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Helicon

Helicon (Ancient Greek: Ἑλικών) is a mountain located in Boeotia, central Greece, rising to an elevation of 1,749 meters and situated near the Gulf of Corinth.^[1]^[2] In Greek mythology, it held profound sacred significance as the primary abode of the Muses—goddesses of the arts, poetry, and inspiration—with shrines and festivals dedicated to them on its slopes, including the renowned springs of Aganippe and Hippocrene, the latter mythically struck from the rock by Pegasus's hoof to yield poetic waters.^[3]^[2] The mountain's cultural legacy endures through ancient associations with Hesiod's Theogony, composed in its vicinity, and its natural features, such as diverse flora and hiking prominence as one of Greece's historically revered peaks, continue to draw scholarly and recreational interest.^[3]^[1]

Classical Mythology and Geography

Mount Helicon in Greek Mythology

Mount Helicon, located in Boeotia, was revered in Greek mythology as the sacred abode of the nine Muses, goddesses of the arts, poetry, and inspiration, who were said to dwell on its slopes and dance around its violet-covered springs.^[4] The mountain's mythological prominence stems from its role as a locus of divine creativity, where the Muses initiated mortals into the craft of song and prophecy.^[5] The poet Hesiod recounts his personal encounter with the Muses on Mount Helicon while tending sheep near the settlement of Helicon, where the goddesses, daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, granted him a laurel branch as a symbol of poetic authority and inspired him to compose epic verse.^[4] In his Theogony, Hesiod invokes the "Heliconian Muses" as the starting point of his cosmogonic narrative, describing them as inhabiting the "great and holy mount of Helicon" and bestowing the gift of sweet song upon shepherds and bards.^[4] This association positioned Helicon as a counterpart to Mount Parnassus, another Muse-haunted peak, emphasizing regional Boeotian traditions of poetic origin.^[5] A key mythological feature of Mount Helicon is the spring of Hippocrene, known as the "Horse's Spring," which erupted from the ground when the winged horse Pegasus struck its hoof against the rock, providing a fount of inspiration sacred to the Muses and enabling poetic eloquence for those who drank from it.^[6] This event, linked to Bellerophon's taming of Pegasus or the horse's independent action amid the mountain's swelling from the Muses' song, symbolized the union of divine equine power with artistic fertility, rendering Helicon a pilgrimage site for poets in antiquity.^[6] The spring's waters were believed to confer forgetfulness of cares and clarity of verse, underscoring Helicon's enduring role as a mythic cradle of Hellenic literature.^[6]

Sacred Springs and Cultural Significance

The sacred springs of Mount Helicon, particularly the Hippocrene and Aganippe, held central place in Greek mythology as sources of divine inspiration tied to the Muses. The Hippocrene, located on the mountain's slopes, originated from the hoof-strike of Pegasus, the winged horse born of Medusa, which caused waters to flow and imbue drinkers with poetic genius; this motif appears in classical accounts linking the spring to the Muses' domain.^[2] Similarly, the Aganippe spring, situated at the mountain's base, was personified as a naiad nymph and revered for granting intellectual and artistic fertility, often invoked alongside the Hippocrene in rituals honoring the nine goddesses of poetry, music, and knowledge.^[7] These springs underscored Helicon's role as the Muses' primary abode, where they danced and sang around deep-blue waters, as depicted in Hesiod's Theogony (lines 1–8, ca. 700 BCE), which opens by hymning the "Muses of Helikon" abiding on the holy mount and performing near its springs to inspire epic verse.^[8] Hesiod, a Boeotian poet, claimed personal encounter with the Muses on Helicon, who bestowed upon him a laurel staff and the gift of song while he tended sheep near the site, transforming him from shepherd to bard and establishing the mountain as a locus for divine patronage of literature.^[4] This narrative reinforced Helicon's causal link to creativity, positioning its waters not as mere symbols but as conduits for otherworldly influence, distinct from Parnassus's Castalian spring associated with Apollo. Culturally, the springs fostered a tradition of pilgrimage and festival in the Valley of the Muses on Helicon's eastern slopes, where sanctuaries and theaters emerged by the 6th century BCE for the Mouseia games—contests in music, poetry, and athletics dedicated to the Muses—peaking in Hellenistic times with elaborate monuments and inscriptions invoking Heliconian inspiration.^[9] Ancient poets and scholars, from Pindar to later Roman authors, referenced drinking from these springs to claim authenticity in verse, embedding Helicon in the etiology of Greek paideia (education and arts) as a physical emblem of genius arising from natural, mythically charged locales rather than abstract ideals. Archaeological remnants, including altars and statues in the valley, attest to ongoing veneration into the Roman era, though the site's prominence waned with Christianity's rise by the 4th century CE.^[2]

