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Docusate

Docusate is an anionic surfactant medication classified as a stool softener, primarily used to relieve occasional constipation by facilitating easier passage of stool through the intestines.^[1] It is available over-the-counter in various forms, including oral capsules, tablets, liquids, syrups, and rectal enemas, under brand names such as Colace and Dulcolax Stool Softener.^[2] Typically, it produces a bowel movement within 12 to 72 hours of administration.^[2] Docusate exists as sodium or calcium salts and functions by reducing the surface tension at the interface between stool and intestinal fluids, which allows water and fats to penetrate and hydrate the fecal mass, thereby softening it without stimulating peristalsis.^[1] This mechanism makes it particularly suitable for patients with conditions that contraindicate stimulant laxatives, such as anorectal disorders, cardiac issues, or postoperative recovery.^[1] It is also employed off-label as a cerumenolytic agent to soften and remove earwax.^[1] Although widely prescribed since the 1950s, clinical evidence for its efficacy is limited, with some studies showing no significant benefit over placebo, especially in cases of opioid-induced or chronic constipation.^[1]^[3] For administration, adults and children over 12 years typically receive 50 to 360 mg orally per day in divided doses, while lower doses are recommended for younger children under medical supervision; rectal use involves enemas of 283 mg as needed.^[1] It is not recommended for use longer than one week without consulting a healthcare provider, as prolonged use may lead to dependency or electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia.^[1] Contraindications include hypersensitivity, symptoms of appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, or acute abdominal pain, and caution is advised in neonates due to risks from formulation excipients like benzyl alcohol.^[1]^[2] Adverse effects are generally mild and infrequent, encompassing stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea, or skin rash, though rare serious reactions such as rectal bleeding or allergic responses require immediate medical attention.^[2] Monitoring involves assessing for fluid and electrolyte disturbances in vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or those with eating disorders.^[1] Despite its established safety profile, ongoing research highlights the need for alternatives like polyethylene glycol for more effective constipation management.^[3]

Medical Uses

Treatment of Constipation

Docusate serves as a primary treatment for constipation, a condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements or difficult passage of hard stools, by acting as an emollient laxative that lowers surface tension in the intestines, facilitating greater penetration of water and fats into the stool to soften it and ease defecation.^[3]^[4]^[5] This local surfactant effect in the gut helps prevent straining, particularly beneficial for individuals at risk of complications from hard stools.^[1] The onset of action for oral docusate typically occurs within 1 to 3 days, as it gradually softens stool through increased hydration, while rectal administration, such as enemas, produces effects in about 2 to 20 minutes due to direct contact with the rectal mucosa.^[6]^[7]^[8] Clinical evidence on docusate's efficacy for constipation is mixed, with some studies demonstrating benefits in specific settings while systematic reviews highlight limited overall effectiveness. A 2025 randomized controlled trial in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute constipation found oral docusate effective, achieving bowel movements within 72 hours in 66.67% of cases, comparable to polyethylene glycol and marking the first study to substantiate its utility in this population.^[9] Similarly, a 2023 retrospective cohort analysis of critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation showed prophylactic docusate use associated with reduced in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 0.60) and lower risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia, suggesting indirect benefits beyond mere stool softening.^[10] However, multiple systematic reviews, including evaluations of controlled trials in chronically ill adults, indicate docusate provides only small trends in increased bowel movement frequency and consistency without strong evidence for constipation prevention or superior outcomes over placebo.^[11]^[12]^[13] In pregnant individuals, available data from human and animal studies indicate that docusate use during pregnancy is not associated with an increased risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, preterm birth, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when used as recommended, making it a preferred option for managing constipation during gestation.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Other Human Indications

Docusate sodium is utilized off-label for cerumen impaction removal due to its surfactant properties, which soften and dissolve earwax, facilitating irrigation and extraction. Clinical trials have demonstrated its superior efficacy compared to alternatives like triethanolamine polypeptide, achieving complete or partial tympanic membrane visualization in a significant proportion of cases after pretreatment. For instance, a randomized controlled study in pediatric patients found docusate more effective for acute cerumen removal than other ceruminolytics. It is typically administered as 1 mL of liquid into the affected ear, left for 10–15 minutes before irrigation.^[17]^[18]^[19] In radiological procedures, docusate serves as an adjunctive agent in barium sulfate contrast media, acting as a wetting and dispersing surfactant to improve suspension stability and reduce viscosity for smoother administration during abdominal imaging. It is commonly prescribed at doses of 400 mg orally with a barium meal to enhance procedural tolerability and prevent constipation from the contrast. This application leverages docusate's emulsifying capabilities without altering the radiopacity of barium sulfate.^[20]^[21]^[22] Evidence for docusate in opioid-induced constipation remains limited, with multiple studies indicating it provides no significant benefit over placebo, either alone or combined with senna, leading to recommendations against routine use for prophylaxis or treatment. Historical claims of docusate as an expectorant lack supporting evidence and are considered outdated, with no contemporary validation in clinical guidelines. Recent hospital-based quality improvement initiatives from 2023 have successfully de-implemented docusate prescribing due to its inefficacy in general constipation management, though it is retained for targeted adjunctive roles like cerumenolysis or procedural support.^[23]^[24]^[25] Regarding safety in pregnancy for non-constipation indications, docusate sodium is classified as low risk, with no observed associations to preterm birth or low birth weight based on available data; MotherToBaby fact sheets affirm its unlikely systemic absorption minimizes fetal exposure concerns.^[15]^[26]

Veterinary Applications

Docusate, an emollient laxative, is commonly used in veterinary medicine to soften stools and manage constipation in small animals such as dogs and cats, particularly in cases of obstipation or megacolon. In these species, it facilitates easier passage of feces by increasing water and lipid penetration into the stool, often administered orally or as an enema to address moderate to severe impactions.^[27]^[28] Typical dosing in dogs ranges from 50 to 200 mg per day, divided into 1 to 4 doses of 50-mg capsules, adjusted based on the animal's size and condition, while cats are generally given a single 50-mg capsule daily. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, adequate hydration is essential prior to and during treatment to enhance efficacy and prevent complications like worsened impaction.^[27]^[27] In ruminants, docusate has been investigated for its effects on ruminal function, as demonstrated in a 2020 study on sheep where supplementation at 1.2 g/kg of diet increased voluntary feed intake by 18%, boosted ruminal bacterial counts by 44%, and reduced protozoal populations in a dose-dependent manner, while enhancing fiber degradation enzyme activities by 17.7%. These findings suggest potential benefits for improving digestion and microbial balance in sheep, though higher doses (3.0 g/kg) showed adverse effects.^[29] Precautions in veterinary use include avoiding docusate in dehydrated animals, as it may exacerbate fluid loss or electrolyte imbalances, and exercising caution in pets with known allergies to the drug or concurrent intestinal obstructions.^[27]^[28]^[28]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action

