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Circumlocution

Circumlocution is the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea, often through indirect or evasive phrasing that avoids direct terminology.^[1] The term originates from the Latin circumlocutio, combining circum- ("around") and locutio ("speech" or "talking"), entering English around 1518 as a way to denote roundabout expression.^[1] In linguistics, circumlocution functions as a key compensatory strategy, where speakers describe attributes, functions, or contexts of a target concept to overcome lexical gaps, such as in aphasia where individuals might say "the thing that quacks and swims in ponds" instead of "duck."^[2] This approach enhances communicative informativeness by providing relevant details that aid listener comprehension, though it may reduce efficiency compared to precise naming.^[2] In second language acquisition, circumlocution enables learners to sustain interaction despite vocabulary limitations, such as portraying an unknown word through its shape, color, or purpose, thereby building fluency and reducing communication anxiety.^[3] Rhetorically, it serves as a persuasive tool in discourse, particularly in political contexts, to indirectly convey sensitive or unpleasant ideas—allowing speakers to imply criticism or urgency without overt confrontation, as seen in diplomatic speeches that emphasize collaboration over blame.^[4] While sometimes critiqued for verbosity, circumlocution can enrich expression by adding nuance or politeness, as exemplified in Charles Dickens' Little Dorrit (1857), where the fictional "Circumlocution Office" satirizes bureaucratic indirection.^[1]

Fundamentals

Definition

Circumlocution refers to the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea, often in a roundabout or indirect manner, serving as the antithesis of concise expression.^[1]^[5] This linguistic phenomenon involves substituting direct terms with descriptive phrases or multiple words, thereby elongating the communication without adding substantive new information.^[6] In essence, it prioritizes circuitous phrasing over straightforwardness, which can manifest in both spoken and written language.^[7] The primary purposes of circumlocution include avoiding directness to achieve politeness, evasion, emphasis, or amplification of an idea.^[8] For instance, it softens potentially harsh truths through indirectness, as in diplomatic or social contexts where bluntness might offend.^[5] Evasion allows speakers to obscure sensitive details, while emphasis or amplification uses elaboration to heighten rhetorical impact or vividness.^[9] These functions distinguish circumlocution from mere verbosity, as it is typically intentional rather than inadvertent.^[7] Circumlocution encompasses distinct types, notably periphrasis, which is ornamental and employed for stylistic enhancement, and evasive circumlocution, which aims to obscure or avoid specificity.^[10] Periphrasis involves elaborate, descriptive substitutions to enrich expression, often in literary or rhetorical settings, whereas evasive forms prioritize ambiguity for protective or deceptive ends.^[11] General examples illustrate these: "involuntary career transition" circumlocutes "fired" for politeness or evasion, while "the individual in question" evades naming someone directly.^[5]

Etymology and History

The term circumlocution originates from the Latin circumlocutio, a compound of circum ("around") and locutio ("a speaking" or "speech"), literally denoting "a speaking around" or indirect expression, derived ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root tolkw- ("to speak"). This Latin form served as a direct calque, or loan-translation, of the ancient Greek periphrasis (περίφρασις), meaning "a speaking around," from peri- ("around") and phrasis ("expression"). The word entered English in the early 16th century, first recorded around 1518, during the Early Modern English period, initially carrying connotations of roundabout or evasive discourse in rhetorical contexts.^[12]^[6] Circumlocution's historical roots trace back to classical antiquity, where its Greek equivalent, periphrasis, emerged as a recognized figure of speech in rhetorical theory for substituting descriptive phrases to avoid directness or enhance ornamentation. In Greek rhetoric, periphrasis was employed to convey ideas indirectly, often for stylistic effect, as documented in treatises on figures of speech that influenced later traditions. By the Roman era, orators such as Cicero integrated similar roundabout expressions into persuasive oratory; for instance, Cicero used periphrastic techniques in his dialogues and speeches to critique opponents obliquely, such as in veiled references to Epicurean philosophy, thereby layering subtlety and persuasion without blunt confrontation.^[13]^[14] The concept evolved significantly in the 19th century, expanding beyond rhetorical artistry to critique institutional verbosity and evasion, particularly in bureaucratic settings. This shift is epitomized in Charles Dickens' novel Little Dorrit (1857), where the fictional "Circumlocution Office" satirizes British government inefficiency through endless indirect verbiage, reflecting broader Victorian concerns over administrative red tape amid the Industrial Revolution's administrative expansions. Dickens' portrayal cemented circumlocution in popular discourse as a pejorative for obstructive official language, influencing its modern associations with evasion.^[15]

