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EEE

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a rare, mosquito-transmitted viral infection caused by the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), a single-stranded RNA alphavirus in the family Togaviridae.^[1] Primarily endemic to the eastern and Gulf Coast regions of the United States, as well as parts of Canada and the Caribbean, EEEV maintains an enzootic cycle between avian reservoir hosts such as passerine birds and bridge vectors like Culiseta melanura mosquitoes.^[2] Humans and equines acquire the virus incidentally through bites from infected mosquitoes but typically produce insufficient viremia to sustain transmission, rendering them dead-end hosts.^[3] Most human infections with EEEV are subclinical or result in mild, nonspecific febrile illness resembling a flu-like syndrome, but progression to neuroinvasive disease occurs in a subset of cases, manifesting as acute encephalitis with rapid onset of headache, high fever, vomiting, and altered mental status.^[1] Severe EEE carries a case-fatality rate of approximately 30%, with death often ensuing within days of symptom onset due to cerebral edema, seizures, and multi-organ failure; among survivors, over half experience lasting neurological sequelae including cognitive deficits, paralysis, and epilepsy.^[4] The disease disproportionately affects young children and older adults, underscoring vulnerabilities in immune response and neurodevelopmental stages.^[5] EEE's public health significance stems from its sporadic but explosive epizootics, often linked to environmental factors like wetland habitats and late-summer mosquito peaks, as evidenced by multistate outbreaks in the U.S. such as the 2019 event involving cases in New York, Pennsylvania, and other states.^[6] Equine cases serve as sentinels for human risk, with vaccination available for horses but no licensed human vaccine, relying instead on integrated mosquito surveillance, larval habitat elimination, and personal protective measures like repellents and netting for prevention.^[7] Diagnostic confirmation involves serology, PCR, or viral culture from cerebrospinal fluid, emphasizing the need for early intervention with supportive care, as no specific antiviral therapy exists.^[1] Despite its low incidence—fewer than 10 human cases annually on average in the U.S.—EEE exemplifies the persistent threat of arboviral pathogens in a changing climate, where altered vector dynamics may expand transmission foci.^[2]

Computing and Technology

Energy-Efficient Ethernet

Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) refers to enhancements in the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard that reduce power consumption in network interfaces during periods of low or no data transmission.^[8] The core mechanism, known as Low Power Idle (LPI) mode, allows transceivers to enter a dormant state by signaling idle conditions to linked devices, thereby minimizing energy use in physical layer components such as serializers/deserializers and analog front-ends.^[9] This applies primarily to twisted-pair Ethernet variants including 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, and 10GBASE-T, where continuous signaling of idle patterns in traditional Ethernet wastes significant power.^[10] The IEEE 802.3az amendment, ratified on October 7, 2010, as an update to IEEE Std 802.3-2008, formalized these changes after task force deliberations starting around 2006 to address escalating energy demands in networked systems.^[8] Prior proprietary implementations, such as those in early "Green Ethernet" switches, demonstrated feasibility but lacked interoperability until the standard's completion.^[11] LPI mode operates by refreshing the link periodically—typically every few microseconds—to maintain synchronization, with wake-up times under 50 microseconds for gigabit links to limit latency impacts.^[12] Power savings stem from eliminating steady-state idle power draw, which can constitute 50-90% of a link's total consumption depending on utilization rates below 10%.^[13] For 1000BASE-T interfaces, EEE can reduce PHY-layer power by over 1 watt per port during idle, scaling to substantial reductions in multi-port switches; system-wide savings in underutilized networks exceed 40% in some deployments.^[14] These gains arise causally from deactivating high-power analog circuits without altering data transmission protocols, though full benefits require endpoint compatibility and auto-negotiation support.^[15] Adoption has grown in enterprise and data center equipment from vendors like Cisco and Juniper, where EEE is configurable via management interfaces, but it is often disabled in latency-sensitive environments like high-frequency trading due to microsecond wake-up delays.^[16] Empirical measurements confirm minimal performance degradation for typical traffic patterns, with energy proportionality improving as link speeds increase, aligning EEE with broader efficiency trends in Ethernet evolution.^[17] Overall, EEE contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of IP networks, which consumed approximately 18 TWh in the U.S. alone by 2008, by targeting idle inefficiencies without compromising bandwidth capacity.^[18]

