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BS

Bullshit, colloquially abbreviated as BS, is a slang expression denoting deceptive, insincere, or nonsensical speech or behavior that prioritizes persuasion or impression over factual truth.^[1] Originating in American English around 1914 as "eloquent and insincere rhetoric," the term combines "bull," an older slang for nonsense dating to the 17th century, with "shit" to evoke worthless or foul output.^[2] Philosopher Harry G. Frankfurt provided a seminal analysis in his 2005 essay On Bullshit, arguing that bullshit differs from lying: a liar knowingly misrepresents an acknowledged truth, whereas a bullshitter is indifferent to whether statements align with reality, treating truth as irrelevant to achieving rhetorical ends.^[3] This indifference, Frankfurt contends, poses a deeper threat to rational discourse than outright falsehoods, as it erodes the shared commitment to evidence and verifiability essential for inquiry.^[4] The concept has since influenced discussions in epistemology and ethics, underscoring bullshit as a pervasive mode of communication in contexts demanding authenticity, such as politics, advertising, and academia.^[5]

Academic degrees and qualifications

Bachelor of Science

The Bachelor of Science (B.S. or B.Sc.) is an undergraduate academic degree typically requiring four years of full-time study, awarded for programs centered on natural sciences, mathematics, engineering, computer science, or related applied fields that prioritize empirical investigation and quantitative analysis. Curricula generally mandate substantial coursework in advanced mathematics, laboratory-based experimentation, and theoretical modeling to cultivate technical proficiency applicable to research, industry, or innovation. The degree emerged in the 19th century to address the Industrial Revolution's need for systematic scientific training, with the University of London conferring the first B.Sc. degrees in 1860, marking a shift from classical arts-focused education toward specialized scientific instruction.^[6] Distinguishing the B.S. from the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), the former imposes stricter requirements for STEM-oriented courses—often 50-70% of credits in math, sciences, and technical subjects—while minimizing humanities electives, in contrast to the B.A.'s emphasis on broad liberal arts exposure, critical theory, and qualitative disciplines. This structure fosters analytical and problem-solving skills geared toward causal mechanisms in physical systems rather than interpretive or historical narratives. Labor market data reflect this orientation: in 2018, median annual earnings for bachelor's holders in STEM fields stood at $60,800, exceeding non-STEM fields (55,400) by about 10%, with humanities subsets yielding even lower figures around $50,000-60,000, driven by demand for verifiable quantitative expertise over generalized knowledge.^[7]^[8] Criticisms of the B.S. center on variability in program rigor, especially outside elite institutions, where expansion to accommodate broader enrollment has sometimes prioritized vocational modules—such as software tools or compliance certifications—over rigorous training in first-principles derivation and falsifiable hypothesis testing inherent to scientific inquiry. This shift, evident in surveys of curriculum trends, risks producing graduates with practical skills but deficient in core scientific reasoning, as measured by inconsistent performance on standardized assessments of methodological proficiency. Such dynamics contribute to ongoing scrutiny of whether B.S. credentials reliably signal causal competence or merely facilitate entry into credential-dependent occupations, with empirical studies linking diluted standards to broader employability mismatches in technical roles.^[9]^[10]

Colloquial and slang usage

Bullshit

"Bullshit" is American slang denoting insincere, exaggerated, or logically incoherent statements that disregard factual accuracy, originating in the early 20th century as a term for nonsense or empty rhetoric.^[2] The noun form first appeared around 1910, evolving from earlier uses of "bull" for deceptive talk combined with "shit" to emphasize worthlessness, and gained traction in military and everyday contexts by the 1910s.^[11] Unlike mere exaggeration or opinion, bullshit specifically undermines truth-seeking by prioritizing persuasion over verifiability, often appearing in casual discourse, advertising, and institutional claims lacking empirical support, such as unsubstantiated projections of policy outcomes.^[12] Philosopher Harry Frankfurt's 2005 essay "On Bullshit" formalized the distinction between bullshit and lying, arguing that the bullshitter exhibits indifference to truth values, fabricating claims without regard for their alignment with reality, whereas the liar actively opposes known facts by asserting the opposite.^[4] This causal detachment from evidence enables bullshit to proliferate in environments where narrative coherence trumps data, as seen in political rhetoric or media framing that evades rigorous scrutiny.^[13] Frankfurt posits bullshit as more corrosive than lies because it erodes the commitment to truth altogether, fostering skepticism toward all discourse.^[14] Psychological research quantifies bullshit detection and its impacts, with studies developing scales like the Bullshit Receptivity Scale to measure susceptibility to pseudo-profound or evasive statements, finding higher receptivity correlates with lower analytical thinking and predicts belief in unverified claims in politics and advertising.^[15] Empirical experiments show bullshit persuades more than explicit lies in some contexts due to its perceived plausibility, yet repeated exposure reduces institutional trust, particularly when sources prioritize ideological alignment over verification, as critiqued in analyses of narrative-driven reporting.^[16] Cross-cultural data indicate political bullshit receptivity ties to economic attitudes, with free-market supporters showing varied sensitivity, underscoring how unchecked rhetoric hampers causal understanding in public debate.^[17]

Finance and economics

Balance sheet

A balance sheet provides a snapshot of an entity's financial position at a specific point in time, detailing its assets, liabilities, and equity in accordance with double-entry bookkeeping principles formalized by Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in his 1494 treatise Summa de arithmetica.^[18]^[19] This method ensures every transaction affects at least two accounts, maintaining the fundamental equation Assets = Liabilities + Equity, which reflects the sources and uses of funds.^[20] The primary components include assets, divided into current (e.g., cash, inventory convertible within a year) and non-current (e.g., property, plant, equipment held long-term); liabilities, similarly classified as current (due within a year) or long-term; and shareholders' equity, representing residual ownership claims after liabilities.^[21]^[22] This structure enables analysis of financial health through ratios such as debt-to-equity, which measures leverage and solvency risk by comparing total liabilities to equity.^[23] Balance sheets underpin business valuation by providing data for asset-based approaches, where net asset value serves as a floor for enterprise worth, and support regulatory compliance under frameworks like U.S. GAAP (rules-based, emphasizing liquidity order) or IFRS (principles-based, prioritizing financial position statement).^[24]^[25] Public companies must file audited balance sheets quarterly and annually with bodies like the SEC to ensure transparency for investors and creditors.^[26] However, balance sheets are susceptible to manipulation through off-balance-sheet financing, where entities hide debt via special-purpose vehicles, as exemplified by Enron Corporation's 2001 collapse, which involved $13 billion in undisclosed obligations leading to the largest U.S. bankruptcy at the time.^[27]^[28] Such practices underscore the necessity of rigorous, independent auditing to verify reported figures rather than accepting them at face value, given incentives for executives to inflate asset values or understate liabilities.^[29]

