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Crawl

Look up crawl in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Crawl is an English word with several meanings. It may refer to:

Locomotion

Human crawling

Human crawling is a form of quadrupedal locomotion in which individuals propel themselves forward using their hands and knees, or variations such as belly dragging, while maintaining a prone position close to the ground. This movement pattern is most prominent during infancy as a transitional stage in motor development, but it can also be adapted in therapeutic contexts for older individuals. Unlike upright walking, crawling distributes weight across all four limbs, promoting stability and bilateral coordination.^[1] In infants, crawling typically emerges between 6 and 10 months of age, with approximately 50% of babies initiating the skill by 8 months, though variations are common and some may skip traditional crawling altogether. The progression often begins with "belly" or "commando" crawling, where the infant uses arm strength to pull the body forward while the torso remains low to the surface, followed by rocking on hands and knees to build momentum. This evolves into the classic hands-and-knees crawl, involving alternating opposite arm and leg extensions for efficient forward motion, and culminates in pulling up to furniture or standing, leading to independent walking around 12 months. These stages foster foundational gross motor skills and are influenced by environmental factors like tummy time, which encourages early prone positioning from birth. Research estimates that 4-15% of infants skip hands-and-knees crawling, opting for other locomotion like bottom-shuffling; while many develop normally, some studies suggest potential links to minor coordination or visual-spatial challenges, though evidence is mixed and not conclusive.^[2]^[1]^[3]^[4] Crawling provides significant benefits for motor, coordination, and cognitive development in infants by strengthening muscles in the shoulders, core, and hips; enhancing hand-eye coordination through weight-bearing on extended arms; and promoting bilateral brain hemisphere integration via cross-lateral movements. Studies indicate that this activity reinforces neural pathways, including the corpus callosum, which facilitates communication between brain regions and supports spatial reasoning and problem-solving as infants explore their surroundings. For instance, research on locomotor transitions shows that crawling uniquely expands visual exploration of the environment compared to later walking, aiding perceptual and cognitive growth. Overall, these gains establish a robust foundation for advanced mobility and learning.^[5]^[6]^[7] In rehabilitation settings, crawling exercises are employed in physical therapy for adults recovering from neurological injuries, such as strokes, to rebuild balance, proprioception, and gait patterns. Quadrupedal movements challenge core stability and interlimb coordination, mimicking infant development to reactivate dormant neural circuits. These interventions are low-impact and scalable, often starting with supported positions to ensure safety. Historically, human crawling has been observed as an evolutionary echo of primate quadrupedalism, where infants' prone locomotion parallels the symmetrical gaits of our primate ancestors, aiding the gradual shift toward obligate bipedalism without requiring immediate upright posture. This prone movement on land shares conceptual similarities with the front crawl in swimming, another efficient prone propulsion technique.^[8]

Animal crawling

Animal crawling is a fundamental mode of locomotion employed by diverse species to navigate terrestrial, subterranean, or aquatic substrates, characterized by direct contact between the body and the surface to generate propulsive forces through muscular undulations or segmental movements.^[9] Common types include serpentine crawling, where lateral waves propagate along the body to exploit anisotropic friction; peristaltic crawling, involving alternating contractions and extensions of body segments to anchor and advance; and inching, which relies on coordinated attachment and release of appendages or body parts for incremental progress.^[10] These mechanisms are adapted to specific environments, such as soil for burrowing species or rough terrain for surface dwellers.^[11] Biomechanically, animal crawling depends on precise muscle contractions to create propagating waves that minimize energy expenditure while maximizing traction. In limbless forms, longitudinal and circular muscles generate hydrostatic pressures or bending moments, often aided by friction-reducing adaptations like mucus secretion in annelids or specialized scales in reptiles that allow differential grip during forward and backward phases.^[12] For instance, energy efficiency is enhanced in peristaltic motion, where frictional costs dominate at low speeds (Froude numbers below 0.0002), requiring only 1-10% of resting metabolic rate, compared to higher inertial costs in faster undulatory gaits.^[9] Overall, crawling proves more energy-efficient than walking for low-mobility species in confined spaces, as it avoids the lift costs associated with limb elevation.^[10] Representative examples illustrate these principles: snakes employ lateral undulation, propagating sinuous waves posteriorly to push against surface irregularities, achieving speeds up to 1.5 m/s with metabolic costs around 23 J/kg per meter.^[9] Millipedes utilize peristaltic waves coordinated with their numerous legs to traverse leaf litter, maintaining body stability through segmental anchoring.^[10] Amphibian larvae, such as tadpoles, crawl via tail undulation on substrates, combining muscular thrusts with mucus to reduce drag during foraging.^[11] Evolutionarily, crawling facilitated critical transitions, such as the colonization of land by early tetrapods around 390 million years ago, enabling habitat navigation in cluttered or fossorial environments before the development of advanced limb-based gaits.^[11] It plays a key role in predator evasion through rapid burrowing or scooting, as seen in limbless lizards, and in foraging efficiency for bottom-dwelling species like seals, which scoot using foreflippers and abdominal undulations.^[10] These adaptations underscore crawling's significance in diverse ecological niches, from escaping threats to exploiting low-clearance resources.^[13] Recent post-2020 studies in bio-robotics have drawn on these principles to mimic insect crawling for soft robotics applications. Similarly, a 2025 study on limbless soft robots emulating earthworm peristalsis used kirigami skins for asymmetric friction, enabling multimodal crawling speeds optimized at 0.5-1 Hz frequencies on coarse substrates, highlighting the efficiency of natural wave propagation for robotic navigation in unstructured environments.^[14]

