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Zbigniew

Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (March 28, 1928 – May 26, 2017) was a Polish-American statesman, political scientist, and geostrategist who served as National Security Advisor to U.S. President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981.^[1]^[2] Born in Warsaw to a Polish diplomat father, Brzezinski emigrated to the United States as a child amid World War II and Soviet occupation threats, later earning a Ph.D. from Harvard and becoming a professor of international relations at Columbia University before his government service.^[3] As National Security Advisor, he shaped Carter's foreign policy with a realist, anti-communist orientation, prioritizing containment of Soviet influence through strategic alliances and covert actions, including the normalization of diplomatic relations with China in 1979 to counterbalance Moscow.^[1]^[4] He also authorized early U.S. covert aid to Afghan resistance groups months before the 1979 Soviet invasion, aiming to provoke Soviet entanglement and bleed their resources in a prolonged conflict often likened to America's Vietnam experience for the USSR—a move later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981 for advancing human rights and strategic gains against communism.^[5]^[4] Brzezinski's tenure featured internal administration tensions with Secretary of State Cyrus Vance over hawkish versus dovish approaches, exemplified by his advocacy for military responses to the Iranian hostage crisis and SALT II arms control despite Soviet aggression.^[3] Post-government, he remained influential as a foreign policy commentator, authoring seminal works like The Grand Chessboard (1997), which framed Eurasia as the pivotal geopolitical arena for maintaining American primacy against rising powers like Russia and China through alliance-building and prevention of hostile coalitions.^[6] His strategic foresight contributed to Soviet decline, including subtle support for Poland's Solidarity movement, but drew criticism for unintended consequences, such as the arming of Afghan mujahideen enabling the later rise of groups like al-Qaeda amid post-Cold War power vacuums.^[5] Brzezinski opposed the 2003 Iraq invasion, warning of overextension, and continued critiquing U.S. policy until his death, embodying a commitment to great-power competition grounded in historical and geographic realism over ideological interventions.^[7]

Etymology

Meaning and components

The name Zbigniew is a masculine given name of Polish origin, derived from Old Slavic roots meaning "to dispel anger" or "to get rid of anger."^[8]^[9] It combines two primary elements: the prefix zby- (or Proto-Slavic jĭzbyti), which conveys the action of dispelling, disposing of, or ridding oneself of something, and gniew (from Proto-Slavic gněvŭ), denoting anger, wrath, or rage.^[8]^[10] This etymological structure reflects a descriptive compound typical of early Slavic naming conventions, where personal qualities or actions were encapsulated to invoke desirable traits such as peacemaking or emotional restraint.^[9] In linguistic breakdown, the first component traces to the Old Polish verb zbyć (or variants like zbyć się and pozbyć się), implying elimination or divestment, as in casting aside an unwanted state.^[10]^[11] The second element, gniew, directly refers to intense emotional agitation akin to fury, rooted in Common Slavic phonetics and semantics preserved in modern Polish.^[8]^[9] Together, these form a hypotactic name implying agency in overcoming ire, a motif resonant in medieval Slavic onomastics where names often served apotropaic or aspirational functions. No significant variant spellings alter this core composition, though diminutives like Zbyszek retain the full semantic load.^[10]

Historical linguistic evolution

The name Zbigniew traces its roots to Proto-Slavic *Jьzbygněvъ, a compound anthroponym formed from the verbal element *jьzbyti ("to chase away" or "to dispel") and the nominal element *gněvъ ("anger" or "wrath"), connoting "he who dispels anger."^[8]^[12] The first component, *jьzbyti, reflects a causative or iterative derivation involving displacement or removal, akin to Proto-Indo-European roots for expulsion, while *gněvъ denotes emotional fury, a term conserved across Slavic languages with nasal vowel qualities.^[8] This structure exemplifies early Slavic naming practices, where dithematic personal names combined descriptive or aspirational elements to form possessive or agentive meanings, prevalent from the 6th to 9th centuries CE during the Common Slavic period.^[10] In the transition to West Slavic languages, particularly proto-Polish forms emerging around the 10th century, the Proto-Slavic *Jьzbygněvъ underwent phonetic shifts characteristic of Polish evolution, including the loss of reduced yers (schwa-like vowels) and palatalization adjustments. The initial *jь- cluster simplified to z- through j-prosthesis loss and assimilation, yielding zby- in Old Polish, as seen in the verb zbyć ("to dispose of" or "to rid").^[10] Simultaneously, *gněvъ developed into gniew, retaining the nasal ę (from *ě before nasals) and fricative w, with stress patterns stabilizing on the first syllable in Polish compounds. These changes aligned with broader Polish linguistic developments, such as the 12th-14th century hardening of palatals and vowel reductions, but the name's core morphology remained intact, avoiding the extensive truncation or Latinization seen in some contemporaneous names.^[13] By the late medieval period (14th-16th centuries), during Middle Polish standardization, Zbigniew appears in its near-modern orthography in vernacular texts and Latin chronicles, with minor spelling variants like Zbygnew reflecting scribal adaptations to Polish phonology amid diglossia with Latin.^[8] The name's resilience to further evolution stems from its conservative preservation in noble and ecclesiastical naming traditions, where archaic Slavic forms persisted despite innovations in everyday lexicon, such as the adoption of zbywać as a synonym for disposal in 16th-century dictionaries. In contemporary Polish, the form Zbigniew endures unchanged, with diminutives like Zbyszek emerging post-18th century via suffixation (-ek), illustrating productive morphology without altering the root etymon.^[14] This stability underscores the name's embedding in Polish's West Slavic branch, diverging from East Slavic cognates (e.g., hypothetical Izbygnev) through specific palatal and prosodic shifts.^[10]

Historical usage

Medieval Poland

The name Zbigniew, of Old Slavic origin meaning "to dispel anger," was attested in medieval Poland among the Piast dynasty's nobility during the early 12th century. Its earliest prominent bearer was Zbigniew (c. 1070–1112), the firstborn son of Duke Władysław I Herman (r. 1079–1102) and his consort Przecława. Upon Władysław's death on 4 June 1102, Zbigniew and his half-brother Bolesław III Wrymouth (c. 1086–1138) jointly inherited the duchy, dividing territories with Zbigniew receiving senior status and control over districts including Łęczyca Land, parts of Kuyavia, and possibly Sieradz, while Bolesław held Silesia.^[15]^[8] Dynastic rivalries intensified under the influence of court factions, culminating in Zbigniew's failed rebellion against Bolesław in 1107, his exile to Bohemia and Germany, subsequent capture upon return, and blinding—an act of political mutilation that rendered him unfit to rule under contemporary customs. These events, detailed in the Gesta principum Polonorum by the monk Gallus Anonymus (composed c. 1112–1118), underscore fraternal strife as a recurring Piast pattern, with Bolesław later performing public penance at Zbigniew's instigation before the latter's death, possibly by starvation, on 8 July 1112 in a monastery. Gallus's narrative, the primary contemporary source, frames the conflict as a test of ducal legitimacy, emphasizing ritual reconciliation but reflecting potential bias toward Bolesław's victorious lineage.^[16] Beyond this ducal instance, evidence for broader usage among non-royal classes remains sparse in surviving records, suggesting the name's early medieval presence was largely confined to elite circles amid Poland's consolidation under Piast fragmentation. The incident contributed to Bolesław's 1138 testament, which partitioned Poland among heirs to avert similar bloodshed, influencing the duchy's feudal evolution until the 14th century.^[17]

Early modern period

In the early modern period, the name Zbigniew continued to appear in Polish noble and intellectual contexts, though prominent examples are sparse in surviving records. A representative figure was the 17th-century poet Zbigniew Morsztyn, whose oeuvre encompassed religious verse, satires, and emblematic literature emblematic of Baroque sensibilities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.^[18] Morsztyn's association with Arian influences and courtly patronage underscores the name's niche endurance among elites amid broader trends favoring classical or Latinized nomenclature.