Asus Eee PC

The Asus Eee PC was a line of subcompact laptops introduced by AsusTek Computer Inc. in late 2007, designed to provide affordable, portable computing for basic tasks such as web browsing, email, and light productivity.^[19] The original model, the Eee PC 701, launched on October 16, 2007, featuring a 7-inch display, an underclocked Intel Celeron M processor at 570 MHz, 512 MB of RAM, a 4 GB solid-state drive (SSD), and a custom Linux-based operating system optimized for low resource use.^[20] Priced under $400, it emphasized durability, instant-on boot times, and energy efficiency over high performance, targeting students and emerging markets.^[21] The Eee PC rapidly popularized the netbook category, with Asus selling approximately 350,000 units in its initial months and reaching 4.9 million units by the end of 2008, capturing around 46% of the early netbook market share.^[22]^[23]^[24] This surge prompted competitors like Acer and Hewlett-Packard to enter the segment, driving netbook shipments to under 1 million units in the sector's first year but fostering broader adoption of low-cost portable devices.^[25] Success stemmed from its balance of portability—weighing about 0.99 kg—and simplicity, though limitations like the small screen and keyboard drew criticism for usability in extended sessions.^[19] Subsequent models evolved to address these constraints, expanding to the 700 series variants with minor tweaks, then the 900 series in 2008 introducing a 8.9-inch screen, up to 16 GB SSD, and optional Windows XP support, while later iterations like the 1000 series adopted Intel Atom processors, 10-inch displays, and up to 250 GB hard drives for improved multimedia capabilities.^[26]^[27] By 2010, the lineup included touch-enabled options and higher-resolution variants, but sales declined amid competition from smartphones, tablets, and ultrabooks offering better performance and battery life.^[28] Asus discontinued the Eee PC series in 2012, citing shifting consumer preferences toward touch-centric devices.^[29]

Embrace, Extend, and Extinguish

"Embrace, extend, and extinguish" (EEE) describes a competitive strategy attributed to Microsoft Corporation during the 1990s and early 2000s, whereby the company would adopt (embrace) emerging open standards or technologies, implement proprietary extensions to those standards, and ultimately leverage its dominant market position to marginalize or eliminate competing implementations, thereby reinforcing its ecosystem lock-in.^[30] The phrase gained prominence in the United States v. Microsoft antitrust litigation (1998–2001), where the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) cited internal Microsoft communications outlining a plan to counter the Netscape Navigator browser threat by embracing Internet standards, extending them with Microsoft-specific features in Internet Explorer, and extinguishing Netscape's market share through integration with Windows.^[30] This approach was not formalized as official company policy but reflected documented internal strategies to defend Windows monopoly power against cross-platform threats.^[31] A key example involved the Java programming language, licensed by Microsoft from Sun Microsystems in 1996 under terms requiring platform-neutral implementations. Microsoft embraced Java by integrating support into its developer tools and browsers but extended it with proprietary Windows-only features via Visual J++, such as modified virtual machines and APIs that optimized for Internet Explorer and tied applications to the Windows platform, violating the license agreement.^[31] This extension aimed to undermine Java's cross-platform promise, as evidenced by internal Microsoft documents acknowledging the goal of fragmenting Java to favor Windows-specific development; Sun sued Microsoft in October 1997, resulting in a 2001 settlement where Microsoft agreed to remove the extensions and pay royalties, though Java's momentum toward Windows dependency had already been disrupted.^[31] Another instance concerned the Kerberos authentication protocol, an open standard for secure network access originally developed at MIT. Microsoft embraced Kerberos by incorporating it into Windows 2000 for Active Directory domain services but extended it with non-interoperable proprietary elements, including custom encryption types (e.g., RC4-HMAC) and realm trust mechanisms that required Microsoft-specific configurations, rendering third-party implementations incompatible without significant rework.^[32] These extensions, introduced around 1999–2000, effectively locked enterprise customers into Microsoft's ecosystem, as non-Microsoft Kerberos systems struggled with interoperability; critics, including protocol experts, argued this exemplified EEE by initially supporting the standard to gain adoption, then diverging to extinguish open alternatives.^[31] Microsoft consistently denied that EEE constituted a deliberate anti-competitive doctrine, asserting that extensions represented legitimate innovation to meet customer needs, such as enhanced security or performance tailored to Windows users, rather than predatory intent. However, the DOJ's case, supported by leaked "Halloween documents" from 1998—internal memos analyzing open-source threats like Linux—revealed discussions of "embracing and extending" standards to co-opt competitors, contributing to the court's 2000 finding that Microsoft maintained a monopoly through exclusionary conduct. The strategy's outcomes included temporary dominance in browsers (Internet Explorer peaked at over 90% market share by 2003) and enterprise protocols but faced backlash, including the 2001 antitrust settlement mandating API disclosures and browser unbundling, which facilitated later competition from Firefox and Chrome. Empirical analysis of Microsoft's responses to 12 standards from 1990–2005 shows a pattern of partial compatibility that favored proprietary lock-in over full interoperability.^[31]

