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Eustace Scrubb


Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a fictional character in C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series, introduced as the disagreeable, self-centered cousin of Edmund and Lucy Pevensie in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.
Raised in a household favoring modern, materialistic education devoid of traditional stories or myths, Eustace initially embodies traits of selfishness, arrogance, and skepticism toward the supernatural, often whining and bullying his cousins during their involuntary transport to Narnia aboard the ship Dawn Treader.
His defining arc occurs on what becomes known as Dragon Island, where greed over a hoard of treasure—fueled by "dragonish thoughts"—physically transforms him into a dragon, an event reversed only by the intervention of the lion Aslan, who painfully peels away multiple layers of his scaly skin in a symbolic act of repentance and rebirth, fundamentally altering Eustace's character toward humility and faith.
Eustace reappears in The Silver Chair as a more mature companion to Jill Pole, assisting in the quest to find Prince Rilian, demonstrating his growth into a reliable ally shaped by prior Narnian experiences.
This transformation narrative underscores themes of moral redemption through supernatural encounter and rejection of materialism, central to Lewis's allegorical storytelling.

Character Origins and Description

Family Background and Upbringing

Eustace Scrubb, the only child of and Alberta Scrubb, was raised in a household characterized by modern, progressive ideals devoid of traditional religious or imaginative influences. His parents, described by as "very up-to-date and advanced people," prioritized fads and factual over stories or fantasy, fostering an where Eustace developed a disdain for anything not strictly utilitarian. The family adhered to , abstained from smoking and as teetotalers, embraced , and wore specialized undergarments reflective of their commitment to unconventional practices. Eustace addressed his parents by their first names, and , underscoring the informal and egalitarian dynamic of the home, which lacked the authority structures typical of more conventional families of the era. This upbringing contributed to his , as he had no friends and was known primarily by his surname at , with noting that "he almost deserved" his full name due to his unappealing traits shaped by this milieu. Educated at Experiment House, a co-educational progressive school, Eustace experienced an environment emphasizing modern over discipline, which exacerbated his tendencies and reinforced his materialistic . The school's lax oversight, including of peer , mirrored the Scrubbs' rejection of hierarchical norms, leaving Eustace ill-equipped for imaginative or prior to his Narnian adventures.

Initial Personality and Worldview

Eustace Clarence Scrubb is introduced as a thoroughly disagreeable boy, characterized by selfishness, peevishness, and a tendency toward tempered only by his physical weakness and . He mocks his cousins and for their stories of Narnia, dismissing them as fabrications born of rather than engaging with any or . His behavior reflects a spoiled disposition, marked by impoliteness, arrogance, and a quick temper, as he complains incessantly and prioritizes personal comfort over communal harmony during the early stages of the voyage. Scrubb's is deeply materialistic and reductionist, shaped by an upbringing in a household devoid of traditional values, , or fairy tales, where his parents—described as quintessentially modern and —emphasize health fads, inventions, and secular over moral or . He prefers books on , , and scientific facts, viewing the world through a lens of utility and toward anything transcendent or mythical, which leads him to reject Narnia's even upon arrival. This perspective manifests in his for and disdain for chivalric ideals, embodying C.S. Lewis's critique of education's tendency to foster emotional stunting and a "chestless" lacking or . The Scrubbs' home environment reinforces this outlook, featuring , preserved , and an absence of , , or conventional comforts, with Eustace addressing his parents and teachers by first names in a display of premature that borders on disrespect. Lewis uses these details to illustrate how such an upbringing produces a boy who "almost deserved" his full name, highlighting the causal link between familial and personal flaws without romanticizing or excusing them.