Sports

Front crawl

The front crawl, also known as freestyle, is the fastest and most efficient competitive swimming stroke, characterized by alternating arm pulls, a continuous flutter kick, and rhythmic breathing while the body glides face-down in the water.^[15] It dominates events like the 50m, 100m, and 200m freestyle in Olympic and world championships due to its hydrodynamic advantages, allowing swimmers to achieve speeds exceeding 2 m/s in elite competitions.^[16] As the permitted stroke in freestyle races, it emphasizes propulsion from the arms, which contribute about 85-90% of forward drive, supplemented by leg action for balance and stability.^[17] The origins of the front crawl trace back to the mid-19th century, when a rudimentary form was observed in a 1844 London swimming exhibition by Native American competitors, who used an overhand arm recovery and flutter kick resembling modern techniques.^[18] This style gained traction in England and Australia, where swimmers like Alick Wickham, a Solomon Islander, introduced a refined version in the 1890s, crediting South Pacific influences for the efficient arm-over-head motion.^[19] By the early 20th century, Australian Dick Cavill popularized the "Australian crawl" in England and the U.S., coining the term "front crawl" to describe its prone, crawling-like propulsion.^[18] Its adoption accelerated after Johnny Weissmuller, an American swimmer of German descent, won three Olympic golds in 1924 using the stroke, contributing to his career total of five Olympic golds, breaking the 100m freestyle world record multiple times and setting 67 records overall, which helped evolve it into the standard for freestyle events by the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics.^[20] Technique in front crawl involves a coordinated sequence starting with the arm pull: one arm extends forward underwater, catches the water with a high-elbow position, and pulls back in a semi-circular path to the hip for maximum propulsion, while the opposite arm recovers above the water in a relaxed, slightly bent position.^[21] The legs perform a flutter kick from the hips, with alternating up-and-down motions of small amplitude (about 15-20 cm) and high frequency (40-60 kicks per minute), maintaining a streamlined body line without excessive knee bend.^[15] Body rotation, typically 30-45 degrees per side, aligns the shoulders and hips to reduce drag and enhance reach, synchronized with the arm cycle.^[22] Breathing patterns vary: unilateral breathing every two or three strokes favors speed but can cause asymmetry, while bilateral every three strokes promotes balance, though it may slightly reduce velocity in sprints.^[15] Biomechanically, front crawl optimizes hydrodynamics by minimizing drag through a streamlined prone position, where body rotation decreases the effective cross-sectional area exposed to water by up to 50%, reducing passive drag to about 0.03-0.05 N/(kg·m/s²) at elite speeds.^[16] Propulsion efficiency stems primarily from the arms' lift and drag forces during the pull phase, achieving 70-80% hydrodynamic efficiency via sculling motions that generate vortex shedding for thrust, while the kick contributes 10-15% by countering body roll and adding minor forward momentum.^[17] Common errors include over-kicking, which elevates oxygen consumption by 20-30% without proportional speed gains, dropped-elbow pulls that increase drag by shortening the stroke length, and improper head position lifting, which raises frontal resistance by 10-15%.^[16] Correcting these through focus on core engagement and hydrodynamic principles can improve overall efficiency by 5-10%.^[23] Training for front crawl emphasizes drills to refine technique, such as catch-up drills—where one hand touches the other before the pull—to promote extension and timing, or fist swimming to strengthen the high-elbow catch without full hand surface.^[15] Speed work involves high-intensity intervals like 8x25m sprints at 95% effort with 30-second rests to build anaerobic capacity and stroke rate, targeting 50-60 cycles per minute for elite swimmers.^[24] Endurance building uses threshold sets, such as 20x100m at race pace with 10-second rests, to enhance aerobic efficiency and maintain form over distances up to 1500m, often incorporating pull buoys to isolate arm mechanics and reduce kick dependency.^[22] Progressive overload, combining these with dryland strength exercises like resistance band pulls, typically yields 2-5% performance gains over a season in competitive athletes.^[15] In Olympic and world record contexts as of November 2025, the long-course men's 50m freestyle record stands at 20.91 seconds by César Cielo Filho (Brazil, 2009), while the 100m record is 46.40 seconds by Pan Zhanle (China, 2024).^[25] For women, the 50m record is 23.61 seconds by Sarah Sjöström (Sweden, 2023), and the 100m is 51.71 seconds by Sarah Sjöström (Sweden, 2022).^[25] Gender differences show men outperforming women by approximately 8-12% in these events, attributable to greater muscle mass and lower relative drag, with records set in FINA/World Aquatics-sanctioned meets emphasizing the stroke's role in 90% of swimming medals.^[16]