Other financial terms

Basis swaps, often abbreviated as BS in financial literature, are over-the-counter derivative contracts in which two parties exchange floating interest rate payments based on different reference rates or benchmarks, typically without an initial exchange of principal. These instruments, which emerged in the late 20th century amid growing derivatives markets, allow market participants to hedge or speculate on the spread between rates such as LIBOR and Treasury bills, or cross-currency bases like USD LIBOR versus EURIBOR.^[30] For instance, during periods of interbank stress, BS spreads widened significantly, reflecting liquidity premiums; empirical data from the 2008 financial crisis showed EUR/USD basis swap spreads reaching 150 basis points in late 2008, indicating heightened counterparty risk aversion.^[31] Regulators employ "blue sheet" requests—formal demands under SEC Rule 17a-25 for detailed trading records from broker-dealers—to investigate potential market abuses, requiring submission of customer identities, trade dates, quantities, prices, and account details within specified timelines, often 48 hours.^[32] Enacted to enhance transparency, these requests expanded post-2008 crisis through electronic filing mandates (EBS), with non-compliance penalties exemplified by Goldman's $6 million fine in 2023 for deficient data submissions that impeded enforcement efforts.^[33] In fiscal year 2022, the SEC issued over 10,000 such requests, underscoring their role in reconstructing trading activity for cases involving insider trading or manipulation.^[34] In high-frequency trading environments, abbreviated metrics like BS—for basis swaps or related spreads—can obscure causal complexities in pricing models, exacerbating systemic vulnerabilities; the 2010 Flash Crash, where the Dow Jones Industrial Average plummeted nearly 1,000 points (9%) intraday before partial recovery, was partly attributed to algorithmic interactions with fragmented liquidity metrics, as detailed in joint SEC-CFTC findings on a single large sell order triggering cascading errors across 20,000 trades. Empirical analysis of the event revealed how opaque abbreviations in high-speed data feeds masked order flow imbalances, leading to $1 trillion in temporary market value evaporation and subsequent regulatory scrutiny of HFT practices, though no direct illegality was proven. Such incidents highlight the need for disambiguated, transparent metrics to mitigate flash risk propagation in derivatives and equity markets.

Geography and international codes

The Bahamas

The Commonwealth of The Bahamas is designated by the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code BS.^[35] This archipelago consists of approximately 700 low-lying coral islands and cays in the western Atlantic Ocean, spanning over 100,000 square miles but with a land area of only about 5,383 square miles, of which roughly 30 are inhabited.^[36] The nation lies about 50 miles southeast of Florida, north of Cuba and Hispaniola, and achieved independence from British colonial rule on July 10, 1973, as a parliamentary constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations.^[37] Its estimated population was 399,440 as of 2023, concentrated primarily on New Providence (home to the capital Nassau) and Grand Bahama islands.^[38] The Bahamian economy remains heavily reliant on tourism and offshore financial services, which together account for over 70 percent of GDP and employ more than half the workforce, rendering it acutely sensitive to external shocks such as global travel disruptions and natural disasters.^[39] Real GDP growth averaged 1.4 percent annually in recent decades, but the sector's dominance—coupled with limited diversification into manufacturing or agriculture—exposes the country to boom-bust cycles driven by U.S. visitor inflows, which constitute the bulk of tourism revenue.^[40] Offshore banking, while attracting international capital through tax advantages and secrecy provisions, has drawn scrutiny for money laundering risks; despite strengthened anti-money laundering (AML) frameworks under the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) affiliate CFATF, including legislative updates to the Proceeds of Crime Act, the jurisdiction faces ongoing threats from fraud and drug trafficking proceeds.^[41]^[42] Post-1973 fiscal policies emphasizing service-sector incentives have sustained high public debt levels (around 80 percent of GDP in recent years) and vulnerability to imported inflation, with limited domestic resource base exacerbating import dependency for food and energy.^[43] Geographic exposure to Atlantic hurricanes amplifies these economic fragilities, as evidenced by Hurricane Dorian in September 2019, which stalled over Abaco and Grand Bahama as a Category 5 storm, causing $3.4 billion in damages—equivalent to about 25 percent of annual GDP—and at least 74 deaths, while displacing tens of thousands and crippling tourism infrastructure in the hardest-hit northern islands.^[44] Recovery efforts strained public finances, highlighting causal links between the nation's flat topography, rising sea levels, and inadequate fiscal buffers against recurrent climate events, which have historically prompted reliance on international aid and debt financing rather than structural reforms for resilience.^[45] Despite FATF compliance progress and tourism rebounds post-Dorian, persistent challenges in AML enforcement and disaster preparedness underscore the limits of a model predicated on transient service inflows over endogenous growth.^[46]

Other places and codes

The BS postcode area in the United Kingdom designates postal districts primarily serving Bristol and surrounding areas in South West England, comprising 37 districts across eight post towns as part of the alphanumeric system rolled out by the General Post Office starting in 1959 and largely complete by 1974.^[47] BS1 specifically covers central Bristol, reflecting the city's historical role as a major port and administrative center with a population exceeding 470,000 in the city proper as of 2021 census data.^[48] Bristol's designation has supported its evolution into a tech cluster, with the local tech sector recording 52% job growth over the decade to 2023, surpassing national averages and contributing over £2 billion annually to the economy, though this expansion correlates with elevated housing costs averaging £350,000 for properties in BS districts amid supply constraints.^[49] In Switzerland, BS serves as the official abbreviation for the Canton of Basel-Stadt, the country's smallest canton by area at 37 square kilometers and one of its most densely populated, with over 5,000 inhabitants per square kilometer as of 2008 statistics, encompassing the city of Basel and two smaller municipalities focused on pharmaceuticals and finance rather than uninhibited expansion narratives.^[50]^[51] Certain geopolitical coding systems, including the former U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), assign BS to Bassas da India, a 0.2-square-kilometer uninhabited atoll in the Mozambique Channel administered by France as part of its Southern and Antarctic Lands since 1897 but claimed by Madagascar since independence in 1960, featuring no permanent human presence and primarily volcanic reefs awash at high tide with negligible economic activity beyond occasional fishing disputes.^[52]^[53] Sovereignty remains contested without resolution, limiting administrative utility of the code to mapping and territorial claims rather than operational governance.^[54]