Narrative Role Across the Chronicles

Entry in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader

Eustace Clarence Scrubb, a cousin of and , is introduced at the outset of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader as a boy whose full name he almost deserved due to his unpleasant disposition. His parents, described as holding progressive views and disdaining traditional tales, raised him in an environment devoid of imaginative stories, fostering his preference for factual subjects like over fiction. Living in a modern, utilitarian household, Eustace exhibits traits of , , and disdain for , often whining and demanding comfort during the early voyage. Transported unwillingly to Narnia alongside and via a magical of a ship, Eustace finds himself aboard the Dawn Treader, King Caspian X's vessel embarking on a quest to find seven lost lords. Initially repulsed by the sea and the crew's camaraderie, he refuses to engage, feigning illness to avoid duties and mocking the Narnian world's wonders, such as talking animals and mythical creatures. His antagonism peaks when he attempts to undermine the group's morale, reflecting his pre-voyage worldview shaped by materialistic and skeptical influences. A pivotal occurs on Dragon Island, formerly Deadman's Island, where , separated from the others, enters a and succumbs to over the of . Falling asleep upon a cursed , he awakens transformed into a , embodying his inner hoarding nature and forcing on his selfishness. As a , he aids the crew by towing the ship but yearns for restoration; intervenes, repeatedly clawing away his scaly layers in a painful "undragoning" process, culminating in a baptismal that restores his humanity and alters his character profoundly. Post-transformation, Eustace becomes cooperative, participating in subsequent adventures like the encounter with the Duffers on Doon and the voyage to the Dark Island, where he confronts his fears alongside the others. His arc in the novel marks a shift from to tentative heroism, setting the stage for further growth in later chronicles, though he retains some residual flaws. This entry establishes as a to the more seasoned protagonists, highlighting themes of through .

Role in The Silver Chair

In The Silver Chair, Eustace Scrubb serves as a co-protagonist and guide to newcomer Jill Pole, leveraging his prior Narnian experiences to navigate their quest despite his lingering flaws. Having returned to Experiment House—a progressive school emphasizing emotional indulgence over discipline—Eustace encounters Jill being bullied and shares his transformative history in Narnia, prompting them to invoke Aslan for escape from pursuers. This leads to their arrival at the edge of Aslan's high mountain realm, where Eustace impulsively leaps after Jill when she falls, both landing in Narnia near the ruins of Cair Paravel. Aslan commissions the pair to rescue Prince Rilian, missing for a decade and son of the now-elderly King Caspian X, entrusting Eustace with memorizing four critical signs: a ruined city by a lake, a green hill, a dead giant, and a silver chair in the deepest underworld. Eustace's partial redemption manifests in his relative composure compared to Jill's fear, though he promptly forgets the signs upon reunion with Caspian, who dispatches them northward with the marsh-wiggle Puddleglum as escort. Their failures to recognize the signs—mistaking the ruined city for generic ruins and overlooking other markers—highlight Eustace's overreliance on prior instincts over precise obedience, leading to aimless wandering in the moors of Ettinsmoor. Throughout the adventure, exhibits matured traits such as initiative and resilience, proposing they seek shelter at the giant-held of Harfang after evading wild giants, though this traps them as intended "man-pies" for the Autumn Feast. He identifies the peril in the green enchanted rings from the doomed knight's tale and aids their escape into the Underland via ancient tunnels. In the climactic confrontation with the , who enchants them into doubting reality through hypnotic fire and sweet words, joins in defiant reasoning—stomping out the fire to invoke the Overworld's tangible pains over illusory bliss—enabling Rilian's release from . His recurs during mountain ascents, yet he perseveres, underscoring incremental growth without full heroism. Eustace's arc reinforces themes of imperfect , as his aids the quest's success but stems from and incomplete sign adherence, contrasting Jill's fresh errors while affirming his shift from to reluctant ally. Upon return to , he retains no taste for school vices, signaling enduring change amid the mission's restoration of Narnian order under Rilian's leadership.

