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Scalable Product Architecture platform

The Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) is ' modular and flexible vehicle platform, engineered as a unibody for premium mid-size and full-size automobiles, supporting diverse body styles such as SUVs, sedans, and wagons through adjustable length, width, and component integration. This architecture unifies production across models, enabling , efficient , and the incorporation of advanced technologies like multiple powertrains ranging from petrol and diesel to hybrids and fully electric systems. Introduced in 2015 with the second-generation XC90 , SPA replaced Volvo's earlier P2 and P3 platforms. Development of SPA began in 2011 shortly after Volvo's acquisition by Holding Group in , marking a pivotal shift toward to revitalize the brand's and market positioning. Key models built on SPA include the XC90, XC60, S90 sedan, V90 wagon, and their Cross Country variants, all benefiting from shared structural elements that enhance crash safety through extensive use of high-strength . The platform's technical foundation features a double wishbone front for precise wheel control and grip, an integral link rear with a composite transverse for stability, and an electro-mechanical rack-assisted steering system with customizable drive modes such as Comfort, Dynamic, and Off-Road. By October 2025, had produced its four millionth vehicle on the first-generation platform at its Torslanda plant in , underscoring its role in the company's transition to and sustainable while maintaining top ratings across global markets. 's not only reduces development costs and but also supports innovations like with active dampers and integrated driver assistance systems, contributing to 's reputation for premium driving dynamics and environmental adaptability.

Overview

Purpose and Design Philosophy

The Scalable Product Architecture () is a global automobile platform developed in-house by , serving as a foundational unibody structure for full-size premium vehicles to enable flexibility in vehicle sizing, integration, and manufacturing efficiency. Designed to underpin the and 90 series models, SPA allows for the production of diverse body styles, from sedans to SUVs, while optimizing resource use across the lineup. This architecture supports a wide range of s, including internal engines, hybrids, hybrids, and fully electric variants, facilitating Volvo's transition toward sustainable mobility. At its core, the design philosophy of SPA emphasizes modularity and scalability, permitting adjustments in length, width, , and height to accommodate varying configurations without sacrificing structural integrity or . By promoting commonality in key components such as elements and , the platform reduces redundancy, lowers production costs, and accelerates development cycles for new models. This approach aligns with Volvo's human-centric principles, prioritizing , , and customer-focused through shared technologies that enhance . Volvo Cars planned capital expenditures of approximately 60 billion up to and including 2025, with about 30 billion for and capacity expansion. These investments enable improved , better handling, and reduced environmental impact by incorporating and optimized designs that lower overall vehicle mass. represents a unified that replaced Volvo's earlier P2 and P3 platforms, consolidating disparate systems into a single, versatile framework for premium vehicles to streamline global manufacturing and foster long-term technological advancements. Debuting with the second-generation XC90 in 2015, it marked a pivotal shift toward integrated, forward-compatible designs.

Development History

Following Geely's acquisition of from in August 2010, the Chinese automaker committed to supporting Volvo's independence by investing in new proprietary technologies, including vehicle architectures free from Ford's prior systems. As part of this strategy, development of the Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) began in 2011 under Volvo's in-house team, forming the core of a broader USD 11 billion global transformation program launched that year to modernize production and design capabilities. The first-generation SPA debuted in with the launch of the second-generation XC90 SUV, representing Volvo's inaugural fully proprietary architecture for large vehicles and enabling a shift toward modular for future models. This introduction marked a pivotal step in Volvo's post-acquisition revival, aligning with Geely's vision to foster innovation while preserving the brand's safety-focused heritage. By 2016, the platform expanded to underpin additional premium models, including the S90 sedan and V90 wagon, broadening its application across Volvo's lineup and demonstrating the architecture's versatility in supporting varied body styles. The SPA's adoption extended to Geely's ecosystem around 2019, with beginning integration through shared development of larger vehicles on the platform, culminating in models like the 09 by 2021. In 2022, Volvo introduced the SPA2 platform as an evolution dedicated exclusively to electric vehicles, debuting with the EX90 SUV and emphasizing enhanced electrification and software integration. This update built on the original SPA's modular design to enable powertrain flexibility for battery-electric propulsion. Looking ahead, Volvo has announced the forthcoming SPA3 platform for mid-2020s models, promising further advancements in efficiency, range, and cost-effectiveness for future EVs.

