Critically Endangered.
[46]
[PDF] Priority Species - Moreton Bay Regional Council
Status: The swift parrot is listed as endangered in Queensland ... Status: The turquoise parrot is listed as near threatened in Queensland under the Nature.<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
Species Files - Non Passerines - Birding Victoria
Grassland reserves on the northern plains such as in the Terrick ... TURQUOISE PARROT (Neophema pulchella). Turquoise Parrots occur in two ...
[48]
[PDF] Turquoise Parrot Peer Review Comments - Quin
The turquoise parrots appeared from parts unknown in habitat regenerating after the Black Saturday bushfires (February 2009) and some were still present three ...
[49]
[PDF] Format note - Regulations.gov
The turquoise parakeet, or parrot, (Neophema pulchella) is listed as endangered throughout its entire range under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended ...
[50]
[PDF] Saving our Species 2020-21 annual report card Turquoise Parrot ...
No Turquoise Parrots were recorded in surveys. A total of 44 noisy miners were removed from the reserve, and the adundance was reduced below the well ...
[51]
Case Study LP29 - Helping Turquoise Parrot populations recover
Turquoise Parrot populations were already in decline, and many hollows where birds such as the Turquoise Parrots nest were destroyed in the fire. A workshop for ...
[52]
Turquoise Parrot Health, Personality, Colors and Sounds - PetGuide
Dec 23, 2018 · One of earliest breeds to be spotted by English colonists in Australia, the Turquoise Parrot was first described in 1792. From then on, its ...
[53]
https://www.wwbirds.co.za/dir/turquoise-parrot/
[54]
Turquoisine Parakeet (Neophema pulchella) - AFA Watchbird
It is a cavity nester using holes in trees, stumps, or even logs on the ground. All Neopbemas are ground-feeding seedeaters favoring seeding grasses. After all, ...Missing: zygodactyl | Show results with:zygodactyl
[55]
Turquoise parrot: Breeding, Mutations Blue
Sep 13, 2024 · In 2008, for the first time in the world, an opaline blue Scarlet-chested appeared in Mr. René De Laet's aviaries are also a well-known Belgian ...
[56]
Letters: Turquosine life span - Parrots Magazine
The Turquoisine Grass Parakeet is a threatened species and is fully protected by law in all Australian states. A license is required to keep, breed, exhibit ...
[57]
Birds you don't need a licence to keep - Environment and Heritage
Nov 15, 2024 · 41 native and all exotic bird species can be kept without a license. Examples include Adelaide rosella, budgerigar, and rainbow lorikeet.
[58]
Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) - Featherbase
Turquoise Parrot. Neophema pulchella. species of Psittacidae ; secondary, 12 per wing, 49.5 - 58.5mm n=5. S2 (60%) S1 (40%) ; retrix, 12, 100.0 - 122.0mm n=3. R1 ...Missing: monotypic | Show results with:monotypic
[59]
Turquoise Parakeet Aviculture: Expert Guide To Care, Breeding ...
Breeding Management · Breeding Season (in captivity): Spring and summer. · Clutch Size: 3–6 eggs. · Incubation: 18–20 days, carried out by the female. · Fledging: ...
[60]
Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) longevity, ageing, and life ...
Classification (HAGRID: 01596). Taxonomy: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves (Taxon entry) Order: Psittaciformes (Taxon entry) Family: Psittacidae
[61]
Infectious Diseases - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
The chapter describes bacerial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections commonly detected in pet birds.
[62]
Opaline Turquoisine Parakeet - One Odd Bird
Jun 6, 2025 · The mutation moves around yellow and red color on both sexes, resulting in yellow color on the mantle, chest, back, and rump. Some birds also ...Missing: aviculture | Show results with:aviculture