Participation in The Last Battle

Eustace Scrubb, accompanied by , returns to Narnia for the third time after summons them in response to 's desperate call for aid against the Calormene invasion and the deception orchestrated by Shift the ape. They materialize near Stable Hill, where they discover bound to a tree by the false prophets of the impostor —a named Puzzle disguised in a lion's skin—and promptly free him. Eustace demonstrates practicality and resolve in the ensuing efforts to rally loyal Narnians, disguising himself and Jill as Calormenes to infiltrate enemy lines, gather weapons, and recruit allies such as the Poggin. He contributes to exposing the by supporting Jill's in revealing Puzzle's true form, thereby undermining the regime's over the Talking Beasts. As a skilled swordsman, Eustace actively engages in combat during the Battle of Stable Hill, slaying multiple Calormene soldiers and their collaborators amid the desperate defense against overwhelming forces. Following the battle's climax, enters the stable door with and others, passing into Aslan's true country, where illusions dissolve and the faithful are separated from the deceived. His earthly life concludes in a railway accident alongside Jill and other Narnian friends from , enabling his permanent entry into the eternal realm under Aslan's judgment. Throughout these events, Eustace exhibits marked growth from prior adventures, marked by loyalty and a willingness to confront treachery without the petulance of his youth.

Transformation and Character Arc

The Dragon Incident and Undragoning

In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Eustace Scrubb undergoes a dramatic physical and moral transformation on an uncharted island later named Island, following a separation from the crew during a . Seeking , Eustace enters the of a dying and discovers its hoard of treasure, including jewels and gold. Overcome by , he places a diamond-studded armlet on his arm and falls asleep atop the hoard; upon waking, he finds himself transformed into a dragon, his form altered by the magical tied to the avaricious resting place. As a dragon, Eustace initially entertains vengeful thoughts toward companions and but soon experiences profound isolation and regret, recognizing the hoard as a symbol of his own entrapment in selfishness. His scaled hide proves impossible to shed through his own clawing efforts, emphasizing the limits of self-reliant reform. In desperation, he encounters , the lion who guides Narnia's moral order, who instructs Eustace to submit to a deeper undressing. Aslan repeatedly tears away layers of with his claws—a process Eustace describes as more painful than anything endured before, yet ultimately relieving—revealing the naked boy beneath. Aslan then dips the transformed Eustace into a nearby well of fresh, healing water, restoring his humanity and clothing him anew. This "undragoning" serves as the pivotal moment in Eustace's arc, shifting him from materialistic pride to and with the ; post-transformation, he aids in tasks like and relinquishes the armlet, which had cursed a dead lord. portrays the event as an for and , where human efforts alone fail to deep-seated flaws, requiring external, sovereign intervention akin to Christian — a theme reinforced in his , distinguishing it from mere moral self-improvement.

Evolving Traits and Moral Growth

Following his undragoning by in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Eustace Scrubb displays initial signs of , shifting from habitual and complaints to expressions of and tentative with the Dawn Treader crew. This change manifests in his willingness to perform shipboard tasks without protest and his acknowledgment of personal fault, as he later reflects on the painful shedding of his dragon scales as a for deeper renewal. Scholars note this as a pivotal pivot, where greed-induced yields , evidenced by Eustace's reduced and emerging empathy toward companions like and . In The Silver Chair, Eustace's growth continues through demonstrated resilience and accountability during the quest to find Prince Rilian, though not without setbacks under duress. He exhibits by prioritizing Aslan's four over personal fears, venturing into the Underland despite terror of the darkness, and fostering a supportive with , correcting her when she deviates from the . Instances of impatience, such as snapping at Jill amid captivity, reveal residual flaws, yet these are overshadowed by his proactive role in combat against Earthmen and his ultimate obedience to prophetic guidance, marking progress from self-centered to communal . By , Eustace embodies sustained moral maturity, actively defending Narnia against invaders with physical courage and ideological conviction, aligning himself with Aslan's true followers amid apocalyptic trials. His participation in the final stand at stable door, refusal to capitulate to deceptive narratives from Shift and the Ape, and willing entry into Aslan's underscore a solidified and , transforming the once-arrogant boy into a steadfast ally. This arc, spanning the chronicles, illustrates causal links between experiential trials—particularly encounters with —and enduring shifts from vice to virtue, as analyzed in Lewis's narrative framework.