Modern Geographical Locations

Mount Helicon in Greece

Mount Helicon, locally known as Elikonas, is a mountain range in the Boeotia region of central Greece, with its highest peak, Paliovouna, at 1,749 meters above sea level.^[1] ^[2] The range lies approximately 10 kilometers southeast of the northern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, spanning coordinates around 38.3°N, 22.88°E, and forms an east-west oriented chain continuous with the higher Parnassus range to the west.^[10] ^[1] Administratively, it falls within the Livadeia municipality and borders the Phocis regional unit. The topography features varied terrain, including steep slopes, alpine landscapes near the summits, and lower elevations with dense forests, making it suitable for mountaineering and extended traverses.^[11] Ecologically, the mountain supports rich flora dominated by fir trees (Abies cephalonica) in its forests, transitioning to open alpine meadows at higher altitudes, though specific fauna inventories are limited in available records.^[12] No formal national park designation applies, but its natural features contribute to broader regional biodiversity in Boeotia's semi-mountainous ecosystems.^[13] In contemporary use, Mount Helicon attracts hikers via established trails, such as the challenging 12-kilometer route from Agia Anna to Paliovouna with over 1,000 meters of elevation gain, or the 7.5-mile Arvanitsa-Paliovouna path requiring 5-5.5 hours and significant ascent.^[14] ^[15] Additional paths, like those along the Olmeios River gorge or loops to Megali Loutsa Hill, offer access to forested areas and seasonal snow in winter, supporting activities year-round despite variable weather.^[16] ^[17] Tourism emphasizes its proximity to Athens (about 2.5 hours by road) and scenic valleys, though infrastructure remains modest compared to major Greek peaks.^[18]

Other Locations Named Helicon

Helicon is an unincorporated community in east-central Winston County, Alabama, situated approximately 1.5 miles from the Cullman County line and near Smith Lake.^[19] The area, also associated with the Helicon Volunteer Fire and Rescue serving about 36 square miles around Rock Creek, reflects rural American naming conventions inspired by classical Greek geography.^[20] A separate populated place named Helicon exists in Crenshaw County, Alabama, at coordinates 31.913°N latitude and 86.212°W longitude, appearing on the Grady USGS topographic map and indicative of localized historical settlement patterns.^[21] In Sicily, Italy, the medieval borough of Montalbano Elicona incorporates "Elicona" in its name, derived from ancient Dorian settlers who, around 394 BC, identified the local mountain with the Greek Mount Helicon due to topographical similarities and rechristened it Helicon.^[22] Some scholars extend this association to Mount Rocca Salvatesta nearby, positing it as another site bearing the Hellenic name Helicon, linked to a river of the same designation. The town's elevation exceeds 900 meters, featuring a 13th-century castle built by Frederick II atop Byzantine and Arab foundations.^[23] Helicon also designates a locality in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, characterized by varied physical terrain including hills and lowlands, as mapped in regional geographic surveys.^[24]