Science, technology, and standards

Computing and telecommunications

Bluesnarfing denotes a Bluetooth vulnerability enabling unauthorized data extraction from enabled devices, such as contacts, calendars, and messages, by exploiting protocol flaws without user consent or authentication.^[55] First publicly demonstrated in 2003 by researcher Nick Hunn, it targeted the Object Exchange (OBEX) protocol in early Bluetooth implementations, particularly versions 1.0 and 1.1, allowing attackers within approximately 10 meters to connect and retrieve files via tools like the Bluesnarfer utility.^[56] This exposure prompted device manufacturers, including Nokia and Sony Ericsson, to issue firmware updates and enforce pairing authentication by 2004, reducing incidence rates; subsequent Bluetooth specifications, starting with version 2.0 in 2004, incorporated secure simple pairing to mitigate such risks.^[57] In cellular telecommunications, BS stands for base station, a fixed transceiver station that facilitates wireless communication by handling uplink and downlink signals between mobile user equipment and the core network.^[58] Base stations form the backbone of network coverage, with each serving a cell radius typically ranging from 100 meters in dense urban 5G deployments to several kilometers in rural areas, depending on frequency bands and antenna configurations like massive MIMO introduced in 5G standards.^[59] Commercial 5G base station deployments accelerated from 2019 onward, with the global market valued at USD 31.7 billion in 2023 and projected to reach USD 340.3 billion by 2032 at a 30.2% CAGR, driven by demand for higher data throughput averaging 100 Mbps per user in early rollouts.^[60] U.S. Federal Communications Commission data highlights deployment challenges, including over 100,000 small cell base stations permitted by 2023 to boost urban coverage, though rural penetration lagged at under 20% nationwide due to infrastructure costs and spectrum allocation constraints.^[61]^[62] Critiques of BS in software contexts often target legacy telecommunications protocols where abbreviated standards mask inefficiencies, such as excessive signaling overhead in pre-5G base station architectures, which increased latency by up to 50 ms compared to optimized 5G equivalents and delayed network upgrades amid vendor lock-in.^[63] These issues, documented in industry analyses, underscore how rigid BS implementations in 2G/3G eras prioritized backward compatibility over efficiency, contributing to higher energy consumption—legacy stations averaging 5-10 kW versus sub-1 kW for modern 5G units—and impeding spectral reuse in crowded bands.^[59] Transition efforts, including FCC-mandated spectrum auctions since 2020, have accelerated refactoring, yet persistent bloat in some proprietary extensions remains a barrier to full interoperability.^[62]

Medicine and biology

In clinical assessment, BS denotes bowel sounds, which are auscultated using a stethoscope to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) motility by detecting the noises produced by intestinal peristalsis as contents are propelled through the hollow viscera.^[64]^[65] Normal bowel sounds occur every 5 to 15 seconds and vary in pitch and intensity, reflecting active propulsion; their absence or presence of high-pitched, tinkling sounds may signal conditions such as ileus or early mechanical obstruction, while hypoactive or absent sounds in late obstruction indicate paralytic processes.^[66] This practice originated with the stethoscope's invention in 1816 by René Laennec, enabling non-invasive auditory evaluation of internal organs previously reliant on percussion or direct contact.^[67] Empirical studies, however, reveal significant limitations in the diagnostic utility of bowel sound auscultation, with low inter-observer agreement (kappa values often below 0.4) and poor accuracy in distinguishing pathologic from normal states, as demonstrated in prospective evaluations of over 90 patients where auscultation failed to reliably predict small bowel obstruction or ileus.^[68]^[69] Further, no significant correlation exists between auscultated bowel sounds and actual peristalsis visualized via ultrasound, undermining claims of precise motility assessment.^[70] In telemedicine contexts, reliance on remote audio transmission exacerbates these issues, with systematic reviews of virtual physical exams reporting higher error rates for auscultatory findings compared to imaging modalities like CT, due to signal degradation and subjective interpretation.^[71] In microbiology, BS appears in bacterial strain designations, such as Escherichia coli Bs-1 (DSM 501), a laboratory reference strain used in genetic and physiological studies.^[72] Such notations facilitate tracking variants in genomics research, where precise strain identification became critical following the Human Genome Project's completion on April 14, 2003, enabling comparative sequencing of microbial genomes against human data for pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance analyses.^[73] These designations support causal inference in experiments, though their specificity requires validation against type strains to avoid conflation with phenotypic variability.^[74]

Engineering and standards

The British Standards Institution (BSI), established in 1901 as the Engineering Standards Committee, develops and maintains British Standards (BS) that define technical specifications, procedures, and practices for engineering applications, ensuring interoperability, safety, and reliability through rigorous empirical validation and testing protocols.^[75]^[76] These standards emerged from early 20th-century needs to uniformize materials like steel sections amid industrial expansion, evolving into enforceable norms that mitigate risks in construction, manufacturing, and infrastructure by mandating verifiable performance criteria derived from physical testing and failure analysis.^[75] A prominent example is BS 7671, the Requirements for Electrical Installations, which originated from the Institution of Electrical Engineers' (IEE) 1882 "Wiring Rules" and was formalized as a British Standard in 1992 to regulate low-voltage installations.^[77]^[78] The standard, now in its 18th edition (published 2018 with Amendment 2 in 2022), specifies insulation resistance, earth fault protection, and overload safeguards, validated through empirical fault simulation and circuit testing to prevent electrical hazards; compliance has correlated with reduced incidence of wiring-related fires and shocks in audited UK installations.^[79]^[80] In mechanical engineering, British Standard Pipe (BSP) threads, governed by standards like BS 21 (superseded by ISO equivalents but still referenced), standardize tapered (BSPT) and parallel (BSPP) screw threads for pipe fittings, with a 55-degree flank angle and Whitworth profile to ensure pressure-tight seals via thread deformation and gasket compression.^[81]^[82] Adopted internationally for plumbing, hydraulics, and fluid systems, BSP promotes component interchangeability, reducing leakage failures in high-pressure applications as demonstrated by hydrostatic testing protocols that confirm seals up to 10,000 psi without adaptation.^[81] While BS standards have facilitated efficient engineering globally, their application in developing regions has occasionally required modifications due to variances in local materials, climates, and manufacturing capabilities, incurring adaptation expenses in projects like water infrastructure where imported BS-compliant fittings mismatched indigenous piping tolerances.^[83] Historical data from post-colonial engineering initiatives indicate that unadapted adherence to BS norms, such as in electrical grids, led to higher maintenance costs from incompatible components, underscoring the need for context-specific empirical adjustments to maintain causal efficacy in safety outcomes.^[83]