Docusate functions primarily as an anionic surfactant in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the surface tension at the oil-water interface within the stool. This action facilitates the incorporation of water and lipids into the hardened fecal mass, hydrating and softening it to promote easier passage without stimulating intestinal motility.^[3]^[1]^[6] At the molecular level, docusate's surfactant properties enable it to interact with the hydrophobic surfaces of fecal matter, emulsifying lipids and drawing in aqueous components to disrupt the compact structure of dry stool. This local effect occurs predominantly in the colon, where the drug exerts its softening influence with minimal systemic absorption, ensuring targeted action on the stool rather than broader physiological changes.^[3]^[6]^[14] Recent analyses emphasize docusate's surfactant mechanism as the dominant pathway, superseding earlier hypotheses involving peristalsis stimulation or alterations in electrolyte transport. Unlike osmotic laxatives, which draw fluid into the intestines through osmotic gradients, docusate relies solely on interfacial tension reduction to achieve stool hydration.^[3]^[1]

Pharmacokinetics

Docusate is minimally absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, enabling its primary therapeutic action to occur locally in the small and large intestines.^[1]^[3] This low absorption profile underscores its role as a non-systemic agent, with effects dependent on direct contact with fecal material rather than circulating levels.^[6] The small absorbed portion undergoes hepatic metabolism, primarily via first-pass effect in the liver, forming active and inactive metabolites, as confirmed in clinical reviews supporting its safety for prolonged use without accumulation risks.^[1] Excretion occurs predominantly in the feces as unchanged drug (the unabsorbed portion), while the minimally absorbed and metabolized fraction is primarily eliminated via biliary routes, with only trace renal clearance.^[6] The plasma half-life of docusate remains poorly defined owing to its low systemic concentrations, and therapeutic onset is instead linked to gastrointestinal transit time, generally manifesting 1 to 3 days after oral dosing.^[6]^[3] Pharmacokinetic characteristics are comparable between docusate sodium and docusate calcium salts, despite variations in aqueous solubility that may influence local dissolution; both exhibit similarly insignificant systemic bioavailability.^[6]

Safety Profile

Dosage and Administration

Docusate is available in various forms, including oral capsules, tablets, liquids, and rectal enemas.^[30]^[2]^[31] For oral administration in adults, the recommended dosage of docusate sodium is 50 to 400 mg per day, divided into 1 to 4 doses, while docusate calcium is typically limited to 240 mg per day.^[30] In children aged 12 years and older, the dosage aligns with adult recommendations at 50 to 400 mg per day for any salt form; for children aged 6 to 12 years, it is 40 to 150 mg per day of docusate sodium; for those aged 3 to 6 years, 20 to 60 mg per day; and for children under 3 years, 10 to 40 mg per day, all divided into 1 to 4 doses as needed.^[30]^[2] Oral forms should be taken with a full glass of water or other liquid, such as milk or juice, to aid swallowing and mask any bitter taste, and may be administered with or after meals, ideally 1 to 2 hours post-meal for optimal effect.^[2]^[31] Rectal administration involves using a 283 mg enema up to 1 to 3 times daily as needed, or 50 to 100 mg of docusate sodium liquid in a retention or flushing enema once daily.^[30] For children aged 3 to 18 years, rectal dosing is 50 to 100 mg of docusate sodium liquid enema once daily or 200 to 283 mg enema as required.^[30] The maximum oral daily dose is generally 360 mg for docusate sodium, though some guidelines allow up to 400 mg; treatment should not exceed 1 week without medical supervision to avoid dependency or masking underlying issues.^[30]^[31] No specific dosage adjustments are required for elderly patients, who may use standard adult doses, or for pregnancy, where the usual adult dose is considered safe but should be discussed with a healthcare provider.^[31] In pediatrics, doses must be tailored by age and weight, with use under 3 years requiring physician oversight due to limited safety data.^[30]^[2]

Side Effects

Docusate, as a stool softener, is generally well-tolerated with mild adverse effects primarily related to its surfactant action on the gastrointestinal tract. Common side effects include mild diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and nausea, which occur due to irritation of the intestinal lining. These effects are typically self-limiting and resolve upon discontinuation or dose adjustment.^[1]^[32]^[33] Rare adverse reactions may involve electrolyte imbalances, such as hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, particularly with chronic overuse leading to excessive fluid loss through diarrhea. Throat irritation and a bitter taste have also been reported, especially with liquid or syrup formulations, though these can be mitigated by diluting the dose in water, milk, or juice. Allergic reactions, including skin rash, are uncommon, while anaphylaxis remains very rare.^[1]^[33]^[32] The overall incidence of serious side effects is low, with most reports indicating mild gastrointestinal disturbances rather than severe outcomes. Risks may be elevated in vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, where dependence on laxatives or subtle dehydration can exacerbate electrolyte disturbances. Docusate is often preferred in older adults due to its favorable safety profile compared to stimulant laxatives.^[1]^[34] Monitoring for side effects focuses on changes in stool consistency, such as the onset of loose stools signaling potential overuse, and periodic assessment of electrolyte levels in long-term users to prevent imbalances. Patients should discontinue use and seek medical advice if severe cramping, persistent diarrhea, or signs of allergy emerge.^[1]^[32]