Music and Performing Arts

Helicon as a Brass Instrument

The helicon is a valved bass brass instrument in the tuba family, characterized by its circular or spiral tubing configuration that coils around the musician's upper body and allows the bell to rest on the left shoulder for hands-free carrying during marches.^[25]^[26] Originating in mid-19th-century Europe, the instrument was first produced around 1845 by Ignaz Stowasser in Vienna, with a patent granted in 1848 (Austrian patent 5338), though conceptual roots may trace to Russian designs circa 1845 for portable marching horns.^[26]^[27]^[28] Primarily pitched in B♭ for bass roles, helicons also appear in E♭, F, and tenor variants; construction typically involves 3 or 4 valves (Périnet piston or rotary), a conical bore of about 18.5 mm, tube lengths exceeding 4 meters, bell diameters of 30–50 cm, and weights of 10–12 kg, enabling projection suitable for outdoor ensembles while maintaining tuba-like timbre.^[29]^[25] Introduced to cavalry and artillery mounted bands in the 1860s, the helicon addressed the need for a stable, low-register brass instrument during mobile military performances, later adapting to infantry marching bands where it anchored harmonic foundations and rhythm.^[30]^[31] In the United States, American firms like Hall & Quinby (active 1865–1880) produced helicons for revivalist and town bands as early as the 1866–1875 period, with major manufacturers such as Conn, Buescher, and H.N. White continuing output into the 1930s for marching purposes.^[25]^[30] Its decline began around 1930, as the sousaphone—patented in 1893 and refined for forward bell projection and fuller body encirclement—gained favor in large concert and marching bands for superior sound direction toward audiences, rendering the helicon's smaller, shoulder-pointing bell less competitive.^[30]^[32]^[33] Contemporary production persists in limited runs by specialists like Wessex Tubas and V.F. Cerveny, primarily for historical reenactments, small brass ensembles, or niche marching groups valuing the helicon's lighter weight and tuba-like playability over the sousaphone's volume.^[29]^[26]

Chamber Music and Other Performances

The helicon, optimized for portability in marching contexts, sees negligible use in chamber music ensembles, which typically employ upright contrabass tubas for better integration in intimate acoustic spaces.^[34] Its design prioritizes shoulder-mounted wearability over the stationary projection suited to small groups like brass quintets or octets.^[35] In contrast, the instrument has historically dominated "other performances" within military, cavalry, and professional brass bands. Originating in Europe during the 1840s–1860s, helicons provided a coiled, bass-range foundation for mounted ensembles, as seen in Russian imperial cavalry bands where mobility was essential.^[36]^[37] By the late 19th century, they entered American band culture, featuring prominently in Patrick S. Gilmore's ensembles and John Philip Sousa's orchestra, where the upward-pointing bell diffused sound effectively for both marching and seated concerts prior to the sousaphone's 1893 debut.^[35]^[30] Sousa's adoption underscored the helicon's versatility in large-scale outdoor and indoor band settings, balancing tonal depth with performer endurance.^[35] Usage peaked in the U.S. around 1900 but declined sharply by 1930, supplanted by upright tubas for concert halls' precision and sousaphones for parades' volume.^[30] Contemporary applications remain niche, confined to heritage brass bands in Europe and revivalist groups emphasizing 19th-century authenticity, such as certain folk and military reenactment performances.^[38]

Science and Physics

Helicon Waves

Helicon waves are low-frequency electromagnetic waves that propagate in magnetized plasmas, characterized by right-hand circular polarization and helical field lines aligned with the external magnetic field.^[39] They belong to the whistler mode branch of plasma waves, with frequencies typically between the ion cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid frequency, enabling efficient energy transfer to electrons in bounded systems.^[40] The dispersion relation for helicon waves in uniform plasmas incorporates skin-depth effects at the boundaries, collisional damping, and Landau damping, resulting in wave propagation primarily parallel to the magnetic field lines.^[41] The term "helicon" was coined in 1961 by M. G. A. G. Agrain to describe whistler modes in solid-state plasmas, later extended to gaseous plasmas following early observations in the 1960s.^[42] Experimental excitation of helicon waves in laboratory plasmas began in the late 1960s, with key studies demonstrating their role in ionizing low-pressure gases to produce high-density discharges, often exceeding 10^12 electrons per cubic centimeter at pressures below 1 Pa.^[43] Pioneering work by R. W. Boswell in 1970 highlighted their potential for efficient plasma generation via antenna-launched modes, marking the transition from theoretical whistlers to practical helicon sources.^[44] In helicon discharges, radio-frequency power (typically 1–30 MHz) is coupled into the plasma through helical antennas, such as Nagoya Type III or Boswell designs, which excite the waves along an axial DC magnetic field of 10–1000 Gauss.^[45] This process achieves high ionization efficiency—up to 100% in argon at low pressures—due to the waves' ability to heat electrons via Landau or cyclotron resonance, while minimizing ion heating.^[46] Boundary conditions in cylindrical quartz tubes confine the waves, leading to standing or traveling modes that sustain plasma densities suitable for downstream expansion or confinement.^[47] Helicon waves enable versatile plasma sources for applications including semiconductor etching, where uniform high-density plasmas facilitate anisotropic material removal without electrode contamination.^[48] In propulsion, they power electrodeless thrusters by generating expanding plasma plumes with electron temperatures of 3–10 eV, offering thrust efficiencies comparable to Hall thrusters but with reduced erosion.^[49] Fusion research utilizes helicons for edge plasma control and heating in devices like tokamaks, as their penetration along field lines avoids slow-mode excitation that could disrupt confinement.^[50] These sources also support materials processing and ion beam generation, with scalability demonstrated in systems handling kilowatts of RF power for densities up to 10^13 cm^{-3}.^[51]