Sports and recreation

Baseball statistics

A blown save (BS) is a statistic charged to a relief pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) who enters a game in a save situation—defined as his team holding a lead of one to three runs with fewer than two innings remaining, or with the bases loaded—but allows the tying run to score, regardless of whether that run is earned or unearned.^[84] This metric, tracked unofficially since the 1988 season, complements the save statistic by quantifying failures in late-inning lead preservation, where the maximum lead eligible for a save opportunity is three runs to reflect realistic closing scenarios.^[85] A pitcher can still earn a win after a blown save if his team rallies to retake the lead, but the BS notation persists as an indicator of high-leverage underperformance.^[86] The blown save provides an empirical counterweight to saves in evaluating relief pitchers, enabling calculations like save percentage (saves divided by save opportunities, excluding blown saves). Elite closers exemplify low BS rates amid high volume: Mariano Rivera, MLB's all-time saves leader with 652, recorded just 46 blown saves over 19 seasons, achieving a 93.4% success rate in save situations and correlating with five World Series titles for the New York Yankees. In contrast, pitchers with high career BS totals, such as Goose Gossage's 112, often reflect extensive usage in varied roles rather than isolated incompetence, though aggregate data shows BS accumulation inversely tied to Hall of Fame induction rates for relievers.^[87] Team-level BS rates demonstrate causal ties to outcomes, as bullpen collapses directly forfeit winnable games; in the 2023 season, clubs like the Chicago White Sox (with 24 team blown saves) ranked near the bottom in win percentage (.368) and missed the playoffs, while low-BS teams such as the Texas Rangers (fewer high-leverage failures en route to a World Series win) exhibited stronger late-game execution. Statistical analyses confirm moderate negative correlations between elevated BS totals and winning percentage (r ≈ -0.4 across seasons), attributing variance to factors like inherited runners or defensive errors, yet affirming BS as a merit-based proxy for accountability over subjective media narratives that excuse underperformance.^[88] Debates on the rule's fairness center on its binary application, which some analysts critique for not adjusting for context like multi-run deficits reduced to save eligibility or setup pitchers inheriting baserunners, potentially inflating BS for non-closers; however, data-driven proponents maintain its value in enforcing objective standards amid the analytics era's emphasis on leverage index, rejecting softer interpretations that prioritize "process" over results.^[89] Sources like FanGraphs, rooted in sabermetrics rather than mainstream media outlets prone to player-favoring bias, underscore BS's role in revealing systemic bullpen inefficiencies that correlate with playoff droughts, as seen in 2023 where high-BS teams averaged 15 fewer wins than qualifiers.^[90]

Other sports uses

In competitive swimming, BS abbreviates backstroke, one of the four primary strokes standardized under World Aquatics (formerly FINA) rules that have evolved since the stroke's Olympic debut for men in 1900 and inclusion in the 1904 St. Louis Games program, which featured backstroke distances up to 440 yards.^[91]^[92] The technique requires swimmers to remain on their back with alternating arm circles and a flutter kick, while regulations cap underwater dolphin kicks—valued for hydrodynamic efficiency—at 15 meters from each wall, a limit set in 1991 to curb excessive submersion after earlier 10-meter restrictions proved insufficient against speed gains.^[91]^[93] World Aquatics tracks long-course and short-course records annually as they update, with examples including Regan Smith's 2024 tie of the women's 100-meter backstroke world record at 57.13 seconds, showcasing optimized dolphin kick sequences off the start and turns.^[94]^[95] In rodeo contexts, BS occasionally appears in shorthand for bucking stock evaluations, such as bull scores in bull riding events, where judges assess animal performance on a 25-50 point scale alongside rider marks to determine overall out of 100, as documented in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association scoring protocols since the 1970s.^[96] This metric emphasizes kick strength and spin, influencing event outcomes in Professional Bull Riders competitions, though usage as "BS" remains informal rather than codified in official rulebooks.^[97] Critics of youth sports programming argue that overreliance on inclusive, low-stakes "BS" formats—often denoting basic skill showcases without rigorous scoring—can foster skill stagnation by prioritizing participation over competition, evidenced by models like Norway's, where prohibiting scores and rankings until age 12 correlates with sustained engagement but potentially delayed mastery of technical proficiency compared to score-driven systems.^[98] Empirical reviews of specialization trends further indicate that diluted competitive structures contribute to broader athletic plateaus, with non-specialized multi-sport exposure yielding superior long-term skill retention in 70-80% of cases per longitudinal data on adolescent athletes.^[99]^[100]

Organizations and entities

Businesses and companies

British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) was established on November 2, 1990, via the merger of Sky Television plc, launched in 1988, and British Satellite Broadcasting Ltd., which had begun operations in 1989.^[101] The company rapidly expanded as the United Kingdom's leading pay television provider, achieving public listing on the London and New York stock exchanges in 1994 and generating revenues of approximately £6.7 billion by fiscal year 2010.^[101] BSkyB's dominance stemmed from exclusive sports broadcasting rights, particularly Premier League football, which drove subscriber growth amid a competitive satellite TV market. In 2018, Comcast Corporation acquired BSkyB's parent entity Sky plc for £30.6 billion (about $39 billion), consolidating its European operations under a unified Sky Group structure.^[102] BellSouth Corporation (BS) originated in 1984 as one of the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) following the U.S. Department of Justice-mandated breakup of AT&T, inheriting operations from Southern Bell and South Central Bell telephone companies.^[103] Headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, it provided wireline and wireless telecommunications services across nine southeastern states, evolving into a multinational entity with international ventures in Latin America by the 1990s. BellSouth reported annual revenues exceeding $22 billion in 2005 before its acquisition by AT&T Inc. in December 2006 for $67 billion in stock, marking one of the largest telecom mergers and reintegrating former AT&T assets.^[103]^[104] These examples illustrate consolidation trends in media and telecommunications sectors, where firms abbreviated BS have frequently been absorbed by larger conglomerates due to capital-intensive infrastructure demands and regulatory shifts favoring scale; empirical analyses of U.S. telecom M&A activity from 1984-2006 show that over 70% of independent regional providers underwent acquisition within two decades, underscoring survival challenges for mid-sized entities absent synergies. Smaller BS-abbreviated ventures in logistics and retail, such as niche firms post-2020 mergers, similarly face elevated dissolution risks, with general small business survival rates dipping below 50% after five years per U.S. Small Business Administration longitudinal data.

Professional and military organizations

The United States Air Force designates bomb squadrons, often abbreviated BS, as specialized professional military units responsible for long-range strategic bombing and precision ordnance delivery using aircraft such as the B-52H Stratofortress. These squadrons form the core of the USAF's bomber force under Air Force Global Strike Command, executing missions that involve planning, execution, and assessment of aerial strikes to neutralize high-value targets. Historical contributions trace back to World War II, where bomb squadrons flew over 400 combat sorties per wing equivalent, dropping thousands of tons of ordnance on enemy infrastructure in Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific, contributing to Allied victory through sustained pressure on Axis logistics and industry.^[105] The 2nd Bomb Squadron exemplifies this lineage, activated in 1917 and participating in WWII operations from bases in England, where it conducted daylight precision raids as part of the Eighth Air Force's strategic campaign. Postwar, it transitioned to modern platforms, maintaining readiness for global strike missions with a focus on crew proficiency and equipment maintenance. Operational efficacy in these units relies on merit-based selection, including rigorous flight training, psychological screening, and performance evaluations, which have historically yielded low error rates in high-risk environments compared to less selective forces.^[106]^[107] Critiques of bureaucratic expansions in military personnel policies highlight potential dilutions to this merit framework. Data from Air Force retention studies indicate that top-rated officers in combat roles, including bomber crews, exhibit higher voluntary reenlistment when promotions prioritize demonstrated competence over demographic targets, with recent diversity-focused accessions falling short of goals by up to 20% in officer categories as of fiscal year 2024. This underscores causal links between selection rigor and unit cohesion, as evidenced by lower attrition in merit-sequenced promotions versus quota-influenced pipelines, preserving the professional standards essential for bomb squadrons' deterrence role.^[108]^[109]^[110]