Precautions and Contraindications

Docusate is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug, as well as in those exhibiting symptoms suggestive of appendicitis, such as acute abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting, particularly when accompanied by fever or other signs of acute abdominal pathology.^[35] It is also contraindicated in cases of intestinal obstruction or fecal impaction, where its use could exacerbate the condition or lead to serious complications.^[36] Additionally, concomitant administration with mineral oil is contraindicated due to the potential for enhanced absorption of the oil and resultant risks.^[37] Precautions are advised in patients at risk of dehydration, as docusate may worsen fluid and electrolyte losses, particularly when combined with diuretics that could heighten this risk.^[38] In individuals with renal impairment, while no specific dosage adjustments are required, close monitoring for electrolyte imbalances is recommended due to the potential for altered fluid dynamics.^[1] For pregnant patients, docusate is classified as low risk owing to minimal systemic absorption, and it may be used if clinically necessary, as supported by reviews indicating no increased chance of birth defects or other adverse pregnancy outcomes.^[39] Although included on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines for managing constipation, docusate should be used cautiously in children under 6 years of age and only under medical supervision to avoid risks such as dependency or inadequate dosing.^[40] Recent 2023 quality improvement studies have highlighted the overuse of docusate in hospital settings, prompting de-implementation efforts to reduce inappropriate prescribing due to its limited efficacy and potential for unnecessary risks.^[25]

Drug Interactions

Docusate, a stool softener with minimal systemic absorption, generally exhibits few significant drug interactions compared to other laxatives. Its low bioavailability reduces the potential for cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme interactions, as it does not substantially affect or is affected by CYP-mediated metabolism.^[1] A notable interaction occurs with mineral oil, where docusate enhances the intestinal absorption of mineral oil, potentially leading to systemic effects such as lipid granulomas or lipoid pneumonia if the oil is aspirated. This combination is generally avoided, and concurrent use is not recommended.^[41]^[1]^[42] When used with diuretics (e.g., furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide) or corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), docusate may contribute to additive electrolyte disturbances, particularly hypokalemia, due to increased fluid and potassium loss from laxative effects combined with the drugs' mechanisms. Monitoring of serum electrolytes is advised in such cases, especially with prolonged use.^[43]^[38] Docusate should be used cautiously with other laxatives to avoid overuse, which can result in excessive diarrhea, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances. Recent reviews emphasize limiting combinations to prevent dependency and recommend assessing the necessity of concurrent therapy.^[44]^[1]^[14] No significant food interactions have been identified, though docusate liquid formulations may be mixed with milk or juice to improve palatability without compromising efficacy.^[1]^[2]

Non-Medical Applications

Food Additive

Docusate sodium, known chemically as dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a direct food additive under 21 CFR 172.810, allowing its use as an emulsifier, wetting agent, solubilizing agent, processing aid, and dispersing agent in specific food applications.^[45] This approval specifies conditions to ensure safety, including maximum usage levels based on the technological need to stabilize emulsions and disperse fats in processed foods.^[45] Common applications include acting as a wetting agent in acidulated dry gelatin desserts at up to 15 parts per million (ppm), in dry beverage bases and fruit juice drinks at up to 10 ppm, and as an emulsifying agent in cocoa fat for noncarbonated beverages at up to 25 ppm.^[45] It also serves as a solubilizing agent for gums and hydrophilic colloids, such as those used in ice cream and margarine, at levels not exceeding 0.5% by weight, and as a dispersing agent in cocoa products for manufacturing at up to 0.4% by weight.^[45] In sugar processing, it functions as a processing aid at no more than 0.5 ppm per percentage point of sucrose content.^[45] Safety assessments support its use in food due to low gastrointestinal absorption and minimal systemic exposure from dietary intake.^[46] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) evaluated dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and established an ADI of 0–0.1 mg/kg body weight, based on low anticipated exposure from additive uses and its low acute oral toxicity in animal studies (LD50 ranging from 2.64 to 5.7 g/kg body weight in rats and mice).^[47] Usage is restricted to the minimum required for functional purposes, aligning with good manufacturing practices.^[45] Docusate sodium has been employed in food processing since the mid-20th century, with FDA regulations formalized in the 1970s to govern its emulsifying role in stabilizing fat-water mixtures in products like beverages and confectionery.^[45]

Microencapsulation

Docusate sodium, commonly referred to as aerosol OT (AOT) in scientific contexts, functions as an anionic surfactant in the microencapsulation of active ingredients including drugs, flavors, and pesticides, where it enhances their solubility in non-aqueous environments and provides stability against degradation.^[48] In the microencapsulation process, docusate facilitates the formation of reverse micelles through self-assembly in nonpolar solvents such as isooctane or n-heptane, creating water-in-oil emulsions that envelop hydrophilic cores with protective shells; this emulsion-based technique is exemplified in the encapsulation of pharmaceutical actives like quercetin and curcumin for subsequent integration into tablets.^[48] Key advantages include improved bioavailability via accelerated dissolution and controlled release profiles, as docusate stabilizes nanoscale structures that protect encapsulated materials.^[48] In non-food contexts, docusate supports pesticide delivery in agriculture by acting as a surfactant in emulsion formulations for microencapsulation, promoting targeted release and minimizing unintended exposure.^[49]

Other Industrial Uses

Docusate sodium serves as an emulsifier in cosmetic formulations, particularly for oil-in-water emulsions in creams and lotions, where it stabilizes the mixture of immiscible phases to enhance product texture and spreadability.^[50] The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has assessed dialkyl sulfosuccinate salts, including docusate sodium, as safe for use in cosmetics at concentrations up to 5% in leave-on products and higher in rinse-off formulations.^[51] In detergents and cleaners, docusate functions as a wetting agent that reduces surface tension, allowing better penetration and dispersion of cleaning solutions on surfaces to effectively remove oils and residues.^[52] Its anionic surfactant properties enable it to enhance the performance of household and industrial cleaners by improving the solubility of hydrophobic contaminants.^[53] Docusate is incorporated as a feed additive in veterinary applications to influence ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in ruminants. A 2020 study on sheep demonstrated that supplementation at 1.2 g/kg diet increased voluntary feed intake by 18% and improved digestion of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein, while significantly lowering ruminal pH and increasing total volatile fatty acid concentration.^[29] At higher doses of 3 g/kg, it reduced feed intake, highlighting the need for precise dosing in industrial-scale livestock feeding to optimize growth and efficiency.^[54] Historically, docusate has been employed in textile processing as a dispersant for dyes, facilitating uniform distribution and penetration into fibers during dyeing operations.^[55] In modern applications, it acts as a wetting and dispersing agent in low-liquor-ratio dyeing processes for cotton with reactive dyes, such as C.I. Reactive Blue 21, improving dye fixation and reducing water usage by enhancing surfactant-dye-fiber interactions.^[56] Its ability to lower interfacial tension supports even dye dispersion, contributing to color fastness and process efficiency in the textile industry.^[57]