Rock crawling

Rock crawling is an extreme off-road motorsport that involves navigating four-wheel-drive vehicles at low speeds over steep, rocky, and uneven terrain, emphasizing precision, balance, and vehicle control to overcome obstacles that would be impassable for standard vehicles.^[26] This activity originated as a recreational pursuit in the late 20th century but evolved into organized competitions by the late 1990s, focusing on technical challenges rather than speed.^[27] Participants typically use modified 4x4 trucks, SUVs, or buggies designed for maximum traction and durability. Essential equipment includes vehicles with high ground clearance, often achieved through lifted suspensions and large off-road tires to maintain contact with irregular surfaces.^[28] Key modifications encompass locking differentials for even power distribution to all wheels, winches for self-recovery, reinforced axles to handle torque, and protective elements like skid plates and rock sliders to shield the undercarriage from impacts.^[29] These adaptations enable vehicles to articulate over boulders while minimizing damage, with examples including tube chassis in competitive classes for enhanced rigidity.^[26] Techniques prioritize careful planning and execution to avoid rollovers or get-stuck situations. Spotting involves a dedicated observer directing the driver on optimal paths, communicating tire placement and obstacle avoidance to maintain visibility and stability.^[30] Throttle control requires smooth, minimal inputs in low-range gearing to prevent wheel spin and preserve traction on slick rocks, often using momentum judiciously on loose surfaces.^[31] Tire placement focuses on selecting the best "line" through obstacles, positioning wheels on stable points to distribute weight evenly and maximize articulation. Recovery methods, such as winching with straps and shackles attached to recovery points, are critical for extracting vehicles, emphasizing slow pulls to avoid snaps or shifts.^[32] Competitions test these skills in judged events where drivers navigate obstacle courses, with scoring based on completion time plus penalties for errors like touching obstacles with the body, exceeding boundaries, or requiring external assistance.^[33] The King of the Hammers (KOH), held annually since 2007 in Johnson Valley, California, is a premier event combining rock crawling sections with desert racing, drawing over 500 teams in classes from stock-modified to unlimited buggies under Ultra4 Racing rules.^[34] Other major series as of 2025 include the WE Rock Sports Grand Nationals, featuring professional and amateur divisions on purpose-built courses, and regional events like the Delta Classic Rock Crawl, emphasizing gate-based judging for precision.^[35] Safety measures mandate helmets for drivers and spotters to protect against rollovers or flying debris, alongside seatbelts, gloves, and eye protection during technical maneuvers.^[36] Recovery operations require team coordination and gear inspections to prevent injuries from equipment failure. Environmental considerations promote adherence to Tread Lightly! principles, such as staying on designated trails to avoid erosion, minimizing vegetation damage, and packing out waste to preserve natural landscapes.^[37] Trail ethics encourage yielding to other users and avoiding sensitive areas, reducing the sport's impact on fragile ecosystems like desert rock formations.^[38] The sport gained traction in the early 2000s through televised events and sanctioning bodies like the Rock Crawlers Association of America, with popularity surging post-2010 due to accessible aftermarket parts and social media exposure.^[39] By 2025, participation has expanded, incorporating electric vehicle adaptations; for instance, the GMC Hummer EV has been tested in off-road conditions, demonstrating instant torque benefits for low-speed crawling.^[40]

Technology

Web crawling

Web crawling is the automated process of systematically discovering, fetching, and indexing content from the World Wide Web using software agents known as web crawlers, spiders, or bots.^[41] These programs start with a set of seed URLs, download the corresponding web pages, parse the HTML to extract hyperlinks, and add newly discovered URLs to a queue for recursive fetching, thereby traversing the web's hyperlink structure to build comprehensive indexes.^[41] The process adheres to protocols like robots.txt, a standard file at a site's root that specifies which paths crawlers should avoid to respect site owners' directives and prevent unauthorized access.^[42] Key algorithms guide the crawling strategy, with breadth-first search (BFS) being widely used for its ability to explore pages level by level from the seeds, ensuring broad coverage and prioritizing recently discovered content before delving deeper.^[41] In contrast, depth-first search (DFS) follows one path deeply before backtracking, which can be more memory-efficient but risks missing diverse content if the web's structure is uneven.^[41] Politeness policies mitigate server overload by enforcing delays between requests to the same host, such as spacing fetches by multiples of download time, and respecting rate limits to maintain ethical operation.^[41] Handling dynamic content, particularly pages that load via JavaScript after the initial HTML response, often requires emulating a browser environment to execute scripts and capture fully rendered pages, as static fetching alone misses client-side generated elements.^[43] Applications of web crawling span multiple domains, most prominently in search engine indexing where crawlers like Googlebot systematically discover and catalog billions of pages to power queries in systems like Google Search.^[44] It enables data mining for AI training by aggregating large-scale web corpora, providing diverse text and multimedia datasets essential for model development in natural language processing and computer vision.^[45] In e-commerce, crawlers facilitate price monitoring and competitive intelligence by extracting product details, availability, and pricing from competitor sites to inform dynamic pricing strategies.^[46] The origins of web crawling trace to 1993 with the World Wide Web Wanderer, an early tool to measure the web's size, followed in 1994 by the World Wide Web Worm (WWWW), which indexed over 110,000 pages and introduced automated link following for search.^[47] As the web expanded into the era of big data, crawlers evolved from single-machine systems to distributed architectures capable of processing petabytes of content, incorporating parallelism and fault tolerance as seen in projects like WebCrawler and Mercator.^[41] As of 2025, the EU AI Act, effective since August 2024 with key prohibitions from February 2025, imposes new ethical constraints on crawling, particularly for AI training data, mandating compliance with GDPR for personal data scraping to ensure transparency, consent, and risk assessment in high-stakes applications. Prohibitions include AI systems that scrape facial images from the internet or CCTV for identification purposes. Violations of prohibited practices risk fines up to €35 million or 7% of total worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher.^[48]^[49]^[50] Significant challenges persist in web crawling, including scalability, where handling the web's trillions of pages demands distributed computing across thousands of machines to achieve high throughput without bottlenecks.^[41] Duplicate detection is another hurdle, as analyses indicate that 11% of pages are exact duplicates and 29% near-duplicates, necessitating techniques like shingling and URL normalization to avoid redundant storage and indexing.^[41] Anti-crawling measures, such as CAPTCHAs designed to differentiate automated bots from human users through challenges like text recognition, further complicate operations by blocking or slowing crawlers on protected sites.^[51]