Linguistic and Rhetorical Uses

In Rhetoric

In classical rhetoric, circumlocution, often synonymous with periphrasis, is classified as a figure of speech employed to substitute indirect or descriptive phrases for direct terms, serving purposes of ornamentation, emphasis, or avoidance of bluntness. This device falls under broader categories such as amplificatio, where it expands ideas for greater rhetorical effect, and is valued for enhancing the stylistic elegance of discourse.^[16]^[17] Quintilian, in his Institutio Oratoria, describes periphrasis as the expansion of concise expressions for decorative purposes, distinguishing it from mere redundancy when used judiciously.^[16] Key techniques of circumlocution in rhetoric include the replacement of simple nouns or verbs with elaborate descriptive sequences to build suspense, establish hierarchy in arguments, or imply concepts without explicit statement. For instance, instead of stating a direct action, an orator might describe it through a chain of attributes, as seen in Virgil's poetic circumlocution "the first sleep to weary mortals comes" to evoke the onset of night.^[16] Cicero, in De Oratore, lists periphrasis among figures that adorn language and thought, integrating it into persuasive oratory to vary expression and avoid monotony.^[18] Such methods allow speakers to layer meaning, fostering a sense of grandeur or subtlety in delivery. The advantages of circumlocution lie in its ability to elevate eloquence, soften potentially harsh truths, and amplify emotional impact, thereby engaging audiences more deeply. However, critics like Quintilian warn that overuse results in perissology, or superfluous verbiage, which obscures clarity and dilutes persuasive force.^[16] In Cicero's orations, indirect phrasing often serves to praise allies or critique opponents obliquely, as in his careful circumlocutions during legal defenses to balance flattery with argumentation without alienating listeners.^[18] In modern rhetorical analysis, circumlocution persists in debates and speeches as a strategy to soften criticism or inflate the perceived importance of ideas, allowing speakers to navigate sensitive topics with diplomatic indirection. For example, legal and political discourse frequently employs it alongside passive constructions to hedge statements and mitigate backlash, preserving the speaker's ethos while conveying critique.^[19] This deliberate deployment underscores its enduring role in formal persuasion, distinct from casual usage.^[17]

In Everyday Communication

In everyday communication, circumlocution often serves social functions by promoting politeness and mitigating potential face-threatening acts. For instance, speakers may use phrases like "pass away" instead of "die" to soften the impact of distressing information, thereby maintaining interpersonal harmony and respecting the listener's emotions. This aligns with politeness strategies outlined in Brown and Levinson's framework, where indirect expressions, including euphemistic circumlocutions, help preserve positive face by avoiding direct imposition or offense. Hedging through circumlocution, such as saying "it seems like" or "perhaps we could consider" in place of a firm assertion, further reduces commitment to a statement, fostering collaborative dialogue and minimizing conflict in casual interactions.^[20]^[21]^[22] Cultural variations significantly influence the prevalence and form of circumlocution in daily speech. In high-context cultures, such as Japan, indirect communication is more common, with speakers relying on elaborate circumlocutions embedded in keigo (honorific language) to convey respect and avoid direct confrontation, drawing on shared contextual understanding rather than explicit words. Anthropologist Edward T. Hall's model contrasts this with low-context cultures like the United States, where directness prevails and circumlocution is less routine, often viewed as inefficient unless serving politeness. These differences highlight how cultural norms shape pragmatic choices, with high-context settings favoring descriptive detours to preserve group harmony.^[23] Unintentional circumlocution frequently arises from non-pathological word-finding difficulties, such as the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon, where a speaker temporarily cannot retrieve a specific term and resorts to descriptive alternatives to continue the conversation. For example, instead of naming a tool, one might say "the thingamajig that tightens the screws" to bridge the gap without halting dialogue. In customer service interactions, representatives sometimes employ bureaucratic jargon as a form of circumlocution, like referring to a "processing delay" rather than "error on our end," which can inadvertently complicate understanding but aims to maintain professionalism. These spontaneous uses underscore circumlocution's role in fluid, everyday exchanges, distinct from deliberate rhetorical amplification.^[24]^[25]^[26]