Chemistry

Structure and Properties

Docusate, also known as dioctyl sulfosuccinate, refers to the anion derived from sulfosuccinic acid esterified with two 2-ethylhexyl alcohol groups. The sodium salt, the most commonly used form, has the chemical formula C20H37NaO7S and is systematically named sodium 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2-sulfosuccinate.^[3] The molecular structure features a central succinate chain with a sulfonate group at the 2-position, providing a hydrophilic head, and two branched 2-ethylhexyl chains that confer hydrophobicity, resulting in an amphiphilic molecule capable of reducing surface tension. The molar mass of the sodium salt is 444.56 g/mol. Physically, docusate sodium appears as a white to off-white, hygroscopic powder or a wax-like, plastic solid with a characteristic odor suggestive of octyl alcohol.^[58]^[3] It melts at 153–157 °C in its wax-like form or 173–179 °C in powdered form, depending on the preparation.^[3]^[59] The compound exhibits limited solubility in water, approximately 15 g/L at 25 °C, but is freely soluble in ethanol, glycerin, chloroform, and ether.^[60]^[61] Docusate is available in several salts, with the sodium salt being the most prevalent due to its pharmaceutical applications. The calcium salt, docusate calcium (C40H74CaO14S2), is less hygroscopic than the sodium form and shows very slight solubility in water while remaining very soluble in alcohol.^[62]^[63] The potassium salt is also utilized occasionally, though it shares similar solubility profiles to the sodium variant but with potentially adjusted bioavailability in formulations.^[4] Spectroscopic techniques are employed for identification and purity assessment of docusate. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy reveals characteristic absorption bands at approximately 1737 cm−1 for the ester carbonyl (C=O) stretch and 1214 cm−1 for the sulfonate (S=O) asymmetric stretch.^[64] Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) confirms the structure through signals corresponding to the methylene protons adjacent to oxygen (around 4.1 ppm), the methine proton at the sulfonated carbon (about 4.0 ppm), and the alkyl chain protons in the 0.8–1.7 ppm range, matching reference spectra for the bis(2-ethylhexyl) substituents.^[65]^[64]

Synthesis

The primary synthesis route for docusate, also known as sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, involves the addition reaction of sodium bisulfite to dioctyl maleate. In this process, the bisulfite anion adds across the carbon-carbon double bond of the maleate ester, forming the sulfosuccinate structure with the sodium counterion. This method is efficient and widely used due to its simplicity and high selectivity.^[66] An alternative route starts with the esterification of maleic anhydride and 2-ethylhexanol, typically in a solvent like toluene with a catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid, at temperatures of 100-120°C to produce dioctyl maleate. The resulting diester is then subjected to sulfonation by reaction with sodium bisulfite, or a mixture of sodium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite, in a water-ethanol medium at 80-90°C. This two-step approach allows for controlled formation of the product and is suitable for large-scale production.^[67]^[68] The esterification step in this alternative method achieves yields of approximately 95%, while the sulfonation yields up to 94%, resulting in overall efficiencies exceeding 90%. Purification typically involves alkali and water washing of the ester intermediate, followed by extraction, salt washing, distillation, recrystallization from acetonitrile, and drying to obtain high-purity docusate. This process, originally patented in 1937, supports industrial scalability through optimized reaction conditions and effective impurity removal.^[67]^[69]

History and Society

Development and History

Docusate, also known as dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, was first patented in 1937 by chemists Coleman R. Caryl and Alphons O. Jaeger for American Cyanamid Company, initially developed and commercialized as a surfactant and detergent for industrial applications.^[70] The compound's utility as a wetting agent and emulsifier quickly extended to non-medical uses, including early adoption in formulations requiring dispersion properties. Its medical application as a laxative emerged in the mid-20th century, with the first proposal for treating constipation published in 1955 by physicians James L. Wilson and David G. Dickinson in the Journal of the American Medical Association, highlighting its potential as a stool softener. By the late 1950s, docusate sodium had become available over-the-counter in the United States as a laxative, predating formal FDA evaluations of efficacy and safety, which were addressed in later regulatory reviews, with a proposed classification as generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) for such use in 1993 (though the OTC monograph remains not final). Concurrently, the 1958 Food Additives Amendment facilitated its industrial expansion, affirming docusate salts as GRAS for food applications like emulsification and dispersion, enabling widespread incorporation into processed foods and other products. Docusate's global recognition grew with its inclusion on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines, first appearing on the core list in 2009 as a stool softener for constipation management, reflecting its accessibility in essential healthcare settings worldwide.^[40] However, by the 2020s, evolving evidence prompted reevaluation; a 2023 quality improvement study demonstrated successful de-implementation of routine docusate prescribing in hospitals due to lack of proven efficacy beyond placebo in general populations, signaling a shift toward evidence-based alternatives.^[25] In contrast, a 2025 clinical trial provided confirmation of its efficacy in pediatric patients hospitalized with acute constipation, marking the first robust evidence supporting its use in this demographic and potentially influencing targeted guidelines.^[71]

Brand Names and Availability

Docusate sodium, the most prevalent form, is marketed under several pharmaceutical brand names in the United States, including Colace, Dulcolax Stool Softener, Diocto, Ex-Lax Stool Softener, and Fleet Sof-Lax.^[72]^[35] Docusate calcium, an alternative formulation, is commonly available as Surfak.^[35] In the United Kingdom, notable brands include Dulcoease, Dioctyl, Docusol, and Norgalax.^[73] For non-medical applications, docusate sodium serves as an industrial surfactant under the brand name Aerosol OT, used in sectors such as cosmetics, food processing, and pharmaceuticals.^[70] Docusate is widely available over-the-counter (OTC) in countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, typically in oral capsules, liquids, or rectal forms.^[74]^[73] In certain countries, higher doses or specific pediatric uses may require a prescription.^[74] It is listed on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines as a stool-softening agent for managing constipation.^[40] In the United States, docusate ranked as the 148th most prescribed medication in 2023, with approximately 3.8 million prescriptions issued.^[75] Generic formulations are broadly accessible and often preferred due to lower costs compared to branded versions.^[72] The sodium salt predominates in clinical use for its efficacy as a laxative, while the calcium salt is recommended for patients requiring sodium-restricted diets to avoid electrolyte imbalances.^[76]

