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Khobar

Al Khobar is a coastal city and the administrative center of Al Khobar Governorate in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, situated along the Arabian Gulf with a population of approximately 658,600 residents.^[1] It forms part of the Dammam metropolitan area, often referred to as the "Triple Cities" alongside Dammam and Dhahran, serving as a key residential and commercial node for workers in the nearby oil industry.^[2] Originally a modest fishing village, Al Khobar underwent rapid urbanization following the discovery of commercial oil quantities in 1938 at Dammam Well No. 7, which spurred infrastructure development and population influx. The city's port, established in the mid-1940s, facilitated early oil exports and passenger transport until 1987, cementing its ties to Saudi Arabia's petroleum sector.^[3] This oil-driven expansion transformed Al Khobar into a modern urban center with diverse expatriate communities, robust retail districts, and proximity to major fields like Ghawar, the world's largest conventional oil reservoir.^[4] Economically, Al Khobar thrives on services, trade, and petrochemical-related activities, benefiting from the Eastern Province's dominance in Saudi Arabia's hydrocarbon production, which accounts for a substantial portion of the kingdom's GDP.^[5] The city features prominent landmarks such as its iconic water tower and corniche, attracting tourism and supporting a vibrant lifestyle amid ongoing diversification efforts under national reforms.^[6]

History

Early settlement and pre-oil era

Al Khobar emerged as a modest coastal settlement in the early 1920s, primarily inhabited by fishermen from nomadic tribes. In 1923, members of the Dawasir tribe, migrating from Bahrain amid regional tensions including British influence in the Gulf, established the village with permission from King Abdulaziz Al Saud.^[6]^[7] The site, located along the Persian Gulf shore south of Dammam, served as an occasional fishing outpost for Bedouin groups prior to this organized settlement.^[8] The local economy depended on subsistence activities suited to the arid coastal environment. Residents engaged in small-scale fishing and seasonal pearl diving, activities integral to Gulf communities before the widespread adoption of cultured pearls in the 1930s diminished the trade.^[9]^[10] Date palm cultivation provided additional sustenance in the vicinity's shallow oases, supporting limited agriculture amid the otherwise barren landscape of the Eastern Province.^[8] Population estimates for pre-oil Khobar remain sparse, but the hamlet likely numbered only a few hundred, centered around basic reed huts and boats for Gulf waters. Archaeological surveys indicate no substantial pre-20th-century structures at the site itself, distinguishing it from older regional hubs like Qatif or Tarout Island, though the area benefited from longstanding Persian Gulf trade networks facilitating maritime exchange.^[3]^[11] This modest foundation reflected broader patterns of nomadic adaptation in the province, where permanent settlements were rare without reliable freshwater beyond scattered sabkhas and wadis.^[8]

Oil boom and urban development (1930s-1980s)

The commercial discovery of oil at Dammam Well No. 7 on March 3, 1938, by the California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC), a subsidiary of Standard Oil of California (now Chevron), initiated rapid economic and infrastructural changes in the Eastern Province, with Khobar positioned as a vital support hub due to its proximity to the Dammam field and access to the Persian Gulf.^[12]^[13] This breakthrough, yielding over 1,500 barrels per day initially, prompted immediate expansions such as widening the existing rough-rock pier at Al-Khobar for oil exports and constructing oiled roads linking the port to drilling sites and Dammam.^[13]^[14] Under its 1933 concession agreement, CASOC—renamed the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) in 1944—undertook public works responsibilities that accelerated Khobar's urbanization, including housing compounds and basic amenities to accommodate growing operations.^[15]^[8] In 1947, Aramco commissioned the first comprehensive urban plan for Khobar, Saudi Arabia's inaugural modern planning initiative, aimed at providing residential and commercial facilities primarily for expatriate staff while fostering broader development.^[16]^[8] This effort spurred construction of worker housing, markets, and support infrastructure through the 1950s, transforming the fishing village into a commercial node intertwined with Aramco's expansion, as production milestones escalated from modest flows to millions of barrels daily by the 1960s.^[13]^[17] Population influx from expatriate oil workers and Saudi nationals drawn to employment opportunities fueled sustained urban growth, with Khobar serving as a residential complement to Aramco's Dhahran headquarters and Dammam's port functions.^[16] By the mid-20th century, these dynamics established direct causal ties between petroleum extraction and local prosperity, as oil revenues enabled investments in ports, roads, and districts that supported service industries, though specific local GDP metrics remain tied to national oil outputs exceeding 3 million barrels per day by 1960.^[18]^[19] Through the 1970s and 1980s, continued Aramco-driven developments solidified Khobar's role in the oil conurbation, prioritizing efficiency in logistics and housing amid fluctuating global demand.^[20]

Khobar Towers bombing and immediate aftermath (1996)

On June 25, 1996, at approximately 9:50 p.m. local time, a truck bomb detonated outside Building 131 of the Khobar Towers housing complex in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, where U.S. Air Force personnel supporting Operation Southern Watch were quartered.^[21] The explosive device, consisting of approximately 3,000 to 5,000 pounds of plastic explosives packed into a tanker truck, collapsed the structure and caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings.^[22] The attack killed 19 U.S. airmen and injured 498 others, including Saudi nationals and personnel from other coalition forces.^[21]^[23] U.S. investigations attributed the bombing to Hezbollah al-Hejaz, a Shiite militant group operating in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, with direct operational support and funding from Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).^[24] In June 2001, a U.S. federal grand jury indicted 14 individuals, including key figures like Ahmed Ibrahim Al Mughassil and Ali Saed Bin Ali El-Houri, charging them with conspiracy to kill U.S. nationals and use of weapons of mass destruction; the indictment detailed IRGC approval and training for the plot, including bomb construction assistance from Lebanese Hezbollah experts at an IRGC facility.^[24] Saudi authorities, in parallel investigations, arrested over a dozen suspects shortly after the attack, several of whom confessed to participation under interrogation, corroborating the group's ties to Iranian directives aimed at expelling U.S. forces from the Arabian Peninsula.^[24]^[25] In the immediate aftermath, U.S. Central Command ordered the rapid evacuation of approximately 2,400 personnel from Khobar Towers to safer facilities, including relocation of air operations to other bases, while enhancing force protection measures across Saudi Arabia.^[26] Saudi security forces, with FBI forensic assistance, secured the site and pursued leads, leading to the arrests.^[26] Post-attack reviews by the U.S. Department of Defense identified causal factors in threat assessment failures, including underestimation of large-vehicle bomb threats based on prior smaller-scale attacks like the November 1995 Riyadh bombing, limited intelligence sharing with Saudi counterparts on specific indicators, and insufficient perimeter standoff distances despite warnings of heightened risks; these lapses stemmed from assumptions that local threats mirrored contained urban bombings rather than enabling vehicular access for massive payloads.^[22]^[27] No evidence supported claims of U.S. intelligence foreknowledge or negligence in execution, though the event prompted doctrinal shifts in antiterrorism protocols.^[28]

Reforms and growth under Vision 2030 (2016-present)