Engineering and Academia

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Electrical and electronics engineering encompasses the study, design, and application of systems that harness electricity, electromagnetism, and electronic components to enable technologies ranging from power grids to microchips. This discipline integrates principles of physics, mathematics, and materials science to develop devices and infrastructure that generate, transmit, distribute, and control electrical energy, as well as process information through electronic circuits. Practitioners address challenges in efficiency, reliability, and scalability, ensuring systems meet safety standards while minimizing environmental impact.^[33]^[34] The field traces its origins to the 19th century, spurred by breakthroughs in electromagnetism and practical inventions. Michael Faraday's 1831 discovery of electromagnetic induction laid foundational groundwork for electric generators and motors, while the 1882 opening of Thomas Edison's Pearl Street Station marked the first commercial direct-current power plant, serving 59 customers in Manhattan. Formal education emerged soon after, with the world's first dedicated electrical engineering program established in 1883 at Technische Universität Darmstadt in Germany. By the early 20th century, electronics engineering distinguished itself as a subfield, focusing on vacuum tubes and early semiconductors, evolving from electrical engineering's emphasis on macro-scale power systems.^[35]^[36]^[33] Electrical engineering primarily deals with high-power applications such as generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, often involving voltages in the kilovolt range for grids and motors. In contrast, electronics engineering centers on low-power, signal-based systems, including integrated circuits, semiconductors, and digital logic for devices like smartphones and sensors, where electron flow at micro- and nano-scales predominates. Despite overlap—many programs combine both under a unified degree—the distinction influences career paths: electrical engineers optimize large infrastructure like renewable energy farms, while electronics engineers innovate in embedded systems and consumer gadgets. Subfields span power systems, telecommunications, control engineering, signal processing, and microelectronics, with professionals employing tools like circuit simulation software and finite element analysis for design validation.^[37]^[38]^[39] In the 21st century, key advancements include the proliferation of renewable integration via smart grids, which use sensors and AI for real-time load balancing and efficiency gains exceeding 20% in some implementations; the rise of electric vehicles, demanding high-density batteries and power electronics for rapid charging; and Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems, connecting billions of devices through low-power wireless protocols. Developments in semiconductors, such as gallium nitride transistors, have enabled higher efficiency in power converters, reducing energy losses by up to 50% compared to silicon counterparts. These innovations address global demands for sustainability, with electrical and electronics engineers contributing to net-zero goals through optimized systems that minimize waste and enhance resilience against disruptions.^[40]^[41]^[42]

Earth and Environmental Engineering

Earth and Environmental Engineering is an interdisciplinary discipline that applies engineering methodologies to earth's physical systems and environmental challenges, integrating principles from civil engineering, geology, hydrology, environmental science, and biology to manage natural resources and mitigate human impacts.^[43] This field emphasizes quantitative analysis of processes such as constituent transport and transformation in natural media, alongside sustainable resource extraction and pollution remediation.^[44] Unlike narrower environmental engineering subfields, it incorporates earth sciences to address geospheric interactions, including subsurface flows and mineral processing.^[45] The discipline traces its origins to mid-19th-century mining and metallurgy education, with the first U.S. program established in 1864 at what became Columbia University's School of Mines, founded by Thomas Egleston to train professionals in resource extraction.^[45] Broader environmental engineering roots emerged in the 1830s through hydraulic engineering for water supply and sanitation in expanding urban areas.^[46] By the late 1990s, programs evolved to prioritize environmental integration, as seen in Columbia's 1996 MS in Earth Resources Engineering and 1998 ABET-accredited BS in Earth and Environmental Engineering, reflecting a shift toward sustainability amid growing concerns over resource depletion and pollution.^[45] Core methodologies involve modeling physical, chemical, and biological processes in environmental systems, such as groundwater remediation via pump-and-treat techniques or carbon capture through adsorption and geochemical reactions.^[47] Key topics include sustainable energy systems, where engineers design storage solutions like advanced batteries to support renewables; water resource management, focusing on treatment and distribution to ensure potable supplies; and waste handling, encompassing solid, hazardous, and mining tailings to prevent ecosystem contamination.^[48] Climate-resilient infrastructure design addresses flood risks and erosion through geotechnical modeling, while sustainable mining applies beneficiation to minimize land disturbance.^[43] In industry, practitioners develop processes for pollution control in sectors like energy production, where they optimize flue gas desulfurization to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by up to 95% in coal plants, and in manufacturing, where they implement zero-liquid discharge systems to recycle wastewater.^[49] Policy applications include advising on regulations for groundwater protection and remediation, such as permeable reactive barriers that degrade contaminants in situ, and contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in high-emission industries like electricity generation.^[50] Educational programs, typically offering BS, MS, and PhD degrees, train students in these areas through coursework in thermodynamics, hydrology, and systems analysis, preparing graduates for roles in consulting firms, government agencies, and research institutions.^[51] Employment in the field supports planetary health by engineering solutions to waste disposal and air quality issues, with projected growth driven by regulatory demands for sustainability.^[52]

