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Borland C++

Borland C++ was an (IDE) for C and C++ programming languages, developed by International as the professional successor to the and lines, emphasizing object-oriented features and for and Windows platforms. First released in 1991 with as an independently developed (succeeding which debuted in May 1990), it quickly became a leading tool, with shipping over 500,000 copies by late 1991 and establishing itself as the largest single supplier of C++ compilers. The product evolved through versions such as 2.0 in 1991, which provided full support for AT&T C++ 2.0 including , streams, and class libraries, alongside compliance and tools like a multi-file editor, , and the Object Windows Library (OWL) for graphical applications. Later iterations, including version 3.1, extended support to and 3.1, while version 5.5 in 2000 marked the final command-line release. Known for its affordable pricing, , and specialized libraries that facilitated efficient code modularization and portability, Borland C++ played a pivotal role in popularizing C++ among PC developers before transitioning into Borland C++Builder in 1997.

Overview

Development Origins

Borland Software Corporation was founded in 1983 by Philippe Kahn, along with Niels Jensen, Ole Henriksen, and Mogens Glad, initially focusing on developing compilers for the Pascal programming language. The company's first major product, Turbo Pascal, released in November 1983, introduced an innovative integrated development environment (IDE) that emphasized speed, affordability, and ease of use for MS-DOS systems, quickly gaining popularity among developers. This success established Borland's reputation for accessible programming tools, prompting expansion into other languages to meet growing demand in the personal computing market. In 1987, extended its lineup to C with the release of in May, marketed as a fast and low-cost alternative for programming. Priced affordably and featuring a compact with rapid compilation, targeted hobbyists and professionals alike, directly challenging 's more expensive C offerings during the era. To accelerate development, acquired Systems that year, integrating elements of its Wizard C technology into , which enhanced the product's performance and reliability. This move exemplified 's early acquisition strategy, leveraging external innovations to bolster its competitive edge against established players like . Building on Turbo C's foundation, Borland introduced in May 1990, marking a pivotal advancement as one of the earliest commercial C++ compilers equipped with an integrated . It supported foundational C++ features such as classes and inheritance—prior to the formal ISO standardization of the language in 1998—and targeted 8086 and 80286 processors for broad compatibility. Later bundled with Borland's Object Windows Library (OWL) for Windows development, Turbo C++ further intensified competition with by democratizing tools.

Key Features and Innovations

Borland C++ introduced an integrated development environment (IDE) renowned for its "Turbo" compilers, which emphasized rapid compilation and linking to facilitate quick prototyping and iteration in resource-constrained environments. This approach integrated an editor, compiler, linker, and basic debugger into a single interface, allowing developers to edit, build, and test code seamlessly without switching tools. The fast compilation times, often significantly quicker than contemporaries like Microsoft C/C++ due to optimized single-pass parsing and minimal overhead, enabled developers to compile moderately sized programs in seconds on 1980s-era hardware. A hallmark of Borland C++ was its early and robust support for features, aligning closely with the emerging C++ language specifications. From Turbo C++ 1.0 onward, it implemented , allowing classes to derive from multiple base classes while managing virtual function tables to resolve ambiguities. Later versions added templates for and for structured error management, providing developers with tools to build complex, reusable hierarchies ahead of full standardization. The environment integrated specialized libraries for development, enhancing productivity across text and graphical modes. Turbo Vision offered a for creating sophisticated text-mode applications in , featuring overlapping windows, pull-down menus, modal dialogs, and event-driven handling for and input, all built on object-oriented classes like TView and TApplication to automate screen management and validation. For Windows GUI development, the Object Windows Library (OWL) provided an object-oriented wrapper around the , supporting class hierarchies for windows, controls, and documents, along with response tables for efficient event handling and Doc/View architecture for separating data from presentation. Borland C++ included several targeted innovations for low-level control and debugging in memory-limited settings. Inline assembly support allowed embedding x86 assembly code directly within C++ functions using asm blocks, enabling performance-critical optimizations while maintaining compatibility with the compiler's code generation. For DOS environments constrained to 640 KB, the VROOMM (Virtual Run-time Object-Oriented Memory Manager) overlay system automatically managed code segments, loading only necessary modules into memory on demand to support larger applications without manual intervention. The integrated featured watch windows for real-time monitoring of variables and expressions, alongside breakpoints and step-through execution, streamlining in both and early Windows targets. Cross-platform development was advanced through initial support for Windows and , bridging roots with graphical systems via compatible memory models and APIs. This included resource editors in tools like Resource Workshop, which compiled .RC script files into binary .RES resources for dialogs, menus, and icons, integrating seamlessly with the for Windows and OS/2 application building. These capabilities allowed developers to target multiple environments with minimal code changes, leveraging shared libraries and compiler flags for portability.