Mechanical crawlers

Mechanical crawlers, also known as tracked vehicles, are heavy-duty machines utilizing continuous tracks to enable movement across challenging terrains with minimal ground disturbance. These devices distribute weight over a large surface area, providing superior traction and stability compared to wheeled alternatives, making them essential in industries requiring robust mobility.^[52] The concept of continuous tracks dates back to the late 18th century, with British inventor Richard Lovell Edgeworth designing a rudimentary system in the 1770s to improve wheeled vehicles on soft ground, though it was not immediately patented. A formal patent for a continuous track system was granted to Sir George Cayley in 1826, describing a "universal railway" for traversing uneven surfaces. Modern applications in oil rigs emerged in the early 20th century, with crawler cranes becoming standard for assembling and maintaining offshore platforms due to their ability to operate on unstable seabeds.^[53]^[54]^[55] Key types of mechanical crawlers include crawler-transporters, mining excavators, and agricultural harvesters. NASA's crawler-transporters, operational since 1965, are massive platforms that have transported Saturn V rockets, Space Shuttles, and Artemis program vehicles from assembly buildings to launch pads at Kennedy Space Center, each capable of carrying up to 8.2 million kilograms while maintaining a speed of about 1.6 kilometers per hour. Mining excavators, such as those from Caterpillar or Komatsu, feature hydraulic arms for digging in rugged environments, with models like the Cat 6090 weighing over 1,000 tons. Agricultural harvesters, exemplified by John Deere's tracked models like the 803MH, use rubber tracks to navigate soft fields and slopes during timber or crop harvesting, reducing soil compaction by up to 50% compared to wheeled versions.^[56]^[57] Design principles of mechanical crawlers emphasize low ground pressure, achieved through wide, continuous tracks that spread vehicle weight—often below 0.05 megapascals for heavy models—to prevent sinking in mud or sand. Torque distribution is managed via hydrostatic drives or differentials, ensuring even power delivery to both tracks for steering and propulsion, while articulated suspensions enhance stability on slopes up to 30 degrees. These features allow crawlers to maintain balance and traction on uneven surfaces, with track materials ranging from steel for durability in mining to rubber for reduced vibration in agriculture.^[58]^[59] Applications span construction, space exploration, and disaster recovery. In construction, crawler-mounted tower cranes, such as Liebherr's models, provide stable lifting capacities exceeding 1,000 tons-meter for high-rise builds on unprepared sites. For space exploration, beyond NASA's transporters, tracked concepts inform planetary mobility, though current Mars missions like Perseverance rely on wheels; ongoing 2025 developments include hybrid prototypes for lunar terrains. In disaster recovery, amphibious tracked vehicles like the SHERP ATV navigate flood zones and debris, supporting rescue operations as seen in 2024 hurricane responses.^[60]^[61]^[62] Recent advancements focus on sustainability and autonomy, with hybrid electric models introduced post-2023 reducing fuel consumption by 20-30% through regenerative braking and battery assist. For instance, Komatsu's PC200LCE-11 electric excavator uses battery power for zero exhaust emissions. In 2025 prototypes, AI-assisted navigation employs LiDAR and machine learning for obstacle avoidance and path optimization, as demonstrated in Kobelco's short-tail excavators with personnel recognition systems, enhancing safety in urban demolition.^[63]^[64]