Arts, media, and culture

Entertainment works

B.S. I Love You is a 1971 American comedy-drama film directed and written by Steven Hilliard Stern, starring Peter Kastner as a television commercial producer entangled in affairs with his female boss and her daughter.^[111] The film received mixed to negative reception, earning an IMDb user rating of 4.1 out of 10 from 132 ratings as of 2023.^[111] In television, BS is a 2021 comedy mini-series starring Byron Konizi, though detailed plot summaries and viewership data remain limited due to its independent production.^[112] Similarly, This Is B.S. (2021–present) follows a creative director at Bristle Shores Playhouse assembling an eclectic cast for productions, blending improvisation and theater satire; it has garnered niche online interest but no major network distribution metrics.^[113] Music releases under the "BS" title include Still Woozy's single "BS," released on September 10, 2020, which captures introspective themes through whimsical production and received positive coverage for its emotional tenderness and visual accompaniment.^[114] Jhené Aiko's "B.S.," featuring H.E.R., appears on the 2020 album Chilombo, peaking at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 and contributing to the album's critical acclaim for its R&B introspection.^[115] The card game BS (commonly called Bullshit), a bluffing staple since the 1970s, involves players sequentially claiming to discard matching ranks while opponents call "BS" on suspected lies, with penalties for caught deception; it supports 2–10 players using a standard deck and remains popular for its simple social deduction mechanics, though formal sales figures are unavailable.^[116] The trivia board game B.S. requires players to bet poker-style on identifying false facts among trivia statements, but it holds a low average rating of 1.6 out of 10 on BoardGameGeek from 10 user reviews, cited for unbalanced gameplay.^[117] Reception data for "BS"-titled works often clusters below average user scores on platforms like IMDb and BoardGameGeek, potentially reflecting themes of deception central to many such titles, though broader empirical correlations with content veracity require further causal analysis beyond aggregate ratings.^[111]^[117]

Other cultural references

In the context of printing and early computing culture, BS designates the backspace control character (ASCII code 08), which repositions the print head or cursor one space backward to facilitate overstriking, underlining, or effective blanking in fixed-pitch media. Originating in 19th-century telegraphy protocols such as Émile Baudot's 1874 code and formalized in the 1963 ASCII standard, this function enabled compositors and typists to manipulate spacing without physical erasure, influencing mechanical typewriter operations and teletype outputs until variable-width fonts reduced its necessity.^[118] Empirical studies in art perception reveal how "BS"—denoting semantically vacant or pseudo-profound language—enhances the appraised value of abstract works, exemplifying cultural mechanisms that prioritize interpretive ambiguity over verifiable substance. In a 2023 experiment, participants rated abstract paintings higher in profundity and artistic merit when paired with "bullshit" titles (e.g., "Quadral Fabrications Rescribe Ontological Longings") versus straightforward descriptions, with bullshit receptivity correlating positively with these judgments (r = 0.32, p < 0.001). This effect, observed across 543 adults, suggests that in postmodern art discourse, causal opacity and lack of falsifiable claims can simulate intellectual depth, as critiqued in analyses of reception biases favoring vagueness.^[119]^[120]