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, unveiled on April 25, 2016, by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, seeks to reduce oil dependency through diversification into tourism, entertainment, and private-sector expansion, with Khobar emerging as a focal point in the Eastern Province for commercial and leisure developments.^[29] The program has driven targeted investments in the city, enhancing its role as a coastal hub proximate to major industrial centers like Dhahran, fostering measurable progress in livability and infrastructure without reliance on hydrocarbon revenues.^[30] In mid-2025, Al Khobar achieved the largest global improvement in the Economist Intelligence Unit's Global Liveability Index, rising 13 spots to 135th place, attributed to Vision 2030-funded upgrades in healthcare access and educational facilities that boosted scores in stability, infrastructure, and human capital.^[30]^[31] These gains reflect empirical outcomes from national reforms, including expanded public services and skill-development programs, rather than unsubstantiated claims of uniform stagnation across regions.^[32] Tourism infrastructure has advanced to align with Vision 2030's target of generating one million direct jobs in the sector by 2030, with Khobar's Corniche promenade seeing revitalization through public-private partnerships and new hospitality assets.^[33] Hospitality Management Holding (HMH) opened the Corp Al Khobar Corniche Hotel in October 2025, a mid-scale property emphasizing business-leisure integration to capitalize on rising visitor demand and support local commerce.^[34]^[35] Complementary initiatives, such as agreements between ASFAR and the Sharqia Development Authority, aim to transform the Corniche into a sustainable attraction, promoting events and recreation to draw domestic and regional tourists.^[36] Economically, these reforms have underpinned non-oil sector resilience, with the International Monetary Fund noting Saudi Arabia's robust non-oil growth amid OPEC+ output adjustments, contributing to a national unemployment rate for Saudi nationals falling to a record low of 7% by Q4 2024—exceeding original Vision 2030 timelines.^[32]^[37] In Khobar, as an industrial-commercial nexus, diversification has sustained private-sector hiring and GDP contributions from trade and services, evidenced by the city's improved rankings and investment inflows that counterbalance oil volatility with verifiable expansions in employment and output.^[38]

Geography

Location and physical features

Khobar is situated on the coast of the Persian Gulf in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, at geographic coordinates approximately 26°18′N 50°13′E.^[39] The city lies about 20 kilometers from Dammam, forming part of a contiguous urban corridor along the gulf shoreline.^[40] The municipal area of Khobar spans 571 square kilometers, encompassing coastal and inland extensions that blend into the broader Dammam metropolitan agglomeration, which integrates Khobar with Dammam and Dhahran through shared infrastructure and geographic adjacency.^[39]^[41] Khobar features a flat, low-lying topography characteristic of the eastern coastal plain, with elevations near sea level facilitating direct access to gulf waters and minimal topographic barriers to development.^[42] Its proximity to the Ghawar oil field, located roughly 100 kilometers southwest, has historically shaped settlement by enabling efficient resource extraction and transport routes from coastal ports to interior fields.^[43] This positioning underscores causal factors in urban growth, where gulf tides pose limited flood risks due to shallow bathymetry but influence coastal infrastructure placement.^[42]

Climate and environment

Khobar experiences a hot desert climate classified as Köppen BWh, marked by prolonged summer heat, mild winters, and negligible rainfall.^[44] Average high temperatures peak at 42°C during July and August, with corresponding lows around 30°C, while January sees average highs of 21°C and lows of approximately 13°C.^[44] Annual precipitation totals under 100 mm, typically 77-85 mm, concentrated in sporadic winter events rather than monsoonal patterns.^[45] The city's coastal position along the Persian Gulf elevates relative humidity to 50-60% year-round, intensifying perceived heat through elevated dew points in summer.^[44] These climatic features pose direct challenges to habitability, necessitating ubiquitous air conditioning in buildings and vehicles to counter heat stress, which has driven urban designs favoring compact, shaded structures and irrigated green spaces. Dust storms, propelled by seasonal shamal winds from the northwest, occur several times annually, reducing visibility to under 1 km and depositing fine particles that strain infrastructure and respiratory health.^[46] Water scarcity, inherent to the arid regime with no reliable surface freshwater, is mitigated via reverse osmosis desalination facilities, including those serving the Eastern Province's coastal corridor; these produce potable water from Gulf seawater, underpinning population sustainability but requiring energy-intensive operations.^[47] ^[48] Meteorological observations through 2025 reveal temperature extremes and variability aligning with historical norms, with no empirically documented upward shift in annual averages beyond decadal fluctuations observed regionally.^[44] ^[49] Such stability supports causal attributions to persistent subtropical high-pressure dominance over transient influences, informing planning without reliance on predictive models lacking local validation.

Demographics

Population and growth

As of the 2022 Saudi census, Al-Khobar Governorate recorded a population of 658,550 residents.^[1] This figure reflects sustained expansion within the Dammam metropolitan area, which encompasses Khobar alongside Dammam and Dhahran and totaled 2,805,632 inhabitants in the same census. Prior to the oil era, Khobar functioned as a modest coastal settlement with an estimated population of approximately 4,000 by 1950, experiencing explosive surges following the 1938 oil discovery and subsequent commercial production in the 1940s that drew workers to the Eastern Province.^[50] Population growth in Khobar has averaged around 1.1% annually between 2010 and 2022, with recent metro-area estimates indicating rates closer to 2% amid broader Saudi trends of 1.6-2.1% national growth driven by expatriate labor inflows for industrial employment.^[51]^[52] These inflows, documented in Saudi labor statistics, have prioritized skilled migration to support oil-related and diversification sectors, contributing to cumulative increases from 141,981 residents in 1990 to over 450,000 by 2001.^[53] Extrapolating recent patterns places Khobar's 2025 population estimate near 670,000, underscoring migration as the primary driver over natural increase in this urban hub.^[54] The governorate spans 197.4 square kilometers, yielding a population density of 3,336 persons per square kilometer concentrated in urban cores, which facilitates resource-efficient development in a arid coastal setting limited by water and land constraints.^[51] This density supports high-rise construction and infrastructure scaling, aligning with post-2010 urban planning to accommodate job-linked settlement without expansive sprawl.^[53]

Ethnic and religious composition

Khobar's population, estimated at approximately 410,000 in the city proper as of 2022, reflects national demographic patterns with a majority of Saudi nationals comprising around 58-60% of residents, while non-Saudis account for the remainder, primarily expatriate workers in the oil, construction, and trade sectors.^[55]^[56] Saudi nationals are predominantly ethnic Arabs, constituting over 90% of citizens, with smaller Afro-Arab and other native minorities.^[57] Expatriate communities are diverse, dominated by South Asians (including Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis, totaling millions nationally), followed by workers from other Arab states, Southeast Asia, and Western countries employed by entities like Saudi Aramco.^[58] This composition underscores Khobar's role as an industrial hub attracting transient labor. Religiously, the population is overwhelmingly Muslim, with Sunni Islam as the dominant sect aligning with the national majority of 85-90% of citizens.^[59] In the broader Eastern Province, which includes Khobar, Shia Muslims—primarily Twelver Shia—form a significant minority, estimated at 25-30% of the local population, concentrated in nearby areas like Qatif though present in Khobar itself.^[59] Non-Muslim expatriates, including Christians, Hindus, and others, represent a small fraction tied to foreign workforce demographics but lack public places of worship due to legal restrictions.^[59] Demographic distributions show a marked gender skew, with males outnumbering females at a ratio of roughly 1.6:1, driven by male-dominated expatriate labor; Saudi females constitute about 52% of national citizens but lower proportions among non-Saudis.^[60] Age structures mirror national trends, with a median age around 30 years and a youthful profile (over 25% under 15), though Vision 2030 initiatives have boosted female workforce entry, modestly altering urban compositions like Khobar's without shifting overall ratios significantly as of 2022.^[60] Official data from Saudi Arabia's General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT) provides the primary basis for these figures, though granular breakdowns by sect or ethnicity remain limited due to governmental sensitivities.^[55]