Cultural significance

In Polish society

Zbigniew remains a traditional masculine given name in Polish society, valued for its deep roots in Slavic linguistic traditions and historical continuity. Its etymology, evoking the resolution of conflict, aligns with cultural emphases on familial and national resilience, particularly evident in its adoption during periods of Polish revivalism.^[19] The name experienced peak popularity in the mid-20th century, ranking among the top five most common boys' names in Poland during the 1960s, a time when post-war reconstruction fostered renewed interest in indigenous Slavic nomenclature over foreign influences.^[19] This era saw Zbigniew bestowed on thousands annually, reflecting broader societal trends toward asserting ethnic identity amid communist-era constraints on cultural expression. In recent decades, however, its usage has sharply declined, with only 53 newborns receiving the name in 2023, placing it at 174th in national rankings.^[20] This shift corresponds to generational preferences for shorter, internationalized names, rendering Zbigniew more characteristic of individuals born before 1980 and symbolizing generational continuity rather than modern trendiness. The name's observance ties into Poland's imieniny tradition, where namedays—often prioritized over birthdays—prompt social gatherings, gifts, and communal recognition, underscoring the enduring role of personal nomenclature in fostering interpersonal bonds and cultural memory.^[21]

In Slavic contexts

The name Zbigniew, originating from the Proto-Slavic compound *jьzbyti ("to dispel" or "to get rid of") and *gněvъ ("anger"), reflects a broader West Slavic tradition of dithematic personal names that encode aspirational qualities such as conflict resolution or emotional mastery.^[12]^[8] In non-Polish Slavic contexts, particularly among Czechs and Slovaks, the name manifests in adapted forms like Zbyhněv or the hypocoristic Zbyněk, which functions independently as a given name and retains the core semantic intent of subduing wrath.^[22] These variants underscore the shared linguistic heritage of West Slavic peoples, where such names historically denoted desirable traits in rulers or warriors, aligning with medieval practices of naming to invoke protection or virtue.^[8] While usage remains infrequent outside Poland—confined largely to diaspora communities or historical records—the Czech form Zbyněk appears in noble lineages, illustrating cross-regional continuity in West Slavic onomastics.^[11] This limited prevalence contrasts with more pan-Slavic names but highlights how Proto-Slavic roots facilitated minor phonetic divergences without altering the etymological essence, as seen in the consistent preservation of the "dispel anger" motif across Czech and Polish phonology.^[12] In contemporary Slavic cultural discourse, Zbigniew and its cognates evoke a sense of archaic authenticity, occasionally revived in nationalist or revivalist movements seeking pre-Christian Slavic identity, though empirical data on frequency shows it as marginal in East and South Slavic regions where equivalent compounds are absent.^[8]

Notable people

A

No notable individuals named Zbigniew with surnames beginning with the letter "A" appear in comprehensive lists of prominent Polish historical figures, politicians, artists, athletes, or intellectuals.^[23] Extensive enumerations of famous bearers of the name, such as diplomats, poets, actors, and sportsmen, consistently highlight figures like Zbigniew Brzezinski (diplomat, 1928–2017) and Zbigniew Cybulski (actor, 1927–1967), but omit any with "A" surnames.^[24]^[25] This absence suggests limited or unverified prominence for such individuals in verifiable records up to 2025.

B

Zbigniew Boniek (born 3 March 1956) is a retired Polish footballer renowned for his versatility as a forward and midfielder. He began his professional career at Zawisza Bydgoszcz before transferring to Widzew Łódź, where he secured two Polish league titles and netted 50 goals in domestic competition.^[26] Boniek achieved international acclaim with Juventus and Roma in Italy's Serie A, scoring 24 goals in 80 appearances for Poland, including a standout hat-trick against Belgium at the 1982 FIFA World Cup, which propelled the team to third place.^[27] He later held the position of president of the Polish Football Association from 2012 to 2021.^[28] Zbigniew Brzezinski (28 March 1928 – 26 May 2017) was a Polish-American political scientist and statesman who shaped U.S. foreign policy as National Security Advisor under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981. Born in Warsaw to a diplomatic family, Brzezinski relocated to Canada in 1938 following his father's consular assignment, later emigrating to the United States, where he obtained citizenship in 1958 after earning a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1953.^[29]^[30] During his tenure, he advocated for a hardline stance against the Soviet Union, contributing to the Camp David Accords, the normalization of diplomatic ties with China in 1979, and the initiation of covert U.S. support for Afghan resistance fighters against the 1979 Soviet invasion.^[3] A prolific author and professor at institutions like Columbia University and Johns Hopkins SAIS, Brzezinski emphasized geopolitical strategy centered on Eurasia as pivotal to global power dynamics.^[31] Zbigniew Bujak (born 1954) is a Polish activist and trade union leader instrumental in the Solidarity movement's resistance to communist rule. An electrical technician by training, Bujak worked at Warsaw's Ursus tractor factory, where he organized strikes and engaged in opposition activities starting in 1978.^[32] Following the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981, he coordinated the underground Solidarity network in the Warsaw region, directing operations for over four years while evading authorities as the last major leader at large.^[33] Arrested on 1 June 1986 and charged with subversion, Bujak was amnestied later that year, subsequently entering politics as a Solidarity-affiliated member of the Polish Sejm from 1989 to 1993.^[34]

C

Zbigniew Cybulski (3 November 1927 – 8 January 1967) was a Polish actor celebrated for embodying post-war disillusionment and youthful rebellion in cinema, earning comparisons to James Dean as an icon of Polish youth culture.^[35] His breakthrough came with the role of Maciek Chełmicki, a conflicted Home Army assassin, in Andrzej Wajda's Ashes and Diamonds (1958), which propelled him to international prominence and symbolized resistance against communist conformity.^[36] Cybulski appeared in over 35 films, often portraying introspective anti-heroes marked by moral ambiguity and existential angst, frequently donning dark sunglasses that became his signature trait.^[37] Born in Kniaże, a village near Stanisławów (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine), Cybulski spent his early years in a region affected by interwar Polish-Ukrainian tensions and World War II displacements.^[38] After the war, he relocated within Poland and initially pursued studies in economics at the Kraków University of Economics and journalism at the School of Social Sciences in 1947, but shifted focus after two years to acting at the State Higher School of Acting (now the AST National Academy of Theatre Arts) in Kraków, graduating in 1953.^[38]^[36] He debuted on stage that year at the Wybrzeże Theatre in Gdańsk under director Leon Schiller, and co-founded the avant-garde Bim-Bom Student Theatre with Bogumił Kobiela, experimenting with innovative, non-traditional performances that influenced Poland's post-Stalinist cultural thaw.^[36] Cybulski's film career gained momentum in the Polish School of the 1950s, collaborating repeatedly with Wajda on war-themed works like Kanal (1957), where he played a resistance fighter in the Warsaw Uprising sewers, enhancing his reputation for raw, naturalistic portrayals. His style—intense, improvisational, and defiantly individualistic—challenged socialist realist norms, resonating with audiences amid Poland's 1956 Poznań protests and subsequent liberalization.^[37] Later roles in films such as Innocent Sorcerers (1960) and Salto (1965) explored urban alienation and absurdity, solidifying his status as a symbol of generational unrest.^[36] On 8 January 1967, Cybulski died at age 39 in an accident at Wrocław Główny railway station while traveling from a film set; attempting to board a moving train by jumping onto it—a habitual stunt-like maneuver—he slipped, fell onto the tracks, and was fatally struck by the locomotive.^[35]^[37] His untimely death amplified his mythic aura, prompting national mourning and inspiring the annual Zbigniew Cybulski Award, established in 1969 by the Polish Film Critics Association to honor emerging actors under 30 for promising debuts.^[37] This recognition underscores his enduring influence on Polish cinema, where he bridged wartime trauma and modern existentialism without state-approved optimism.