Toxicity and Environmental Impact

Human Toxicity

Docusate demonstrates low acute toxicity, with oral LD50 values ranging from 2.64 to 5.7 g/kg body weight in rats and mice, indicating a wide margin of safety in animal models.^[46] In humans, overdose typically manifests as exaggerated gastrointestinal effects, including severe diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia, which can progress to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances such as hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia.^[1] These symptoms arise primarily from the drug's local action in the intestine, as its minimal systemic absorption limits broader toxic effects.^[1] Chronic or excessive use of docusate is associated with rare electrolyte disturbances, particularly in vulnerable populations, though no evidence of carcinogenicity has been identified in toxicological studies.^[1] Dependence may develop with prolonged misuse, leading to alternating cycles of diarrhea and constipation upon discontinuation.^[1] Management of docusate overdose is supportive and involves immediate discontinuation of the drug, along with administration of oral or intravenous fluids for rehydration and electrolyte replacement as needed; no specific antidote exists.^[1] Overall, docusate maintains a favorable safety profile in humans, with recommendations for close monitoring in the elderly to prevent dehydration-related complications.^[1] Pregnancy exposure studies, including analyses of first-trimester use, show no increased risk of birth defects beyond the general population baseline.^[15]

Aquatic Toxicity

Docusate, an anionic surfactant commonly known as docusate sodium, poses high toxicity to aquatic organisms primarily through its ability to disrupt cell membranes by interacting with the lipid bilayer, leading to increased permeability and cellular damage.^[77] ^[78] Ecotoxicological studies have reported EC50 values of approximately 36 mg/L for Daphnia magna and 43 to 75 mg/L for algae (Anabaena sp.) and bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), indicating acute effects at relatively low concentrations compared to other perfluorinated compounds; note that reported values for D. magna vary across studies (10.3–75 mg/L) due to differences in test conditions.^[79] Safety data sheets classify it as harmful to aquatic life, with some noting very toxic effects with long-lasting consequences due to its surfactant properties.^[59] ^[80] Regarding biodegradability, docusate sodium is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions, achieving 91.2% degradation within 28 days under OECD 310 (ready biodegradability - CO2 in sealed vessels) test conditions.^[81] This level of breakdown suggests it does not persist indefinitely in aerobic aquatic environments, though anaerobic conditions or sediment interactions may slow degradation rates.^[70] Primary release sources of docusate into aquatic systems include wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical and medical applications (e.g., as a stool softener), food processing, and industrial uses as an emulsifier or dispersant, with detections reported in natural waters and sewage at concentrations of 50–150 ng/L.^[82] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) expresses concerns over surfactants like docusate in wastewater discharges due to their potential bioaccumulative and ecotoxic effects, leading to monitoring requirements under effluent guidelines, though no specific bans exist for docusate itself.^[79] ^[83] Recent environmental reviews from 2023 highlight docusate's persistence in water bodies, particularly its transformation products, which may exhibit persistent and mobile characteristics, raising ongoing concerns for long-term aquatic exposure despite its biodegradability.^[84] ^[85]

Effects on Marine Species

Docusate, also known as dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), exhibits low to moderate toxicity to marine species based on available ecotoxicological assessments, with variability depending on the organism and exposure conditions. Studies indicate that overall environmental concentrations from typical sources are unlikely to pose significant acute risks to marine biota, though chronic effects warrant further investigation.^[82] In marine algae, such as Tetraselmis chuii, docusate inhibits growth with an EC50 value in the range of 43–75 mg/L over 72 hours, primarily through disruption of cell membranes that impairs photosynthesis and other metabolic processes.^[82] This surfactant action leads to reduced chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency at sublethal concentrations, highlighting potential impacts on primary productivity in marine ecosystems.^[86] For saltwater fish species, exemplified by the euryhaline Gambusia holbrooki, acute toxicity results in an LC50 of approximately 43–75 mg/L after 96 hours of exposure. Chronic exposure to lower concentrations may compromise gill function by inducing epithelial hyperplasia and mucus secretion, mechanisms common to anionic surfactants that alter ion regulation and respiratory efficiency.^[82]^[86] Marine invertebrates, particularly crustaceans like the brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica, demonstrate similar sensitivity with an EC50 for immobilization around 43–75 mg/L. While acute effects are moderate, some evidence suggests higher sensitivity in reproductive endpoints for certain crustaceans, with inhibition observed at concentrations as low as parts per billion in related surfactant studies; however, specific data for docusate remain limited. Overall marine toxicity is considered low but variable across taxa, with no significant updates to marine-specific studies reported as of 2023.^[82]^[86]

Effects on Freshwater Species

Docusate, known chemically as dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, demonstrates notable toxicity to key freshwater fish species, primarily through disruption of gill integrity and osmoregulation. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the 96-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) is 28 mg/L under static exposure conditions, with sublethal effects including increased gill permeability leading to ionic imbalances and impaired salt regulation.^[87] This sensitivity arises from docusate's surfactant properties, which alter epithelial barriers in low-salinity environments, exacerbating osmoregulatory stress in freshwater-adapted fish.^[88] Invertebrates such as the water flea (Daphnia magna) exhibit immobilization as a primary toxic response, with a 48-hour effective concentration (EC50) of 10.3 mg/L in static tests.^[89] This endpoint reflects docusate's interference with membrane function and mobility, though recovery is possible upon removal from exposure. Algal species, including Desmodesmus subspicatus, show growth rate inhibition with a 72-hour ErC50 of 82.5 mg/L, indicating moderate impact on primary producers at environmentally relevant concentrations.^[90] Amphibian larvae, such as tadpoles, display relatively low acute toxicity to docusate, with no elevated mortality observed at concentrations mirroring fish LC50 values in co-formulant studies.^[91] Bioaccumulation potential remains low across taxa, evidenced by bioconcentration factors (BCF) of 3.47–3.78 in rainbow trout tissues after 72-hour exposure, due to rapid metabolism and elimination.^[87] Freshwater ecosystems warrant heightened concern for docusate inputs compared to marine systems, as lower salinity reduces buffering against surfactant-induced osmotic disruptions, amplifying effects on osmoregulation-sensitive species like salmonids.^[92] Environmental assessments of wastewater effluents highlight docusate's persistence post-treatment, with 2021 reviews underscoring risks to freshwater biota from pharmaceutical-derived surfactants entering via domestic sewage.^[93]