Medicine and Biology

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a rare, mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), an alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. The virus primarily circulates in wild bird reservoirs and is transmitted to humans and equines via the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly species like Aedes and Culiseta in endemic areas such as freshwater hardwood swamps along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States.^[3]^[53] Human infections are incidental, with most cases asymptomatic or mild, but neuroinvasive disease occurs in approximately 5% of infections, leading to severe encephalitis.^[1] Transmission is seasonal, peaking from July to October in northern regions and earlier in southern states, with rare non-mosquito routes documented, including organ transplantation from infected donors.^[54]^[2] Clinically, EEE progresses rapidly in severe cases, with an incubation period of 4–10 days followed by systemic symptoms such as fever, headache, and myalgia. Neuroinvasive manifestations include meningismus, altered mental status, focal neurologic deficits, seizures, and coma, often requiring intensive care.^[55] The case-fatality rate for neuroinvasive EEE exceeds 30%, reaching up to 75% in some reports, with approximately 50% of survivors experiencing permanent neurologic sequelae such as cognitive impairment, paralysis, or epilepsy.^[4]^[1] Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation combined with laboratory confirmation via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid or serum, as imaging may show nonspecific brain edema or thalamic involvement.^[56] Epidemiologically, the United States reports 4–8 human cases annually on average, though outbreaks vary; for instance, Massachusetts experienced 12 cases with six deaths in 2019, and multiple states reported cases in 2024.^[57]^[58] Incidence is higher among individuals over 50 years and those engaging in outdoor activities in endemic foci, with no licensed human vaccine available. Equine cases, which often precede human outbreaks, have fatality rates near 100% without vaccination.^[53]^[59] No specific antiviral treatment exists; management is supportive, including mechanical ventilation, anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids in select cases, though evidence for the latter is limited. Prevention emphasizes mosquito avoidance: applying EPA-registered repellents containing DEET, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water. Community-level mosquito surveillance and larviciding are critical in high-risk areas, while annual vaccination protects horses but not humans.^[56]^[60]^[61]

EEE (psychedelic)

EEE, chemically known as 2,4,5-triethoxyamphetamine, is a synthetic compound classified within the amphetamine family of substituted phenethylamines. Its molecular formula is C15H25NO3, with a structure featuring ethoxy groups at the 2, 4, and 5 positions of the benzene ring attached to an alpha-methylphenethylamine backbone. This makes it a direct ethoxy analog of 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2), where the methoxy substituents are replaced by longer ethoxy chains, potentially altering receptor binding due to increased steric bulk.^[62] The compound was synthesized by chemist Alexander Shulgin as part of his exploration of psychedelic phenethylamines, though specific synthesis details for EEE are not extensively documented in primary literature beyond general amphetamine derivatization methods involving nitropropene reduction or Leuckart reactions adapted for alkoxy-substituted anilines.^[63] Shulgin included EEE in his catalog of compounds in PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved), published in 1991, but reported no human trials or dosage information, noting it elicited few to no psychoactive effects. This lack of empirical data on potency, duration, or subjective experiences distinguishes EEE from more studied TMA analogs like TMA-2, which exhibits potent hallucinogenic activity at doses around 20 mg via agonism at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors.^[64] Pharmacological profiles for EEE remain largely uncharacterized, with no peer-reviewed studies on its binding affinities, metabolism, or toxicology available as of 2025. By structural analogy to TMA-2, it may interact weakly with serotonergic systems, but the bulkier ethoxy groups likely reduce efficacy compared to methoxy counterparts, consistent with Shulgin's observation of inactivity.^[65] Amphetamine derivatives generally undergo hepatic metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes, yielding hydroxylated and demethylated (or deethylated) metabolites, but specific pathways for EEE are undocumented.^[64] Due to its obscurity and absence of reported recreational or therapeutic use, EEE has not been implicated in clinical trials or overdose cases. In jurisdictions like the United States, it falls under the Federal Analogue Act as a positional isomer of Schedule I amphetamines, rendering possession or distribution prosecutable if intended for human consumption. No patents or commercial syntheses exist, underscoring its status as a research curiosity rather than a viable psychoactive agent.