D

Zbigniew Drzewiecki (8 April 1890 – 11 April 1971) was a Polish pianist and influential pedagogue who specialized in the works of Frédéric Chopin.^[39] He began piano studies with his father and later trained at the Warsaw Conservatory under Piotr Rytel and Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński.^[39] Drzewiecki performed internationally in cities including Vienna, Berlin, Prague, and across Poland, though he prioritized teaching over solo career, serving as professor and rector at the State Higher School of Music in Warsaw from 1947.^[40] His students included prominent 20th-century pianists such as Halina Czerny-Stefańska, Fou Ts'ong, and Maurizio Pollini, contributing significantly to the transmission of Polish pianistic traditions.^[41] Zbigniew Dłubak (26 April 1921 – 21 August 2005) was a Polish painter, photographer, and art theoretician active in post-World War II avant-garde circles.^[42] Imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps during the war, he emerged as a self-taught experimenter who co-founded the Permafo group and gallery in 1970, promoting conceptual and formal innovations in photography and painting.^[43] Dłubak edited the magazine Fotografia for two decades starting in the 1950s and advocated for recognizing photography and painting as distinct yet interconnected artistic media, influencing Polish visual arts through works like his 1940s stadium series and later abstract experiments.^[43]^[44] Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz (12 May 1936 – 28 February 2021) was a Polish-American cell biologist and cytometrist who advanced techniques in flow cytometry for cancer research.^[45] Born in Dzisna, he earned his MD and PhD in Poland before emigrating, eventually becoming Professor of Pathology at New York Medical College and Director of the Brander Cancer Research Institute from 1990.^[46] His work focused on molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, and necrosis, including patents for detecting halogenated DNA precursors and methods for multiparameter analysis of cell cycle and death.^[45] Darzynkiewicz contributed over 300 publications and supported the cytometry community through advocacy and editorial roles.^[47] Zbigniew Dalewski (born 1956) is a Polish medieval historian specializing in the political and cultural history of East-Central Europe during the Middle Ages.^[48] Affiliated with the Institute of History at the Polish Academy of Sciences since habilitation in 2006, he holds a full professorship from 2017 and researches topics including dynastic conflicts, rituals, and kingship in the Piast dynasty.^[48] Dalewski authored Ritual and Politics: Writing the History of a Dynastic Conflict in Medieval Poland (2008), analyzing narrative sources on 12th-century Polish power struggles, and has published extensively on historiographical perspectives of early Piast polity.^[49]

F

Zbigniew Firlej (c. 1613–1649) was a Polish nobleman bearing the Lewart coat of arms and served as the Starost of Lublin from 1633 until his death. He commanded as colonel of the county military forces in the Lublin Voivodeship in 1648. Firlej represented one of the final influential figures from the Firlej family in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's political landscape, with his 1649 testament documenting administrative and familial concerns of the era.^[50] Zbigniew Fedyczak (26 August 1952 – 16 February 2024) competed as a pistol shooter for Poland at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, participating in the 50 metre free pistol and 25 metre rapid fire pistol events. Representing Gwardia Zielona Góra, he earned Polish national championships in free pistol shooting and collected medals across world and European championships, including six in total from senior international competitions. Fedyczak also pursued an academic career, habilitating in electrical engineering at the University of Zielona Góra where he taught until his death.^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]

G

Zbigniew Girzyński (born March 17, 1973, in Sierpc) is a Polish historian, academic, and politician. He holds a habilitation doctorate in humanities and serves as a professor at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, specializing in modern history. Girzyński was elected to the Sejm (lower house of the Polish parliament) in 2005 for the 5th Toruń district, serving until 2015, and again from 2019 to 2023 as a member of Law and Justice.^[55]^[56] Zbigniew Gawlik (born July 1, 1956) is a retired Polish handball player. He represented Poland at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and the 1982 Men's Handball World Championship.^[57] Zbigniew Gawior (December 15, 1946 – May 20, 2003), often spelled Gawlor in some records, was a Polish luger active in the late 1960s. He competed internationally, contributing to Poland's efforts in the sport during that era.

H

Zbigniew Herbert (October 29, 1924 – July 28, 1998) was a Polish poet, essayist, playwright, and moral philosopher whose works emphasized ethical individualism and resistance to totalitarianism. Born in Lwów, then part of interwar Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), to a Polish family with an English grandfather who had settled in the region, Herbert studied economics, law, and philosophy at underground universities during the Nazi occupation and later at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and the University of Warsaw after World War II.^[58]^[59]^[60] Herbert's poetry, often infused with classical allusions, irony, and a defense of human dignity, critiqued the moral compromises under communist rule in Poland while drawing on ancient Greek and Roman themes to affirm timeless values against ideological conformity. His debut collection, String of Light (1956), marked his emergence, followed by influential volumes like Study of the Object (1967) and Report from the Besieged City (1983), the latter widely interpreted as an allegory for Poland's struggle under Soviet domination. He received the Nikifor Prize in 1965 and the Polish PEN Club award in 1984 for foreign émigré writers, though he faced censorship and surveillance from Polish authorities for his opposition to the regime.^[58]^[59]^[61] In essays such as those in Barbarian in the Garden (1962), Herbert explored art, history, and culture with a skeptical eye toward modern ideologies, prioritizing empirical observation and personal integrity over collective dogma. His dramatic works, including adaptations of classical texts, reinforced themes of stoic endurance. Herbert spent periods in exile, including in France and the United States, but returned to Warsaw, where he died from respiratory failure exacerbated by long-term illness. Widely translated into over 20 languages, his oeuvre continues to be valued for its intellectual rigor and anti-authoritarian stance, influencing dissident literature in Eastern Europe.^[59]^[60]^[62]

J

Zbigniew Jagiełło (born 23 January 1964) is a Polish banker and financial executive. He served as President of the Management Board of PKO Bank Polski, Poland's largest bank, from October 2009 to June 2021, during which he oversaw the institution's business and technological transformation, including the development of digital banking services.^[63] Jagiełło has over 25 years of experience in banking and finance, having previously led Pioneer Pekao Investment Management.^[64] Zbigniew Janiszewski (born 26 August 1931) is a retired Polish track and field athlete specializing in the pole vault. He represented Poland at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, where he qualified for the final and achieved a height of 4.15 meters, placing 12th overall.^[65] His personal best performance was 4.15 meters, recorded during that competition. Zbigniew Jankowski (26 December 1931 – 6 July 2024) was a Polish poet, writer, essayist, and literary critic. Born in Bydgoszcz, he produced works of contemporary poetry, including religious and Christian-themed collections published as late as 2007, and engaged in translations from Hungarian literature.^[66] Jankowski contributed to Polish literary discourse through essays and criticism, with several books to his name spanning poetry and prose.^[67]

K

Zbigniew Antoni Kowalski (born 20 May 1955), better known by his professional pseudonym Zbigniew Preisner, is a Polish composer specializing in film scores and orchestral works.^[68] Born in Bielsko-Biała, he studied history and philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków but is largely self-taught in music, having pursued private studies rather than formal conservatory training.^[68] He adopted the surname Preisner, derived from his wife Ewa Preisner, a painter, to distinguish his artistic identity.^[69] Preisner's career gained prominence in the late 1980s through collaborations with director Krzysztof Kieślowski, beginning with the score for the television series Decalogue (1988–1989), a series of ten films exploring ethical dilemmas.^[68] His work on Kieślowski's Three Colours trilogy—Blue (1993), White (1994), and Red (1994)—earned international acclaim, with the Blue soundtrack featuring the choral piece "Song for the Unification of Europe," incorporating a fabricated biography of a Dutch composer, Van den Budenmayer, as a narrative device.^[70] These scores blend minimalist orchestration, choral elements, and motifs drawing from classical traditions, emphasizing emotional restraint and thematic depth.^[68] Beyond film, Preisner has composed larger-scale pieces, including the oratorio Requiem for My Friend (1998), dedicated to a deceased friend and premiered in Kraków, which integrates requiem mass structure with personal lamentations.^[71] Other notable works encompass Silence, Night and Dreams (2007), inspired by the Book of Job, and contributions to albums like David Gilmour's On an Island (2006).^[72] His compositions often reflect Polish cultural influences while achieving global recognition, with recordings released by labels such as Erato and Universal.^[68]