Economy

Industrial and commercial role

Khobar serves as a vital commercial and service hub in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, extending support to the oil and petrochemical industries concentrated in nearby Dhahran and Jubail. Its strategic proximity—approximately 10 kilometers from Saudi Aramco's headquarters in Dhahran—enables the city to function as a logistics and retail center for energy sector employees and operations, including expatriates in petrochemical roles.^[61]^[62] Commercial districts along the Khobar Corniche and other areas feature extensive retail infrastructure, such as shopping malls and mixed-use developments, which generate revenue through consumer spending by industry professionals. For example, The Avenues Khobar project, covering nearly 200,000 square meters, includes retail outlets, dining, and entertainment facilities designed to serve this demographic.^[63] Banking and financial services have expanded correspondingly, with institutions like First Abu Dhabi Bank and Saudi Awwal Bank establishing branches and SME centers in the city to facilitate transactions for local businesses tied to energy support activities.^[64]^[65] Real estate development underscores Khobar's commercial orientation, with high demand for residential compounds and office spaces driven by petrochemical and oil workforce needs, contributing to property market growth in the Dammam metropolitan area. Ancillary industrial support, including engineering, construction, and supply chain services for petrochemical facilities, benefits from the city's access to Dammam First Industrial City and Aramco-related projects.^[66]^[67] These sectors leverage the Eastern Province's overall economic weight, where industrial activities form a core GDP driver, though Khobar emphasizes service-based extensions over primary manufacturing.^[68]

Trade and port activities

The maritime trade activities in Khobar are primarily facilitated through the adjacent King Abdulaziz Port in Dammam, which serves as the key gateway for general cargo and containerized imports and exports in the Eastern Province. This port handles a diverse range of consumer goods, including electronics, vehicles, and foodstuffs, supporting Saudi Arabia's import needs and emerging re-export functions via bonded zones like the Eastern Gateway Bonded & Re-Export Zone. In the first half of 2024, the port's total cargo throughput reached 15.57 million tons, reflecting a 37% increase from the prior year, driven by heightened import volumes amid national economic diversification efforts.^[69] Historically, the region's trade centered on pearling, which constituted up to 75% of Persian Gulf exports before the 1930s advent of cultured pearls and the subsequent oil boom shifted economic focus. Post-1970s modernization introduced container handling capabilities at Dammam, with dedicated terminals now processing over 20 million tons of general cargo annually across eight berths and extensive storage areas, markedly improving supply chain efficiency through standardized logistics and reduced turnaround times.^[70]^[71] Complementing port operations, the King Fahd Causeway to Bahrain enables overland trucking of port-unloaded goods, enhancing regional connectivity and contributing to bilateral trade growth of 43% in certain quarters despite global disruptions. This integration bolsters Saudi Arabia's re-export role, with Eastern Province facilities processing inbound shipments for redistribution to Gulf markets, amid maintained operational security in Gulf shipping lanes despite periodic regional tensions. Nationally, King Abdulaziz Port accounted for 35% of Saudi imports, totaling 38 million tons in recent assessments, underscoring its pivotal function in non-oil trade patterns.^[72]^[73]^[74]

Recent economic diversification

In alignment with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 initiative launched in 2016, Khobar has pursued diversification through targeted investments in tourism and entertainment infrastructure, particularly along its waterfront Corniche. Enhancements to the Corniche include expanded recreational facilities, landscaped gardens, and dedicated pathways for walking, jogging, and cycling, fostering non-hydrocarbon economic activity by drawing domestic and regional visitors for leisure.^[75] These developments contribute to broader efforts to stimulate local services, with the inaugural Khobar Season event commencing on October 23, 2025, explicitly designed to attract investment in tourism and entertainment as alternatives to oil-dependent revenue.^[76] The services sector has benefited from hospitality expansions, exemplified by the planned opening of the Sheraton Al Khobar Al Hamra hotel in 2028 under a partnership involving Marriott International and local entities, which will incorporate modern design and technology to support event-driven tourism.^[77] Such projects align with national trends where the hospitality market is projected to grow from USD 27.14 billion in 2025 to USD 54.32 billion by 2030, generating direct and indirect employment in retail, construction, and operations—though Khobar-specific job figures remain tied to these nascent initiatives rather than realized outcomes.^[78] Empirical data underscores modest progress in reducing oil reliance, with national non-oil real GDP expanding by 4.5% in 2024, propelled by retail and hospitality amid constrained hydrocarbon output from OPEC+ cuts.^[32] For the Eastern Province encompassing Khobar, diversification efficacy is evident in Al Khobar's ranking as the city with the largest liveability improvement in the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2025 index, linked to Vision 2030-driven economic shifts, though IMF projections temper 2025 non-oil growth at 3.4% nationally, highlighting sustained dependence on oil revenues despite service sector gains.^[79]^[32]

Government and administration

Local governance structure

Al-Khobar Municipality serves as the primary local administrative body for the city, operating within Saudi Arabia's decentralized municipal framework established by royal decrees such as those from the Ministry of Municipalities and Housing. The municipality is led by a mayor appointed by the minister, with Sultan bin Hamid Al-Zaidi holding the position since March 2017.^[80] ^[81] This structure aligns with national regulations that centralize high-level appointments while delegating operational authority to local levels. The municipality's core powers encompass urban planning, zoning enforcement, building permit issuance, waste collection and disposal, and maintenance of public spaces and infrastructure. These responsibilities are codified in municipal bylaws, enabling oversight of development projects that must conform to land-use designations and environmental standards. For instance, zoning approvals in Al-Khobar have supported expansions in commercial districts, directly linking local decisions to broader infrastructure needs like road alignments and utility provisions.^[82] ^[83] Waste management falls under municipal jurisdiction, involving collection services and compliance with national disposal guidelines to mitigate urban environmental risks.^[84] Reforms under Vision 2030 have promoted gradual decentralization, enhancing municipal capacities for independent planning and participatory mechanisms in urban development. In Al-Khobar, this includes institutional adaptations for stakeholder involvement in zoning and project approvals, as analyzed in studies of local authority capabilities. Such shifts aim to streamline local governance without altering core appointment processes.^[85] ^[86]

Relations with provincial and national authorities

Khobar's municipal governance maintains close coordination with the Eastern Province's regional authorities, including the Eastern Region Municipality and the Saudi Eastern Development Authority (SEDA), to implement development projects that align with provincial planning objectives. This collaboration facilitates joint infrastructure initiatives, such as enhancements to urban entrances and transportation links serving the Dammam-Khobar metropolitan area, sponsored by the Eastern Province Governor in January 2025.^[87] These efforts emphasize resource sharing and regulatory alignment, enabling local execution of broader regional strategies without independent fiscal autonomy. At the national level, Khobar falls under the centralized oversight of Riyadh-based ministries, particularly those handling economy, water, and energy, which enforce policy uniformity and provide funding for critical infrastructure. For instance, the Saudi Water Authority (SWA), a national entity, finalized a USD 650 million financing agreement in June 2025 to upgrade desalination facilities in Khobar and Jubail, increasing water production capacity by approximately 50% while reducing energy consumption, directly supporting Vision 2030's sustainability targets.^[88] Similarly, SEDA, operating under national directives, oversees projects like Avenues Al Khobar, a mixed-use development integrating commercial and residential spaces to diversify the local economy beyond petrochemicals.^[89] National anti-corruption policies, intensified after the 2017 campaign led by the Oversight and Anti-Corruption Authority (Nazaha), impose accountability mechanisms on local implementations in Khobar, linking provincial approvals to federal audits that recovered over SAR 400 billion in assets kingdom-wide by 2019 and continue to target bribery and abuse of power.^[90] This oversight ensures causal transparency in fund allocation, as evidenced by the Eastern Province Municipality's SAR 600 million investment contracts signed in February 2025 for urban enhancements, vetted through national procurement standards.^[91] In the 2020s, federal support has extended to urban renewal via Vision 2030-linked grants and loans, with the Tourism Development Fund enabling approximately SAR 10 billion in Eastern Province projects by May 2025, including tourism infrastructure proximal to Khobar that bolsters regional economic interdependence.^[92] Such inter-level dependencies underscore Khobar's role as a functional node in Saudi Arabia's hierarchical governance, where local initiatives derive viability from provincial coordination and national fiscal backing.