Thematic and Allegorical Dimensions

Symbolism of Greed, Materialism, and Redemption

Eustace Scrubb's arc in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader embodies the perils of and , culminating in a transformative that underscores Christian allegorical themes of . Upon discovering a dragon's on the later named Deathwater, Eustace yields to avarice by stuffing his pockets with diamonds and rubies and fastening a bracelet around his arm, then reclining upon the treasure while harboring possessive fantasies of its worldly value. This act, fueled by "greedy, dragonish thoughts," results in his overnight into a dragon, symbolizing how dehumanizes the individual, fostering isolation, self-absorption, and a beastly detachment from communal bonds and moral purpose. Such renders one inwardly monstrous long before outward change, as Eustace's pre-existing rationalist —prioritizing empirical facts and over imaginative or ethical considerations—predisposes him to view Narnia's wonders as mere commodities rather than sources of transcendent meaning. The dragon state amplifies these vices: initially, Eustace exploits his form for raw power, such as clawing a makeshift , but soon confronts acute , physical torment from the ill-fitting , and an inability to communicate, reflecting 's ultimate sterility and the egocentric void it creates. Literary analyses interpret this as a of modern secular influences, where unchecked avarice and technological worship parallel the instincts of mythical dragons, eroding human relationality and rendering the greedy "useless to himself and to society." Eustace's , rooted in his upbringing under that eschewed fairy tales for , manifests as disdain for adventure and preference for solitary, utilitarian pursuits, further entrenching his spiritual blindness. Redemption manifests through Aslan's direct agency, portraying divine intervention as essential for overcoming innate sinfulness. Guided to a mountaintop garden amid fruit trees and a luminous well, Eustace undergoes the "undragoning": Aslan repeatedly tears away layers of scaly hide with his claws—a process too painful and profound for Eustace to self-initiate—until fresh boy-skin emerges, followed by immersion in the well's healing waters that symbolize baptismal cleansing and rebirth. This painful excision evokes the Christian notion of mortifying the "old man" of fleshly desires, with the garden evoking paradisiacal restoration and Aslan's role as a Christ-figure emphasizing grace over self-reliance. Post-transformation on September 15 in the Narnian calendar, Eustace displays humility, apologizes to his companions, and later demonstrates courage in battle, evidencing authentic moral regeneration from greed's grip. The ordeal highlights that true redemption demands surrender to higher authority, yielding lasting virtues absent in mere behavioral reform.

Critique of Secular Influences and Modern Education

Eustace Scrubb serves as C.S. Lewis's archetype of the child deformed by secular progressive education, which Lewis viewed as substituting utilitarian facts and subjective autonomy for classical discipline and moral formation. Introduced in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952), Eustace hails from parents described as "very up-to-date and advanced," who reject traditional titles like "Father" and "Mother" in favor of "Harold" and "Alberta," while adhering to fads such as vegetarianism, teetotalism, and specialized undergarments. This household milieu, coupled with attendance at Experiment House—a co-educational "model school" prioritizing child-led activities over structured learning in subjects like Latin, mathematics, or history—instills in Eustace a mechanistic worldview devoid of wonder or ethical depth. Lewis illustrates the causal link between this secular upbringing and Eustace's traits: a fixation on collecting dead beetles pinned like specimens, reading only "wrong books" about exports, imports, governments, and sanitation, and dismissing fairy tales or talking animals as sentimental nonsense. Such cultivates , reducing celestial bodies to mere "flaming gas" without transcendent significance, and that equates value with possession rather than . Eustace's resulting —bullying, whiny, cowardly, and self-serving—exemplifies what termed "men without chests," individuals whose reason fails to harness appetites through a "spirited element" informed by objective sentiments, as modern schooling conditions away , , and permanence in favor of relativistic progress. The critique extends to secularism's erosion of moral imagination, leaving youth like oblivious to and truth, prone to , and susceptible to ideologies that deny deeper realities. , drawing from his era's interwar educational reforms influenced by Rousseauian child-centered models, uses to highlight how such systems produce not enlightened citizens but greedy "dragons" in human form, whose avarice—manifest in on Dragon Island—mirrors Enlightenment-derived rationalism's subjective reduction of to . This portrayal aligns with 's warnings, such as in (1943), against education that jettisons traditional values for empirical utility, thereby undermining causal chains of virtue formation rooted in immutable principles over fleeting trends.