Plasma Sources and Thruster Applications

Helicon plasma sources employ radio-frequency (RF) waves, typically in the 1–30 MHz range, coupled with an axial magnetic field to excite helicon waves in a low-pressure gas, enabling efficient energy transfer to electrons and the production of high-density plasmas exceeding 10^{12} cm^{-3}.^[45] These electrode-less sources utilize helical antennas wrapped around a quartz or ceramic tube to launch right-hand polarized whistler modes, which propagate along the magnetic field lines and sustain plasma via Landau damping and stochastic heating mechanisms.^[52] The resulting plasmas exhibit uniform density profiles and low contamination risks, making them suitable for applications requiring stable, reproducible conditions.^[48] In industrial contexts, helicon sources facilitate plasma etching and ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD) in semiconductor fabrication, where they achieve high ionization fractions (>90%) of sputtered metals, enhancing film uniformity and step coverage on microcircuit substrates.^[53] They are also applied in thin-film deposition and surface modification processes, leveraging their ability to operate at power levels from hundreds of watts to kilowatts while maintaining electron temperatures around 3–10 eV.^[39] For fusion-relevant research, devices like the Proto-Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (Proto-MPEX) use helicon sources to simulate divertor conditions, generating fluxes up to 10^{24} ions m^{-2} s^{-1} for plasma-material interaction studies.^[39] These applications benefit from the sources' scalability and efficiency, often surpassing inductive plasmas in density control without requiring high voltages.^[49] Helicon plasma thrusters extend this technology to spacecraft propulsion, ionizing propellants such as argon or xenon via RF helicon wave excitation before accelerating the plasma through magnetic nozzle structures or double-layer formations.^[54] In helicon double-layer thrusters, a sharp density transition at the plasma-vacuum interface creates an electric field that accelerates ions to velocities yielding specific impulses of 1000–3000 seconds, depending on magnetic field strength (typically 100–1000 G) and RF power (500 W–5 kW).^[55] Electrode-less designs eliminate cathode erosion issues common in Hall or gridded ion thrusters, enabling longer operational lifetimes and compatibility with diverse propellants including air or water vapor for in-situ resource utilization.^[56] Prototype developments, such as the RF helicon-based inductive plasma thruster at the University of Stuttgart's Institute of Space Systems, incorporate resonant RF circuits operating at 27.12 MHz to achieve thrust levels of 10–50 mN at efficiencies around 20–40%, with ongoing modeling addressing wave-plasma coupling and plume divergence.^[57] The European Space Agency has explored helicon thrusters for small satellite missions, emphasizing their low mass and potential for multi-mode operation under varying magnetic topologies.^[58] Recent advances include superconducting variants for higher field strengths and particle-in-cell simulations optimizing antenna geometries to minimize losses, targeting thrust-to-power ratios competitive with electrospray or PPT systems.^[59] Experimental validations confirm ion energies up to 100 eV and beam divergence angles below 20 degrees in vacuum tests.^[60]