Cognitive and Developmental Aspects

In Language Acquisition

In early childhood language development, young children with limited vocabularies often rely on descriptive phrases to express ideas they cannot yet name precisely. For instance, a child might describe an apple as "the red round thing that you eat" to convey the concept. This adaptive strategy allows children to participate in conversations and build communicative competence, particularly during stages of emerging multiword speech.^[27] Longitudinal studies from the 1970s and 1980s, such as those conducted by Lois Bloom, illustrate how descriptive speech patterns in toddlers reflect systematic progress in semantic and syntactic integration, enabling children to encode relational notions like actions and states through available lexical items. These investigations tracked children from mean length of utterance (MLU) stages 1.0 to 2.5, revealing consistent use of nominal and pronominal forms in multiword combinations that often served descriptive functions, supporting early expressive development. Such research underscores the role of descriptive strategies in normal acquisition, distinct from pathological contexts.^[28] In second-language acquisition, circumlocution functions as a compensatory communication strategy, particularly for intermediate learners facing lexical gaps, allowing them to paraphrase or describe target concepts to maintain interaction. An example is referring to an airplane as "the metal bird that flies high in the sky," which enables message conveyance without halting discourse. Studies of oral proficiency in Spanish learners show that circumlocution increases with proficiency levels, from Intermediate High to Advanced, contributing to greater fluency by facilitating lexical repair and diverse L2-based strategies.^[29] This use of circumlocution aligns with theoretical frameworks like Lev Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD), where social interactions with more knowledgeable others scaffold language growth through guided descriptive exchanges, bridging independent capabilities and potential achievements. Within the ZPD, children and learners internalize communication strategies via collaborative dialogue, transitioning from external social speech to self-regulated private speech, thereby enhancing fluency and conceptual expression.^[30]

In Pathologies

Circumlocution manifests as a prominent symptom in various neurological and psychological disorders that impair language production, particularly when individuals struggle to retrieve specific words and resort to descriptive phrases or periphrases to convey meaning. In aphasia, a language disorder often resulting from brain damage such as stroke, circumlocution serves as a compensatory mechanism for word-finding difficulties, or anomia. Approximately 30% of acute ischemic stroke patients experience aphasia, with circumlocution frequently observed as patients describe target words indirectly to maintain communication flow.^[31]^[2] This feature is especially common in Broca's aphasia, characterized by non-fluent, effortful speech, where patients produce short, agrammatic utterances interspersed with circumlocutions to approximate lost vocabulary; for instance, a person might refer to a fork as "the thing you use to eat with" rather than the precise term. In Wernicke's aphasia, a fluent but semantically impaired form, circumlocution contributes to "empty speech," where lengthy, vague descriptions replace specific nouns due to impaired comprehension and word selection, often leading to neologisms or unrelated associations. These patterns highlight circumlocution's role in both expressive and receptive language disruptions post-stroke.^[32]^[33]^[34] Beyond aphasia, circumlocution appears in dementia, notably Alzheimer's disease, where progressive word-finding issues, or anomia, prompt patients to use circuitous descriptions during naming tasks or conversations, reflecting semantic memory decline.^[35] Clinically, circumlocution aids in diagnosing and assessing the severity of these pathologies, as it indicates the extent of lexical access deficits. Standardized tools like the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) quantify circumlocution during narrative tasks and naming tests, scoring it separately from paraphasias to evaluate communicative efficiency and inform subtype classification, such as distinguishing fluent from non-fluent aphasias. Elevated circumlocution levels correlate with poorer discourse informativeness, guiding prognostic evaluations.^[2]^[36] Therapeutic interventions in speech-language pathology target reducing excessive circumlocution by enhancing word retrieval and precision, particularly in aphasia rehabilitation. Techniques include semantic feature analysis, where patients generate attributes of target words to facilitate direct naming, and constraint-induced language therapy, which promotes concise expression by limiting compensatory strategies like circumlocution during structured conversations. These approaches draw from 20th-century neuropsychological frameworks, such as Alexander Luria's classifications of aphasias, which emphasized restoring direct lexical access in efferent motor aphasias through targeted exercises to minimize descriptive detours and improve functional speech. Studies validate these methods' efficacy in increasing naming accuracy and reducing reliance on circumlocution over time.^[37]^[38]^[39]