Interpretations and Portrayals

Literary and Scholarly Reception

Scholars have frequently analyzed Eustace Scrubb's portrayal in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader as a vivid depiction of moral and , emphasizing his initial flaws—, , and lack of —as products of a secular, upbringing that stifles and . In a 2021 study, Sara Torres Servín characterizes Eustace as an "anti-virtue" figure whose dragon externalizes his inner greed, rendering him a in through , with Aslan's "undragoning" symbolizing the painful shedding of sinful layers akin to Christian . This arc, Servín notes, draws on broader critique of modern influences that prioritize empirical over transcendent realities, making Eustace both initially repellent and ultimately sympathetic. Eustace's journey has been interpreted through frameworks like Joseph Campbell's hero's monomyth and Robert Graves' threefold path of purgation, illumination, and union, highlighting stages from refusal of adventure to surrender and grace-enabled renewal. McLaughlin's analysis in the Inklings Forever symposium traces his progression from ego-driven isolation—evident in his hoarding of treasure—to communal reintegration post-transformation, aligning with Lewis's theology in works like Mere Christianity that stress unearned redemption via repentance and divine agency rather than self-effort. This reception underscores Eustace's role in illustrating causal links between poor formation (e.g., parental disdain for "nonsense" books and traditional myths) and character defects, with Narnia's mythic encounters providing corrective moral education. Critiques of progressive education feature prominently, with Eustace embodying Lewis's concerns about institutions like Experiment House that erode chivalry, aesthetics, and biblical literacy, fostering "men without chests" prone to bullying and skepticism. A 2023 Brigham Young University thesis positions his flaws—aversion to beauty, moral cowardice—as direct outcomes of such systems' rejection of classical wisdom, while his post-undragoning growth affirms Lewis's advocacy for narrative-driven virtue formation through exemplars like Arthurian allusions. Overall, scholarly consensus views Eustace's evolution across the series—from Dawn Treader to The Silver Chair and The Last Battle—as a microcosm of Lewis's causal realism on human agency, where sustained choices under grace yield lasting change, unmarred by deterministic excuses. This reception privileges Eustace's arc for its empirical-like fidelity to observed psychological patterns of vice and reform, resisting romanticized or ideologically skewed interpretations.

Depictions in Adaptations

Eustace Scrubb first appeared in adaptations through the serializations of . In the 1989 adaptation of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, directed by Marilyn Fox, portrayed Eustace as a petulant and materialistic schoolboy reluctant to engage with the Narnian adventure, emphasizing his initial disdain for fantasy and preference for modern gadgets. Thwaites reprised the role in the 1990 serial , directed by Helen Standage, where Eustace accompanies on a quest, displaying a more mature yet still flawed character shaped by prior experiences, including interactions with and the rescue of Prince Rilian. The character's most prominent screen depiction came in the 2010 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, produced by Walden Media and distributed by 20th Century Fox. Will Poulter played Eustace, capturing his bratty atheism and greed through lines referencing evolutionary theory and complaints about the ship's conditions, leading to his transformation into a dragon via practical effects and CGI for the "undragoning" scene by Aslan. Poulter's performance highlighted Eustace's arc from selfishness to humility, with critics noting its fidelity to Lewis's portrayal of redemption through suffering. No further major live-action adaptations featuring Eustace have been released as of 2025, though unproduced plans for a film in the Walden Media series intended to recast Poulter in the role. Animated or stage versions exist but lack significant visual depictions of the character comparable to these productions.

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