Technology and Software

Photography and Focus-Stacking Software

Helicon Focus is a commercial software application developed by Helicon Soft Ltd. for extended depth-of-field imaging through focus stacking, a technique that merges multiple photographs taken at varying focal distances to produce a single image with enhanced sharpness across a greater depth of field.^[61] Primarily targeted at macro, micro, and landscape photographers, it processes stacks of images—often ranging from dozens to hundreds per series—by algorithmically selecting and blending in-focus regions while suppressing out-of-focus artifacts.^[62] The software supports input from common formats including RAW files from major camera brands, enabling efficient development and rendering without extensive manual alignment.^[63] Key algorithms in Helicon Focus include Method A (depth map-based blending for natural results), Method B (pyramid approach for detail preservation), and Method C (a hybrid for complex subjects), each optimized for different scenarios such as translucent or reflective surfaces common in close-up photography.^[63] Additional tools encompass smart retouching to eliminate stacking artifacts like halos or noise, dust map removal for sensor spots, and micro panorama stitching for wide-field composites from aligned stacks.^[64] Multi-core CPU utilization accelerates processing, with version 8 (released prior to 2023) handling large stacks in minutes on modern hardware, outperforming some alternatives in speed for equivalent quality.^[65] Helicon Focus integrates with Helicon Remote, a tethered control application from the same developer, which automates precise focus bracketing via USB or wireless connections to compatible DSLR and mirrorless cameras, scripting sequences of up to 300 images with sub-micron step increments. This workflow is particularly effective for scientific and product photography requiring reproducible results, as it minimizes manual intervention and supports exposure bracketing for HDR fusion within stacks.^[66] Available in Standard ($29.55 USD as of 2023) and Pro ($199.55 USD) editions, the software outputs in DNG or TIFF formats, preserving editability for post-processing in tools like Adobe Lightroom.^[67] Helicon Soft, founded to serve creative photographers, continues updates focusing on RAW handling and AI-assisted refinements, with version histories documenting enhancements like scale bar addition and retouching upgrades since early iterations.^[64]^[68]

Other Technological Innovations

Helicon Tech developed Helicon Ape, an add-on module for Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) web servers that emulates Apache's .htaccess and .htpasswd configuration files, enabling seamless support for Apache-compatible directives on Windows environments.^[69] This innovation implements key Apache modules such as mod_rewrite for URL rewriting, mod_proxy for proxying, mod_gzip for compression, and security features including password protection and hotlinking prevention, allowing administrators to host PHP applications and other Apache-dependent sites on IIS without source code modifications.^[69] First referenced in use as early as 2009 for IIS 6 compatibility, Helicon Ape operates as a managed .NET module, supporting per-site configurations, caching, and defenses against denial-of-service attacks to enhance performance and security in mixed-server ecosystems.^[70]^[69] Complementing Ape, Helicon Zoo provides a repository and management framework for deploying diverse web applications on IIS, including support for PHP, Python (such as Django), Ruby on Rails, Perl, Node.js, Java, and Erlang.^[71] It features automated process isolation, multi-core load balancing via named pipes or FastCGI/HTTP protocols, memory monitoring, and hot-restart capabilities triggered by file changes, which streamline PaaS-like hosting by mitigating issues like slow POST attacks and ensuring application stability across technology stacks.^[71] This integrated proxy and process manager reduces deployment complexity for hosting providers, enabling one IIS server to handle multiple frameworks with site-specific tuning.^[71] Helicon Technologies, a Swedish software firm specializing in cleantech, engineers platforms for optimizing energy and water systems, including virtual power plants, battery management, and predictive analytics for solar, wind, and consumption forecasting.^[72] Their solutions integrate behind-the-meter optimization with trading applications to maximize asset utilization, as demonstrated in collaborations like the Energy Optimization System developed with Polarium for battery platforms.^[72] These tools emphasize data science and engineering to enhance system flexibility and sustainability, positioning Helicon as a key player in resource-efficient software for industrial-scale cleantech deployments.^[73]