Euphemisms

Euphemisms represent a specific subset of circumlocution characterized by indirect phrasing designed to mitigate the emotional impact of sensitive or unpleasant topics, thereby softening harsh realities through polite substitution.^[40] Within linguistic frameworks, they function as a form of circumlocution by replacing direct terms with milder alternatives, such as "senior citizen" for "old person" or "passed away" for "died," to preserve social decorum and avoid offense.^[41] This indirection aligns with circumlocution's broader aim of evasion but emphasizes courtesy over mere verbosity, drawing on associative or metaphorical language to reframe taboo subjects.^[42] Historically, euphemisms proliferated during the 19th-century Victorian era, a period marked by heightened moral propriety and reticence about death and bodily functions. For death, common phrases included "departed this life," "gone to a better place," or "shuffled off this mortal coil," reflecting a cultural aversion to confronting mortality directly, as evidenced in obituary language that metaphorized passing as a serene transition.^[43] Regarding bodily functions, Victorians employed substitutions like "perspire" for "sweat" or "the water closet" for toilet, while terms such as "white meat" and "dark meat" served as veiled references to breasts and thighs in culinary contexts to evade vulgarity.^[44] These practices underscored the era's emphasis on refinement, where directness was deemed indelicate. The primary functions of euphemisms include facilitating social lubrication by promoting harmony in interactions and avoiding taboos associated with death, illness, or physicality, thereby allowing speakers to convey difficult ideas without causing discomfort.^[45] In modern contexts, particularly in human resources and corporate communication, they have evolved to include terms like "rightsizing" for layoffs or "letting go" for firing, which aim to neutralize the sting of economic hardship while maintaining a professional facade.^[46] This adaptation serves taboo avoidance in professional settings, where blunt language could erode morale or invite legal scrutiny, though it often perpetuates indirectness as a norm in bureaucratic discourse. Criticisms of euphemisms highlight their potential to obscure truth and foster misunderstanding, as they can distance audiences from the gravity of issues like war or unemployment by layering on neutral phrasing.^[47] A key concern is the "euphemism treadmill," a process where initial polite terms lose their softening effect over time due to repeated association with the underlying reality, necessitating continual invention of new expressions—such as the shift from "idiot" to "mentally retarded" to "intellectually disabled" for cognitive impairments.^[47] This cycle, as articulated by linguist Steven Pinker, not only complicates communication but can enable evasion of accountability in sensitive domains.^[47]

Innuendo

Innuendo functions as a form of circumlocution by employing indirect allusions to imply meanings that exceed the literal content of the statement, often conveying criticism, suggestion, or scandal without explicit declaration. This mechanism relies on implicature, where the audience infers an unspoken message—typically derogatory, salacious, or accusatory—through contextual cues and shared knowledge, allowing the speaker to maintain a veneer of innocence.^[48] For instance, the remark "He's very friendly with his secretary" might superficially praise sociability but insinuate an extramarital affair, leveraging ambiguity to embed the subtext.^[49] In linguistic terms, innuendo operates as a non-overt negative ascription, distinct from direct assertion, and is particularly effective in scenarios where overt expression could invite backlash.^[50] This device thrives in contexts such as social gossip and satire, where subtlety enables the circulation of pointed commentary. In social gossip, innuendo facilitates the spread of rumors about absent parties, as seen in media coverage of public figures, such as insinuations about athletes' career decisions that imply disloyalty or scandal without evidence.^[50] Historically, it has been a staple of satirical literature, where authors deployed innuendo to critique political figures through oblique hints that evaded direct censorship.^[51] This approach in unpublished libels allowed authors to implicate targets while preserving deniability, amplifying the impact of social critique.^[52] The effects of innuendo include providing plausible deniability to the speaker, who can disavow the implied meaning by claiming innocence or alternative interpretations, thereby shielding their ethos while still influencing perceptions.^[53] However, this indirectness carries risks of misinterpretation, as the audience's inferences may vary based on context or biases, potentially leading to unintended escalation or failure to convey the intended subtext.^[54] In practice, such ambiguity can foster negative judgments that persist even if denied, as recipients often "hear the positive but infer the negative."^[55] Examples abound in political cartoons and stand-up comedy, where innuendo delivers veiled insults with layered humor. Historical British political cartoons, such as Thomas Rowlandson's 1810 depiction of Napoleon Bonaparte's marriage, used sexual innuendo—portraying the emperor as a "dunghill cock" unable to sire an heir—to mock his impotence and diplomatic failures without overt libel.^[56] In stand-up comedy, performers like Marie Lloyd employed innuendo as "performed censorship" in early 20th-century music halls, hinting at taboo topics through double entendres to subvert norms while navigating obscenity laws, as in coded references to romance that implied impropriety.^[57] These applications underscore innuendo's role in critiquing power structures or social taboos through suggestive evasion.