L

Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz (25 October 1943 – 13 September 2024) was a Polish psychiatrist, psychotherapist, and leading expert in sexology, serving as the national consultant in the field.^[73] He promoted sexual education through public discourse and authored books such as Lew-Starowicz o miłości, addressing topics like love and human relationships.^[74] His research included studies on sexual dysfunctions and risk factors, with publications documenting prevalence rates in Poland, such as a 2022 analysis co-authored on dysfunctions affecting 1031-1040 cases.^[75] ^[76] Zbigniew Libera (born 7 July 1959) is a Polish visual artist specializing in installations, photography, video works, and performance, often critiquing mass culture, consumerism, and social conventions through conceptual pieces.^[77] ^[78] Associated with the Łódź art scene in the 1980s before moving to Warsaw in 1988, his notable work Lego Concentration Camp (1996) reconstructs a Nazi camp using authentic Lego bricks from commercial sets to provoke reflection on sanitized historical representations.^[79] Libera's oeuvre, exhibited internationally including at Tate Modern, blends pop art influences with institutional critique, as seen in projects analyzing advertising and totalitarianism.^[80] Zbigniew Lengren (2 February 1919 – 1 October 2003) was a Polish graphic artist, cartoonist, and illustrator renowned for satirical drawings and the comic character Professor Filutek, a whimsical everyman figure evoking childlike wonder amid everyday absurdities.^[81] Born in Tula, Russia, to Polish parents, he contributed to posters, scenography, and radio, with works featured in films like Tajemnica starego zamku (1956).^[82] His Warsaw studio, preserved as Lengrenówka at the Museum of Caricature, highlights his multifaceted career in visual satire spanning over six decades.^[83] Zbigniew Lubiejewski (born 6 November 1949) competed as an outside hitter for the Poland men's national volleyball team from 1972 to 1977, including at the 1976 Montreal Olympics where the team placed in group play.^[84] ^[85] Hailing from Bartoszyce, he later coached, contributing to Polish volleyball development through clubs and national programs.^[86] Zbigniew Leśniak (born 12 March 1950) is a Polish slalom canoeist who earned bronze medals in the C-2 team event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Spittal an der Drau (1977) and Skopje (1975).^[87] Representing Poland at the 1972 Munich Olympics, he finished 17th in C-2 with partner Maciej Rychta, recording a time of 455.70 points amid a field of 18 pairs.^[88] A native of Nowy Sącz, Leśniak specialized in mountain slalom and descent disciplines, securing Polish national titles in C-2.^[89]

M

Zbigniew Messner (13 March 1929 – 10 January 2014) was a Polish economist and politician affiliated with the Polish United Workers' Party, the ruling communist organization.^[90] Born in Stryj (then part of Poland, now Stryi in Ukraine), he pursued an academic career in economics, becoming a professor and focusing on economic policy within the socialist framework.^[90] His ancestors were of German-Polish descent who had integrated into Polish society over generations.^[90] Messner entered high-level politics in the 1980s amid Poland's deepening economic crisis and political unrest following the imposition of martial law in 1981. He served as deputy prime minister from 1983 to 1985 before being appointed prime minister on 6 November 1985 by President Wojciech Jaruzelski, with a mandate to enact stabilization reforms, including price adjustments and austerity measures aimed at curbing inflation and shortages.^[91] These policies, however, exacerbated public discontent and failed to resolve underlying structural issues in the command economy, contributing to strikes and growing opposition from the Solidarity movement.^[92] His government resigned en masse in September 1988 after he tendered his cabinet's resignation, amid warnings that leadership changes alone would not avert collapse without broader systemic shifts.^[92]^[91] Messner remained a Central Committee member until 1988 but withdrew from active politics following the fall of communism in 1989, returning to academia. He died in Warsaw on 10 January 2014 at age 84 from a myocardial infarction.^[90]

N

Zbigniew Brzezinski served as National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter from January 20, 1977, to January 20, 1981, becoming the principal architect of the administration's foreign policy amid the Cold War's final throes.^[93] In this role, he centralized decision-making within the National Security Council, often bypassing traditional State Department channels, which expanded the advisor's influence but fostered internal rivalries, particularly with Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, whose dovish inclinations contrasted Brzezinski's emphasis on geopolitical containment of the Soviet Union.^[94] His tenure emphasized strategic realism, prioritizing U.S. power projection over idealistic human rights rhetoric, though the administration initially promoted the latter as a policy cornerstone.^[95] Brzezinski played a pivotal role in several diplomatic breakthroughs, including the normalization of U.S.-China relations. In May 1978, he led a high-level delegation to Beijing, negotiating the framework for mutual recognition that culminated in formal diplomatic ties on January 1, 1979, and facilitated Deng Xiaoping's visit to the U.S. later that year, countering Soviet influence in Asia.^[96] He also contributed to the Camp David Accords in September 1978, advising Carter on pressuring Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin toward the Egypt-Israel peace treaty signed in March 1979, though Vance handled primary negotiations.^[95] On arms control, Brzezinski supported the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) treaty signed in June 1979, which capped U.S. and Soviet nuclear arsenals despite Senate ratification failures amid the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.^[97] Additionally, he endorsed the Panama Canal Treaties ratified in 1978, transferring control to Panama by 1999 to preempt regional instability.^[96] In response to escalating Soviet assertiveness, Brzezinski advocated robust countermeasures, notably after the December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. He urged Carter to approve covert CIA aid to Afghan mujahideen insurgents starting in July 1979—months before the invasion—to destabilize the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul, a strategy later acknowledged as intended to draw Soviet forces into a quagmire, though declassified records emphasize post-invasion escalation with $500 million in annual U.S. support by 1980.^[98] This shift marked a pivot from détente to confrontation, including the U.S. boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics and grain embargo against the USSR. Brzezinski also influenced Carter's January 1980 State of the Union address, articulating the Carter Doctrine to defend Persian Gulf oil interests militarily against external threats.^[97] Critics, including Vance and some congressional Democrats, faulted Brzezinski's assertive style for undermining policy coherence, as his direct access to Carter exacerbated bureaucratic silos and contributed to perceived missteps like the Iranian Revolution of 1979, where U.S. support for the shah unraveled amid intelligence failures on revolutionary momentum.^[94] During the Iran hostage crisis from November 1979 to January 1981, Brzezinski backed the aborted Operation Eagle Claw rescue mission in April 1980, which failed due to mechanical issues and coordination lapses, killing eight U.S. servicemen and eroding public confidence.^[95] Detractors portrayed him as overly hawkish, prioritizing anti-Soviet maneuvers over alliance-building, yet supporters credit his counsel with preventing Soviet intervention in Poland's 1980 Solidarity crisis through veiled threats of economic reprisal.^[98] Upon leaving office, Carter awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom for contributions to national security.^[1]

O

Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century, published in 1993 by Charles Scribner's Sons, examines the geopolitical landscape following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, contending that the era heralds not unbridled peace but escalating global disorder. Brzezinski posits that the absence of bipolar confrontation has unleashed latent instabilities, including the fragmentation of multiethnic states, resurgence of tribal and religious conflicts, and the diffusion of advanced weaponry to non-state actors, rendering the international system more volatile than during the Cold War.^[99]^[100] Central to the book's thesis is the critique of post-Cold War triumphalism, which Brzezinski views as dangerously complacent; he highlights risks from nuclear proliferation in unstable regions, economic disequilibria exacerbating inequality, and the erosion of centralized authority in successor states to empires like the USSR and Yugoslavia. Drawing on historical precedents of mass violence in the 20th century—termed "megadeaths" by the author—he urges extraction of moral and strategic lessons to avert similar catastrophes, emphasizing causal links between ideological vacuums and societal collapse. Brzezinski advocates for proactive Western, particularly American, engagement to stabilize key flashpoints, while cautioning against overextension without domestic renewal.^[101]^[102] The volume addresses America's pivotal role, arguing that U.S. primacy demands confronting internal "basic dilemmas" such as moral relativism, urban decay, and fiscal irresponsibility, which undermine its capacity for global leadership and legitimacy. Brzezinski warns that without revitalizing its societal cohesion and ethical foundations, the United States risks forfeiting influence to resurgent regional powers or diffuse chaos, framing this as a geostrategic imperative rather than mere idealism. He critiques multilateral institutions like the United Nations for inadequacy in managing these threats, favoring selective coalitions led by capable democracies.^[103]^[100] Reception among analysts praised the work's prescience in forecasting persistent conflict zones, such as the Balkans and post-Soviet Eurasia, over optimistic narratives of perpetual peace, though some noted its deterministic undertones potentially underplaying adaptive human agency. Foreign Affairs described it as providing a "dependable and sober view of the crises to come," underscoring Brzezinski's analytical rigor in dissecting political currents. The New York Times lauded its logical argumentation against euphoria, positioning the book as a counterweight to end-of-history theses, despite occasional stylistic lapses. Overall, Out of Control reinforced Brzezinski's reputation for realist foresight, influencing debates on managing multipolar risks into the 21st century.^[99]^[100]^[102]