Transportation

Airports and air travel

Khobar's aerial connectivity relies primarily on King Fahd International Airport (DMM), situated approximately 50 kilometers northwest of the city in the Eastern Province. This facility serves as the main gateway for passengers from Khobar, Dammam, and Dhahran, accommodating business travelers, expatriates in the oil sector, and regional visitors. In 2023, the airport processed 10.9 million passengers, reflecting a significant recovery and growth from prior years, with figures exceeding 12 million by mid-December 2024.^[93]^[94] The airport supports extensive flight networks, including direct services to Gulf hubs like Dubai and Doha, Middle Eastern cities such as Cairo and Amman, and select European and Asian destinations via carriers like Saudia, Flynas, and Air India Express. These routes facilitate expatriate rotations and commerce tied to the province's petrochemical industries. Cargo operations handle over 138,000 tons annually, aiding imports of equipment and materials essential for oil and gas activities in the vicinity.^[95]^[96] Under Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 initiative, a comprehensive master plan launched in 2025 targets expanding King Fahd International Airport's capacity to more than 19.3 million passengers per year by 2030, incorporating infrastructure upgrades to meet rising demand from economic diversification efforts. This includes enhancements to terminals and runways, funded by investments exceeding SAR 1.6 billion, to bolster the Eastern Province's role as a logistics and aviation hub.^[97]^[98]

Road networks and highways

Khobar's road network connects to Saudi Arabia's primary highways, including Highway 95, known as the Abu Hadriyah Highway, which originates adjacent to the King Fahd Causeway and extends inland toward central regions like Riyadh.^[99] Route 605, the Khobar-Dammam highway, serves as a critical north-south arterial linking Khobar to Dammam and facilitating access to King Fahd International Airport approximately 20 kilometers northwest.^[100] These routes support heavy commercial and commuter traffic in the Eastern Province's urban corridor. The King Fahd Causeway, a 25-kilometer engineering feat completed in 1986, directly bridges Khobar to Bahrain's Al Jasra, enabling efficient cross-Gulf vehicular movement and integrating Khobar into the broader Gulf road system.^[101] Urban arterials within Khobar handle substantial daily volumes, with infrastructure designed to accommodate the region's economic activity, though specific vehicle counts vary by segment and time. Recent infrastructure enhancements focus on congestion mitigation and safety, including the design and construction of 16 new multi-level interchanges and viaducts in Khobar and adjacent Dammam to streamline urban mobility.^[102] The Abu Hadriyah Road interchange project, reaching 93% completion by July 2025, incorporated finished bridge concrete works and 31,000 cubic meters of asphalt to bolster capacity and flow efficiency.^[103] Complementary efforts, such as the 2024 iRAP pilot in Dammam for road safety assessments, extend potential benefits to Khobar's interconnected network by prioritizing high-risk junctions.^[104]

Maritime ports and sea access

Khobar's direct maritime infrastructure includes Al-Khobar Port, a specialized marine pier constructed in the early 20th century by the Standard Oil Company of California to support oil export operations amid the nascent development of the region's petroleum industry.^[3] This facility primarily handled bulk liquid cargoes tied to local extraction activities, reflecting Khobar's foundational role in Gulf oil logistics before larger terminals dominated regional throughput. A new civilian-oriented port is under development along the city's South Corniche to expand capacity for non-industrial sea access, including passenger and general cargo handling.^[105] The city's primary sea access for substantial trade volumes relies on the adjacent King Abdulaziz Port in Dammam, approximately 20 kilometers south, which operates extensions and berths optimized for bulk commodities, containers, and regional distribution serving Khobar's commercial needs. In 2024, this port recorded significant growth, with container throughput reaching 292,612 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in May and total cargo tonnage rising 37% year-over-year to over 15.5 million tons in the first half of the year, underscoring its function in importing consumer goods and exporting industrial products for the Eastern Province.^[106]^[69] Khobar's proximity enables efficient truck and pipeline linkages, facilitating just-in-time imports that buffer against oil price volatility by diversifying supply chains for non-energy sectors. Khobar's Gulf coastline position enhances support for oil tanker operations, with local firms providing offshore services, maintenance, and ancillary logistics proximate to Saudi Aramco's Dhahran headquarters, thereby sustaining import flows of equipment and chemicals essential for upstream resilience.^[107] Modernization efforts at King Abdulaziz Port, initiated post-2020 under Saudi Ports Authority oversight, include a 7 billion Saudi riyal ($1.9 billion) expansion launched in January 2023 to upgrade container terminals, deepen drafts for larger vessels, and integrate advanced handling systems, positioning the facility to process increased volumes amid Vision 2030 diversification goals.^[108] These upgrades directly bolster Khobar's sea-dependent economy by improving turnaround times for import-dependent industries like construction and manufacturing.

Rail connections

Khobar lacks a dedicated railway station, with residents and businesses relying on the nearby Dammam railway station, approximately 20 kilometers away, for passenger services to Riyadh. The Dammam-Riyadh passenger line, operated by the Saudi Arabia Railways (SAR), spans 449 kilometers and includes both daytime and nighttime trains with capacities up to 442 passengers per daytime service, facilitating connectivity for the Eastern Province's urban corridor including Khobar.^[109]^[110] Freight rail infrastructure in the Eastern Province supports industrial logistics near Khobar, with dedicated cargo lines totaling 556 kilometers linking facilities in Jubail and other petrochemical hubs to broader networks for transporting goods such as chemicals and refined products. These lines integrate with SAR's operations, which transported over 12 million tons of freight capacity targeted for expansion in recent years, aiding the movement of Eastern Province exports before transfer to ports like King Fahd Industrial Port.^[109]^[111] The North-South Railway, a 2,750-kilometer freight-focused network, passes through eastern regions proximate to Khobar, enabling efficient mineral and bulk cargo transit that indirectly bolsters regional supply chains for petrochemical industries via interconnections at key junctions.^[112] Under SAR's oversight, integration challenges such as gauge compatibility and capacity constraints between passenger and freight lines are addressed through ongoing upgrades, including electrification and signaling improvements to handle growing volumes from Vision 2030 initiatives. Future developments include high-speed extensions to Dammam as part of the $7 billion Land Bridge project, linking the Eastern Province to Riyadh and Jeddah in under four hours, enhancing passenger access and freight efficiency for Khobar's commercial ties.^[113]^[114]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public primary and secondary schools in Khobar are administered by Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Education, providing free education through a national curriculum emphasizing Arabic language instruction, Islamic studies, and core subjects like mathematics and science. These institutions serve the majority of Saudi students, with enrollment rates reflecting national trends where primary gross enrollment exceeds 95% and secondary approaches 96%.^[115] Private schools, numbering over 60 in Al Khobar, supplement public options and include national and international variants approved by the Ministry.^[116] International schools in Khobar cater primarily to expatriate children, offering bilingual curricula that integrate English with Arabic or follow foreign systems such as British, American, or Philippine frameworks. Examples include the British International School Al-Khobar, which delivers UK-accredited programs from kindergarten to secondary levels, and the International Programs School, providing a North American curriculum with gender-segregated classes. These schools address the needs of Khobar's diverse population, driven by the oil industry's expatriate workforce, and emphasize skills like critical thinking alongside language proficiency.^[117]^[118] Saudi Arabia's adult literacy rate, encompassing Khobar residents, reached 99.38% in 2021, supported by compulsory education policies and infrastructure expansions under Vision 2030, which has funded school construction and teacher training to accommodate population growth. However, international assessments like PISA 2022 indicate modest performance, with Saudi scores averaging 389 across reading, mathematics, and science—below the OECD average of around 480—despite slight improvements in mathematics since 2018. Reforms in 2025, including curriculum modernization and digital integration, aim to elevate outcomes but have not yet translated to significant global ranking advances.^[119]^[120]^[121]