Music

Albums

Several musical releases bear the title Crawl or The Crawl, spanning genres from jazz to metal and film scores. These works highlight diverse artistic interpretations of the theme, often evoking tension, movement, or introspection through their soundscapes. The Crawl is a jazz album by pianist Mickey Tucker, recorded on May 16, 1979, and released in 1980 on the Muse label. Featuring collaborations with trumpeter Marcus Belgrave, tenor saxophonist Junior Cook, bassist Earl May, trombonist Slide Hampton, and guitarist Ted Dunbar, the album blends hard bop with soulful improvisation across seven tracks, including the title composition and originals like "Fatback Stuff" and "Blues for Satch." Critics praised its energetic swing and Tucker's rhythmic drive, with AllMusic noting its strong ensemble interplay and blues-infused vitality.^[65]^[66] Louis Hayes' The Crawl is a live jazz album by the Louis Hayes Sextet, recorded at New York's Birdland on October 14, 1989, and released in 1990 on Candid Records. The sextet, including trumpeter Charles Tolliver, saxophonists Gary Bartz and John Stubblefield, pianist Mickey Tucker, and bassist Clint Houston, delivers hard bop standards and originals over seven extended tracks, such as "Naima's Love Song" and the title track. Reception highlighted Hayes' precise drumming and the group's cohesive energy. The album earned positive notices for its club atmosphere and improvisational depth.^[67]^[68] In the death metal genre, Crawl is a three-track EP by Swedish band Entombed, released on April 1, 1991, by Earache Records as a precursor to their album Clandestine. Produced by Tomas Skogsberg at Sunlight Studio, it features tracks "Crawl," "Forsaken," and "Bitter Loss," showcasing the band's chainsaw guitar tone and LG Petrov's guttural vocals. The EP received acclaim for its raw intensity and production clarity, with Metal Archives reviewers calling it a brutal highlight of early Swedish death metal, averaging 77% approval for its crushing riffs. AllMusic rated it moderately, appreciating its aggressive brevity at 13 minutes.^[69]^[70] Laughing Hyenas' Crawl is a four-track EP by the American garage rock band, released on October 15, 1992, by Touch and Go Records. Produced by the band and Al Sutton, it includes "Crawl," "Living in Darkness," "Walk," and "Girl," blending noise rock, blues, and hardcore with John Brannon's snarling vocals and Larissa Strickland's driving bass. Critics lauded its muscular lurch and emotional ferocity, with Trouser Press describing it as a dynamo of bad vibes and precise blues execution; AllMusic gave it 3.5 stars for its abrasive energy. The EP runs 18 minutes and exemplifies the band's punk-blues hybrid.^[71]^[72]^[73] Crawl (Music from the Motion Picture) is the orchestral score album for the 2019 horror film Crawl, composed by Max Aruj and Steffen Thum under producer Lorne Balfe's supervision at Remote Control Productions. Released on July 12, 2019, by WaterTower Music, the 25-track album features tense, percussion-heavy cues like "Race Day," "Reckless," and "Red Eyes," blending electronic growls with sweeping strings to mirror the film's alligator attacks and flooding tension. Reviews commended its heart-pounding suspense and Nine Inch Nails-inspired dread, with Soundtrack Universe calling the creature violence accents "perfectly orchestrated chaos"; Intrada's notes highlighted the vivid, fear-inducing effects. The score evokes John Williams' thriller style while maintaining a modern edge, totaling 50 minutes.^[74]^[75] In 2025, the industrial metal band Crawl released No Way Out on June 27 via THC Music, a 12-track hardcore effort recorded by Jason DeJardin at Grave Error Renderings from 2020–2025. Tracks like "Thoughts of a Liar," "Parasite," and "Your Suffering" maintain the band's signature grinding riffs and 42-minute runtime, staying true to their 1990s roots after nearly 30 years. Extreminal Metal Magazine praised its loyalty to industrial death metal aggression, while Metalperver noted its enduring brutality in a positive review. Available on Bandcamp and digipack CD, it marks a recent high-impact entry in the genre.^[76]^[77]^[78]

Songs

Several notable songs titled "Crawl" span various genres, exploring themes of personal and societal vulnerability through introspective lyrics and dynamic instrumentation. These tracks, released from the late 2000s onward, have garnered attention for their emotional depth and, in some cases, chart performance or reimaginings. "Crawl" by Kings of Leon, released in 2008 as the second track on their album Only by the Night, marks the band's first foray into political songwriting, depicting an America humbled by religious wars, natural disasters, and biblical prophecies, urging the nation to "learn to crawl again before it can walk tall."^[79] Frontman Caleb Followill described the song as reflecting a disruptive force that upends stability, leaving others to rebuild, with lyrics like "You better learn to crawl / And then you can walk straight to the door" symbolizing resilience amid chaos.^[79] The track peaked at No. 42 on Billboard's Top Rock Songs chart in 2009 and features a live performance video directed by Nick Wickham, capturing the band's raw energy during their arena tour era.^[80] Its cultural resonance lies in bridging the band's Southern rock roots with broader social commentary, influencing discussions on post-9/11 American identity.^[79] In the R&B realm, Chris Brown's "Crawl," the second single from his 2009 album Graffiti, centers on remorse and the desire to reconcile a fractured romance, with Brown pleading, "I crawl back to your heart / To find my way inside you," interpreted by critics as alluding to his tumultuous relationship with Rihanna following their 2009 incident.^[81] The song's mid-tempo production, blending piano and strings, underscores themes of emotional vulnerability and second chances, earning praise for its introspective tone amid Brown's public scrutiny.^[82] It reached No. 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 22 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, later certified Gold by the RIAA in 2017 for 500,000 units sold.^[83] The official music video, premiered in November 2009, visually amplifies the remorse through Brown's solitary reflections in a dimly lit room, contributing to its role in his career rehabilitation narrative.^[81] Angels & Airwaves' "Crawl," from their 2011 album Love: Part Two, delves into addictive intimacy and longing, with lyrics evoking a heroin-like pull toward a lost love: "I crawl my way back in your head / To hear you speak and dream again / To touch your lips from deep within / A bit like love and heroin."^[84] The alternative rock track, featuring Tom DeLonge's soaring vocals and atmospheric guitars, captures the struggle of emotional dependency. More recently, "Death Crawl" by deathcore band The Archaic Epidemic, from their 2024 debut album Infinite Exile, confronts mortality and existential dread, with lyrics like "Unearth the truth of what we're meant for / Death and death alone / Crawling to death to shed our skin and bone" portraying a relentless struggle toward inevitable end.^[85] Released as a single in June 2024 with an official music video showcasing brutal breakdowns and orchestral elements, the track exemplifies modern deathcore's blend of aggression and melody, earning acclaim for its vocal range and riff-driven intensity.^[86] Fan reception has been strong, with the album charting on Apple Music in multiple countries and reviews highlighting "Death Crawl" as a standout for its thematic depth on thanatophobia and abandonment.^[87]^[88] Across these songs, recurring lyrical motifs emphasize struggle—whether political downfall in Kings of Leon's version, relational reconciliation in Brown's, addictive yearning in Angels & Airwaves', or mortal inevitability in The Archaic Epidemic's—often intertwined with intimacy as a metaphor for vulnerability and human frailty.^[79]^[82]^[84]^[85] Notable covers include acoustic renditions of Brown's track by independent artists, though none have achieved mainstream prominence, while sampling remains rare, with isolated uses in underground remixes rather than high-profile productions.^[89]