Fiction and Popular Culture

Literary and Sci-Fi References

In classical Greek literature, Mount Helicon features prominently as the sacred abode of the Muses, inspiring poets and invoked in foundational works. Hesiod, traditionally associated with the region, opens his Theogony (c. 700 BCE) by calling upon the Muses of Helicon to aid his verse, portraying them as dwellers on the mountain who grant poetic inspiration through the spring of Hippocrene.^[11] Similarly, in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (c. 6th century BCE), the Muses of Helicon sing and dance, emphasizing the site's role in divine creativity and oral tradition.^[74] Later literary works draw on this mythic symbolism for themes of inspiration and satire. Edgar Allan Poe's prose satire "The Quacks of Helicon" (c. 1840s, published posthumously) mocks pretentious literati by likening them to false inhabitants of the Muses' mountain, critiquing self-proclaimed poets as charlatans.^[75] In modern poetry, Seamus Heaney's "Personal Helicon" (1966) reflects on childhood fascination with wells as echoes of the mythic springs on Helicon, using the mountain as a metaphor for the origins of poetic introspection while alluding to Narcissus's tale at its base.^[76] In science fiction, Helicon appears as a fictional world evoking the mountain's inspirational legacy. Isaac Asimov's Foundation series (beginning 1951) depicts Helicon as an alpine planet in the Arcturus sector, birthplace of psychohistorian Hari Seldon, who develops predictive mathematics amid its scholarly environment; Seldon expresses longing to return there in Prelude to Foundation (1988), highlighting its role as a hub of intellectual pursuit rivaled by nearby Jennisek.^[77] Piers Anthony's Battle Circle (1969), part of his post-apocalyptic Chthon sequence, reimagines Helicon as a fortified mountain stronghold central to tribal conflicts, destroyed by protagonist Sos the Master, symbolizing the collapse of imperial order in a regressed future Earth.^[78] Other uses include Jake Elliot's Doctor Who: Helicon Prime (2008), where the planet serves as a setting for Jamie McCrimmon's repressed memories of time travel adventures.^[79]

Games and Other Media

In the action role-playing video game Assassin's Creed Odyssey (2018), Mount Helikon serves as an explorable region in Boeotia, Greece, where players control the misthios Kassandra amid the Peloponnesian War, encountering mythological and historical elements tied to the site's ancient associations with the Muses.^[80] The multiplayer vehicular combat game Crossout (2017) features the RL-9 Helicon as a relic-rarity weapon, a rocket launcher that propels projectiles on ballistic trajectories to detonate on impact, providing high damage output in post-apocalyptic battles; it was added in the "Road to Singularity" update released on June 19, 2023.^[81]^[82] Helicon (2024) is a large-scale live-action role-playing (LARP) event framed as an epic narrative of antiquity, where participants engage in ritualistic gameplay to bind the Muses through collaborative artistry, leadership, and scientific improvisation, emphasizing themes of love, beauty, and brutality.^[83]