Product Versions

DOS and Early Windows Editions

The initial release of Borland's C++ compiler, Turbo C++ 1.0, arrived in May 1990 as a 16-bit, -only product designed for environments. It supported the C++ 2.0 dialect, providing an (IDE) with a fast and editor tailored for the constraints of early 1990s personal computing. Bundled with the Turbo Debugger, a powerful tool for stepping through code and inspecting variables in real-time, this version targeted developers building console and simple graphical applications under 's 640 KB limit. In 1991, evolved the product into Borland C++ 2.0, expanding support to include execution on 80286 and 80386 processors, which allowed access to beyond DOS's base limits. This version introduced Borland's proprietary C++ class libraries, offering reusable object-oriented components to streamline development of larger applications while maintaining compatibility with the C++ 2.0 standard. The compiler retained the lightweight from its predecessor but added optimizations for DOS extenders like DPMI, enabling more efficient handling of memory-intensive programs without requiring a full switch to a graphical OS. Borland C++ 3.0, also released in 1991, marked the first edition to incorporate support for building applications targeting APIs, including a resource compiler for embedding dialogs, icons, and menus into executables. It bundled the ObjectWindows Library () 1.0, a framework that abstracted calls into C++ objects, simplifying development for 16-bit Windows programs. To address 's 640 KB memory constraint, the suite employed smart overlays—dynamic loading of code segments from disk—to manage large projects, ensuring compatibility with conventional hardware setups. Priced at $495 for the full suite, Borland C++ 3.0 positioned itself as an affordable option for hobbyists, professionals, and educational users, undercutting more expensive competitors like Microsoft's C/C++ tools while emphasizing rapid prototyping and cross-compatibility between and early Windows.

Windows IDE and Advanced Versions

Borland C++ 3.1, released in 1992, introduced the first Windows-based (), allowing developers to edit, compile, and run programs under Windows while supporting targets for both and applications. The featured a graphical for managing projects, including the for handling compile and link settings, with project files (.PRJ) functioning as makefiles and automatic configuration of and linker options. It supported multiple memory models such as tiny, small, medium, compact, large, and huge, along with overlay management using VROOMM for larger models, and Windows-specific code generation via options like -W for executables and -WD for DLLs, which defined the _Windows macro and used Pascal calling conventions for functions. In 1993, Borland C++ 4.0 enhanced the with comprehensive 32-bit support for and platforms, incorporating a dedicated 32-bit (BCC32.EXE) and linker (TLINK32.EXE) compatible with 80386, , and processors. The allowed 32-bit compilation through project options, including flat memory models and multithreading via the -tWM switch, while the Resource Workshop defaulted to generating 32-bit resources, with compatibility for format executables where stack sizes were managed by the operating system. An improved optimizer provided settings for code size (-O1, -Os) and speed (-O2, -Ot, -Ox), with specific enhancements like (-Ol), global (-Oe), and jump optimizations (-O), potentially increasing compile times by 20-50% depending on the level selected. Integration with the (BDE) was facilitated through its C++ , enabling direct access to database drivers for , , and SQL servers within Windows applications. Borland C++ 4.5, released in 1994, built on these foundations by advancing ANSI C++ compliance toward draft standards, including better support for dynamic link libraries (DLLs) with export modifiers and resource handling in the . It introduced enhanced multithreading capabilities for 32-bit Windows targets, leveraging Win32 features and library options like CW32MT.LIB to enable concurrent execution in DLLs and executables. The 1997 release of Borland C++ 5.0 marked the final standalone version, shifting focus exclusively to 32-bit development for and , with int and long types standardized at 32 bits and tools like BCC32 and TLINK32 optimized for Win32 integration. It provided full support for templates, including function, class, and member templates for , such as parameterized types in containers like vectors and priority queues, alongside 187 container classes organized into 13 families for type-safe data structures. Namespaces were fully implemented for scope management, allowing definitions, extensions, and access via the namespace keyword, using directives, or qualified names (e.g., std:: for elements like exception classes). with STLport, via Rogue Wave's ANSI/ISO-compliant Standard C++ Library, included containers (e.g., vector, list, deque), algorithms (e.g., sort, find), and iterators, emphasizing efficiency and multithreading compatibility, though with limitations like no member function templates. AppExpert wizards assisted in rapid application generation, particularly for servers and containers, automating basic project skeletons and database tool integration. System requirements included a minimum of 16 MB , an 80486 or better , and or , reflecting the demands of 32-bit operations and library loading. In 2000, Borland released C++ 5.5 as a command-line only without an , made freely available for download. It supported 32-bit Windows development and marked the final release in the Borland C++ series before the full transition to .