Film and television

Films

Crawl (2019) is an American natural horror film directed by Alexandre Aja, based on a screenplay by Michael Rasmussen and Shawn Rasmussen. Produced by Sam Raimi, Craig Flores, and Aja under Ghost House Pictures and PalmStar Media, it stars Kaya Scodelario as Haley Keller, a competitive swimmer who defies evacuation orders during Category 5 Hurricane Wendy in Florida to rescue her estranged father, Dave (Barry Pepper), from their flooded family home.^[90] Once inside, Haley discovers Dave injured in the crawl space beneath the house, where rising floodwaters attract a pack of aggressive American alligators, forcing the pair into a desperate fight for survival alongside their dog, Sugar.^[91] The film emphasizes claustrophobic tension within the confined, waterlogged setting, blending creature-feature horror with family reconciliation amid environmental catastrophe.^[92] Released theatrically by Paramount Pictures on July 12, 2019, Crawl was shot primarily in Budapest, Hungary, to simulate Florida's storm-ravaged landscapes, utilizing practical effects for the alligators—including animatronics and live reptiles—combined with CGI for dynamic action sequences.^[93] With a production budget of approximately $12–15 million, it achieved commercial success, grossing $39 million in North America and $52.7 million internationally for a worldwide total of $91.7 million. Critics lauded its relentless pacing, visceral suspense, and Scodelario's committed performance, with an 84% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 212 reviews, where the consensus highlights it as a "fast, terrifying" throwback to 1970s creature films.^[91] The soundtrack, composed by Max Aruj and Steffen Thum, underscores the film's primal dread with orchestral swells and percussive storm motifs. The movie garnered several award nominations in the horror genre, including Best Wide-Release Film at the 2020 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards, Best Horror Film from the Houston Film Critics Society, and Best Actress for Scodelario at the National Film & TV Awards UK.^[94] It also won the IGN Summer Movie Award for Best Horror Movie.^[94] A sequel, Crawl 2, entered development in August 2024, with Aja returning to direct for Paramount Pictures. Unlike the original's Florida swamp setting, the story relocates to New York City, where a family faces survival challenges in an "urban wilderness" during a crisis, though details on specific threats remain undisclosed.^[95] As of November 2025, the film remains in development, with filming planned for 2025 in locations including New York and Budapest, but no cast or release date has been confirmed; Scodelario has stated she will not reprise her role.^[96]^[97]^[98] Central to Crawl's appeal are its survival horror elements, portraying the alligators not as supernatural monsters but as opportunistic predators amplified by natural disaster, drawing from real Florida incidents where hurricanes drive wildlife into human spaces—such as the 2017 Hurricane Irma floods that displaced numerous alligators.^[99] This grounding in environmental peril heightens the film's realism, critiquing human vulnerability to climate extremes while delivering primal thrills through the confined crawl space as both sanctuary and trap.^[100]

Television episodes and series

One of the most notable television episodes featuring "crawl" in its title is "Crawl Space," the eleventh episode of the fourth season of Breaking Bad, which aired on September 25, 2011. In this episode, Walter White returns from a dangerous trip to Mexico with Jesse Pinkman, only to discover that his hidden cache of drug money has been depleted due to Gus Fring's new agreement with the cartel, leaving him in financial desperation. Overwhelmed, Walt crawls under his house into a cramped crawl space, where he experiences a psychotic breakdown, laughing maniacally in one of the series' most iconic scenes. This moment underscores Walt's unraveling psyche and escalates the central conflict with Gus, directly threatening his family and propelling the season's narrative toward its climax. The episode received widespread acclaim for its tension and Bryan Cranston's performance, earning a 9.7/10 rating on IMDb from over 52,000 users and frequent mentions in fan discussions as a turning point in the series' arc.^[101] Sitcoms have also incorporated "crawl" themes in lighter, character-driven episodes. In How I Met Your Mother's eighth season, episode nine titled "Lobster Crawl," which aired on December 10, 2012, the storyline revolves around Robin Scherbatsky's personal struggles, including her allergy to lobster symbolizing her tendency to "crawl back" to unhealthy habits despite the risks. Meanwhile, Lily and Marshall grapple with parenting challenges when Ted takes their baby Marvin to see Santa without permission, intercut with a flash-forward to 2020 where adult Ted drops off his daughter Penny at their home, hinting at future family dynamics. The episode blends humor with subtle foreshadowing of the series' long-term mystery, earning a 7.3/10 IMDb rating and praise for advancing the mother-hunt arc amid holiday-themed comedy.^[102] Similarly, New Girl's fourth season, episode fifteen, "The Crawl," broadcast on February 10, 2015, centers on Nick Miller's meticulously planned Valentine's Day pub crawl, which finally becomes feasible with the opening of a new neighborhood bar. As the group navigates the chaotic evening, Jess and Ryan contemplate their relationship's future amid awkward pretenses, while Nick ends his romance with Genevieve in a characteristically impulsive manner. The episode highlights Nick's rare organizational skills and the loftmates' interpersonal tensions, contributing to the season's exploration of adulting and romance, with a 7.6/10 IMDb score reflecting its solid reception among fans for blending raucous comedy with emotional beats.^[103] Looking toward more recent productions, the premiere episode of Stranger Things season five, titled "Chapter One: The Crawl," is set to premiere on November 26, 2025, as Volume 1 of Netflix's final season of the sci-fi horror series, with the season releasing in three volumes: four episodes on November 26, three on December 25, and the finale on December 31, 2025. Set in fall 1987, the episode picks up after the rifts torn open in Hawkins at the end of season four, with the town scarred by the Upside Down's invasion and the core group—now older and divided—reuniting for one last mission; Hawkins is scarred by the opening of the rifts, and the heroes are united by a single goal: find and kill Vecna. The title, revealed on November 6, 2024, evokes Dungeons & Dragons terminology for dungeon exploration, suggesting themes of perilous descent or infiltration into otherworldly spaces, and has sparked extensive fan speculation tying it to the show's lore of hidden dangers and group quests. As the season opener, it carries high anticipation, building on the series' cultural impact with over 1.3 billion hours viewed globally in prior seasons, and positions "The Crawl" as a pivotal entry in resolving the multi-year Upside Down saga.^[104]^[105]