References

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The meaning of BULLSHIT is nonsense; especially : foolish insolent talk. How to use bullshit in a sentence.<|separator|>
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bullshit (n.) also bull shit, "eloquent and insincere rhetoric," 1914, American English slang; see bull (n.1) + shit (n.), probably because it smells.
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simply as a generic term of abuse, with no very specific literal meaning.
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Jun 24, 2014 · History of The Bachelor of Science. In 1860, the University of London became the first school to award the Bachelor of Science (BS) degree.Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
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As the standards of our own school systems have declined, we have been able to bring in the best and brightest from other nations and cultures. UNI has greatly ...
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We argue that what Harry Frankfurt called 'bullshitting' is a mode of speech marked by indifference toward inquiry, the cooperative project of reaching truth in ...<|separator|>
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Measuring Bullshitting and Bullshit Detection. People find bullshitting to be an incredibly easy task. In fact, individuals will bullshit about any- thing a ...
[16]
Lies and bullshit: The negative effects of misinformation grow ...
Jan 16, 2023 · A better understanding of the relative influences of bullshit and lies on persuasion sheds important light on the potential consequences of ...
[17]
Political Bullshit Receptivity and its Correlates: A Cross-Country ...
Aug 26, 2022 · A meta-analysis on these three studies showed that all political bullshit measures positively correlated with support for the free market, while ...
[18]
The Father of Accounting: Luca Pacioli
Mar 24, 2023 · The text would be the first full description of the double-entry accounting system, based on Venetian merchants' use of balance sheets, income ...
[19]
Accounting History and Terminology - Investopedia
Luca Pacioli, a monk, laid the groundwork for modern accounting by creating an independent record that provided a clearer picture of an entity's financial ...Origins of Accounting · History of Accounting · How Accounting Has Evolved
[20]
Double Entry - Overview, History, How It Works, Example
Double-entry bookkeeping means that a debit entry in one account must be equal to a credit entry in another account to keep the equation balanced.
[21]
Balance Sheet: Explanation, Components, and Examples
... equity). What Is the Balance Sheet Formula? The formula is Assets = Total Liabilities + Shareholders' Equity. Total assets are calculated as the sum of all ...Useful Balance Sheet Metrics · Debt-To-Equity Ratio · Cash Flow Statement
[22]
Accounting Equation | Assets = Liabilities + Equity - Wall Street Prep
The accounting equation states that a company's assets must be equal to the sum of its liabilities and equity on the balance sheet, at all times.Basic Accounting Equation... · What are the Components of...
[23]
Accounting Equation: What It Is and How You Calculate It
The accounting equation captures the relationship between the three components of a balance sheet: assets, liabilities, and equity. A company's equity will ...What Is the Accounting... · How It Works · Formula and Calculation
[24]
The Application of Business Valuation Services in Financial ...
Dec 4, 2019 · This article provides CPAs with a general overview of valuation services related to financial reporting, tax compliance, and litigation.
[25]
GAAP vs. IFRS: What's the Difference? - Investopedia
The primary difference between the two systems is that GAAP is rules-based and IFRS is principles-based. This difference appears in specific details and ...An Overview · GAAP · IFRS · Key Differences
[26]
The Role of Balance Sheets in Business Valuation and Strategy
Investors, lenders, regulatory bodies, and partners use balance sheets to evaluate financial transparency, risk exposure, and operational prudence.Missing: applications | Show results with:applications
[27]
The Enron Scandal (2001) - International Banker
Sep 29, 2021 · At $63.4 billion in total assets, Enron's was the largest corporate bankruptcy in US history until the WorldCom scandal just one year later.
[28]
The Rise and Fall of Enron - Journal of Accountancy
Mar 31, 2002 · Many went sour in the early months of 2001 as Enron's stock price and debt rating imploded because of loss of investor and creditor trust.
[29]
Enron Scandal and Accounting Fraud: What Happened?
Enron's Bankruptcy and Criminal Charges · In June 2002, Arthur Andersen LLP was found guilty of obstructing justice for shredding Enron's financial documents.
[30]
Dissecting interbank risk using basis swap spreads - Lafuente - 2020
Oct 14, 2019 · This paper analyses interbank risk using the information content of basis swap (BS) spreads, floating-to-floating interest rate swaps whose payments are ...
[31]
[PDF] Analysing Cross-Currency Basis Spreads
Jun 2, 2017 · We have also confirmed the long-term dependence of regressors on basis swap spreads using cointegration analysis. The most important drivers of ...
[32]
Electronic Submission of Securities Transaction Information by ...
Rule 17a-25 requires brokers and dealers to electronically submit customer and firm securities trading information to the SEC upon request.Missing: BS | Show results with:BS
[33]
Goldman to Pay SEC $6 Million in Penalties for Providing Deficient ...
Sep 22, 2023 · “Blue sheet data is vital to the Commission's ability to carry out its enforcement and regulatory functions and to protect investors and ...Missing: BS | Show results with:BS
[34]
Electronic Blue Sheets (EBS) | FINRA.org
Electronic Blue Sheet (EBS) data files contain trading and account holder information, allowing regulators to analyze a firm’s trading activity.Missing: BS | Show results with:BS
[35]
BS - Bahamas (The) - ISO
Alpha-2 code. BS ; Short name. BAHAMAS ; Short name lower case. Bahamas (The) ; Full name. the Commonwealth of The Bahamas ; Alpha-3 code. BHS.
[36]
The Bahamas - Geography - Country Studies
The Bahamas is an archipelago of approximately 700 flat, lowlying islands in the western Atlantic Ocean. It extends from eighty kilometers east of Florida ...
[37]
Bahamas Independence Day Holiday - Tourism Today
This holiday commemorates the day when The Bahamas became a fully independent nation on July 10, 1973, separating from the United Kingdom.
[38]
Bahamas Population (1950-2025) - Macrotrends
Total population for Bahamas in 2023 was 399,440, a 0.48% increase from 2022. Total population for Bahamas in 2022 was 397,538, a 0.29% increase from 2021.
[39]
Bahamas - Market Overview - International Trade Administration
Mar 21, 2024 · Tourism and related services contribute approximately 70 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), attract most of the Foreign ...
[40]
[PDF] the bahamas - World Bank Documents & Reports
The Bahamas is a high-income service economy heavily dependent on tourism and financial services. Its GDP has grown on average at 1.4 percent in real terms.
[41]
The Bahamas - FATF
The Bahamas is a member of CFATF, the assessment of the implementation of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT measures in the ...
[42]
OVERVIEW - Central Bank of The Bahamas
The Central Bank of The Bahamas (the Central Bank) supports the suite of Anti-Money Laundering, Countering the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation ...
[43]
[PDF] the bahamas - World Bank Documents & Reports
In 2023, the economy expanded by 4.3 percent, largely driven by a strong re- covery in tourism. Fiscal and current account deficits narrowed significantly;.
[44]
Damages and other impacts on Bahamas by Hurricane Dorian ... - IDB
The number of confirmed deaths caused by Hurricane Dorian is 67, with 282 persons still missing as of 18 October 2019. An additional 29,472 persons were ...
[45]
Impact of Hurricane Dorian in The Bahamas: A View from the Sky
The estimated damages and losses from it amount to US$3.4 billion (IDB, 2019), a number equivalent to a quarter of the countrys GDP. Dorians effects also ...
[46]
[PDF] THE BAHAMAS - FATF
Dec 22, 2022 · investigating financial crimes and money laundering, asset recovery, effective use of banking information techniques and forensic financial ...
[47]
Postcodes - The Postal Museum