P

Brzezinski's scholarly output focused primarily on Soviet politics, geopolitical strategy, and the evolution of American global leadership, reflecting his realist perspective on power dynamics and ideological competition during the Cold War and beyond. His books often drew on empirical analysis of state behavior, emphasizing causal factors like technological shifts, resource control, and alliance structures over normative ideals.^[104]^[105] Among his early works, The Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism (1956), based on his doctoral research, examined the Stalinist system's reliance on continuous purges to maintain elite cohesion and suppress dissent, using archival data and biographical studies of purged officials to argue that such mechanisms were inherent to totalitarian governance rather than aberrations.^[106] Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (1967), co-edited with Samuel P. Huntington, compiled essays analyzing how Marxist-Leninist ideology adapted to sustain ruling party dominance amid internal power struggles.^[107] In Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era (1970), Brzezinski forecasted the transformative effects of cybernetic and electronic technologies on governance, predicting a shift from industrial to "technetronic" societies where information control would redefine sovereignty and potentially erode traditional nation-state authority, urging the U.S. to lead in adapting democratic institutions to these changes.^[108] His memoir Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981 (1983) detailed his tenure under President Carter, defending policies like the normalization of U.S.-China relations and support for Afghan resistance against Soviet invasion as pragmatic counters to expansionism, while critiquing bureaucratic inertia in foreign policy execution.^[109] Later publications addressed post-Cold War challenges. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (1997) posited Eurasia as the pivotal arena for U.S. hegemony, advocating containment of potential rivals like Russia and integration of Europe to prevent anti-American coalitions, grounded in geographic determinism and historical precedents of continental powers.^[110] The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century (1989) traced communism's ideological bankruptcy through case studies of failed implementations in the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China, attributing its collapse to economic inefficiency and moral decay rather than external pressures alone.^[105] Brzezinski continued with Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century (1993), warning of unmanaged globalization risks like ethnic conflicts and nuclear proliferation in a unipolar world. The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership (2004) critiqued unilateralism under the early Bush administration, proposing multilateral frameworks to sustain U.S. influence without overextension. Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower (2007) evaluated Clinton, Bush, and early Obama eras, arguing for renewed focus on alliance-building and energy independence to counter rising powers. His final major work, Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power (2012), assessed demographic and economic trends favoring Asia, recommending U.S. pivots toward Pacific alliances while addressing domestic revitalization to avoid relative decline.^[111]^[110] Beyond monographs, Brzezinski contributed extensively to journals like Foreign Affairs, with essays on topics such as Soviet military doctrine and U.S. grand strategy, and co-authored volumes like America and the World (2008) with Brent Scowcroft, discussing adaptive foreign policy amid multipolarity. His writings consistently prioritized verifiable geopolitical metrics—such as control over key chokepoints and resource flows—over ideological wishful thinking, influencing policy debates despite criticisms from isolationists and multilateralists alike.^[104]^[112]

R

Brzezinski harbored a profound distrust of the Soviet Union, rooted in the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, which displaced his family and instilled in him a view of Russian expansionism as an inherent threat. This personal experience informed his geopolitical outlook, leading him to reject détente in favor of a confrontational strategy aimed at eroding Soviet power.^[113]^[114] During his tenure as National Security Advisor from 1977 to 1981, Brzezinski advocated policies to isolate the Soviet Union by strengthening Western alliances, fostering ties with the Global South, and promoting human rights to delegitimize the regime internally. He pushed for increased support to anti-Soviet dissidents in Eastern Europe and emphasized military buildup, including the normalization of defense spending and deployment of Pershing II missiles in Europe, to counter Soviet adventurism. A pivotal element was his role in initiating covert U.S. aid to Afghan mujahideen insurgents in July 1979—six months before the Soviet invasion—explicitly to heighten pressures on Moscow and provoke a quagmire akin to Vietnam. In a 1998 interview, Brzezinski acknowledged that the aid was designed to "increase the probability" of Soviet intervention, defending it as a calculated risk that contributed to the USSR's eventual collapse despite potential blowback.^[3]^[115]^[116] After the Soviet dissolution, Brzezinski's analysis in The Grand Chessboard (1997) framed post-communist Russia as a diminished but potentially revanchist power, lacking the imperial cohesion to dominate Eurasia without key buffers like Ukraine. He argued that "without Ukraine, Russia ceases to be a Eurasian empire," advocating U.S. engagement to integrate Russia into Western structures while preventing any resurgence of Moscow's sphere of influence through NATO expansion and support for independent states in the post-Soviet space. Brzezinski warned against Russian-NATO hostility but viewed sustained American primacy in Eurasia as essential to containing Russian geopolitical ambitions, a perspective that influenced U.S. policy amid Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea.^[114]^[117]

S

Zbigniew Seifert (June 6, 1946 – February 15, 1979) was a Polish jazz violinist recognized for his improvisational mastery and innovative fusion of jazz with classical elements.^[118] Born in Kraków, Seifert initially trained on alto saxophone before transitioning to violin, drawing influences from John Coltrane's intensity while developing a distinctive, self-taught technique on the instrument.^[118] ^[119] Seifert gained international acclaim after winning the jazz violin competition at the 1971 Montreux International Jazz Festival, which elevated his profile beyond Poland.^[118] He performed and recorded with leading Polish jazz figures, including as a member of ensembles led by Krzysztof Komeda and Tomasz Stańko, contributing to the vibrant post-World War II Polish jazz scene.^[118] In the late 1970s, he collaborated with American musicians such as Jack DeJohnette and John Scofield on the 1978 album Passion, released by Capitol Records, and led sessions for the PSI label, producing works like Message from B and Seifert.^[118] His compositions, such as those on the 1977 album Man of the Light, showcased rapid, emotive violin lines blending bebop, free jazz, and Eastern European folk motifs.^[119] Seifert's career was cut short by cancer, leading to his death at age 32 in Buffalo, New York, where he had relocated for treatment; contemporaries regarded him as one of Poland's premier jazz exports, comparable in potential to expatriates like Michał Urbaniak.^[118] ^[119] His recordings continue to influence violinists in fusion and avant-garde jazz, with reissues maintaining availability through labels like Discogs-documented compilations of live and studio material from the 1970s.^[120]

T

In his 1970 book Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era, Zbigniew Brzezinski introduced the concept of the "technetronic era" to describe the transition from an industrial society to one profoundly reshaped by advanced technology, particularly electronics, computers, and automation.^[121] This era, he posited, would redefine human existence culturally, psychologically, socially, and economically, with technology serving as the dominant force supplanting traditional industrial mechanisms like mass production and mechanical energy.^[121] Brzezinski viewed this shift as an inevitable progression, building on historical phases from agrarian to industrial societies, but accelerating due to scientific advancements that enable instantaneous global communication and data processing.^[122] Central to the technetronic framework is the integration of cybernetic systems and information technology, which Brzezinski argued would foster a "postindustrial" order characterized by automated decision-making, electronic governance, and the erosion of physical labor's primacy.^[123] He emphasized that this era would amplify elite influence, as complex technological infrastructures demand specialized knowledge inaccessible to the masses, potentially leading to a "more controlled society" dominated by technocratic elites unbound by conventional moral or democratic restraints.^[124] Such control, in his analysis, could manifest through subtle behavioral manipulation via pervasive surveillance and propaganda tailored by algorithms, rather than overt coercion.^[124] Brzezinski warned of dual outcomes: enhanced human potential through technological liberation from scarcity, but also risks of alienation, inequality, and authoritarian drift if political institutions fail to adapt.^[121] For the United States, he advocated proactive leadership in shaping this era, including global coordination among advanced democracies to harness technology for stability and counter communist rigidity, which he saw as incompatible with rapid innovation.^[121] He stressed expanding political participation to mitigate elite dominance, arguing that technetronic tools could enable direct democracy via real-time feedback, though only if power decentralizes from bureaucratic hierarchies.^[122] Critics have noted Brzezinski's optimism about American adaptability contrasted with his foresight into surveillance potentials, which later observers linked to developments like the internet and big data, though he did not predict specific inventions like the World Wide Web.^[121] His theory underscored causal links between technological capability and power redistribution, prioritizing empirical trends in computing power—such as the exponential growth in transistor density observed by 1970—over ideological abstractions.^[123] This framework influenced subsequent geopolitical strategy, informing Brzezinski's later emphasis on information dominance in international relations.^[121]