Higher education institutions

Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University (PMU), founded in 2006 as the first private non-profit university in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, is situated in Khobar and offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs primarily in engineering, business administration, computer science, and allied health fields tailored to the region's petrochemical and commercial economy.^[122] PMU maintains a student body supported by faculty from 28 nationalities at a 1:23 faculty-to-student ratio, with over 6,690 alumni graduated since inception as of 2024; admission requires high school completion with minimum GPA thresholds and national aptitude tests, prioritizing Saudi nationals through Saudization-aligned scholarships covering tuition for qualifying locals.^[122] Graduates exhibit high employability, particularly in energy and technology sectors, reflecting alignment with Vision 2030's push for diversified STEM skills amid declining oil dependency.^[123] Khobar residents frequently enroll at proximate public institutions, such as King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in adjacent Dhahran, established in 1963 and focused on petroleum engineering, sciences, and innovation with rigorous admissions via Saudi-wide entrance exams yielding graduates integral to Aramco operations.^[124] Similarly, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) in neighboring Dammam, restructured in 2014 from prior entities, enrolls students from Khobar in programs spanning medicine, engineering, and business, with emphasis on research output and community health training; IAU's admissions favor high-achieving Saudis via centralized quotas, supporting national goals for 60% local workforce participation in technical roles by 2030.^[125] Smaller specialized colleges, including Mohammed Almana College of Medical Sciences in Dammam, supplement options with nursing and paramedic diplomas for Khobar commuters, though overall regional enrollment trends show a 15-20% annual increase in STEM fields since 2016, driven by government subsidies and female participation rising to 55% of undergraduates per national higher education data.^[126] These institutions collectively graduate thousands annually, with output metrics indicating 85-90% placement rates in provincial industries, bolstered by mandatory internships and partnerships with local firms like Saudi Aramco.^[127]

Healthcare

Major hospitals and facilities

Mouwasat Hospital in Khobar, established as part of Mouwasat Medical Services Company, operates 280 beds, including 65 critical care beds, and 100 outpatient clinics, covering all major medical specializations with 24-hour emergency services and intensive care units for adults, children, and newborns.^[128] The facility integrates telemedicine through a control and command center for intensive care units, utilizing artificial intelligence to monitor up to 350 critical beds across affiliated sites, enhancing remote specialist oversight.^[129] Almoosa Specialist Hospital in Al-Khobar provides 400 inpatient beds and 340 clinics, focusing on comprehensive community healthcare needs with specialties in internal medicine, surgery, and diagnostics.^[130] Almana General Hospital (AGH) Khobar offers multispecialty services, including cardiothoracic surgery, orthopedics, pediatrics, and dentistry, supported by a team of skilled professionals in a dedicated medical complex.^[131] Dallah Al-Khobar Hospital delivers care through over 110 specialized clinics with round-the-clock emergency services, emphasizing comprehensive inpatient and outpatient treatment in the Eastern Province.^[132] Mohammad Dossary Hospital in Al Khobar maintains 118 beds for inpatient care across multiple specialties and holds accreditation from the Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions (CBAHI).^[133] Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital's Khobar branch ranks among Saudi Arabia's top facilities for overall performance, providing advanced multispecialty care including cardiology and oncology.^[134]

Public health improvements

In Al Khobar, public health metrics have improved markedly, with the city earning World Health Organization accreditation as a Healthy City in July 2024 after satisfying 80 criteria encompassing health promotion, environmental sustainability, and community engagement.^[135] This designation aligns with broader Eastern Province efforts under Saudi Arabia's Health Sector Transformation Program, which prioritizes preventive care and infrastructure enhancements to reduce disease burdens.^[136] In June 2025, Al Khobar was ranked as the world's most-improved locality by the Economist Intelligence Unit, ascending 13 positions to 135th globally, attributed primarily to advances in healthcare delivery and accessibility.^[31] Infant mortality in Saudi Arabia, reflective of regional trends including Al Khobar, fell to 4.9 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2023, down from higher rates in prior decades due to expanded maternal health services, sanitation infrastructure, and early intervention protocols.^[137] ^[138] Concurrently, life expectancy at birth rose to 78.73 years in 2023, supported by investments in water treatment, waste management, and public hygiene systems that mitigate infectious disease transmission.^[139] ^[140] Under-five mortality similarly declined to approximately 7.0 per 1,000 live births by 2020, with sustained progress linked to Vision 2030's focus on child nutrition and immunization infrastructure.^[141] Vaccination coverage in Saudi Arabia exceeds 97% for key antigens such as the third dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) and bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), enabling effective control of vaccine-preventable diseases in urban centers like Al Khobar.^[142] These rates, maintained through mandatory programs and outreach in the Eastern Province, have causally reduced outbreaks, though localized hesitancy persists in some communities.^[143] Chronic disease management has advanced via primary care reforms, including screening protocols for diabetes and hypertension—prevalent in the region—integrated with digital health tools and policy-driven lifestyle interventions, without reliance on unproven expansions in curative spending.^[144] Expatriates in Al Khobar, who form a substantial demographic, access healthcare via mandatory employer-sponsored insurance, covering essential services and aligning with national frameworks that extend public health gains to non-citizens through regulated private provision.^[145] ^[146] This system ensures equitable utilization rates, bolstering overall population health metrics amid Vision 2030's privatization push.^[147]

Culture and society

Cultural landmarks and attractions

The Al Khobar Corniche constitutes a key recreational site spanning 12 kilometers along the Persian Gulf coastline, encompassing 1.3 million square meters of developed area with green spaces and children's playgrounds.^[148] This promenade facilitates family outings, walking paths, and seaside leisure, reflecting Saudi Arabia's emphasis on segregated, conservative public recreation where activities prioritize group and familial participation over individual pursuits.^[149]^[150] Half Moon Bay, located nearby, draws visitors for its calm turquoise waters suitable for picnics and water-based family activities, underscoring the region's appeal for low-key, norm-compliant coastal enjoyment amid broader national tourism growth.^[149] The area hosts periodic cultural events tied to traditional Saudi practices, such as seasonal gatherings that reinforce communal and familial bonds without deviating from established social codes.^[151] These attractions contribute to local tourism dynamics, though specific visitor metrics for Khobar remain subsumed within Eastern Province figures, where waterfront sites see substantial domestic footfall supporting Vision 2030 diversification goals.^[152] Historical significance in Khobar centers on its evolution from a modest fishing settlement to a modern hub, with preserved elements like early 20th-century streetscapes offering glimpses into pre-oil era life, though formalized heritage sites are fewer compared to inland provinces.^[153] Empirical data on tourism revenue ties these locales to national heritage inflows exceeding 6.5 million visitors across Saudi sites in 2024, with coastal draws like Khobar aiding revenue streams projected to grow amid preserved cultural conservatism.^[154]