First-Generation SPA

Technical Specifications

The first-generation Scalable Product Architecture () platform employs a unibody structure integrated with a cage constructed primarily from high-strength, hot-formed , comprising over 40 percent of the body structure to enhance crash protection while achieving weight savings through optimized material use. This design improves overall vehicle rigidity and stability, contributing to better handling without compromising occupant . The front suspension features a double setup, which provides precise control over wheel motion—including , , and —for superior grip and reduced road disturbances, incorporating lightweight aluminum components to minimize unsprung mass. The rear suspension utilizes an integral link design, delivering high stiffness for enhanced stability and comfort, also benefiting from aluminum elements and a composite transverse for further weight reduction and improved ride quality. Steering is handled by an electric power-assisted rack-and-pinion with variable effort modes that adjust based on speed and driving conditions, offering customizable settings for preference and optimized in various scenarios. The SPA platform is compatible exclusively with the (VEA) family of four-cylinder engines, including , , and variants, with no support for V6 or V8 configurations as part of Volvo's strategic focus on efficient modular powertrains. This integration allows for scalable adaptation across different sizes, from sedans to SUVs, while maintaining consistent principles.

Key Innovations

The first-generation Scalable Product Architecture () platform marked a significant leap in by integrating advanced safety systems directly into its , prioritizing occupant protection in real-world scenarios. A cornerstone innovation is the run-off-road protection system, which employs wheel speed sensors and gyroscopic technology to detect loss-of-control events, such as when the vehicle veers off the roadway. Upon activation, the system tightens energy-absorbing seat belts to secure occupants and deploys energy-absorbing mechanisms in the seat frames to cushion vertical impacts, reducing forces on the spine by up to one third and mitigating injuries. Cabin monitoring via the same sensors ensures the system responds proactively to maintain stability and alert the driver. Complementing this, the platform introduced an auto-brake function at intersections, leveraging forward-facing and camera sensors to identify crossing traffic, oncoming vehicles, or pedestrians during turns. This system automatically applies brakes to avert or lessen collision severity, representing a world-first capability that enhances by addressing common T-bone crash risks. SPA's advanced hybridization capabilities stem from its flexible electrical architecture, enabling seamless integration of powertrains that combine a gasoline engine with an and . In the XC90 T8, this yields an electric-only range of up to 40 km under NEDC testing, allowing short commutes in zero-emission mode while maintaining overall performance. The chassis and hardware provide the structural foundation for battery placement and power distribution, supporting these electrified systems without compromising . On the production side, shared components across SPA models—such as common modules for the , , and —foster manufacturing efficiencies through simplified assembly and . This also accelerates development cycles by streamlining engineering processes and enhancing .