Equivocation

Equivocation represents a deceptive variant of circumlocution, wherein a speaker or writer intentionally employs words or phrases with multiple meanings to mislead, evade direct responses, or obscure the truth. This rhetorical device exploits lexical ambiguity, allowing the same term to shift senses within discourse, thereby creating an illusion of logical consistency while advancing a fallacious conclusion. For instance, a person accused of theft might claim, "I didn't touch the money," intending the literal sense of physical contact to imply innocence, while actually having orchestrated its removal through other means.^[58] The philosophical foundations of equivocation trace back to ancient logic, where Aristotle identified it as one of thirteen fallacies of ambiguity in his Sophistical Refutations, classifying it under linguistic tricks that undermine valid reasoning by altering word meanings mid-argument. In this framework, equivocation disrupts syllogistic inference, as the premise and conclusion rely on incompatible interpretations of key terms, rendering the argument invalid. Historically, Jesuit casuistry in the 16th and 17th centuries elevated equivocation to a systematic ethical tool, particularly through doctrines like mental reservation, which permitted ambiguous oaths to protect persecuted Catholics in Protestant England; critics, including Protestant polemicists, condemned this as a "new art of lying" that justified deception under moral pretexts.^[58]^[59] In contemporary contexts, equivocation appears in legal defenses and political discourse to exploit interpretive loopholes. A notorious legal example is former U.S. President Bill Clinton's 1998 grand jury testimony regarding his affair with Monica Lewinsky, where he parsed the verb "is" to distinguish between ongoing and past actions, stating, "It depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is," thereby avoiding perjury while misleading on the timeline of events. Similarly, in political interviews, equivocation often manifests as evasive responses to loaded questions; for example, a congressperson queried on inconsistent policy statements might retort, "On the masks, you have two stories," ambiguously implying media bias rather than addressing personal contradictions.^[60]^[61] Ethically, equivocation is widely regarded as dishonest, as it prioritizes evasion over transparency and can erode trust in communication, unlike benign circumlocution used for politeness or clarity. Philosophers and rhetoricians view it as a form of intellectual dishonesty that manipulates audience perceptions, potentially justifying deceit in high-stakes scenarios but ultimately undermining rational discourse.^[58]