References

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Aug 17, 2023 · Docusate is a medication utilized for managing and treating constipation. Belonging to the stool softener class of drugs, it reduces the surface tension.Continuing Education Activity · Indications · Administration · Adverse Effects
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Docusate sodium (oral route) - Side effects & dosage - Mayo Clinic
Aug 1, 2025 · Docusate sodium is used to relieve occasional constipation. It usually helps produce a bowel movement in 12 to 72 hours. This medicine is a ...
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Docusate: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online
Docusate is a medication used to treat constipation associated with dry, hard stools, or opioid induced constipation.Overview · Pharmacology · Products
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Docusate | C20H38O7S | CID 11339 - PubChem - NIH
Docusate acts by increasing the amount of water the stool absorbs in the gut, making the stool softer and easier to pass. Docusate can be orally or rectally ...
[5]
What is the mechanism of action of docusate (stool softener)?
Apr 22, 2025 · Docusate works as a stool softener by allowing water and lipids to penetrate the stool, thereby hydrating and softening the fecal material.
[6]
Colace - Drug Summary
Docusate is an anionic surfactant (i.e., a surface-active agent). It lowers the surface tension at the oil-water interface of the feces, allowing water and ...
[7]
What is the onset of action for docusate (stool softener)? - Dr.Oracle
Apr 18, 2025 · Docusate sodium enema takes 5–20 min to act. This is based on the most recent and highest quality study available, which provides guidance ...
[8]
Docusate (Colace, DOK) | Davis's Drug Guide - Nursing Central
A soft, formed bowel movement, usually within 24–48 hr. Therapy may take 3–5 days for results. Rectal dose forms produce results within 2–15 min.
[9]
Efficacy of docusate in the treatment of constipation in pediatric ...
Conclusions: This is the first study that proves the efficacy of oral docusate in the treatment of hospitalized pediatric patients with acute constipation. It ...Patients And Methods · Outcome Variables · Results
[10]
The effects of prophylactic laxative use on critically ill patients ...
Compared with non-laxative group, prophylactic use of docusate was associated with a decreased in-hospital mortality (OR: 0.6, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.85, P = 0.003), ...
[11]
Things We Do for No Reason: Prescribing Docusate for Constipation ...
Feb 1, 2019 · The study found no difference in stool frequency, volume, or consistency between docusate and placebo. A number of systematic reviews have ...
[12]
How useful is docusate in patients at risk for constipation ... - PubMed
We undertook a systematic review of prospective controlled trials of oral docusate in the chronically ill to clarify the utility of this drug in populations ...
[13]
How Useful Is Docusate in Patients at Risk for Constipation? A ...
We undertook a systematic review of prospective controlled trials of oral docusate in the chronically ill to clarify the utility of this drug in populations ...
[14]
Colace, DSS (docusate) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse ...
A: Generally acceptable. Controlled studies in pregnant women show no evidence of fetal risk. B: May be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human ...
[15]
Docusate Sodium - MotherToBaby | Fact Sheets - NCBI Bookshelf
When used in recommended doses, docusate sodium is unlikely to cause problems during pregnancy, such as preterm delivery (birth before week 37) or low birth ...
[16]
Docusate sodium - Bumps
Three studies have all shown no increased risk of birth defects in the baby and use of docusate sodium during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
[17]
Ceruminolytic effects of docusate sodium: a randomized ... - PubMed
Docusate sodium solution is a more effective ceruminolytic than triethanolamine polypeptide, allowing complete or partial visualization of the tympanic ...
[18]
Randomized Clinical Trial of Docusate, Triethanolamine ...
Docusate sodium has been shown to be more effective than other agents in the acute removal of cerumen. However, this use in young children has not been well ...
[19]
Cerumen Impaction Removal - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Docusate sodium appears to be the most effective, particularly when pre-treatment before irrigation.[13] Common ingredients in oil-based cerumenolytics include ...Continuing Education Activity · Introduction · Indications · Technique or Treatment
[20]
Docusate Sodium Adult 50mg/5ml Oral Solution - (emc) | 2690
Docusate ... Clinical particulars. 4.1 Therapeutic indications. a) To prevent and treat chronic constipation. b) As an adjunct in abdominal radiological ...
[21]
Docusate sodium - MIMS Malaysia
Docusate sodium: Belongs to the ... Adjunct in abdominal radiological procedures. Adult: As 50 mg/5 mL oral solution: 400 mg to be given with barium meal.
[22]
Docusate sodium - UKCPA - Handbook of Perioperative Medicines
Apr 24, 2024 · Docusate may be prescribed as a stat dose, either orally or rectally, prior to abdominal radiological procedures – see British National Formulary for further ...
[23]
Rethinking Docusate's Role in Opioid-Induced Constipation - PubMed
Feb 17, 2021 · Opioid induced constipation (OIC) is a predictable and preventable adverse effect of opioid use. Docusate is often utilized for OIC ...
[24]
Medication Use Evaluation of Docusate Sodium in Constipation ...
Docusate sodium's efficacy is widely debated. Several studies on opioid induced constipation (OIC) concluded that docusate sodium vs either placebo or in ...
[25]
Successful de-implementation of an ineffective practice - PubMed
Aug 26, 2023 · Conclusion: Docusate has no efficacy yet is widely prescribed. A structured de-implementation strategy can drive systematic change by leveraging ...Missing: 2025 | Show results with:2025
[26]
Docusate Sodium - MotherToBaby
Jan 1, 2025 · Medications in the first trimester of pregnancy: most common exposures and critical gaps in understanding fetal risk. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug ...
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Constipation, Obstipation, and Megacolon in Small Animals
Docusate sodium (cats: 50-mg capsule every 24 hours; dogs: 50-mg capsule, 1–4 every 24 hours) and docusate calcium (cats: 50-mg capsule, 1–2 every 24 hours; ...
[28]
Docusate - VCA Animal Hospitals
Docusate is prescribed by veterinarians for use in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, goats, sheep, and rabbits. Various forms of the medication are available over-the ...
[29]
Impact of docusate and fauna-free on feed intake, ruminal flora and ...
Four Small-tail Han male hogget sheep, fitted with rumen cannula and fed the same basal diet were used to study the impacts of docusate (DOC) and fauna-free ...
[30]
Docusate Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments - Drugs.com
### Docusate Dosage Summary
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Docusate: a laxative to treat constipation - NHS
NHS medicines information on docusate – what it's used for, side effects ... Find out how docusate treats constipation, and how to take or use it.About docusate · How and when to take or use it · Side effects
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Side effects of docusate - NHS
Drink lots of fluids, such as water, to avoid dehydration and stop the constipation returning. If your doctor has prescribed docusate for severe or long ...Missing: veterinary | Show results with:veterinary