The original 10 districts – EC (Eastern Central), WC (Western Central), and then NW, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, and W – were contained within a circle of 12 miles' ...
[48]
BS postcodes Bristol - Doogal
This is a list of postcodes in the BS area, Bristol. The area covers Abbots Leigh, Almondsbury, Alveston, Avonmouth, Axbridge, Backwell, Banwell, Barrow Gurney.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[49]
Lloyds: Bristol is AI Capital - West of England Combined Authority
Oct 14, 2025 · Over the last decade in the West, the sector saw 52% job growth – the most of any region in the country, including London, and now contributes £ ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[50]
Symbols and abbreviations | Federal Statistical Office - FSO
Abbreviations for names of cantons ; BS, Basel-Stadt ; BL, Basel-Landschaft ; SH, Schaffhausen ; AR, Appenzell A. Rh. ; AI, Appenzell I. Rh.
[51]
Canton Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
Canton Basel-Stadt ; Abbreviation, BS ; Area, 37 sq km [14 sq mi] smallest canton of Switzerland ; Population, 191,000 (2008) ; Density, 5,162 inhabitants/sq km
[52]
Lookup for Country, State/Province, and United States County Codes
BS, Bassas da India ... 1 level of administrative divisions for Bassas da India. State Code (FIPS), State Name, Admin Div Desc, Region Code, ISO Subdivision Code ...Missing: geographic | Show results with:geographic
[53]
CIA - The World Factbook -- Bassas da India
This atoll is a volcanic rock surrounded by reefs and is awash at high tide. A French possession since 1897, it was placed under the administration of a ...Missing: code | Show results with:code
[54]
Country Codes & Names - Viewfinder Panoramas
BURMA. BN, BENIN. BO, BELARUS. BP, SOLOMON ISLANDS. BQ, NAVASSA ISLAND. BR, BRAZIL. BS, BASSAS DA INDIA. BT, BHUTAN. BU, BULGARIA. BV, BOUVET ISLAND. BX, BRUNEI.Missing: geographic | Show results with:geographic
[55]
Bluesnarfing: An overview + prevention tips - Norton
Nov 23, 2022 · Bluesnarfing is a Bluetooth security threat in which a hacker gains unauthorized access to your files using a Bluetooth connection.<|separator|>
[56]
History of Wireless Threats - Bastille Networks
“BlueSnarfing” is discovered, where attackers can exploit Bluetooth to steal data from nearby devices without user consent. CommWarrior: Bluetooth + MMS Worm.
[57]
Bluetooth Attacks and Security Tips – Awareness Results in Better ...
Jun 30, 2021 · BlueSnarfing. This is the more 'frightening' version of 'BlueJacking'. While the latter sends data, the BlueSnarfing steals data. As in all ...
[58]
[PDF] Acronym Definition - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Nov 4, 2019 · BS. Base Station. BSI. British Standards Institution. BSR. Buffer Status ... Next Unit of Computing. OEM. Original Equipment Manufacturer. OFDM.
[59]
[PDF] 5G Field Deployment: Practical Considerations - Rohde & Schwarz
The basic hardware required to establish a typical wireless telecom station included a BBU (baseband unit), a radio and an antenna. Figure 2: Mobile evolution ...
[60]
5G Base Station Market Trends, Growth & Forecast 2032 - SNS Insider
The 5G base station Market Size was valued at USD 31.7 Billion in 2023 & is expected to reach USD 340.3 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 30.2% by 2032.<|separator|>
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FCC Facilitates Wireless Infrastructure Deployment for 5G
FCC removes barriers to wireless infrastructure deployment by clarifying scope of Sections 253 and 332 and establishing shot clocks for small wireless ...
[62]
[PDF] 5G DEPLOYMENT: FCC Needs Comprehensive Strategic Planning ...
Jun 12, 2020 · These wireless networks comprise several components. For example, cell sites—a base station equipped with an antenna—receive and transmit radio ...Missing: BS | Show results with:BS
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Telecommunications Acronyms: Full List - Columbia CS
Jan 30, 1997 · Acronyms for telecommunications and computer networks.
[64]
https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/professional-issues/documentation-in-health-care/common-medical-abbreviations/
[65]
Abdominal sounds: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Oct 9, 2024 · Abdominal sounds (bowel sounds) are made by the movement of the intestines as they push food through. The intestines are hollow, so bowel sounds echo through ...
[66]
Evaluation and Management of Intestinal Obstruction | AAFP
Jan 15, 2011 · Auscultation in patients with early obstruction reveals high-pitched bowel sounds, whereas those with late obstruction may present with minimal ...Missing: motility | Show results with:motility
[67]
Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826): the man behind ...
Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826) was a French physician who, in 1816, invented the stethoscope. Using this new instrument, he investigated the ...
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Usefulness of Bowel Sound Auscultation: A Prospective Evaluation
Auscultation of bowel sounds is not a useful clinical practice when differentiating patients with normal versus pathologic bowel sounds.
[69]
Accuracy of abdominal auscultation for bowel obstruction - PMC - NIH
The present study shows a generally low accuracy and inter-observer agreement when recorded bowel sounds from 98 patients were assessed by 53 doctors.Missing: motility | Show results with:motility
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Auscultation of Bowel Sounds and Ultrasound of Peristalsis Are ...
May 12, 2021 · This study showed that there is no significant correlation between auscultated bowel sounds and peristalsis within a given region.
[71]
A Systematic Review of Physical Examination Components Adapted ...
This systematic review aims to summarize the available evidence of the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of physical exam components adapted for use in video ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[72]
Escherichia coli Bs-1 | DSM 501, ATCC 23224 | BacDiveID:4417
Strain identifier. BacDive ID: 4417. Type strain: No. Species: Escherichia coli. Strain Designation: Bs-1. Culture col. no.: DSM 501, ATCC 23224. Strain history ...
[73]
Human Genome Project Timeline
Jul 5, 2022 · On April 14, 2003, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium announces the successful completion of the Human Genome Project.
[74]
Type strain and reference strain - EzBioCloud Help center
The type strain is defined in the context of formal bacterial taxonomy whereas reference strain means that the strain is widely used within the community.How To Obtain The Type... · How To Obtain The Genome... · Usages Of ``type Strain''...<|separator|>
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About BSI - Your Partner in Progress
BSI was incorporated by British Royal Charter in 1929. Our Royal Charter sets out our purpose and broadly defines our activities, including our function as the ...BSI Board · BSI Governance · National Standards Body · Our People
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BSI - British Standards Institution - ISO
Nov 4, 2021 · The British Standards Institution (BSI) was established in 1901 as the Engineering Standards Committee. A Royal Charter was granted in 1929, ...
[77]
A brief history of the IEE Wiring Regulations - IET
The Wiring Regulations have changed inconceivably since the First Edition was published on 11 May 1882.
[78]
Setting standards: the process behind BS 7671 - NICEIC
Oct 21, 2024 · The Wiring Regulations have only been a British Standard since 1992, but BS 7671 has a lengthy and distinguished back story, stretching back to ...Missing: revisions | Show results with:revisions
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Updates to 18th Edition - BS7671- IET Wiring Regulations
Use our handy timeline to check that you're up-to-date and using the latest version of the IET Wiring Regulations - BS 7671:2018+A2:2022. Go to Ensure you are ...
[80]
Your Guide to BS7671 18th Edition | TSW Training
Nov 8, 2024 · 18th Edition (BS7671) is the current British standard for safe electrical wiring installation, ensuring electrical systems function correctly and efficiently.
[81]
BS 21 - Pressure Tight Pipe Thread Joints - The Engineering ToolBox
BS 21 - Pressure Tight Pipe Thread Joints. BSPT - British Standard Pipe Taper threads & BSP or BSPF - British Standard Pipe Parallel (Straight) threads.