Applications and Examples

In Politics and Bureaucracy

In political discourse, circumlocution often serves as a tool for evasion during debates and testimonies, allowing speakers to sidestep direct accountability. For instance, during the Watergate scandal, President Richard Nixon and his administration employed phrases like "inoperative" to retract previous statements without admitting falsehoods, and "stonewall" to instruct aides in obstructing investigations, thereby obscuring criminal involvement.^[62] Similarly, witnesses such as John Dean used temporal circumlocutions like "at this point in time" to delay or vague responses in Senate hearings, avoiding precise admissions that could imply guilt.^[62] These tactics, rooted in euphemistic and indirect phrasing, enabled officials to maintain plausible deniability amid scrutiny. In bureaucratic contexts, circumlocution manifests as "officialese," a jargon-heavy style that inflates simple actions to deter comprehension and scrutiny. Government reports and statements frequently substitute verbose constructions for clarity, such as "revenue enhancement" for tax increases or "nonperforming assets" for bad loans, transforming potentially controversial decisions into neutral administrative processes.^[63] Military and security bureaucracies exemplify this further; the Pentagon has described detainee suicides as "self-injurious behavior incidents" or even "asymmetrical warfare," depersonalizing tragic events to minimize public outrage and institutional liability.^[64] Another prevalent example is "officer-involved shooting," a passive phrase that obscures police agency in civilian deaths, framing the incident as an inevitable occurrence rather than an active decision.^[65] The primary purposes of circumlocution in these arenas include preserving power structures, evading responsibility, and manipulating public perception to sustain support. As analyzed in studies of "doublespeak," this practice distorts reality to justify indefensible actions, such as reframing military bombings as "protective reaction strikes" during the Vietnam War, thereby soothing outrage and maintaining policy continuity.^[63] George Orwell's essay "Politics and the English Language" (1946) profoundly influenced this critique, arguing that such indirect language corrupts thought and enables political deception, a concept echoed in post-Orwellian analyses of bureaucratic evasion.^[63] By 1974, the National Council of Teachers of English established the Orwell Award to highlight honest discourse against this trend, underscoring circumlocution's role in shielding authority from accountability.^[63] Globally, circumlocution permeates diplomatic language, particularly in UN resolutions, where ambiguity fosters consensus without alienating parties. For example, UN Security Council Resolution 2650 (2022) on Lebanon uses vague terms like "Lebanese parties" and "all concerned parties" without specifying actors or obligations, creating syntactic and lexical ambiguity to avoid direct confrontations while urging vague "efforts" toward stability.^[66] Diplomatic cables similarly rely on dense, indirect phrasing—filled with acronyms and circumlocutory descriptions—to convey sensitive information without explicit commitments, as seen in U.S. State Department dispatches that obscure strategic intentions through layered euphemisms.^[67] In contemporary U.S. politics as of 2025, doublespeak continues, with former President Donald Trump employing "freedom of choice" to promote consumer deregulation (e.g., appliance choices) while restricting political options, such as limiting voting access or school curricula under euphemisms like "ending radical indoctrination," thereby masking policy intentions.^[68] This approach maintains diplomatic equilibrium but often dilutes actionable clarity in international bureaucracy.

In Literature and Media

Circumlocution appears prominently in William Shakespeare's Hamlet as a tool for evasive philosophical discourse, particularly in Hamlet's soliloquy to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in Act 2, Scene 2, where he exclaims, "What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty!" This elaborate praise of human potential serves to deflect direct inquiries into his melancholic state, allowing the character to circle around his inner despair and suspicions without revealing them outright. The technique underscores Hamlet's intellectual maneuvering, using verbose abstraction to maintain ambiguity and control the conversation. In Charles Dickens's Little Dorrit (1855–1857), circumlocution is satirically central to the depiction of bureaucratic inefficiency through the fictional Circumlocution Office, a government department whose motto, "How not to do it," embodies endless indirection and evasion. Officials like Barnacle repeatedly respond to inquiries with circuitous explanations, such as describing policy as "a certain point of view" rather than addressing specifics, critiquing Victorian administrative obfuscation. This portrayal highlights circumlocution's role in frustrating progress and exposing societal flaws. In 20th-century media, circumlocution builds narrative tension and reveals character psychology, as seen in film noir scripts where verbose antagonists employ indirect speech to manipulate or intimidate. For instance, in John Huston's The Maltese Falcon (1941), villains like Casper Gutman use long-winded monologues filled with euphemisms and digressions to obscure motives, such as referring to the falcon statue in veiled terms to test loyalties without direct confrontation. Similarly, Samuel Beckett's absurdist plays, like Waiting for Godot (1953), feature circular dialogues where characters Vladimir and Estragon evade existential questions through repetitive, meandering exchanges, such as discussing boots or carrots at length to avoid confronting their purposeless wait. These techniques critique human communication's futility and amplify themes of isolation. Authors in postmodern literature often deploy circumlocution to foster irony and ambiguity, layering narratives with indirect references that challenge readers' interpretations. In works like Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow (1973), dense, tangential descriptions of wartime paranoia create ironic distance, using evasive phrasing to blur historical facts and conspiracy, thereby questioning reality's coherence. This approach, extending Beckett's influence, employs circumlocution not just for evasion but to deconstruct meaning, inviting multiple readings of societal critique.