W

Brzezinski viewed the post-Cold War international system as a unipolar moment dominated by American power, which he deemed essential for global stability and the prevention of Eurasian hegemony. In The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (1997), he posited Eurasia as the decisive geopolitical pivot, asserting that "the three most important geopolitical prizes—the key to global power—are western Europe, eastern Europe, and East Asia."^[125] He argued that U.S. strategy must prioritize alliances with Europe and Japan while countering potential challengers like Russia and China to sustain this order, emphasizing geostrategic control over ideological crusades.^[125] This realist framework extended to his critique of multipolar illusions, where he warned that without active U.S. leadership, revisionist powers could form an "antihegemonic" bloc threatening Western primacy. By 2012, in Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power, Brzezinski highlighted demographic and economic shifts favoring Asia but maintained that America's military and alliance networks—particularly NATO—remained indispensable for managing transitions in world order. He advocated expanding democratic governance in Eastern Europe as a bulwark, linking it causally to deterring Russian revanchism through integration rather than isolation.^[3] Brzezinski's prescriptions prioritized causal mechanisms of power projection, such as naval dominance and energy pipelines, over multilateral consensus alone, reflecting his skepticism of unchecked global institutions without U.S. backing. His 1989 analysis in The Grand Failure foresaw communism's collapse as opening paths to a U.S.-led order, but only if Washington enforced principled engagement against authoritarian resurgence.^[105] Critics from realist and progressive circles alike noted his hawkish tilt, yet empirical outcomes like NATO's 1999 enlargement aligned with his predictions of stabilizing Eastern Europe against Soviet successor threats.^[126]

Z

Zbigniew Brzezinski (March 28, 1928 – May 26, 2017) was a Polish-American political scientist, geostrategist, and government official who shaped U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War, most notably as National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter from January 20, 1977, to January 20, 1981.^[127] ^[128] A staunch anti-communist influenced by his experiences under Soviet domination, Brzezinski advocated for an assertive U.S. posture to counter Soviet expansionism, emphasizing the strategic importance of Eurasia as the pivotal geopolitical arena for global power dynamics.^[96] His tenure involved key initiatives such as facilitating the normalization of U.S.-China relations in 1979, negotiating the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) treaty signed on June 18, 1979, and authorizing covert U.S. support for Afghan mujahideen fighters against the Soviet invasion starting in December 1979, which contributed to the eventual Soviet withdrawal in 1989.^[1] ^[129] Born in Warsaw to a Polish Catholic family with diplomatic ties—his father, Tadeusz Brzezinski, served as a consul—Brzezinski's early life was marked by the interwar instability of Eastern Europe.^[128] In 1938, anticipating war, the family relocated to Montreal, Canada, where young Zbigniew attended Loyola College before enrolling at McGill University, earning a B.A. in economics and political science in 1949 and an M.A. in 1950.^[130] He then pursued a Ph.D. in government at Harvard University, completing it in 1953 with a dissertation on Soviet foreign policy, reflecting his growing focus on totalitarian systems.^[131] Immigrating to the U.S. in the late 1950s, Brzezinski naturalized as a citizen and began an academic career, initially teaching at Harvard until 1960, then moving to Columbia University where he directed the Research Institute on Communist Affairs and rose to full professor by 1962.^[131] His scholarship emphasized the ideological rigidity of communism and the need for Western strategies to exploit Soviet vulnerabilities, as detailed in early works like The Permanent Purge (1956), analyzing Stalinist purges based on archival data. In government service, Brzezinski advised Democratic administrations prior to his NSC role, counseling Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson on European affairs and contributing to the 1966 State Department Policy Planning Staff.^[130] As National Security Advisor, he prioritized human rights as a tool against Soviet influence, helping formulate the Carter administration's response to dissidents like Andrei Sakharov, and pushed for military aid to bolster U.S. credibility amid events such as the 1979 Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis.^[96] His advocacy for arming Afghan rebels via CIA's Operation Cyclone, initiated in July 1979, aimed to impose costs on the USSR, drawing on realist calculations that peripheral conflicts could drain Soviet resources—a strategy later credited with accelerating the USSR's collapse, though critics attributed long-term instability in Afghanistan to it.^[132] Post-Carter, Brzezinski remained influential, advising on NATO expansion, critiquing the 2003 Iraq invasion as a strategic misstep that empowered Iran, and serving as a foreign policy consultant to President Barack Obama in 2008.^[104] He warned against over-reliance on military interventions, favoring alliances with Europe to counter rising powers like Russia and China.^[3] Brzezinski authored over a dozen books outlining grand strategy, including Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era (1970), which foresaw technological shifts reshaping global power, and Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (1983), defending his Carter-era decisions against detractors like Secretary of State Cyrus Vance.^[133] His seminal The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (1997, Basic Books) posited Eurasia as the "grand chessboard" where U.S. hegemony must prevent a single dominant rival, urging engagement with Ukraine and Central Asia to fragment Russian influence while integrating Europe into a transatlantic framework—principles rooted in balance-of-power realism rather than ideological crusades.^[6] Later volumes like Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power (2012) argued for renewed U.S. focus on Asia-Pacific alliances amid declining European cohesion and China's ascent, drawing on empirical trends in demographics, energy, and military capabilities.^[104] These writings, grounded in historical analogies to imperial declines, influenced policymakers but faced scrutiny for underestimating non-state actors and cultural factors in geopolitics. Brzezinski died on May 26, 2017, at his home in Falls Church, Virginia, from natural causes at age 89, leaving a legacy as a Cold War victor whose Eurasian focus anticipated 21st-century rivalries, though his hawkish realism clashed with domestic critics favoring isolationism.^[134] Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981 for contributions to U.S.-China ties and human rights advocacy, his approach privileged causal linkages between geography, power projection, and alliance-building over multilateral idealism.^[1]