Vehicles on First-Generation SPA

SUVs and Crossovers

The first-generation Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) platform enabled Volvo and its affiliates to develop a range of SUVs and crossovers emphasizing luxury, safety, and versatile , with the platform's supporting efficient production and shared components across models. These vehicles primarily feature all-wheel drive configurations suited to their elevated ride heights and family-oriented designs, utilizing Volvo's VEA engine family for propulsion. The second-generation Volvo XC90, launched in 2014 and produced through the present, serves as the flagship three-row that introduced the platform to the market. This full-size model accommodates up to seven passengers with a focus on premium comfort and advanced driver-assistance systems integrated into the SPA's boron-steel structure for enhanced crash protection. Powertrain options include the B5 (247 hp), B6 (295 hp), and the T8 (455 hp). The XC90's SPA underpinnings contribute to its balanced weight distribution and refined ride, earning it recognition for safety innovations like automatic emergency braking. Introduced in 2017 and continuing in production, the second-generation is a mid-size crossover that builds on the XC90's SPA foundation while prioritizing agile handling for urban and highway driving. It offers seating for five with a versatile cargo area, incorporating the platform's scalable to achieve a more compact footprint than its larger sibling. Similar choices are available, including the B5 (247 hp), B6 (295 hp), and T8 (455 hp), all paired with an eight-speed for smooth performance. The XC60's tuning on the SPA enhances its responsive and , making it a for compact SUVs in terms of dynamics and interior quality. The , launched in 2019 and ongoing, is a Geely-owned brand's full-size that shares the first-generation platform, adapted for the market with localized luxury features like advanced and extended warranties. This seven-seat model targets premium buyers in , offering a spacious and competitive pricing starting at approximately 240,000 yuan (as of 2025). It employs SPA-derived powertrains, such as a mild-hybrid 2.0T producing 188 kW () and 350 Nm of torque, mated to an eight-speed automatic, with variants available for improved efficiency in urban settings. The 09's design incorporates region-specific elements, including enhanced connectivity for integration, while maintaining the platform's core safety architecture. From 2019 to 2022, the was produced as a limited-run on the first-generation platform, with only 1,500 units built to emphasize performance exclusivity. This two-door model features a carbon-fiber body on the shortened for rigidity and lightness, achieving a low center of gravity ideal for dynamic driving. Its integrates a 2.0-liter twincharged with a twin-motor electric setup on the rear (totaling 232 from electrics, plus a front starter-generator), delivering 609 combined and up to 150 km of electric-only range. The 's modifications, including dampers and brakes, highlight the platform's adaptability for high-performance applications.

Sedans and Wagons

The , introduced in 2016 and continuing in production, is a full-size sedan built on the first-generation Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) platform. It features a standard of 2,941 mm, with a long-wheelbase variant known as the S90L offering an extended 3,061 mm tailored for rear passenger comfort in markets such as . The S90L provides additional rear legroom of approximately 120 mm compared to the standard model, enhancing its appeal for executive transport. Optional is available on select trims, contributing to a smoother ride and adjustable height for improved handling and comfort. The , launched alongside the S90 in 2016 and still in production, serves as the or counterpart, also utilizing the first-generation platform. This five-door model is noted for its generous cargo , providing up to 1,526 liters of space with rear seats folded, making it suitable for family use and long-haul practicality. It supports a maximum braked of 2,500 kg when equipped with all-wheel drive, enabling versatile applications such as trailer hauling. The 's facilitates the shared underpinnings between and body styles, allowing for efficient adaptation to configurations. The third-generation Volvo S60, debuting in 2018 and remaining in production (with U.S. production ending after the 2025 model year while continuing elsewhere), represents a mid-size option on the first-generation SPA platform, emphasizing sportier dynamics. It incorporates tuned and enhancements for agile handling, with a focus on responsive and balanced . Engineered variants elevate performance through optimized powertrains, including a setup delivering up to 455 horsepower and enhanced torque mapping for dynamic acceleration. Corresponding to the S60, the second-generation wagon, introduced in 2018 and ongoing, leverages the first-generation platform for its mid-size estate body style. It offers similar sporty tuning to its sibling, with a variant providing an extended electric-only range of up to 41 miles under EPA testing, supporting efficient short-trip . This configuration combines a turbocharged engine with an for seamless operation, prioritizing both performance and reduced emissions.