Business and Environment

Electronic and Electrical Equipment

Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) encompasses devices and appliances that rely on electric currents or electromagnetic fields for operation, including household appliances, information technology hardware, lighting, and industrial tools. This sector spans manufacturing, distribution, and servicing, with products classified into six categories under the European Union's Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive: temperature exchange equipment (e.g., refrigerators), displays and monitors with screens greater than 100 cm², lamps, large equipment exceeding 50 cm in any dimension (e.g., washing machines), small equipment under 50 cm (e.g., toasters), and small IT or lighting equipment (e.g., smartphones, LED bulbs).^[66]^[67] From a business perspective, the global electrical equipment market—encompassing core EEE components like transformers, motors, and wiring—was valued at USD 1,513.22 billion in 2024, projected to expand to USD 1,660.20 billion in 2025 amid rising demand for electrification in renewable energy, electric vehicles, and smart infrastructure. Growth drivers include technological advancements in semiconductors and automation, with the broader electrical and electronics sector reaching USD 3,844.55 billion in 2024, fueled by consumer demand for connected devices. Major producers face supply chain pressures from raw material scarcity, such as rare earth elements, while competition intensifies in Asia-Pacific regions dominating manufacturing output.^[68]^[69] Environmentally, EEE production and end-of-life disposal generate significant e-waste, estimated to contain hazardous materials like lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants, which leach into soil, water, and air when improperly managed, contributing to pollution and health risks including neurological damage and respiratory issues. In 2022, global e-waste from EEE exceeded 62 million metric tons, with only 22.3% formally recycled, leading to resource losses equivalent to USD 62 billion in metals like gold and copper, alongside greenhouse gas emissions from manufacturing processes reliant on energy-intensive mining and refining. Informal recycling in developing regions exacerbates impacts through open burning and acid leaching, releasing toxins such as dioxins.^[70]^[71]^[72] Regulatory frameworks address these challenges, with the EU's WEEE Directive (2012/19/EU) mandating producer responsibility for collection, treatment, and recovery targets—such as 85% collection rates for certain categories by 2021—while promoting design for disassembly to minimize environmental harm. Complementing this, the RoHS Directive (2011/65/EU) restricts hazardous substances in EEE to levels below 0.1% for most (e.g., lead, mercury), aiming to facilitate safer recycling and reduce toxicity in waste streams, with exemptions reviewed periodically for essential uses. Compliance burdens businesses with labeling, reporting, and financing obligations, yet evidence indicates these measures have increased EU recycling rates to 42.5% in 2020, though global enforcement gaps persist due to transboundary waste shipments.^[73]^[74]^[71]