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Docusate Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term - Drugs.com
Apr 17, 2024 · Reports of bitter taste and throat irritation have been reported with administration of primarily the syrup and liquid formulations.Missing: incidence | Show results with:incidence
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Docusate Sodium - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Pharmacokinetics: Minimal absorption from the GI tract. Acts in small and large intestines. Results usually occur 1-2 days after first dose, but may take 3-5 ...
[35]
Docusate: Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings - RxList
It works by increasing the amount of water the stool absorbs in the gut, making the stool softer and easier to pass. Docusate is available under the following ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
Docusate | Davis's Drug Guide for Rehabilitation Professionals
Absorption: Small amounts may be absorbed from the small intestine after oral administration. Absorption from the rectum is not known. Distribution: Unknown. ...
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Docusate (sodium=Colace; calcium=Surfak)
Contraindications: Obstruction, fecal impaction, nausea/vomiting. Acute abdominal pain, concomitant use of mineral oil. Precautions: Pregnancy category C.<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
[PDF] S Senna (Standardized Sennosides) / Docusate Sodium Tablets 8.6 ...
Sep 17, 2025 · (senna and docusate sodium tablets) may increase absorption of oil from the gastrointestinal ... There is a very small amount of sodium (less than ...
[39]
Docusate Sodium - MotherToBaby
Jan 1, 2025 · The use of docusate sodium while breastfeeding has not been studied. Docusate sodium is not well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract ...
[40]
Docusate sodium - eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List
Docusate sodium is a stool softening agent used in the management of constipation, including opioid-induced constipation.
[41]
Docusate and mineral oil Interactions - Drugs.com
Ask your doctor before using docusate together with mineral oil. Using these medications together is not recommended and can increase the absorption of mineral ...
[42]
Taking or using docusate with other medicines and herbal ... - NHS
Cautions with other medicines Docusate should not be taken with mineral oil laxatives such as liquid paraffin.
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Sodium Docusate - Uses, Side Effects, Interactions
What other drugs could interact with this medication? · diuretics (water pills; e.g., amiloride, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene) · mineral oil ...How Does This Medication... · What Form(s) Does This... · How Should I Use This...
[44]
Docusate Interactions Checker - Drugs.com
There are 4 drugs known to interact with docusate, along with 2 disease interactions. Of the total drug interactions, 3 are moderate, and 1 is minor.
[45]
21 CFR 172.810 -- Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. - eCFR
The food additive, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, may be safely used in food in accordance with the following prescribed conditions.
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723. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) (WHO Food Additives ...
DSS is practically nontoxic when given orally to mice and rats; its acute toxicity ranging from 2.64 to 5.7 g/kg bw.Missing: assessment | Show results with:assessment
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dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate - WHO | JECFA
JECFA concluded that dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate could be evaluated on the basis of the limited data available because of the low intake anticipated from food ...Missing: assessment | Show results with:assessment
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Microencapsulation – How it All Began - Gordon College
In the 1960's, the SwRI added a new technique to the encapsulation market. ... Home page of 3M, holder of a huge number of the microencapsulation patents and a ...
[50]
SODIUM DIOCTYL SULFOSUCCINATE (WETTING AGENT)
*Agriculture: Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (wetting agent) is incorporated in pesticide and herbicide formulations to improve spreading and adhesion on plant ...
[51]
DOCUSATE EXCIPIENT - Syensqo
Docusate sodium is a pharmaceutical grade surfactant, very efficient wetting, emulsifier, dispersing and solubilizing agent.Missing: detergents | Show results with:detergents
[52]
Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate | C20H37NaO7S | CID 517065
The CIR Expert Panel concluded that the following 8 dialkyl sulfosuccinate salts are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetics in ...
[53]
DIOCTYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE - Ataman Kimya
Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate increases the effectiveness of detergents when washing fibres, applying and peeling off sizing, as a fast-acting wetting agent in ...
[54]
What is the mechanism of Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate?
Jul 17, 2024 · Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), also known as docusate sodium, is a widely used surfactant and stool softener.
[55]
Impact of docusate and fauna‐free on feed intake, ruminal flora and ...
May 7, 2020 · In the current experiment, the rumen liquid volume in sheep was about 5.3 L, and the daily consumption of DOC was about 2.6 g at 3.0 g/kg diet, ...
[56]
Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate 60% - Matangi Industries
Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate 60% ; Dispersing Agent · Functions as a dispersing agent in industrial applications, such as in coatings, inks, and paints, to ...
[57]
Sustainable low liquor ratio dyeing of cotton with C.I. Reactive Blue ...
Nov 10, 2020 · Reactive Blue 21 using dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate as a surfactant was thoroughly analyzed.
[58]
Textile & Dyeing Auxilaries - Anti Static Coning Oil - Auxitex Industries
Chemically known as Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate, it is an anionic surfactant that enhances the wetting properties of water on textile fibers.It helps improve ...
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https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/product/docusate-sodium-cas-577-11-7-183842.html
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CAS 577-11-7 Docusate Sodium - Alfa Chemistry
Rating 5.0 (1) Docusate Sodium serves primarily as a surfactant in pharmaceutical formulations, enhancing the wetting and dissolution processes in capsule and tablet ...Missing: detergents | Show results with:detergents
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DIOCTYL SULFOSUCCINATE SODIUM SALT (DOCUSATE SODIUM)
Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt is a stool softener often used as the initial treatment for chronic constipation, and it is FDA approved for this purpose.
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Docusate calcium | DrugBank Online
Docusate acts by increasing the amount of water the stool absorbs in the gut, making the stool softer and easier to pass. Docusate can be orally or rectally ...
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Docusate Sodium Oral - MedCentral
Pharmacokinetics. The extent to which orally administered docusate salts are absorbed has not been determined, but the drugs appear to be absorbed to some ...
[65]
Docusate-Based Ionic Liquids of Anthelmintic Benzimidazoles Show ...