SPA2 Platform

Introduction and Evolution

The Scalable Product Architecture 2 (SPA2) platform represents a pivotal advancement in Volvo's , debuting in 2023 as an exclusively (EV) architecture tailored for -electric powertrains without compatibility for internal combustion engines (). This shift marked a departure from the versatile but hybrid-inclusive first-generation SPA, enabling optimized designs for EV-specific requirements such as integration and electric drivetrains. The platform's initial rollout featured prominently in the and models, underscoring Volvo's commitment to amid global automotive transitions. SPA2 evolved from the foundational learnings of the original , which had achieved a production milestone of four million units by October 2025, by emphasizing a software-defined vehicle (SDV) approach and supporting an electrical architecture scalable to 800 volts for faster charging speeds and enhanced efficiency in later implementations. Developed through a deepened collaboration between and —initiated in 2021 to share architectures like SPA2—this platform incorporates modular systems that facilitate scalability across vehicle sizes and power outputs. The collaboration leveraged combined R&D resources to address challenges, such as and power delivery, resulting in a more unified framework. Production commenced in strategic locations, including the facility for the to serve North American and European markets, and in and for the EX90 to support global demand. In 2025, the ES90 sedan debuted as the second SPA2 model with native 800-volt architecture; updates to the EX90 and also transitioned to 800 volts in October 2025. A key evolutionary aspect of SPA2 is the adoption of the "Superset tech stack," a unified software that standardizes core systems, modules, and hardware across Volvo's lineup for seamless over-the-air () updates and continuous improvements. This stack enables rapid deployment of software enhancements—such as advanced driver assistance and features—directly to vehicles, reducing development cycles and ensuring consistency in . By building on SPA1's while prioritizing EV-centric innovations, SPA2 positions for scalable, future-proof electric mobility, with ongoing upgrades like the transition to full 800-volt systems in models such as the updated EX90, , and ES90 to further boost charging performance (as of November 2025).

Technical Features

The SPA2 platform supports an electrical architecture scalable to 800 volts; initial models used 400-volt systems, with 800-volt adoption in updated 2026 EX90 and Polestar 3, and new models like the 2025 ES90 (as of 2025). This enables DC fast charging capabilities up to 250 kW in initial 400V implementations (10-80% state-of-charge in under 30 minutes), with 800V updates raising peak rates to 350 kW and reducing times to approximately 20 minutes while maintaining compatibility with existing infrastructure. Central to the platform's design is an integrated that functions as a , contributing to enhanced rigidity and overall stiffness for improved handling and safety. This battery setup enables ranges up to 600 km under the WLTP cycle in vehicles like the EX90, balancing with weight optimization to support extended real-world usability. The platform's advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) integrate sensors from Luminar, paired with dual AGX Orin processors, to facilitate Level 3 autonomy, including supervised hands-off highway driving available via update as of early 2025. These components process sensor data in , enabling features like hands-off operation under specific conditions while prioritizing occupant safety. SPA2 emphasizes software-defined vehicle architecture through Volvo's Superset tech stack, which supports over-the-air updates for continuous enhancements and includes bidirectional charging to power external devices or homes. This modular framework also enables functionalities, such as centralized data analytics and optimization for commercial operations. Building on the modular scalability of the original , it allows adaptation across vehicle sizes without compromising performance.

Vehicles on SPA2 Platform

Current Models

The , introduced in 2023 and entering production in May 2024, is a three-row battery-electric offering seating for up to seven passengers. It features a dual-motor all-wheel-drive delivering up to 510 horsepower in its Performance variant, with an estimated WLTP range of up to 580 km on a single charge. The model incorporates an 800-volt electrical architecture for enhanced charging efficiency, capable of adding approximately 250 km of range in 10 minutes at compatible DC fast chargers, and boasts a premium interior with sustainable materials, a 14.5-inch display, and advanced safety systems including integration. U.S. customer deliveries commenced in late 2024, with initial shipments arriving in September. The , launched in 2023, is a luxury battery-electric co-developed with , sharing the SPA2 platform's core architecture for optimized performance and efficiency. It employs a dual-motor all-wheel-drive setup producing up to 360 kW (approximately 483 horsepower) in its Long Range Dual Motor configuration, emphasizing agile handling through and a low center of gravity. Production occurs at Volvo's facility in , serving North American and European markets, alongside initial output from , . The vehicle highlights a minimalist interior with high-end sustainable fabrics and audio, recently upgraded to an 800-volt system for faster charging rates of up to 350 kW. The ES90, an electric variant entering in 2025 at 's facility, targets executive markets with its emphasis on refined luxury and advanced semi-autonomous driving capabilities. Built on the SPA2 platform with an 800-volt architecture, it offers dual-motor options up to 503 kW (683 ) in the Performance variant and a WLTP of up to 700 km, supported by a 106 kWh and features like next-generation Pilot Assist for highway assistance, LiDAR-enhanced perception, and over-the-air upgradability. The interior prioritizes executive comfort with ventilated massaging seats, a panoramic glass roof, and bidirectional charging for external power needs, positioning it as a software-defined for long-distance . As of November 2025, deliveries have begun in select markets.