Earthquake Environmental Effects

Earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) encompass a range of geological, hydrological, and ecological alterations triggered by seismic shaking, distinct from direct structural damage to human infrastructure. These effects arise from the dynamic stresses imposed on the Earth's crust and surface, leading to phenomena such as surface faulting, mass wasting, and fluid mobilization, which can persist long after the primary shaking ceases. Empirical observations from events like the 1964 Alaska earthquake demonstrate how EEEs reshape landscapes, with cascading impacts on soil stability, water systems, and biotic communities.^[75]^[76]^[77] Primary EEEs include earthquake-induced landslides, which occur when shaking exceeds slope stability thresholds, mobilizing vast sediment volumes—up to tens of thousands per event on steep terrains—and blocking rivers to form temporary dams. In the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake (magnitude 9.2), landslides contributed to widespread erosion and habitat disruption, altering regional carbon sequestration by damaging vegetation and soil structures. Long-term, these failures accelerate hillslope erosion preferentially at lower elevations due to pore pressure dynamics, hindering forest regrowth and exacerbating downstream sedimentation for decades.^[78]^[79]^[80] Soil liquefaction represents another critical EEE, where cyclic loading during shaking increases pore water pressure in saturated, cohesionless soils, reducing effective stress and causing temporary fluid-like behavior. This phenomenon, observed in the 1964 Niigata earthquake, leads to ground subsidence, lateral spreading, and secondary landslides, inverting soil profiles and releasing trapped sediments that degrade water quality and vegetation rooting zones. Ecologically, liquefaction disrupts aquifers and wetlands, with effects extending to microbial communities and aquatic habitats through sediment suspension.^[81]^[82]^[83] Tsunamis generated by undersea earthquakes amplify coastal EEEs, inundating shorelines with high-velocity waves that erode sediments, uproot mangroves and forests, and introduce saltwater into freshwater ecosystems. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (triggered by a magnitude 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman event) caused extensive vegetation loss, coral reef damage, and soil salinization across 14 countries, with inland penetration up to several kilometers fostering long-term biodiversity declines in affected biomes. Similarly, the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami in Japan devastated marine benthic communities through uplift-induced mortality of algae and shellfish, alongside debris pollution persisting in coastal sediments.^[84]^[85]^[86] Hydrological disruptions, particularly to groundwater, involve oscillatory fluctuations and permanent level offsets from poroelastic responses to seismic stress, as documented by USGS monitoring following the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes. These changes can render wells turbid by dislodging particulates or alter chemistry via mineral dissolution, indirectly stressing riparian ecosystems through reduced baseflow or contamination. In extreme cases, such as the 1964 Alaska event, new springs emerged while others dried, reshaping local hydrology and favoring invasive species over native flora dependent on stable water tables. Air quality effects, including dust clouds and hazardous releases from disturbed sites, further compound ecosystem stress, as seen in the 2023 Turkey earthquakes where particulate emissions elevated pollution levels.^[87]^[88]^[89] Overall, EEEs exhibit scaling with earthquake magnitude and local geology, with larger events (e.g., >M7) producing outsized environmental legacies through compounded hazards like cascading landslides and hydrological shifts. Mitigation relies on site-specific assessments of susceptibility, informed by empirical models rather than generalized assumptions, to preserve ecosystem resilience.^[90]^[91]