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Circumlocution: Use of phrases such as "what you eat with" instead of fork, or "what you write with" instead of pen. "Empty" words: Using generalized ...
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Approach to Aphasia - PsychDB
Dec 29, 2021 · Broca's Aphasia (also known as “expressive aphasia”) is often ... circumlocution, where the person describes the intended word in a roundabout way ...
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Features of Aphasia -- Short Examples from Discourse Samples
Circumlocution, $CIR, [+ clr], Indirect, roundabout language to describe a word or ... (Wernicke's aphasia) and very limited language output (Broca's aphasia) ...
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Naming ability in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease
Errors were classified as verbal semantic paraphasia, verbal phonemic paraphasia, no response (pure anomia), circumlocution, unrelated verbal paraphasia, visual ...
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Social Communication and Language Characteristics Associated ...
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who are fluently verbal are not free of language and communication challenges.
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(PDF) Evaluating circumlocution in naming as a predictor of ...
BDAE: The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Goodglass H, & Wingfield A (1997). Word-finding deficits ...
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Word-Finding Strategies for Aphasia - A How-To Guide & Top 10 List
There are many word-finding strategies people with aphasia can use when they can't think of the word they want to say.Missing: unintentional circumlocution pathological
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[PDF] Aphasia Handbook - Alfredo Ardila
When unable to find a name, the aphasic patient can replace the name by a circumlocution ... (dynamic aphasia— transcortical motor aphasia) (Luria, ...
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The Value of “Communication Strategies” in the Treatment of Aphasia
Apr 21, 2020 · The use of “whatever it takes” to communicate is strongly encouraged, and there are many opportunities for effective gesturing in the protocol.Missing: excessive | Show results with:excessive
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[PDF] Recognizing Euphemisms and Dysphemisms Using Sentiment ...
Eu- phemisms soften references to topics that are sensitive, disagreeable, or taboo. Conversely, dysphemisms refer to sensitive topics in a harsh or rude way.
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Circumlocution: Definition and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net
Circumlocution (sir-kum-low-KEW-shun) means “talking around” or “talking in circles.” It's when you want to discuss something, but don't want to make any direct ...
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(PDF) Circumlocution - ResearchGate
May 10, 2020 · Circumlocution is a strategy used to explain the meaning of the target expression through description of its such as shape, colour, size or functions.Missing: etymology reputable
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Euphemism and Conceptual Metaphorization in Victorian Obituaries
It is the aim of this paper to explore the euphemistic language on obituary pages from the mid-nineteenth century.
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[PDF] Euphemisms and Their Functions in the Language - IS MUNI
propriety, e.g. sexual talk, mentioning body parts, bodily functions ... Expressions white meat and dark meat originated as Victorian euphemisms for breasts and ...
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[PDF] Use of euphemisms in youth language, JOURNAL OF ... - ERIC
Jan 21, 2021 · In other words, euphemism is a way of expressing that which seeks to change the perception even though the meaning does not change (Demirci, ...
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Downsizing, Rightsizing, and Fantasizing - Psychology Today
Dec 8, 2011 · Downsizing, Rightsizing, and Fantasizing. Downsizing Doesn't Equal Productivity Increases or Long-term Cost Savings. Posted December 8, 2011.
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[PDF] euphemism treadmill - Steven Pinker
To a linguist, the phenomenon is familiar: the euphemism treadmill. People invent new "polite" words to refer to emotionally laden or distaste- ful things ...
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The Meaning of Innuendo, Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo
Feb 18, 2019 · Innuendo is a subtle or indirect observation about a person or thing, usually of a salacious, critical, or disparaging nature. Also called insinuation.Key Takeaways · Examples And Observations · Erving Goffman On The...
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Innuendo: Definition and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net
An innuendo (pronounced in-yu-EN-do) is when you say something which is polite and innocent on the surface, but indirectly hints at an insult or rude comment.Ii. Examples Of Innuendo · Iv. Examples Of Innuendo In... · V. Examples Of Innuendo In...Missing: mechanism | Show results with:mechanism