Upcoming Models

Under Volvo's broader electrification strategy, potential SPA2-based variants, including adaptations for Geely-owned brands like , are in development to expand the platform's application across body styles and powertrains in segments. Global production expansion plays a pivotal role, with a new plant in , , scheduled to commence operations in early 2027 for next-generation electric vehicles (SPA3 derivatives), targeting an annual capacity of 250,000 units using megacasting for lightweight aluminum bodies. This facility will bolster and support exports to , aligning with Volvo's sustainable manufacturing milestones.

Production and Impact

Manufacturing Milestones

The first-generation Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) platform achieved a significant manufacturing milestone on October 16, 2025, when produced its four millionth based on this architecture. This accomplishment highlights the platform's role in enabling efficient global production, with the majority of units assembled at key facilities in , ; , ; and , ; and , . Introduced in with the second-generation XC90, the SPA platform facilitated accelerated model development cycles by leveraging elements, allowing for the launch of over 10 variants—including the XC90, XC60, S90, V90, S60, V60, and —within its first decade. The platform's shared assembly lines across multiple plants have scaled annual production capacity for SPA-based vehicles to exceed 500,000 units, supported by facilities like Torslanda (300,000 units/year) and contributing substantially to this output. Component commonality across models has further driven efficiencies, enabling significant cost reductions through standardized parts and interfaces. The evolution to the second-generation SPA (SPA2) marked an early production ramp-up, with manufacturing of the EX90 commencing in June 2024 at the Ridgeville plant and the following with production starting in in February 2024 and at the Ridgeville plant in August 2024. By mid-2025, combined output for these SPA2 models had reached notable volumes, reflecting initial scaling toward broader goals, though exact figures remained modest amid market ramp-up.

Strategic Significance

The Scalable Product Architecture () platform has played a pivotal role in Volvo's strategy, enabling a shift from hybrid powertrains on the first-generation SPA to fully electric vehicles on the SPA2 variant. This transition supports Volvo's adjusted goal of 50-60% electrified (fully electric and ) vehicle sales by 2025, a target approached with nearly 50% of global sales being electrified in 2024. Models like the EX90, built on SPA2, exemplify this focus on pure electric propulsion without compromising range or performance. Within the Geely Group, the SPA platform enhances the overall portfolio by facilitating technology sharing across brands such as and , thereby achieving significant economies of scale in development and production. The SPA2 architecture, in particular, is utilized by for models like the , allowing for modular adaptations that reduce costs and accelerate market entry for multiple brands under Geely's umbrella. This cross-brand application strengthens Geely's competitive position in the premium automotive segment by leveraging shared engineering resources. SPA's contributions to safety leadership are profound, with its innovations—such as advanced collision avoidance systems and pedestrian detection—earning consistent five-star ratings in tests across multiple models, including the XC90 and S90. These features, integrated from the platform's inception, have influenced global standards by promoting widespread adoption of proactive protection technologies like automatic emergency braking for vulnerable road users. Volvo's SPA-driven advancements continue to set benchmarks, reinforcing the brand's for reducing real-world risks. Looking ahead, the platform's legacy extends to software-defined vehicles, with the forthcoming designed to integrate advanced over-the-air updates and scalable computing for enhanced user experiences. This evolution positions to incorporate Level 3 autonomous driving capabilities by 2030, aligning with the company's vision for 90-100% electrified sales and fully autonomous features in future models. The platform's foundational principles, having supported over four million vehicle productions, underscore its enduring impact on sustainable and intelligent mobility.

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