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Feb 3, 2021 · In 1883, the world's first School of Electrical Engineering was established at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. Other schools followed suit ...
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Electrical vs. Electronics Engineering: Key Differences Explained
Mar 5, 2025 · Electrical engineering focuses on large-scale power systems, while electronics engineering focuses on micro-level circuit design and consumer ...
[38]
Electrical vs. electronic engineering: understanding the differences
Jul 25, 2023 · Electrical engineering focuses on large-scale power, while electronic engineering focuses on small-scale devices and circuits. Electrical ...
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Electrical and Electronics Engineers : Occupational Outlook Handbook
Electrical and electronics engineers design, develop, and test electrical and electronic equipment, components, and systems. They also determine requirements ...
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Electrical Engineering and The Trends and Innovations Transforming It
Mar 27, 2024 · From televisions and lightbulbs to cell phones and radios, modern innovations in electrical engineering have informed, enlightened, and connected the world.
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Technology Trends in Electrical Engineering - Excelsior University
Jan 31, 2025 · Explore innovations in electrical engineering technology, from the IoT to smart grids and renewable energy to exciting applications of AI!Missing: century | Show results with:century
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Future of Electrical Engineering: Trends & Innovations - LinkedIn
Sep 9, 2024 · 1. Renewable Energy and Smart Grids · 2. The Rise of Electric Vehicles · 3. Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Automation · 4. Advances in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[43]
Earth and Environmental Engineering | Earth and Environmental ...
Earth and environmental engineering integrates principles of civil engineering, environmental science, geology, hydrology, biology, and even liberal arts.BS in Earth and Environmental... · Research · MS in Earth and... · Doctoral Program
[44]
Earth and Environmental Engineering - Columbia University
Review of fundamental principles that underlie the discipline of environmental engineering, i.e. constituent transport and transformation processes in ...
[45]
History | Earth and Environmental Engineering - Columbia University
The department was founded in 1864 by Professor Thomas Egleston, Jr. Originally called the School of Mines, it was the first mining and metallurgy school in ...Missing: discipline | Show results with:discipline
[46]
A History of Environmental Engineering in the United States
Environmental engineering is a relatively new name for a type of engineering that began in the United States in the 1830s.
[47]
Principles of Environmental Engineering | SpringerLink
It mainly covers principles including basic concepts, theories, methods and related equipment in fluid flow and transportation, heat transfer, absorption, ...
[48]
Earth and Environmental Engineering, MS - Columbia University
Our MS in Earth and Environmental Engineering explores the most imminent challenges of our time - from sustainable energy and carbon management to safe and ...
[49]
What is Environmental Engineering?
Environmental engineers create solutions that protect and improve the lives of people, plants, and animals, and also improve the quality of the environment.
[50]
The Role of Environmental Engineering to Achieve Sustainability in ...
Environmental engineers are well positioned to work in the top five global sectors that contribute to GHG emissions: (1) electricity and heat, (2) ...
[51]
Earth and Environmental Engineering, BS - Columbia University
Our BS in Earth and Environmental engineering program centers on engineering principles, math, and core sciences.
[52]
Environmental Engineers : Occupational Outlook Handbook
Environmental engineers use engineering disciplines in developing solutions to problems of planetary health. Their work may involve concerns such as waste ...
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Data and Maps for Eastern Equine Encephalitis - CDC
Jun 3, 2025 · Eastern equine encephalitis virus transmission is most common in and around freshwater hardwood swamps in the Atlantic and Gulf Coast states and the Great ...
[54]
Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus - CDC
May 15, 2024 · Eastern equine encephalitis virus has been documented to be transmitted through solid organ transplantation, with one organ donor transmitting ...
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Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Eastern Equine Encephalitis - CDC
May 15, 2024 · Signs and symptoms in patients with neuroinvasive disease can include headache, meningismus, confusion, focal neurologic deficits, seizures, and coma.
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
May 15, 2024 · Eastern equine encephalitis virus can cause a febrile illness or neurologic disease, including meningitis or encephalitis.
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Historic Data (2003–2024) | Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus - CDC
Eastern equine encephalitis virus human disease cases by age and sex, 2003-2024 ... Deaths. 84. Deaths from year(s) and type of case selected above. Skip Over ...Missing: rate | Show results with:rate
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EEE (Eastern Equine Encephalitis) - Mass.gov
The most recent outbreak of EEE in Massachusetts began in 2019 and included twelve cases with six fatalities. The outbreak continued in 2020 with five cases ...
[59]
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis in Michigan: Historical Review of ...
Nov 4, 2021 · Human cases ranged in age from 1 to 81 yr; 70% were male, and fatality rate of 34.3%. Equine and human cases occurred from July to October, ...
[60]
Eastern Equine Encephalitis - State of Michigan
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Human cases of EEE disease are rare but can cause serious ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[61]
Eastern Equine Encephalitis - Vermont Department of Health
Jul 25, 2025 · Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a rare but serious disease caused by a virus and spread by infected mosquitoes.
[62]
2,4,5-Triethoxy-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine | C15H25NO3 ...