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(PDF) An account of innuendo - ResearchGate
... Among them, some are contextually more plausible than others, which allows the insinuator to deny the intention of conveying a problematic message. In other ...
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https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/satirical-analysis-of-jonathan-swifts-gullivers-travels/
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Analysis of Swift's Use of Satirical Techniques in Gulliver's Travels
Jul 2, 2018 · Innuendo is used countless times throughout the books; it is a valuable tool for the satirist because it allows him to implicate a target ...
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Insinuation is committing - ScienceDirect.com
In other words, deniability is more plausible in insinuation than in implicature, which is why indirect speech acts are felt to be more direct than insinuations ...Missing: misinterpretation | Show results with:misinterpretation
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On the Rhetorical Effectiveness of Implicit Meaning—A Pragmatic ...
For speakers, choosing to convey a message implicitly might be riskier and more open to misunderstandings than choosing to do so explicitly, as part of the ...4. The Rhetorical Appeal Of... · 5. Some Pragmatic Resources... · 5.3. 1. Insinuation
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The Innuendo Effect: Hearing the Positive but Inferring the Negative
These negative inferences mediated the effect of the innuendo manipulation on judgments about the target person's suitability for inclusion in one's group.
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Political Cartoons from a Golden Age of British Satire - Hyperallergic
Jun 19, 2015 · ” That cartoon pretty well drips with sexual innuendo (its title is “The Dunghill Cock and Game Pullet or Boney Beat out of the Pitt ...
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I Mustn't Tell You What I Mean: Comic Innuendo as Performed ...
Performances that made use of comic innuendo to hide coded meanings are considered as performed censorship. A micro-history of Marie Lloyd is included in this ...
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Fallacies - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
May 29, 2015 · The fallacy of equivocation is an argument which exploits the ambiguity of a term or phrase which has occurred at least twice in an argument, ...
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The 'new art of lying': equivocation, mental reservation, and casuistry ...
Oct 13, 2009 · Catholic casuists, and particularly Jesuits, were accused by their opponents in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of employing sophistry ...
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Definition and Examples of the Fallacy of Equivocation - ThoughtCo
Sep 10, 2019 · Equivocation is a fallacy by which a specific word or phrase in an argument is used with more than one meaning. It's also known as semantic equivocation.
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Equivocation Fallacy | Definition & Examples - Scribbr
May 17, 2023 · The equivocation fallacy refers to the use of an ambiguous word or phrase in more than one sense within the same argument.How does the equivocation... · Equivocation fallacy examples
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Words of Watergate - About Words - Cambridge Dictionary blog
Jan 7, 2013 · The words of Watergate tended to be highly euphemistic. The president and his men tried at every step along the way to sugar coat criminal ...
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[PDF] Beyond Nineteen Eighty-Four: Doublespeak in a Post-Orwellian Age.
The calming influence of political rhetoric, then, reinforces the comfort provided by political symbolism as found, for instance. in patriotic celebrations ...
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Doublespeak in the War on Terror | Cato Institute
Sep 10, 2006 · “Self-injurious behavior incidents” is the Pentagon's phrase for suicide attempts by prisoners, for example.
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The Elements of Bureaucratic Style - Longreads
Apr 12, 2017 · The term “officer-involved shooting” is a perfect example of bureaucratic speech: It invariably is paired with an active verb (“an officer- ...
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(PDF) Ambiguity and Power in Diplomatic Discourse: A Linguistic ...
Jun 30, 2024 · Ambiguity and Power in Diplomatic Discourse: A Linguistic Analysis of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2650 (2022), Lebanon.Missing: circumlocution | Show results with:circumlocution
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WikiLeaks Releases Cache Of U.S. Diplomatic Cables - NPR
Nov 28, 2010 · The cables are dense, filled with acronyms and diplomatic speak, but between the code is a candid view of decades of American diplomacy.Missing: circumlocution | Show results with:circumlocution