OS/2 Editions

Borland C++ editions for were developed to support application creation on IBM's operating system, targeting enterprise developers with tools for building Presentation Manager () interfaces and leveraging 's protected-mode architecture. Released during the early 1990s amid intense competition between and Windows 3.1, these editions provided an () similar to Borland's Windows offerings, emphasizing ease of use, fast compilation, and compatibility with existing C++ codebases. However, their market adoption remained limited due to 's narrower and IBM's emphasis on its own development tools like CSet++, with the final major updates occurring around 1994. The initial release, Borland C++ 1.0 for , arrived in the first half of , for the 2.0 platform. It included a graphical with , a multi-file editor, and integrated capabilities, along with the standalone Turbo Debugger GX for advanced troubleshooting under . The package bundled OS/2-specific libraries such as OS2.LIB for system access, an OS/2 resource editor via Resource Workshop for creating dialogs and menus, and compiler optimizations tailored for commercial-scale projects. This version supported executables, dynamic-link libraries (DLLs), and text-mode applications, enabling developers to target OS/2's flat memory model and 512MB per process while maintaining some portability from and Windows sources through shared Borland libraries. Borland C++ 2.0 for , released in 1994, extended support to 2.1 and 3, introducing enhanced 32-bit capabilities including multithreading via threads and libraries like C2MT.LIB. Key additions encompassed the 2.0, featuring approximately 200 classes for rapid PM application development and Workplace Shell integration, as well as the SMART Toolset for migrating Windows applications to . The retained core tools like the resource editor and , now with improved multi-thread support through options such as -WM for compilation and -sd for linking, while adhering to C++ 3.0 and ANSI/ISO standards for features like templates, , and container classes. Despite these advancements, the edition's uptake was constrained by 's declining against Windows, leading to no further OS/2-specific releases after 1994.

Mobile and Specialized Editions

Borland introduced specialized variants of its C++ development tools in the early to address the growing demand for applications on mobile and embedded platforms, particularly handheld devices running non-desktop operating systems. These editions extended the core IDE with platform-specific compilers, libraries, and debugging capabilities, focusing on resource-constrained environments like -based processors. The Mobile Edition, launched in 2003 as an integrated component of 6, primarily targeted OS and Windows CE (the precursor to ). Developed in collaboration with , it leveraged the Metrowerks IDE for seamless integration, supporting C++ subsets optimized for architectures prevalent in Symbian-enabled smartphones. Key features included bundled device emulators for testing on models such as the and 7650, which simulated hardware constraints like limited memory and battery life without requiring physical devices. The edition also incorporated the VCL for Mobile framework, a lightweight adaptation of Borland's , enabling rapid prototyping of graphical user interfaces with drag-and-drop components tailored for touchscreens and small displays. In 2005, continued mobile development support through updates to and related tools for OS and similar embedded systems, providing enhanced cross-compilation capabilities, debuggers, and linkers for diverse hardware. These were positioned as professional-grade solutions for enterprise developers creating performance-critical applications, such as games or utilities, on platforms requiring low-level hardware access. These mobile and specialized editions proved short-lived, overshadowed by the dominance of Java ME in and the rapid evolution of platform-specific SDKs. Borland's final significant updates to these tools occurred around 2006, after which focus shifted away from niche mobile C++ support amid broader company restructuring.