[82]
BSP - British Standard Pipe | Tameson.com
Dec 27, 2022 · NPT/NPS threads have a 60° angle and have flattened valleys and peaks, whereas BSP threads have a 55° angle and have rounded peaks and valleys.
[83]
[PDF] The Impact of Standards on Developing Country Exports - GOV.UK
Nov 23, 2017 · This ten-day rapid review provides an annotated bibliography of empirical literature on the relationship between standards and developing ...
[84]
Blown Save (BS) | Glossary - MLB.com
Origin. Blown saves were introduced as a statistic in 1988 as a counterbalance for the statistic "saves."
[85]
Save - BR Bullpen - Baseball-Reference.com
A blown save (abbreviated BS) is charged to a pitcher who enters a game in a save situation but allows the tying run to score. Blown saves were introduced in ...
[86]
The Unofficial Rules: Of Holds and Blown Saves | The Hardball Times
Dec 28, 2017 · MLB, USA Today, and Elias/ESPN will assign blown saves to relievers entering with three innings or more to go and a lead of at least four runs.
[87]
MLB: Relief Pitchers with the Most Career Blown Saves
May 30, 2013 · MLB: Relief Pitchers with the Most Career Blown Saves ; 1. Goose Gossage, 112 ; 2. Rollie Fingers, 109 ; 3. Jeff Reardon, 106 ; 4. Lee Smith, 103 ...
[88]
Are saves predictable? - The Hardball Times - FanGraphs
Feb 16, 2008 · As you see, there is some correlation between wins and saves, but it is pretty weak. It can be inferred that wins are only marginally effective ...
[89]
The blown save - The Hardball Times - FanGraphs
Sep 20, 2012 · As it stands, blown saves don't discriminate between closers and middle relievers.Missing: debates fairness
[90]
The Effect of Devastating Blown Saves - FanGraphs Community
Nov 21, 2013 · We're going to look at how teams play following games that they devastatingly lose to see if there's any noticeable drop in performance. The “ ...<|separator|>
[91]
The Evolution of Backstroke - Swimming World
Feb 1, 2018 · After these Games, the rule was set to 10 meters underwater. However, FINA changed this restriction to 15m in 1991. The year 1991 brought about ...
[92]
https://olympics.com/en/news/olympics-swimming-rules
[93]
History of Backstroke | Olympic Swimming Strokes Explained
Mar 11, 2016 · World governing body FINA reacted by restricting the distance a swimmer could remain submerged at the start of each length, initially to 10m, ...Missing: rules | Show results with:rules
[94]
How the Underwater Dolphin Kick Evolved and Revolutionized the ...
Jan 20, 2023 · At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, five out of the eight swimmers in the men's 100m backstroke final dolphin kicked underwater for 20 meters or ...
[95]
Regan Smith's Swimming Playbook - MySwimPro
Mar 20, 2025 · Her knee-driven dolphin kick technique can be practiced by swimmers of all levels through vertical kicking drills and underwater video analysis.
[96]
Bull Standings - PBR
K-C Bucking Bulls / JoZ Bucking Bulls. 725, Show Off, 36, 36, 42.75, 2, 2, 1, 1, 50%, 4.5200, Farris Cattle / Big Schott Rodeo / BS Cattle Co. 726, Cutting ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[97]
Humps N Horns bull Riding Magazine - Apr 2025 - Issuu
Apr 1, 2025 · Brandon Stewart and his BS Cattle Company also have 703 Mike's Magic in third place in the standings, right behind Fast Flow, with a world ...
[98]
is Norway a model of youth sports? | Dayton Children's Hospital
Jul 7, 2019 · Teams are prohibited from keeping score or ranking athletes before kids are twelve years of age. The Norwegians interviewed by Real Sports ...<|separator|>
[99]
Youth Sport Specialization: Current Concepts and Clinical Guides
Mar 22, 2024 · The concept of youth sport specialization has evolved over the past decade, from a focus on the risk of overuse injury to a broader ...
[100]
How early sports specialization is eroding youth ... - Vancouver Sun
Apr 1, 2018 · As the system has become increasingly more “adultified,” there has been an atrophy of equal value in the numbers of children playing sports.
[101]
History of British Sky Broadcasting Group plc – FundingUniverse
BSkyB is formed out of the merger of SkyTV and BSB. 1993: Sky Multi-Channels, a fee-based multi-channel concept, is launched. 1995: BSkyB goes public.<|control11|><|separator|>
[102]
From launch to takeover: Rupert Murdoch and Sky - The Guardian
Dec 9, 2016 · 1994. November. BSkyB becomes a publicly listed company, floating on the London and New York stock exchanges, raising £900m by offering 20% of ...Missing: acquisition | Show results with:acquisition
[103]
History of BellSouth Corporation – FundingUniverse
BellSouth was formed in 1983 as part of the court-ordered breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), at that time the world's largest ...
[104]
History of AT&T Brands | AT&T Intellectual Property
In 2006, AT&T acquired BellSouth, consolidating ownership of Cingular Wireless and establishing itself as a leading nationwide wireless provider. The company ...
[105]
2nd Bomb Wing > Air Force > Fact Sheet Display - AF.mil
The 2d Bomb Wing conducts the primary mission of Barksdale Air Force Base, La., with three squadrons of B-52H Stratofortress bombers - the 11th Bomb Squadron, ...
[106]
[PDF] United States Air Force and its Antecedents - Published and Printed ...
History of the 603rd Bomb Squadron (H), 398th Bomb Group. Rapid City Army Air Base, 1944. 20 lvs. 603rd TAC CONTROL SQDN. Planter, 1947. Nurnberg: 1947. 66 p ...
[107]
[PDF] Combat Squadrons of the Air Force WWII - GovInfo
For each squadron there is a statement of the official lineage and data on the unit's assignments, stations, aircraft and missiles, opera- tions, service ...
[108]
[PDF] Blunting the Spear - DTIC
This study analyzes the United States Air Force's retention of the “best” rated officers from the combat air forces. Specifically, it addresses the reten ...Missing: efficacy | Show results with:efficacy
[109]
[PDF] Emerging Options for Field-Grade Officer Promotions in the U.S. Air ...
May 1, 2023 · merit sequencing can be applied to any subset of the selected officers, the Air Force chose to arrange the entire list according to merit ...
[110]
The Air Force's Faltering Effort to Get More Diversity Among Officers ...
Dec 17, 2024 · An Air Force effort to get more diversity among its officer candidates over the past two years fell short in most cases and now faces an uncertain future.<|separator|>
[111]
B.S. I Love You (1971) - IMDb
Rating 4.1/10 (132) B.S. I Love You (1971). ComedyRomance. Paul Bongard is a young tv ... What I do know is that BS I Love You is an atrocious film. The classic "what ...
[112]
BS (TV Mini Series 2021) - IMDb
BS. TV Mini Series; 2021. YOUR RATING. Rate. Comedy · Add a plot in your language. Stars. Byron Konizi · See production info at IMDbPro. YOUR RATING.
[113]
This Is B.S. (TV Series 2021– ) - IMDb
This Is B.S.: With Michael Vitale, A.J. Ditty, Jessie Gill, Azriél Patricia. Creative Director of the Bristle Shores Playhouse Ted Lohman hires an eclectic ...<|separator|>
[114]
“BS” Is the Latest Look Inside the Whimsical World of Still Woozy
“BS”, which was released on September 10 th , captures one of those intimate moments with a potent tenderness only Gamsky could convey.
[115]
B.S.
Mar 5, 2020 · Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group B.S. · Jhené Aiko · H.E.R. Chilombo ℗ 2020 Def Jam Recordings, a division of UMG Recordings, ...
[116]
How to Play BS: a Game of Bluffing - Instructables
The object of BS is to get rid of one's cards. To do this you "bluff" your opponents. The play will go by card number, starting at aces, then two's, three's, ...
[117]
B.S. | Board Game - BoardGameGeek
In stock Rating 1.6 (10) It is a combination of poker and of straight trivia. Players must determine which of 3 random facts is B.S. and they bet on their answers using poker-style ...
[118]
[PDF] PCL 5 Printer Language Technical Reference Manual - HP
Backspace (BS), and Horizontal Tab (HT) control codes is defined by the ... units-per-inch), then white fill a small area inside the black rectangle,.
[119]
Bullshit makes the art grow profounder | Judgment and Decision ...
Jan 1, 2023 · “BS Titles” refers to participants' profoundness ratings of pseudo-profound bullshit titles unaccompanied by art. BSR = Bullshit Receptivity ...
[120]
Abstract art with “pseudo-profound” BS titles seen as more meaningful
Mar 10, 2020 · In the academic literature, “pseudo-profound” BS is not defined by being false but by being fake, with no concern for truth or meaning. “ ...