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Zbigniew Dalewski - Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN
Habilitation: 2006 (IH PAN) Associate professor in IH PAN since 2010. Full professorship: 2017. Specialisation: medieval history. Department/Section:.
[50]
https://repozytorium.uni.lodz.pl/handle/11089/56077
[51]
Starosta lubelski Zbigniew Firlej (zm. 1649) i jego testament z dnia ...
Jul 23, 2025 · Był on bez wątpienia jednym z ostatnich przedstawicieli rodziny Firlejów odgrywających istotną rolę na scenie politycznej Rzeczypospolitej.
[52]
Zbigniew Fedyczak - Olympedia
Biographical information ; Zbigniew•Fedyczak · Zbigniew•Fedyczak · 26 August 1952 in Zielona Góra, Lubuskie (POL) · 161 cm / 56 kg · Gwardia Zielona Góra, Zielona ...<|separator|>
[53]
Zbigniew Fedyczak (1952-2024) - Polski Komitet Olimpijski
Zbigniew Fedyczak (1952-2024). nauczyciel akademicki, strzelec (pistolet) Gwardii Zielona Góra, mistrz Polski, medalista mistrzostw świata i Europy, olimpijczyk ...
[54]
Aktualności - Zmarł dr hab. inż. Zbigniew Fedyczak, prof. UZ
Feb 19, 2024 · Reprezentował barwy Gwardii Zielona Góra. Olimpijczyk z Monachium z 1972 r. Ponadto Mistrz Polski w strzelaniu z pistoletu dowolnego w latach ...
[55]
Zmarł Zbigniew Fedyczak | Polski Związek Strzelectwa Sportowego
Feb 21, 2024 · Medalisty Mistrzostw Świata. Mistrza i wielokrotnego medalisty Mistrzostw Europy. Wielokrotnego Mistrza i medalisty Mistrzostw Polski.
[56]
Zbigniew Girzyński - Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Data i miejsce urodzenia: 17-03-1973, Sierpc · Wykształcenie: wyższe · Tytuł/stopień naukowy: doktor habilitowany · Ukończona szkoła: Uniwersytet Mikołaja ...
[57]
dr hab. Zbigniew Girzyński, prof. UMK - Wydział Nauk Historycznych
Lista pracowników. dr hab. Zbigniew Girzyński, prof. UMK profesor uniwersytetu. Katedra Historii XIX-XX Wieku i Historii Najnowszej, Instytut Historii i ...<|separator|>
[58]
Zbigniew Gawlik - Spouse, Children, Birthday & More - Playback.fm
Zbigniew Gawlik. Age. 69 years old. Birth. birth date. 1956-07-01. birth place. Kraków. Work. occupations. Handball Player. Locations. countries of citizenship.
[59]
Zbigniew Herbert | Poet, Philosopher, Essayist | Britannica
Zbigniew Herbert (born October 29, 1924, Lwów, Poland [now Lviv, Ukraine]—died July 28, 1998, Warsaw) was one of the leading Polish poets of the post-World War ...
[60]
Zbigniew Herbert | The Poetry Foundation
Zbigniew Herbert was a poet, playwright, and essayist. He was born in Lwów, a city then in Poland. After World War II, the city became part of Soviet ...
[61]
Zbigniew Herbert (1924-1998) - Fundacja Herberta
Poet, essayist and playwright, Zbigniew Herbert was born on October 29, 1924, in Lwów, (formerly in Poland, now in present day Lviv, Ukraine) and died on July ...
[62]
Zbigniew Herbert, a timeless Poet | Instytut Polski w Nowym Jorku
Dec 29, 2022 · Zbigniew Herbert, (born October 29, 1924, Lwów, Poland [now Lviv, Ukraine]—died July 28, 1998, Warsaw), one of the leading Polish poets of ...
[63]
Zbigniew Herbert's Lessons for the Twenty-First Century - Culture.pl
Jul 23, 2024 · Herbert doubted poetry's power to drive societal change, yet he rejected 'art for art's sake', insisting poets must humbly uphold human dignity.<|separator|>
[64]
Zbigniew Jagiełło - ABSL
From 2009 to 2021, the President of the Management Board of PKO Bank Polski. During his tenure, PKO became the leader in Polish banking.
[65]
Zbigniew Jagiełło - European Financial Congress
President of the Management Board of PKO Bank Polski SA from October 2009 to June 2021. He has been involved in banking and finance for more than twenty-five ...
[66]
https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=195154
[67]
Wiersze Poems 2007 - CEEOL - Article Detail
Author(s): Zbigniew Jankowski ; Subject(s): Poetry ; Published by: Towarzystwo Więź ; Keywords: Polish contemporary poetry; Christian poetry; religious poetry.
[68]
Books by Zbigniew Jankowski (Author of Rok 501) - Goodreads
Zbigniew Jankowski has 10 books on Goodreads with 195 ratings. Zbigniew Jankowski's most popular book is Year 501: The Conquest Continues.
[69]
Zbigniew Preisner - Biography | Artist - Culture.pl
Aug 4, 2021 · A self-taught composer, Zbigniew Preisner studied history and philosophy at the Jagiellonian University. In 1978 he became a part of the Kraków- ...
[70]
Zbigniew Preisner, film music composer - Angelfire
Zbigniew Preisner (Zbigniew Kowalski, adopted his wife's, a painter Ewa Preisner, surname after their marriage) composer, film music composer. Photo of Zbigniew ...
[71]
Zbigniew Preisner age, hometown, biography - Last.fm
Zbigniew Preisner (born 20 May 1955 in Bielsko-Biała, Poland, birth name: Zbigniew Antoni Kowalski) is a Polish film score composer, best known for his work ...
[72]
Zbigniew Preisner - MusicBrainz
Oct 12, 2014 · Wikipedia. Zbigniew Preisner (Polish: [ˈzbiɡɲɛf ˈprajsnɛr]; born 20 May 1955 as Zbigniew Antoni Kowalski) is ...
[73]
Zbigniew Preisner - Crossover Media
Preisner's second large-scale work is Silence, Night and Dreams, for orchestra, choir and soloists, based on texts from the Book of Job. The recording features ...
[74]
Renowned Polish sexologist Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz dies
Sep 13, 2024 · Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz, a renowned Polish sexologist and psychiatrist who promoted sexual education, has died aged 80. YOU MAY LIKE: Photo: ...
[75]
Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz: Books - Amazon.com
Lew-Starowicz o milosci (polish) by Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz (2012-11-09) · by Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz · Paperback · See options. See all details ...
[76]
Author Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz - Archives of Medical Science
Prevalence of sexual dysfunctions and associated risk factors in Poland. Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz, Kamila Czajkowska. Arch Med Sci 2022;18(4):1031-1040.
[77]
Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz's research works | Centrum Medyczne ...
Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz's 28 research works with 199 citations, including: The image of sexual expression of female patients suffering from mood disorders: ...
[78]
Zbigniew Libera
Libera is considered a leading representative of the critical art trend. In his works he analyzes and criticizes accepted conventions, mass culture, traditional ...
[79]
Zbigniew Libera - Collection - Artists - The ING Polish Art Foundation
Photographer, creator of installations, videos and scenography, musician, performance artist, and director. He studied education for a year at Nicolaus ...
[80]
Lego Concentration Camp - Zbigniew Libera - Culture.pl
Mar 20, 2015 · The artist used authentic Lego bricks to construct a Nazi concentration camp. All bricks have been sourced from actual Lego sets.<|separator|>
[81]
Zbigniew Libera born 1959 - Tate
Zbigniew Stanisław Libera (born 7 July 1959) is a Polish artist, born in Pabianice, Poland. Libera's artworks are considered to fall under the styles of pop art ...
[82]
Artist Biography & Facts Zbigniew Lengren - askART
Zbigniew Lengren (1919 - 2003) was active/lived in Poland. Zbigniew Lengren is known for Drawing, illustration, poster and scenography creation, ...
[83]
Zbigniew Lengren - IMDb
Zbigniew Lengren was born on 2 February 1919 in Tula, RSFSR [now Russia]. Zbigniew was a writer and art director, known for Tajemnica starego zamku (1956), ...
[84]
LENGREN'S HOUSE - Muzeum Karykatury im. Eryka Lipińskiego
It is an adaptation of the former flat and studio of Zbigniew Lengren (1919-2003) – a famous Polish cartoonist at 6/8 Brzozowa Street in Warsaw. Lengrenówka ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography<|separator|>
[85]
Zbigniew LUBIEJEWSKI - Olympics.com
First Olympic GamesMontreal 1976. Year of Birth1949. Olympic Results. Olympic Results. More results. Montreal 1976. Poland. TeamPOL. G. Volleyball.
[86]
Zbigniew Lubiejewski - Olympedia
Biographical information ; Competed in Olympic Games · Male · Zbigniew•Lubiejewski · Zbigniew•Lubiejewski · 6 November 1949 in Bartoszyce, Warmińsko-Mazurskie (POL).
[87]
Zbigniew Lubiejewski » clubs - Volleybox
Zbigniew Lubiejewski (born 6th November 1949) - head coach from Poland who played as outside hitter. Here are 6 volleyball clubs in which he worked.
[88]
Zbigniew Leśniak - Olympedia
Roles, Competed in Olympic Games. Sex, Male. Full name, Zbigniew•Leśniak. Used name, Zbigniew•Leśniak. Born, 12 March 1950 in Nowy Sącz, Małopolskie (POL).
[89]
Munich 1972 Canoe Slalom C2 canoe double men Results
Results:447.08. Notes: 16. TCH. Zdenek MESTAN · Ladislav MESTAN. Results:449.10. Notes: 17. POL. Maciej RYCHTA · Zbigniew LESNIAK. Results:455.70. Notes: 18.
[90]
Zbigniew Leśniak - Polski Komitet Olimpijski
elektromonter, kajakarz z Nowego Sącza, mistrz Polski w zjeździe i slalomie (C-2), brązowy medalista mistrzostw świata (2), olimpijczyk z Monachium (1972).Missing: canoeist | Show results with:canoeist<|control11|><|separator|>
[91]
Zbigniew Messner - Timenote
Zbigniew Messner (b. 13 March 1929 in Stryj, Poland, d. 10 January 2014) is a Communist economist and politician in Poland.
[92]
Poland Eventually We Will Win | TIME