Other uses

Pub crawl

A pub crawl, also known as bar-hopping, is a social activity in which participants sequentially visit multiple public houses or bars, typically consuming at least one alcoholic drink at each establishment to mark progress through the route. This tradition originated in 19th-century Britain, where it emerged as part of the evolving pub culture that gained prominence with the rise of public houses during the Industrial Revolution; organized versions by Oxford University students visiting local taverns are noted from the period.^[106] Traditional rules often emphasize pacing, such as limiting to one drink per stop to maintain a leisurely pace and foster conversation among participants.^[107] Variations abound, including themed crawls that add festive elements, such as Easton's Santa Pub Crawl in Pennsylvania on December 13, 2025, where attendees don holiday costumes, register at Rivals Sports Bar, and traverse over 10 venues with drink specials, live music, and prizes. Organized events often feature pre-planned routes with custom maps for navigation, participant cards or stamps to verify visits at each bar, and timed segments to ensure smooth progression and crowd management.^[108]^[109] Pub crawls promote social bonding by bringing groups together for shared experiences, often incorporating interactive games like en-route pub quizzes or trivia challenges that encourage teamwork and lighthearted competition. However, excessive alcohol intake during these events poses health risks, including acute injuries from falls or violence and long-term issues like liver disease; health authorities recommend limiting intake to no more than 14 units per week for low-risk drinking, with moderation emphasized to prevent blood alcohol concentrations exceeding safe levels.^[110]^[111]^[112]^[113] Globally, pub crawls adapt to local festivals, such as those during Germany's Oktoberfest in Munich, where guided tours visit historic beer halls and taverns, sampling traditional Bavarian brews amid the annual event's massive gatherings. In the United States, St. Patrick's Day crawls in cities like Chicago and Boston attract thousands with green-themed drinks, parades, and bar-hopping routes that celebrate Irish heritage through organized specials at walking-distance venues.^[114]^[115] In 2025, emerging trends reflect growing awareness of alcohol's impacts, with sober or low-alcohol pub crawls gaining popularity through the "sober curious" movement, featuring non-alcoholic mocktails, zero-proof tastings, and inclusive events at dedicated bars to promote wellness without forgoing social fun. Safety enhancements include app-based tools like PubCrawl, which offer real-time route tracking, group location sharing, and navigation to mitigate risks such as getting lost or overconsumption during group outings.^[116]^[117]

Slow movement

In traffic contexts, "crawl" describes the severely reduced speeds during peak hours when vehicle volume overwhelms roadway capacity, often resulting in speeds as low as 5-10 miles per hour in severe congestion in major urban areas like Los Angeles.^[118] This phenomenon, exemplified by rush-hour bottlenecks in cities such as Goa, India, where commuters face near-standstill conditions due to infrastructure limitations, highlights how population growth and vehicle proliferation exacerbate congestion.^[119] Similarly, bureaucratic processes can cause projects to "crawl," as excessive administrative layers extend timelines in sectors like construction, where studies identify over 30 variables contributing to delays through prolonged tendering and compliance hurdles.^[120] In financial markets, "crawling rates" refer to gradual adjustments in exchange or interest rates, such as post-crisis scenarios where low rates slowly influence asset prices without sharp fluctuations.^[121] Historical examples include the 2024 global supply chain disruptions, where recovery from pandemic-related delays was characterized as a "crawling" process, with asset growth in sectors like non-banking finance inching upward but failing to reach pre-crisis levels amid ongoing logistical bottlenecks.^[122] Such slow progress carries implications for urban planning, where persistent traffic crawls foster widespread commuter frustration and demand for infrastructure upgrades, as seen in areas like Victoria, Canada, where highway snarls lead to daily headaches for residents.^[123] Economically, the metaphor extends to post-recession scenarios, such as the "tortoise economy" describing stagnant or minimal GDP growth below trend levels, which prolongs recovery and strains fiscal policies without triggering full downturns.^[124]^[125] Idiomatically, expressions like "time crawls" capture the subjective slowing of perceived duration during boredom or low-engagement activities, supported by psychological research showing that unentertaining tasks lead to time dilation effects, where individuals overestimate elapsed time due to heightened attention to the clock.^[126] This perception aligns with studies on flow states, where low task involvement causes time to feel protracted, contrasting with engaging scenarios where it accelerates.^[127] In 2025, advancements in AI-integrated traffic management systems in smart cities, such as those in Singapore, help reduce congestion through predictive analytics and adaptive signal control.^[128]