Architecture and urban design

Khobar's built environment transitioned from vernacular coastal architecture to structured modern urbanism following the 1938 oil discovery in nearby Dammam, which spurred rapid population growth and economic development. Prior to this, structures were predominantly low-rise, utilizing local materials such as coral stone and palm fronds for climate adaptation in the humid Gulf region, reflecting centuries-old Arabian building traditions.^[155] The 1947 city plan, Saudi Arabia's inaugural urban planning initiative, imposed a grid layout with wide avenues designed for vehicular traffic, transforming Khobar from a modest fishing settlement into a model of early post-oil modernization.^[16] This plan prioritized density in central zones to accommodate influxes of workers, averting uncontrolled sprawl while integrating basic infrastructure like water towers—iconic cylindrical structures built in the mid-20th century to symbolize municipal progress.^[156] Contemporary architecture in Khobar fuses Gulf modernism with Islamic geometric motifs, particularly in mosques and commercial high-rises along the waterfront corniche, where sleek glass facades incorporate arabesque patterns and minarets for cultural continuity. Post-1970s oil wealth accelerated high-rise development, shifting from single-family villas to mixed-use towers that echo the scale of neighboring Dubai and Doha but retain localized ornamentation to mitigate the homogenizing effects of global styles.^[157] Urban design critiques highlight the 1947 plan's automobile-centric focus, which expanded open-ended streets like King Khalid Road at the expense of intimate pedestrian realms, fostering traffic congestion despite efforts to balance density with accessibility.^[158] Recent developments emphasize sustainability amid Saudi Vision 2030, with building codes mandating energy-efficient features such as sun-shading on glazed surfaces to curb heat gain in the arid climate, as seen in proposed mixed-use projects replacing rigid zoning with flexible, people-oriented frameworks.^[159] Initiatives like tree digitization for green urban management further integrate environmental resilience into planning, promoting compact growth without peripheral expansion while addressing capacity constraints in local governance.^[160] These adaptations reflect a causal shift from resource-driven sprawl to regulated, climate-responsive density, though implementation varies due to historical planning legacies.^[86]

Sports and recreational activities

Al-Qadsiah Football Club, headquartered in Khobar, competes in the Saudi Pro League as the city's primary professional football team, drawing local support and fostering community engagement in the sport.^[161] The club maintains facilities in the Madinat Al-Umal district, contributing to organized athletics amid Saudi Arabia's emphasis on football as the dominant team sport nationwide.^[162] Youth development programs, such as the PSG Academy branch in Khobar, target children aged 4 to 16 for football training, aligning with efforts to boost grassroots participation.^[163] Recreational water sports thrive along Khobar's Gulf coastline, with activities like jet skiing, parasailing, banana boating, and scuba diving offered at sites including Half Moon Bay and the Corniche.^[164] Local operators provide these options year-round, capitalizing on the region's marine access to promote leisure fitness.^[165] Equestrian pursuits are supported by Al Jawhara Club, the first licensed facility by the Saudi Equestrian Federation in Khobar's Aziziah district, offering trained instruction for riders.^[166] Public infrastructure enhances accessibility, as the Al-Khobar Corniche features landscaped paths dedicated to walking, jogging, and cycling, encouraging daily physical activity.^[75] The forthcoming Aramco Stadium, slated for opening in 2026, will introduce advanced multi-purpose venues exceeding 10,000 square meters, aimed at community sports events and youth programs.^[167] Nationally, sports participation has risen, with 58.5% of adults aged 18 and older reporting at least 150 minutes of weekly activity in recent surveys, driven by initiatives like Saudi Sports for All that extend to Eastern Province locales like Khobar.^[168]^[169] Football remains the most practiced, reflecting cultural priorities for team-based recreation over individual pursuits.^[170]

Security and controversies

The Khobar Towers bombing: facts and perpetrators

On June 25, 1996, at approximately 9:50 p.m. local time, a suicide truck bomber detonated a massive explosive device outside Building 131 of the Khobar Towers housing complex in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, a facility primarily housing U.S. Air Force personnel supporting Operation Southern Watch.^[171]^[172] The blast killed 19 American service members and injured 498 others, including personnel from coalition forces.^[21]^[173] The explosive device was equivalent to approximately 20,000 pounds of TNT, composed of plastic explosives loaded into a stolen water tanker truck that had been modified over two weeks at a farm in the Qatif region.^[173]^[174] The detonation caused the partial collapse of the 12-story reinforced concrete structure, with nine floors of the front section shearing off and ejecting debris up to 200 meters away, as detailed in U.S. Department of Defense structural analyses.^[22] Damage assessments indicated the truck was parked 80 feet from the building, within the perimeter, exploiting vulnerabilities in barriers and surveillance.^[175] Victims were predominantly U.S. Air Force airmen engaged in routine off-duty activities such as watching a volleyball game or movies; the dead included 19 Americans aged 19 to 38, with injuries ranging from blast trauma to fractures and psychological effects documented in military medical reports.^[173]^[28] The attack was executed by Hezbollah Al-Hejaz, a Saudi Shiite militant group, with operational planning and bomb-making expertise provided by Iran's Qods Force within the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, according to U.S. intelligence assessments and investigative findings.^[25]^[176] Key perpetrator Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Mughassil, leader of the cell, directed the operation and fled to Iran post-attack, where he received shelter.^[25]^[174] A 2001 U.S. federal indictment charged 14 individuals—13 Saudis affiliated with Hezbollah Al-Hejaz and one Lebanese Hezbollah operative—for the bombing, citing Iranian orchestration in providing training, funding, and technical support.^[177]^[178] Parallel Saudi trials convicted 14 Hezbollah Al-Hejaz members, with sentences including executions for direct involvement, based on confessions and forensic evidence linking them to the truck and explosives.^[179] Pre-attack intelligence included over 100 reports from U.S. agencies warning of likely vehicle-borne improvised explosive device threats against American targets in Saudi Arabia, stemming from prior attacks like the 1995 Riyadh bombing, alongside observations of suspicious vehicle surveillance near Khobar Towers in the weeks prior.^[180]^[27] These indicators prompted heightened alerts but did not yield actionable specifics on timing or exact location, as evaluated in the Downing Commission review of threat dissemination and response protocols.^[181]^[175]