2,4,5-Triethoxy-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine · EEE (psychedelic) · DY8NEE4XXW · 23693-42-7 · 2,4,5-Triethoxy-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine · EEE.
[63]
EEE
物质名称, EEE. 异名/同义词, 2,4,5-TRIETHOXY-.ALPHA.-METHYLBENZENEETHANAMINE 2,4,5-TRIETHOXYAMPHETAMINE EEE EEE (PSYCHEDELIC)
[64]
Designer drug 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2) - PubMed
Studies are described on the metabolism and the toxicological detection of the amphetamine-derived designer drug 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2) in rat ...
[65]
Receptor Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkoxy-Substituted 2,5 ... - PubMed
Nov 28, 2019 · Background: 2,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2) is a potent psychedelic compound. Structurally related 4-alkyloxy-substituted 2 ...
[66]
Glossary:Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
Electrical and electronic equipment or EEE means equipment which is dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and ...
[67]
[PDF] WEEE2 – Definition and Understanding of the 6 Categories (15.08 ...
From 15th of August 2018 all EEE shall be classified within the 6 categories set out in Annex III of the WEEE21. For the allocation of EEE to three of the 6.
[68]
Electrical Equipment Market Size, Share | Growth Report [2032]
The global electrical equipment market size was valued at USD 1,513.22 billion in 2024. The market is projected to grow from USD 1,660.20 billion in 2025 to ...
[69]
Electrical And Electronics Market 2025, Growth And Research
$$4,490.00 In stockThe electrical and electronics market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $3844.55 billion in 2024 to $4064.37 billion in 2025 at a ...
[70]
Electronic waste (e-waste) - World Health Organization (WHO)
Oct 1, 2024 · These discarded devices are considered e-waste and can become a threat to health and the environment if they are not disposed of and recycled appropriately.
[71]
Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) - Environment
It includes phones, household appliances and medical devices. E-waste contains a complex mixture of materials, some of which are hazardous. These can cause ...
[72]
The Environmental Impact of E-Waste | Earth.Org
Mar 13, 2023 · It causes the acceleration of climate change, results in the waste of significant resources, and endangers both the environment and human health.
[73]
[PDF] Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council ...
Jul 4, 2012 · (e) 'waste electrical and electronic equipment' or 'WEEE' means electrical or electronic equipment which is waste within the meaning of ...
[74]
RoHS Directive - Environment - European Commission
EU rules restricting the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment to protect the environment and public health. Damaged LCD screens ...2011/65 - EN · RoHS Directive implementation · Delegated directive - 2015/863
[75]
Earthquake environmental effects and ESI 2007 of the 6th February ...
Jun 1, 2025 · Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEEs) refer to a number of changes to the natural environment as a result of a seismic event and can be ...
[76]
Impact of earthquakes and their secondary environmental effects on ...
Secondary earthquake environmental effects (EEE) are induced by the ground shaking and are classified into ground cracks, slope movements, dust clouds, ...
[77]
[PDF] Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Landslides in the ...
The most economically devastating landslides in the United States in recent decades have been those triggered by the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the 1980 rainfall- ...
[78]
Earthquake‐Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns ...
May 7, 2019 · Earthquake shaking can cause many tens of thousands of landslides on steep mountain slopes. Some of these sudden slope failures can block rivers ...
[79]
Long-term patterns of hillslope erosion by earthquake-induced ...
Jun 5, 2020 · Because of increased pore fluid pressures low on hillslopes, rainfall-induced landsliding tends to erode low elevations due to seepage (13).
[80]
Long-term effects of post-earthquake landslides on vegetation ...
These landslides not only reshaped the landscape but also severely damaged the regional ecosystem carbon cycle, affecting both the storage and sequestration of ...
[81]
What is liquefaction? | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov
Liquefaction occurring beneath buildings and other structures can cause major damage during earthquakes. For example, the 1964 Niigata earthquake caused ...<|separator|>
[82]
Can earthquakes liquefy soil? - National Academies
May 24, 2022 · Liquefaction can trigger landslides, cause embankments to slump, and cause buildings to sink into the ground and tilt, cars to be swallowed ...
[83]
Soil profile inversion in earthquake-induced liquefaction-affected ...
Tens of thousands more trees were affected by soil mass movement, landslides, rockfalls, and liquefaction ground damage during the earthquake. Most ...
[84]
The Indian Ocean Tsunami and its Environmental Impacts
Most of the damage was to the coastal infrastructure, including harbours, destruction of coastal vegetation, and extensive sand erosion. Sea water intrusion ...
[85]
Impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis on marine benthic communities
The results reveal that earthquakes and tsunamis caused mortality of algae and bivalves by dissection after coastal uplift.
[86]
Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami - UNEP
Nov 7, 2024 · It resulted in massive loss of life, environmental devastation and infrastructural damage. The disaster also damaged several nuclear power ...
[87]
Groundwater Effects from Earthquakes | U.S. Geological Survey
Seismic waves have two main types of effects on groundwater levels: oscillations, and "permanent" offsets.
[88]
Earthquakes--Rattling the Earth's Plumbing System - USGS.gov
Water-quantity and quality changes following an earthquake can adversely affect sensitive ecosystems, harming the plants and animals that live there.
[89]
The impacts of earthquakes on air pollution and strategies for ... - NIH
This study delves into the repercussions of the 2023 earthquake in Turkey, particularity its impact on air pollution.
[90]
Environmental effects and seismogenic source characterization of ...
Finally, the environmental effects of the earthquake appear to be reasonably consistent with the usual scaling relationships, in particular the surface faulting ...
[91]
How does an earthquake affect groundwater levels and water ...
Earthquakes can cause groundwater levels to oscillate, sometimes with long-term offsets. Water quality may become turbid, and small chemical changes can occur.