Libraries and Development Tools

Standard Libraries

The standard libraries bundled with Borland C++ products formed the foundation for application development, providing essential runtime support, user interface frameworks, and database connectivity while extending the standard library with proprietary enhancements. These libraries were tightly integrated into the ecosystem, enabling developers to build robust , Windows, and applications without relying on external dependencies. Key components included the (RTL) for core utilities, the Object Windows Library (OWL) for graphical interfaces, for text-mode UIs, and the (BDE) for data access. The Borland C++ Runtime Library (RTL) served as the core extension to the standard C library, offering classes and functions for string handling, , , and more. The RTL provided safe through operators like new and delete for dynamic allocation and a manager with configurable limits (e.g., 64K heap blocks) to prevent leaks and overflows. Additionally, it incorporated support via locale.h functions such as setlocale and localeconv for handling multi-language text, (wchar_t) processing for non-Roman scripts. The Object Windows Library (OWL) was a C++ object-oriented framework specifically designed for developing Windows desktop applications, encapsulating the Windows API to simplify GUI creation. It supported both Multiple Document Interface (MDI) and Single Document Interface (SDI) architectures through classes like TMDIFrame for managing child windows and TFrameWindow for single-document setups, enabling complex multi-window environments. OWL included extensive dialog support via TDialog for modal and modeless boxes, TCommonDialog for standard Windows interactions (e.g., file open/save, color selection), and validators like TRangeValidator for data input. Controls were handled by base class TControl and derived gadgets such as TButton, TEdit, TListBox, and TStatusBar, with additional features for toolbars, drag-and-drop, and clipboard operations. Versions evolved from OWL 1.0 (introduced with Borland C++ 3.0 in 1991) to OWL 2.5 (released with Borland C++ 4.5 in 1995), adding enhancements like 3D effects, OLE 2.0 integration, and response tables for event handling. An open-source successor, OWLNext, extended OWL for modern compilers while maintaining compatibility with Borland C++ code. Turbo Vision provided a text-based user interface (TUI) framework for DOS console applications, allowing developers to create event-driven programs with a windowed, menu-driven look and feel. It featured classes like TView for screen management (including scrolling and redrawing), TMenuBar and TSubMenu for hierarchical menus, and dialog components such as buttons and input boxes, all built on an object-oriented model. The library's event-driven architecture centralized event processing through TEvent objects for keyboard, mouse, and message handling, with a three-phase routing system (pre-process, focused, post-process) to support extensible, responsive UIs. Turbo Vision was included with Borland C++ starting around version 3.0, emphasizing reusability for applications like IDEs and utilities. The (BDE) offered database connectivity akin to ODBC or JDBC, providing a unified for accessing local files like and , as well as SQL servers. Integrated into Borland C++ from version 5.0 onward, it used components like TDatabase and TQuery for session management, table operations, and SQL execution, abstracting driver-specific details through a layered . BDE supported data-aware controls and transaction handling, making it suitable for client-server and desktop database applications in Borland environments. BDE was deprecated in the early and is no longer supported as of 2025, with modern alternatives like dbExpress recommended.

Third-Party Add-ons

Third-party add-ons significantly expanded the capabilities of Borland C++, providing developers with specialized tools for , advanced libraries, , and that were not included in the core product. These extensions were particularly valuable during the , when Borland C++ versions 4.5 and 5.0 dominated Windows development for and commercial applications, enabling rapid prototyping and distribution in a burgeoning software market. One prominent add-on was , a dedicated installation builder from InstallShield Software Corporation that integrated seamlessly with projects to create professional setup packages for . This tool allowed developers to package executables, libraries, and dependencies into user-friendly installers, supporting features like registry modifications and file compression, which streamlined deployment for Windows-based applications built with Borland C++ 4.5 and later. Rogue Wave's SourcePro C++ library served as a key third-party enhancement, offering advanced containers, numerical algorithms, and networking components compatible with Borland compilers. Designed for high-performance applications, SourcePro provided robust data structures and math libraries that extended beyond Borland's standard offerings, and it was often bundled in professional editions of Borland C++ for enterprise use, with full availability for custom integration. Partners like TurboPower Software developed add-ons such as and Async Professional, which included extended debugging tools, profilers, and UI components tailored for Borland C++ environments. These libraries facilitated advanced , visual controls, and performance analysis, helping developers optimize code for Windows and targets in versions 4.5 and 5.0. In the community-driven space, free tools like BCX emerged as popular converters, translating source code into C++ compatible with Borland compilers, allowing hobbyists to leverage Borland C++ for quick ports from legacy languages. Additionally, third-party extensions to the Borland Graphics Interface (BGI), such as SVGA drivers, expanded graphics support for higher resolutions and video modes, enabling richer visual applications in the shareware scene of the .