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[39]
Heavy Metal — The Helicon - TempoSenzaTempo
Aug 15, 2020 · The bass tuba was now comfortably portable. They called this ultimate brass vibe the Helicon. It required a lot of heavy metal.Missing: definition characteristics
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Plasma-Surface Interactions Within Helicon Plasma Sources
2.1 Helicon Plasma Waves. Helicon waves are a category of right-hand polarized (RHP) plasma waves which propagate along DC magnetic fields in bounded systems.
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Physics of helicon discharges | Physics of Plasmas - AIP Publishing
Because of their high density, low‐pressure discharges ionized by helicon waves are being studied for their possible use in cluster tools for the ...
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Plasma ionization by helicon waves - IOPscience
The dispersion relation for helicon waves in a uniform, bounded plasma is derived with both collisional and Landau damping.
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Helicons in Uniform Plasmas - UCLA Physics & Astronomy
Helicon waves were found to be useful for producing dense plasmas for applications like plasma processing and propulsion (Boswell, 1984). A large community ...
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[PDF] Helicon discharges and sources: a review - eScholarship
Jan 20, 2015 · Helicon waves are waves in low-temperature, partially ionized plasmas in a dc magnetic field. (B-field). The study of helicons involves both ...
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(PDF) Helicons - The early years - ResearchGate
Aug 5, 2025 · First pioneered by Boswell in 1970 [16], helicon wave plasma discharge has been extensively investigated across both theoretical and ...
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Helicon high-density plasma sources: physics and applications
Helicon high-density plasma sources use radio frequency waves and a magnetic field under low pressure, producing high-density plasma with flexible parameters.
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[PDF] REVIEW ARTICLES Physics of helicon discharges*
Helicon discharges are high-density, low-pressure discharges ionized by helicon waves, studied for use in next-generation computer chip fabrication.
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[PDF] HELICON WAVE PHYSICS IMPACTS ON ELECTRODELESS ...
Helicon wave design requires a magnetic field, antenna, and RF power. The magnetic field expands, and the plasma flows along it, creating a two-dimensional ...
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Development and characterization of a helicon plasma source
Aug 22, 2018 · Production of plasma by using helicon waves is known as helicon discharge, and the plasma produced by using the helicon discharge has a totally ...
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[PDF] Progress in the development of a high power helicon plasma source ...
Helicon RF plasma sources have found application in the areas of semiconductor manufacturing1, space electric propulsion2, and more recently for plasma ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Plasma heating efficiency in fusion devices boosted by metal screens
Dec 19, 2024 · Researchers want to avoid creating slow modes because, unlike helicon waves, they cannot penetrate the magnetic field lines confining the plasma ...<|separator|>
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Helicon Plasmas - Scharer Research Group
Oct 23, 2016 · Applications for helicons range from materials processing, to high-efficiency ion sources, to potential plasma thruster designs. Facility ...
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First Helicon Plasma Physics and Applications Workshop - Frontiers
Jan 6, 2022 · The blue-core formation is claimed to be caused by the central electron heating of helicon wave and the local electron kinetic property from ...
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Helicon plasma source for ionized physical vapor deposition
A patent application has been filed on possible commercial applications for this device. Helicon antennas are known for their remarkable efficiency and ability ...
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Helicon Thruster Model
A Helicon Plasma Thruster is an electrode-less thruster that uses radio frequency (RF) power to ionize plasma and a magnetic field to control the flow of the ...
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Propulsion mechanisms in a helicon plasma thruster - DSpace@MIT
The design and fabrication of a prototype compact helicon thruster is presented, including design of a radio-frequency power delivery system, electromagnets and ...
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Preliminary design of helicon plasma thruster by means of particle ...
May 5, 2023 · Helicon Plasma Thruster (HPT) is a very attractive technology because it could use many propellants and does not require hollow cathodes or ...Ii. Numerical Model · V. Loss Terms Analysis · B. Slenderness Variation...
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RF Helicon-based Inductive Plasma Thruster (IPT) Design for an ...
This work presents the RF helicon-based inductive plasma thruster (IPT) designed at the Institute of Space Systems (IRS) of the University of Stuttgart.1. Introduction · 2. Rf Helicon-Based Ipt... · 3. Ipt Rf Circuit...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Helicon Radiofrequency Plasma Thrusters | ACT of ESA
Apr 17, 2013 · The ACT is studying two different plasma thruster concepts, the RF Helicon Thruster (experimental and modelling studies) and the Helicon Ion Cyclotron ...
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Project: Superconducting Helicon Thruster (SHT)
A radio frequency (RF) powered helicon thruster was developed to research its suitability for use as a low thrust electric space propulsion system.