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Crawl - No Way Out (Album Review) - Extreminal Metal Magazine
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Angels & Airwaves – Crawl Lyrics - Genius
I crawl my way back in your head, to hear you speak and dream again. To touch your lips from deep within, a bit like love and heroin.
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"Breaking Bad" Crawl Space (TV Episode 2011) - IMDb
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"How I Met Your Mother" Lobster Crawl (TV Episode 2012) - IMDb
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"New Girl" The Crawl (TV Episode 2015) - IMDb
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Stranger Things 5 Sets Release for 2025, Episode Titles - Variety
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Pair Your Pints With A Trip Through History On This British Pub ...
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Easton's Santa Pub Crawl 2025 - Buy tickets
Rating 4.8 (621) · Free · Business/ProductivityEaston's Santa Pub Crawl 2025 is back! Saturday Dec. 13th at 2:00. Registration begins at 2:00 and ends at 4:00 at Rivals Sports Bar. Must register by 4:00.
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Best Bar Crawl Route Planner Apps for Your 2025 Night Out
Rating 5.0 (149) Jun 29, 2025 · Pub Crawl Planner is a straightforward, web-based tool designed for one specific purpose: organizing complex bar crawls with multiple teams.
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Pub Crawl Trivia Tour - It's Bar Trivia, On The Go - Explore Your City ...
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[PDF] Pub crawl - Drinkaware
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Alcohol Use and Your Health - CDC
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The BEST Munich Pub crawls & bar tours 2025 - FREE Cancellation
Starting from $11.52 Rating 4.5 (2,700) Immerse yourself in German beer culture in Munich during this guided tour and sample the best of traditional Bavarian beers. Visit the Beer and Oktoberfest ...
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20 Best American Cities For Your St. Patrick's Day Pub Crawl
20 Best American Cities For Your St. Patrick's Day Pub Crawl · 1. Chicago, IL · 2. Boston, MA · 3. Savannah, GA · 4. Kansas City, MO · 5. Pittsburgh, PA · 6. Reno, NV.
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Dec 23, 2024 · Sober travel is on the rise for 2025, with hotels, airlines, and apps embracing elevated nonalcoholic options, making alcohol-free adventures
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PubCrawl - Apps on Google Play
Apr 20, 2025 · PubCrawl makes exploring your city's nightlife fun, easy, and organized by creating custom pub crawl itineraries tailored perfectly for your night out.
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Solved In Los Angeles, traffic often slows to a crawl during - Chegg
Apr 18, 2022 · In Los Angeles, traffic often slows to a crawl during rush hour. This is a good example of… ... There are 2 steps to solve this one. Solution.
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Big crawl during rush hour | Goa News - The Times of India
May 7, 2008 · Population and vehicles have rapidly outgrown road network to make peak-hour traffic a nightmare in Margao.
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Study of Excessive Bureaucracy in Construction Projects – Causes ...
Aug 10, 2025 · This study systematically examines 31 variables influencing construction project timelines, identified through a literature review and experts' ...Missing: crawl | Show results with:crawl
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The Fallacy of Timing the Market - Haaretz Com
Mar 22, 2010 · Interest rates have been the No. 1 story in the markets during the past 12 months. The bottom-crawling rates in the West inflated asset prices.
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[PDF] NBFC & FINTECH Landscape in India - LSI Financial Services
crawling recovery of the asset growth with an upward rising trend, and reaching the pre-crisis growth rate seems to be far from the horizon. Asset growth of ...
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Traffic frustration builds as Victoria's 'Colwood Crawl' worsens - CBC
Nov 13, 2018 · Rush-hour traffic is sputtering to a near standstill on a stretch of highway leading into Victoria, creating a headache both for those ...
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The Tortoise Economy - Economics Help
Dec 8, 2018 · A tortoise economy refers to an economy that is barely growing – either economic growth is stagnant or growth is very slow.
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What Is A Growth Recession Exactly? - Forbes
Oct 6, 2022 · A growth recession is when the economy experiences an extended period (often more than just one quarter) of below-trend real GDP growth and ...
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[PDF] Do We Have Fun When Time Flies?
PSYCHOLOGICAL. RESEARCH. Do We Have Fun When Time Flies? | Pageau and Surgan ... Time crawls when you're not having fun: Feeling entitled makes dull tasks ...
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(PDF) Distorted Time Perception during Flow as Revealed by an ...
During such states, one forgets time and has the perception that time is flying, whereas low task engagement leads to the perception that time "crawls" ( ...
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AI Traffic Systems 2025: End Urban Congestion | Medium
Feb 28, 2025 · Singapore's smart cities AI 2025 with AI traffic control systems reducing congestion by 25%. Singapore's been at this for a bit, and by 2025 ...The Urban Congestion Crisis... · Ai Stacks Up Against The Old... · Autonomous Cars Team Up<|separator|>
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https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/newsroom/2024/3/press-release-on-Singapore-s-AI-Traffic-Management-Systems.html