Evolution and Legacy

Transition to C++Builder

In the late 1990s, shifted its C++ development strategy from standalone compilers and IDEs to a fully integrated (RAD) environment with the release of 1.0 on February 26, 1997. This product integrated the C++ 5.0 compiler backend—known for its optimizing native code generation—with visual design tools inspired by , enabling drag-and-drop development of Windows applications using the (VCL). Unlike previous command-line-focused tools, introduced property inspectors for editing component attributes and component palettes for assembling user interfaces, marking a paradigm shift toward visual programming while retaining full native C++ support without reliance on Pascal code. C++Builder 3.0, released in 1999, further advanced this approach by adding support for CORBA middleware through integration with VisiBroker tools, allowing developers to generate C++ client code from IDL specifications for distributed applications. It also incorporated components for , such as those for building decision-support and data-aware interfaces, and improved with multi-project groups. This version shared a codebase with Delphi 4, facilitating and component between C++ and Pascal environments, while emphasizing native C++ compilation for performance-critical tasks. Amid intensifying competition from Visual Studio, which dominated Windows C++ development with its integrated tools, pivoted toward visual and -focused products to streamline application building. In April 1999, rebranded as Inprise Corporation to reflect its emphasis on "integrating the ," aligning with the expanded scope of tools like for client-server and web applications. By 6.0 in 2001, the platform introduced the Cross-Platform Library (CLX), a Qt-based alternative to VCL for source-compatible development on Windows and , building on the same C++ compiler backend to support multi-platform native C++ applications.

Current Status and Successors

In 2007, Software Corporation restructured its developer tools division by establishing CodeGear as a wholly owned to focus on products like and , culminating in the release of 2007 as part of RAD Studio 2007. This allowed to streamline operations amid financial challenges, with CodeGear continuing development independently under 's oversight. On July 1, 2008, completed its acquisition of CodeGear from for $23 million, gaining full control of the product line and rebranding it as Embarcadero C++Builder. The acquisition integrated CodeGear's (RAD) tools with Embarcadero's database expertise, enabling enhanced versions such as XE (released in 2010), which introduced initial 64-bit Windows support and foundational cross-platform capabilities building toward mobile deployment. Subsequent releases expanded mobile support, with C++Builder XE2 (2011) adding full 64-bit compilation and iOS integration, followed by full Android support in XE6 (2014). Embarcadero has continued active development, with C++Builder 12 Athens (released November 2023) introducing preview support for standards via a 15 compiler for Windows 64-bit, enhanced (FMX) framework for cross-platform UI development across Windows, macOS, , iOS, and , and improved GetIt for streamlined component installation. RAD Studio 12.2 (September 2024) added AI-assisted coding features, such as Smart CodeInsight integration with large language models like and for and refactoring. C++Builder 13 Florence, released on September 10, 2025, further advanced the platform with full support using a 20-enhanced compiler, a new 64-bit for Windows, additional language extensions, improved cross-platform capabilities via the framework, and enhanced integrations for enterprise development. As of November 2025, remains an actively maintained product under Embarcadero (now part of Idera, Inc.), targeting enterprise for native applications on Windows, macOS, , iOS, and , with professional editions available via annual subscriptions starting at approximately $1,583 for the tier, including one year of updates. A free Community Edition is offered for individuals, startups, and teams with up to five developers or annual revenue under $5,000, providing full features for Windows app development. Borland's direct involvement in developer tools ended following its acquisition by International in July 2009 for $75 million, which focused on rather than IDEs like .

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