Oct 3, 1988 · With Poland's economic crisis showing no signs of easing, the government of Prime Minister Zbigniew Messner resigned last week, ...
[93]
Prime Minister Zbigniew Messner offered to resign today and... - UPI
Sep 19, 1988 · Prime Minister Zbigniew Messner offered to resign today and submitted the resignation of the entire Polish Cabinet but warned it will not ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[94]
10. Memorandum From Zbigniew Brzezinski to Jimmy Carter
The major issue confronting us is the absence of effective Presidential leadership and the related absence of a clear sense of historical direction.
[95]
Zbigniew Brzezinski's Expansion of the National Security Adviser ...
It further argues that Brzezinski deserves more blame for the failure of American foreign policy towards Iran; not President Carter. The sources include primary ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[96]
Jimmy Carter: Foreign Affairs - Miller Center
Brzezinski, an anti-communist Polish émigré who consistently advised a tough line towards the Soviet Union, served as the administration's foreign policy "idea ...
[97]
Zbigniew Brzezinski: America's grand strategist - Brookings Institution
Apr 11, 2018 · Brzezinski influenced generations of policymakers and transformed the way the United States conducted foreign policy.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[98]
U.S. Foreign Policy in the Carter Years, 1977-1981
Dec 14, 2023 · The collection features every declassified weekly memo to the president from his most senior foreign policy aides, National Security Advisor Zbigniew ...Missing: tenure | Show results with:tenure
[99]
A Man of Vision in a Time of (Cold) War - CEPA
May 27, 2025 · Zbig became Carter's major foreign policy adviser during the 1976 campaign and, from 1977-1981 was National Security Assistant to the President.
[100]
Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century
Jun 1, 1993 · Zbigniew Brzezinski uses Out of Control to analyze current political thinking and give the reader a dependable and sober view of the crises to come.Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[101]
Books of The Times; An Antidote for Optimism After the Cold War
Apr 9, 1993 · Despite such lapses, however, "Out of Control" remains a stimulating and highly readable book. Mr. Brzezinski forcefully and logically makes a ...
[102]
Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century
... out of control". It is Zbigniew Brzezinski's firm belief that we must draw both moral and political lessons from the "megadeaths" of the twentieth century ...Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[103]
OUT OF CONTROL | Kirkus Reviews
7-day returnsOUT OF CONTROL. GLOBAL TURMOIL ON THE EVE OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY. by ... by Zbigniew Brzezinski · THE GRAND CHESSBOARD. BOOK REVIEW. THE GRAND CHESSBOARD. by ...Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[104]
Out of Control | Book by Zbigniew Brzezinski - Simon & Schuster
Out of Control by Zbigniew Brzezinski - If America is to reassert its moral legitimacy, Brzezinski argues, it must address its basic dilemmas, ...
[105]
Zbigniew Brzezinski - Foreign Affairs
Zbigniew Brzezinski was US National Security Adviser from 1977 to 1981. He also served as an adviser to the White House during the Reagan and George HW Bush ...
[106]
[PDF] Zbigniew Brzezinski Papers - The Library of Congress
Located in the article file are major works featured in Foreign Affairs and other journals, op-ed pieces, published speeches, and letters to editors. A book ...
[107]
https://www.betterworldbooks.com/author/zbigniew-brzezinski/1375
[108]
https://www.amazon.com/Books-Zbigniew-Brzezinski/s?rh=n%253A283155%252Cp_27%253AZbigniew%252BBrzezinski
[109]
Zbigniew Brzezinski: Books - Amazon.com
4.5 17K · 30-day returnsThe Grand Chessboard: American Primacy And Its Geostrategic Imperatives · by Zbigniew Brzezinski · Paperback. Add to cart. Other formats: Kindle, Audiobook.
[110]
https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/123814.Zbigniew_Brzezi_ski
[111]
Zbigniew Brzeziński (Author of The Grand Chessboard) - Goodreads
Zbigniew Brzeziński's Books The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic I... Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Su...
[112]
Zbigniew Brzezinski: books, biography, latest update - Amazon.com
Follow Zbigniew Brzezinski and explore their bibliography from Amazon's Zbigniew Brzezinski Author Page.
[113]
Books by Zbigniew K. Brzezinski and Complete Book Reviews
Brzezinski and Complete Book Reviews. THE ... Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century.
[114]
Brzezinski, One of the Last Grand Strategists - RealClearDefense
Oct 3, 2025 · Facilitating political change in Poland was one of Brzezinski's key achievements. In 1980, with domestic tensions rising and Soviet power ...
[115]
Brzezinski on Russia: Insights and Recommendations
Jun 1, 2017 · Brzezinski spoke of four key concepts laid out by Russian foreign-policy thinkers that, he believed, reflected the new chauvinistic ...
[116]
INTERVIEW WITH DR ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI-(13/6/97)
ZB: I told the President, about six months before the Soviets entered Afghanistan, that in my judgment I thought they would be going into Afghanistan.Missing: policy | Show results with:policy
[117]
Brzezinski Interview - David N. Gibbs - The University of Arizona
Q : When the Soviets justified their intervention by asserting that they intended to fight against secret US involvement in Afghanistan, nobody believed them.
[118]
Zbigniew Brzezinski: Cold Warrior in Chief
Edward Luce's biography of Zbigniew Brzezinski distills a career that shaped U.S. strategy at a defining moment of the Cold War. Luce is sympathetic to his ...
[119]
Zbigniew Seifert Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio &... - AllMusic
A masterful improviser who could have ranked at the top with Adam Makowicz and Michal Urbaniak, Zbigniew Seifert's early death robbed Poland of one of its top ...
[120]
Zbigniew Seifert - Biography | Artist - Culture.pl
Zbigniew Seifert was one of the most original and important Polish jazz musicians. Born on 6th June 1946 in Krakow, died on 15th February 1979 in Buffalo, ...
[121]
https://www.e-ir.info/2011/07/22/review-between-two-ages-america%25E2%2580%2599s-role-in-the-technetronic-era/
[122]
Review - Brzezinski's Technetronic Era - E-International Relations
Jul 22, 2011 · The Technetronic era is, 'a society that is shaped culturally, psychologically, socially and economically by the impact of technology and ...
[123]
[PDF] BETWEEN TWO AGES - Continental Drift
1 The postindustrial society is becoming a "technetronic" society: * a society that is shaped culturally, psychologically, socially, and economically by the ...
[125]
Quote by Zbigniew Brzezinski: “The technotronic era ... - Goodreads
The technotronic era involves the gradual appearance of a more controlled society. Such a society would be dominated by an elite, unrestrained by traditional ...
[126]
[PDF] ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI - The Grand Chessboard - CIA
phantasmagoric views of Russia's current power, international potential, and foreign interests. In the immediate wake of the Soviet Union's collapse ...
[127]
On Zbigniew Brzezinski: Geopolitical Mastermind, Realist Practitioner
Jun 3, 2017 · Brzezinski promoted the idea that it was important to aggregate the capitalist democracies in Europe along with Japan in a trilateral ...
[128]
Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Adviser to Jimmy Carter, Dies ...
his rigid hatred of the Soviet Union ...
[129]
Zbigniew Brzezinski, foreign policy expert who served as Jimmy ...
May 30, 2017 · Brzezinski, who was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1928, earned his bachelor's and master's degrees from McGill University in Montreal. He went ...
[130]
The Legacy of Zbigniew Brzezinski: Remarks by Madeleine Albright
Sep 17, 2025 · Brzezinski's public service and relentless championship of American global leadership earned him numerous accolades and awards, most notably the ...
[131]
Biography of Zbigniew Brzezinski - American Voices
Foreign policy specialist Zbigniew Brzezinski served as an adviser to Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter.
[132]
Ask Alma's Owl: 'America's Grand Strategist' | Columbia News
Apr 2, 2018 · Brzezinski attended McGill University and received his Ph.D. from Harvard. He joined Columbia in 1960 after losing a tenured slot in Harvard's ...
[133]
Brains, Bluntness, and the Battle for US Foreign Policy
Jul 25, 2025 · However, Luce underestimates Brzezinski's own agency in the debilitating rivalries and incoherence that came to define Carter's foreign policy. ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[134]
Zbigniew K. Brzezinski: Books - Amazon.com
The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, Revised and Enlarged Edition (Center for International Affairs) by Zbigniew K. Brzezinski Hardcover
[135]
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Carter's national security adviser, dies at 89
May 27, 2017 · Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Jimmy Carter's national security adviser, has died aged 89. Mr Brzezinski "passed away peacefully" in ...