Counterterrorism measures and outcomes

In the aftermath of heightened terrorist threats in the mid-1990s, Saudi Arabia intensified counterterrorism efforts through expanded intelligence operations and law enforcement actions, including the arrest of over 600 individuals with suspected terrorism ties since 2001, often in coordination with international partners.^[182] These measures encompassed stricter border fortifications, such as extensive fencing and surveillance systems along the Kingdom's frontiers, which have demonstrably curtailed cross-border militant infiltration from Yemen and Iraq.^[183] Empirical data from incident tracking shows no major terrorist attacks in Khobar or the surrounding Eastern Province since 1996, contrasting with earlier vulnerabilities near oil infrastructure and expatriate housing.^[184] Saudi-U.S. intelligence pacts, formalized through bilateral channels post-2003 but building on earlier post-Khobar dialogues, facilitated the disruption of multiple Al-Qaeda-linked cells within the Kingdom, leading to a sharp decline in domestic operations.^[185] This cooperation emphasized real-time information exchange on financing and logistics, contributing to the neutralization of networks that previously targeted Western interests. Outcomes are reflected in Saudi Arabia's low ranking on the Global Terrorism Index, with a score of 0.85 in 2024—indicating negligible impact from terrorism compared to global averages—and zero fatalities from such incidents in recent years.^[186]^[184] Domestically, reforms including the restructuring of the religious police (Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice) in 2016 curtailed extralegal interventions that could exacerbate grievances, while deradicalization initiatives like the Mohammed Bin Naif Counseling and Care Center rehabilitated over 3,000 participants through ideological counseling and vocational training, achieving reported recidivism rates below 10% based on official tracking.^[183] These programs, grounded in countering Wahhabi-extremist narratives, correlate with reduced radicalization indicators, such as fewer arrests for incitement, as strict legal frameworks—enforced via specialized counterterrorism courts—maintain overall stability without relying on selective interpretations of human rights data that overlook comparative crime and attack metrics across the region.^[185] The absence of large-scale plots in Khobar underscores the efficacy of integrated physical security upgrades around critical sites, including Aramco facilities, yielding sustained incident-free periods verifiable through open-source terrorism databases.^[186]