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Development and Testing of a Helicon Plasma Thruster Based on a ...
This study explores the impact of an inhomogeneous magnetic field on the heating mechanism of the HPT and highlights its multi-mode operation.
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Helicon Focus
Take several shots at different focus distances instead of just one, and Helicon Focus will quickly and smartly combine the stack into a fully focused image.Purchase · Downloads · Helicon Remote · Helicon 3D Viewer
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Helicon Focus 8 User Guide
Helicon Focus is software for focus stacking and micro panorama stitching, combining sharp areas from multiple photos to create a fully focused image.
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Features and performance - Helicon Soft
Helicon Focus features include accurate color, efficient RAW development, multi-core processing, smart retouching, and RAW-in-DNG-out mode.
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Helicon Focus - History of changes (Windows)
1. Retouching functions added to Pro version, replacing Opacity map feature · 2. Scale bar and text can now be added to the resulting image · 3. Speed of the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Software review: Focus stacking with Helicon Focus - Photofocus
May 19, 2023 · Helicon Focus is a powerful tool for layering your images together with very little need for retouching after the fact.
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Helicon Remote - Making Focus Stacking Precise And Foolproof
Helicon Remote is software for tethered control of focusing and exposure, enabling fine control of focus for image stacks and precise exposure for HDR.
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Purchase - Helicon Soft
Helicon Focus is a program for focus stacking. Program selects focused areas from multiple source images and combines them into one perfectly focused image ...
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Helicon Soft Company Profile | Management and Employees List
Helicon Soft Profile and History. Helicon Soft develops innovative software tailored for creative photographers, enhancing their artistic capabilities.
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Helicon Ape - Apache .htaccess and .htpasswd support for Microsoft IIS
### Summary of Helicon Ape
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https://www.helicontech.com/zoo/
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Helicon Zoo - a repository of web frameworks and applications for ...
Helicon Zoo is a single integrated solution to run different popular web technologies and applications on Microsoft IIS.
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Helicon
Software, data science, and product development for companies in the energy sector.About · Specialized services · Lightweight applications · Industry-specific solutions
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Build digital capability - Helicon Technologies
Helicon Technologies AB; Garvargatan 9C; SE-112 21 Stockholm; Sweden; +46 70 948 83 83. VAT No. SE556703256901. © 2025 Helicon Technologies AB. Privacy Cookie ...
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Helicon - Oxford Reference
Helicon. Source: The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World. mountain in SW Boeotia sacred to the Muses. It overlooks Lake Copais to the NE and the ...
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the Quacks of Helicon - a satire by Edgar Allan Poe | Goodreads
He is widely acknowledged as the inventor of the modern detective story and an innovator in the science fiction genre, but he made his living as America's first ...
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Personal Helicon Summary & Analysis by Seamus Heaney - LitCharts
The poem's title alludes to Mount Helicon, a mountain in Greek Mythology that was thought to be the source of two springs believed to be sacred to the muses and ...
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Quote by Isaac Asimov: “I tell you. I want to go back to Helicon and ta ...
I want to go back to Helicon and take up a study of the mathematics of turbulence, which was my Ph.D. problem, and forget I ever saw—or thought I saw—that ...
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Review – Battle Circle: Neq the Sword by Piers Anthony
Nov 24, 2015 · After Sos (aka The Master, aka The Nameless One) destroyed the Mountain (Helicon) the Empire fell into ruins as he set out in pursuit of Var, ...
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Doctor Who: Helicon Prime by Jake Elliot - Goodreads
It's been a long time since Jamie McCrimmon remembered anything about his travels with the Doctor, but his visit to Helicon Prime just won't stay hidden.
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Mount Helikon | Assassin's Creed Wiki - Fandom
Mount Helikon, alternatively Mount Helicon, is a mountain and a region in Boeotia, Greece. During the Peloponnesian War, the Spartan misthios Kassandra explored ...
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RL-9 Helicon - Crossout Wikia - Fandom
RL-9 Helicon (rus. РУ-9 Геликон) is a Relic rarity weapon in Crossout. Fires rockets that fly on a ballistic trajectory and explode on hit.
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"RL-9 Helicon" feedback : r/Crossout - Reddit
Jun 19, 2023 · In the "Road to Singularity" update, the first relic rocket launcher appeared in the game. And its name is "RL-9 Helicon".AMA with the creators of GoXLR - Helicon Gaming! : r/TwitchHelicon Montage : r/CrossoutMore results from www.reddit.com
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Helicon: An Epic Larp about Love, Beauty, and Brutality
Jan 26, 2024 · Ritual play in which group of artists, leaders, and scientists bind the Muses of antiquity to their will.