Docusate-based ionic liquids of anthelmintic benzimidazoles show improved pharmaceutical processability, lipid solubility, and in vitro activity against ...
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Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt(577-11-7) 1H NMR spectrum
Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt(577-11-7) 1H NMR. Product NameDioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt. CAS577-11-7. Molecular FormulaC20H37O7S.Na.
[67]
Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt synthesis - ChemicalBook
Yield:- Reaction Conditions: with sodium disulfite in water at 104; for 3.16667 h;Inert atmosphere;. Steps: 1. Example 1 (Comparison)Production of Sodium ...
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CN117534593A - Preparation method of high-purity docusate sodium
The synthesis of docusate sodium usually adopts a two-step method. The ... docusate produced in step 2 is also purified by recrystallisation and drying.
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Preparation method of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate - Google Patents
The invention belongs to the technical field of fine chemical production, and discloses a preparation method of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate ... sodium docusate ...Missing: textile | Show results with:textile
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Detergent composition - US2181087A - Google Patents
' To produce a detergent containing 5% of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate and 95%v of anhydrous sodium sulfate, the sulfosuccinate solutign is introduced into the ...
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Docusate Sodium | C20H37NaO7S | CID 23673837 - PubChem
Docusate sodium is a stool softener that has been used to treat constipation (when a person passes less than three bowel movements a week or has trouble with ...
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Efficacy of docusate in the treatment of constipation in pediatric ... - NIH
Oct 10, 2025 · This is the first study that proves the efficacy of oral docusate in the treatment of hospitalized pediatric patients with acute constipation.
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Docusate - brand name list from Drugs.com
Casanthranol/docusate systemic is used in the treatment of: Constipation · docusate/ferrous fumarate systemic. Brand names: Ferrous DS, Ferocyl, Ferro-Caps, ...
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About docusate - NHS
Docusate is a type of medicine called a laxative. It helps to soften your poo and makes it easier for you to go to the toilet if you have problems pooing ( ...
[75]
Docusate Sodium (International database) - Drugs.com
Docusate Sodium is a medicine available in a number of countries worldwide. A list of US medications equivalent to Docusate Sodium is available on the ...
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Docusate - Drug Usage Statistics, ClinCalc DrugStats Database
Docusate drug usage statistics for the United States (2014 - 2023). Statistics include drug synonyms and therapeutic classes, including: Docusate Calcium, ...
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Stool Softener: Uses & Side Effects - Cleveland Clinic
What are the possible side effects of stool softeners? · Stomach or intestinal pain or cramps. · Nausea. · Diarrhea. · Throat irritation (from oral stool softeners) ...Missing: incidence | Show results with:incidence
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Evaluation of bacterial surfactant toxicity towards petroleum ...
The toxic effects of surfactants on bacteria can be explained by two main factors: (1) disruption of the cell membrane by the interaction of surfactant with ...
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Interaction of detergent sclerosants with cell membranes - PubMed
May 14, 2014 · By adsorbing at the cell membrane, surfactants disrupt the normal architecture of the lipid bilayer and reduce the surface tension. The ...Missing: Docusate | Show results with:Docusate<|separator|>
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Combined toxicity of docusate sodium with chlorinated pollutants
With EC(50) values in the 43-75mg/L range, docusate sodium exhibited a higher toxicity towards the three organisms than PFOS, PFOA, PF-656 and PFBS. We ...
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https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/sds/sigma/d4422
[82]
[PDF] FINASOL OSR 51
docusate sodium. 209-406-4. 01-2119491296-29. 577-11-7. 0.2-5. Skin Irrit. 2 ... OECD 301 F. 28 days. 69. %. Readily biodegradable. 12.3. Bioaccumulative ...
[83]
Combined toxicity of docusate sodium with chlorinated pollutants
The PFC exposures disrupted cell membranes as evidenced by the dose-dependent variations of cell structures (by transmission electron microscopy ...
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Safer Choice Criteria for Surfactants | US EPA
Jul 17, 2025 · Surfactants that meet the Safer Choice Criteria are acceptable for use in a Safer Choice product; surfactants in products which typically bypass ...Missing: docusate | Show results with:docusate
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Suspect screening of the potential persistent and mobile organic ...
May 5, 2025 · This study focuses on DOSS and its transformation products (TPs), which remain underexplored regarding their PM properties and potential risks to water safety.
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Environmental exposure and ecotoxicological properties of a new ...
May 25, 2023 · Moreover, a more accurate evaluation of the environmental persistence would be necessary. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1636–1648.
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combined toxicity of docusate sodium with chlorinated pollutants
We investigated the toxicological interactions of the most toxic surfactant, docusate sodium, with two chlorinated compounds, triclosan and 2,4,6- ...
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The toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination of dioctyl ...
The acute toxicity (LC50) of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) was determined to be 28 mg/l in rainbow trout. A static non-replacement exposure of rainbow ...
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[PDF] toxicants and osmoregulation in fish
Fish are extremely sensitive to many water-borne toxicants, because these alTect the gills by increasing the permeability to water and ions of the gill ...Missing: docusate | Show results with:docusate
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https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16066/6/2/6
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Registration Dossier - ECHA
### Summary of Toxicity to Aquatic Algae Data (EC50 for Growth Inhibition)
[92]
Co-formulants and adjuvants affect the acute aquatic and terrestrial ...
Oct 1, 2021 · As indicated by the fish LC50, docusate did not lead to high aquatic toxicity in tadpoles. Solvent naphtha was expected to show high ...
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Environmental behaviour and ecotoxicity of cationic surfactants ...
Jun 15, 2020 · Cationic surfactants have shown differentiated toxicity towards marine species. CTAB is the most toxic to marine species among tested cationic surfactants.
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Environmental risks and toxicity of surfactants - NIH
Sep 29, 2021 · There are chances that surfactants can penetrate drinking water through MWTPs, thereby posing a health risk to human, animal, and aquatic lives ...