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Aug 19, 2024 · Title. العزيزية - طريق الملك خالد ; Map. POINT (50.205524 26.262799) ; Email. alkhobar@eamana.gov.sa ; Phone. 013-8065880 ; Fax. 013-8065884.Missing: governance | Show results with:governance
[85]
Waste Management Law in Saudi Arabia - Saudipedia
The Waste Management Law aims to regulate all waste-related activities, including its transportation, sorting, storage, import, export, treatment, and safe ...
[86]
[PDF] The Impact of Recent Policies on the Transformation of Local ...
Mar 4, 2025 · The government reforms introduced through Vision 2030 in 2016 have transformed urban planning in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing decentralization and ...
[87]
Evaluating The Capacity of Local Authorities in Implementing ...
Sep 19, 2025 · As such, Khobar provides a valuable case for exploring the intersection of economic objectives, participatory governance, and sustainable urban ...
[88]
Eastern Province Governor Sponsors Agreement to Develop ...
Jan 12, 2025 · The agreement aims to develop seven key entrances to Dammam, including the Riyadh-Dammam Highway entrance, King Fahd Road entrance near the airport.
[89]
SWA Signs USD 650 Million Financing Agreement to #91
Jun 26, 2025 · SWA Signs USD 650 Million Financing Agreement to Construct Jubail and Khobar Desalination Systems. News Image. Riyadh . Jun 26, 2025. The Saudi ...
[90]
Projects and Initiatives - هيئة تطوير المنطقة الشرقية
Projects and Initiatives · THE RIG · Aramco Stadium · Development of Dareen and Tarot Island · King Salman Energy Park · Ithra · Avenues Al Khobar · Dammam Public ...
[91]
Saudi Arabia ends major anti-corruption campaign - BBC
Jan 31, 2019 · Saudi Arabia has ended an anti-corruption drive launched in November 2017 that saw senior princes, ministers and prominent businessmen rounded ...
[92]
$$160 Mn Investment Contracts Signed to Develop Saudi Arabia's ...
Feb 3, 2025 · A number of investment agreements worth over SAR 600 million ($160 million) were signed on Monday between Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province Municipality and ...Missing: funding | Show results with:funding
[93]
TDF CEO Visits Major Tourism Projects in the Eastern Province
May 25, 2025 · The total value of TDF-enabled projects in Eastern Province has reached approximately SAR 10 billion, underscoring the Fund's commitment to ...
[94]
Passenger Statistics - King Fadh International Airport
Oct 12, 2024 · In 2023, King Fahd International Airport (DMM) handled 10.9 million passengers, marking substantial growth from the 2.5 million passengers it accommodated in ...
[95]
King Fahd International Airport Sets New Record with Over 12 ...
12 million passengers used King Fahd International Airport from January to mid-December 2024, setting a new record and marking a 15% growth compared to the ...
[96]
Flights from Dammam (DMM)
Explore planned flights to 56 destinations, find new routes and get detailed information on airlines flying from King Fahd International Airport.Popular destinations from... · Destinations by flight duration · Long-haul Flights
[97]
King Fahd International Airport Size
Cargo Handling Capacity: DMM is a significant cargo hub, handling over 138,870 tons of cargo annually. The airport's vast area includes a dedicated Cargo ...Missing: volume | Show results with:volume
[98]
Saudi Arabia announces New Master Plan for Three International ...
Jul 20, 2025 · The strategic plan aims to accommodate more than 19.3 million passengers annually at King Fahd International Airport by 2030, doubling the ...
[99]
Saudi Arabia launches King Fahd Airport master plan, announces ...
Jul 21, 2025 · The strategic master plan aims to accommodate more than 19.3 million passengers annually at King Fahd International Airport by 2030, doubling the number served ...
[100]
[PDF] dammam.pdf - UN-Habitat
Jun 13, 2016 · The second corridor runs along Highway 95, and is also known as Abu Haidriyah Highway and begins from the King Fahd Causeway. The highway links ...
[101]
Where is King Fahd Airport? - King Fadh International Airport
Oct 19, 2024 · King Fahd International Airport is well-connected via major highways. The main access route to the airport is King Fahd Road (Route 605), a ...
[102]
King Fahd Causeway - Saudipedia
King Fahd Causeway is a sea bridge that links the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Kingdom of Bahrain ‎across the Arabian Gulf. The causeway is twenty-five ...Missing: 95 | Show results with:95
[103]
URBAN ROAD INTERCHANGES IN DAMMAM AND KHOBAR
The project includes 16 new road interchanges, including viaducts and underpasses, to improve urban mobility in Dammam and Khobar, with a budget of €748 ...
[104]
Transport Minister Inspects Abu Hadriyah Road Interchange Project ...
Jul 20, 2025 · The project has reached nearly 93% completion, with the concrete work for the bridges finished, 31,000 cubic meters of asphalt laid, around ...
[105]
Dammam launches Saudi Arabia's first urban network pilot project
Dec 12, 2024 · The project will involve a comprehensive safety assessment and the development of a road network improvement plan to elevate traffic safety ...
[106]
Departures, Expected Arrivals and Al Khobar (Saudi Arabia) Calls
A new port is under construction along the South Corniche of Khobar, which is anticipated to cater to civilian port activities.<|separator|>
[107]
King Abdulaziz Port in Dammam Sets New Container Throughput ...
Aug 7, 2024 · Mawani also reported that King Abdulaziz Port set a new container throughput record of 292,612 TEUs in May 2024. The port serves as a key ...
[108]
Saudi Arabia - Al Khobar - Maritime Directory
Al Khobar– Saudi Arabia Companies:ARABIAN DRILLING COMPANY, RAWABI SWIBER OFFSHORE SERVICES CO. LTD, Saudi Aramco, ZAMIL GROUP HOLDING COMPANY, ...
[109]
$$1.9bn expansion project launched at Dammam's King Abdulaziz Port
Jan 10, 2023 · The Saudi Ports Authority, also known as Mawani, on Tuesday, launched a project worth SR7 billion ($1.9 billion) to upgrade and develop two container terminals.Missing: 2020 drafts
[110]
[PDF] Dammam - Transport In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia - PPIAF
The 449 kilometer passenger rail line runs from Dammam to Riyadh. Two cargo rail lines, one of which is still under construction, run 556 kilometers connect the ...<|separator|>
[111]
Our Network - SAR
SAR operates 4 day trains and 2 night trains. Each day train has a maximum seating capacity of 442, including both Business Class and Economy areas.
[112]
[PDF] USSBC Economic Brief - Saudi Logistics Sector 2023
In 2023, the government has budgeted for the increase of freight capacity through railways to reach 12.8 million tons and 800,000 equivalent units to reduce the ...
[113]
https://www.railway.supply/saudi-arabia-land-bridge-transforms-national-transport/
[114]
https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/riyadh-to-dammam-now-new-high-speed-rail-service-to-boost-regional-tourism-and-enhance-travel-experience/
[115]
Riyadh to Dammam: Now, New High-Speed Rail Service to Boost ...
Aug 22, 2025 · The new rail line linking the Eastern Province to Riyadh will boost the economies of both regions, which are already key business hubs in Saudi ...
[116]
[PDF] SAUDI ARABIA EDUCATION REPORT 2021 - AWS
These scores are despite relatively comparable primary, secondary and tertiary education enrolment rates of. 95%, 96% and 71% respectively. Therefore, whilst ...
[117]
Schools Directory of Al Khobar | YaSchools
Schools Directory of Al Khobar city : more than 63 school Al Khobar supported with parents' evaluations. You can view the school's data, news, and latest events ...
[118]
BISAK: Home
British International School, Al-Khobar stands proudly as education leader providing pupils with the best learning environment and teaching discipline.
[119]
International Programs School - Al Khobar
A dynamic, gender-segregated, international school in KSA offering a North American curriculum. We are accredited by MSA and authorized by the Saudi Ministry ...
[120]
Literacy Rate in Saudi Arabia (2010 - 2021, %) - GlobalData
The literacy rate reached 99.38% in 2021. Between 2010 to 2021, the literacy rate of Saudi Arabia increased by 1.3%. On a year-on-year basis, the literacy rate ...
[121]
PISA Scores by Country 2025 - World Population Review
Saudi Arabia Flag. Saudi Arabia, 389, 390, 383. North Macedonia Flag. North Macedonia, 389, 380, 359. Costa Rica Flag. Costa Rica, 385, 411, 415. Colombia Flag.
[122]
Saudi schools 'do better at maths but still lag behind'–OECD | AGBI
Dec 5, 2023 · Saudi Arabia's schools have improved in the past few years, but are still below the international average and a long way behind the best performers.
[123]
PMU, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University.
Facts & Figures ; Ranked 2 In Saudi Arabia THE Ranking 2024 ; Total Alumni 6690 Since 2007 ; Faculties from 28 Nationalities(1:23 Faculty to Students Ratio).About · Human Resources (HR) · College of Sciences and... · Study at PMU
[124]
How Many Universities Are in the Eastern Province? - Saudipedia
The Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has five universities ... university, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, located in al-Khobar City.Missing: higher | Show results with:higher
[125]
KFUPM
KFUPM is a leading Saudi university in science, engineering, and innovation—offering cutting-edge research, future-ready programs, and a vibrant campus ...Colleges & Departments · Accommodation and Dining · KFUPM Portal · Study
[126]
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University: Homepage
IAU offers an exciting variety of degree programs. Explore our colleges and discover the endless possibilities for your future.Colleges · Jobs · About Us · Vision, Mission and Values
[127]
Education Indicators - وزارة التعليم
Feb 2, 2025 · Residents and Visitors ; 67 · 68 ; Percentage of students enrolled by type of educational institution (other higher education institutions) ; 8.6 % ...
[128]
Best University in Khobar [2025 Rankings] - EduRank.org
Mar 2, 2025 · The best university in Khobar is Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University (ranked 5508th globally). Check 10 more universities near Khobar ranked ...
[129]
Khobar Hospital | Mouwasat
Mouwasat Hospital at Khobar covers all medical specialization listed below and has Intensive Care Unit for adults and for care of children and newborn babies, ...Missing: Central capacity specialties
[130]
Mouwasat Control & Command Center of Intensive Care Units (Tele ...
The total bed capacity of the project is 1500 beds, of which 350 beds will be operated. Availability of an intensive care specialist, an integrated team of ...Missing: count | Show results with:count<|separator|>
[131]
Almoosa Specialist Hospital Al-Khobar
Nov 5, 2023 · With a capacity of 400 beds and 340 clinics, Al-Khobar Hospital leaves no stone unturned in catering to the healthcare needs of our community.
[132]
AGH Khobar - Almana Hospital's
Welcome to Almana General Hospital, Khobar - a comprehensive medical complex dedicated to exceptional healthcare services. With skilled professionals ...
[133]
Dallah Al Khobar - Dallah Hospital
At Dallah Al-Khobar Hospital, we provide you with comprehensive medical care through more than 110 specialized clinics, along with 24/7 emergency services ...
[134]
Mohammad Dossary Hospital Al Khobar Location & Contact Info
With a capacity of 118 beds, the hospital provides comprehensive inpatient and outpatient care across multiple specialties ... Accredited by the Saudi Central ...
[135]
World's Best Hospitals 2024 - Saudi Arabia - Newsweek Rankings
King Fahd Hospital of the University (KFHU), 75.41%, Al Khobar. 24, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib - Khobar Branch, 75.20%, Al Khobar. 25, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz ...
[136]
MOH News - WHO Accredits Al-Khobar as a Healthy City
Jul 17, 2024 · Al-Khobar City has been certified as a healthy city after meeting 80 criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO).Missing: metrics | Show results with:metrics
[137]
Healthcare transformation journey in the Eastern Region of Saudi ...
This paper aims to provide an overview of the Model of Care and review its achievements and progress in the Eastern Region.
[138]
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) - Saudi Arabia | Data
Mortality rate, infant, male (per 1,000 live births) · Mortality rate, infant, female (per 1,000 live births) · Survival to age 65, female (% of cohort) · Death ...
[139]
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=SA
[140]
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Saudi Arabia | Data
This dataset shows life expectancy at birth for Saudi Arabia from 1960 to 2023, derived from male and female data.
[141]
Saudi Arabia Life Expectancy (1950-2025)
Saudi Arabia life expectancy for 2023 was 78.73, a 1.84% increase from 2022. Saudi Arabia life expectancy for 2022 was 77.31, a 0.29% increase from 2021. Life ...
[142]
Analysis of Under-Five Mortality Rate in Saudi Arabia: 1973 to 2022
Jan 27, 2025 · As of 2020, the U5MR in Saudi Arabia was reported at approximately 7.0 deaths per 1,000 live births, a considerable decline from 44.3 deaths per ...
[143]
Saudi Arabia Reported cases of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs)
Saudi Arabia Vaccination coverage trendline · BCG. 97%. Coverage · DTP-containing vaccine, 1st dose. 97%. Coverage · DTP-containing vaccine, 3rd dose. 97%.
[144]
Childhood vaccination hesitancy in Saudi Arabia: are we still facing ...
The objective of this review is to identify the widespread and causes of vaccine hesitancy prevalance among parents of children in Saudi Arabia.
[145]
Transforming healthcare: Saudi Arabia's vision 2030 healthcare model
Jan 21, 2025 · This strategy emphasises preventive care, remote healthcare, and public-private partnerships to improve healthcare delivery. The Eastern Region ...
[146]
Healthcare for Expats in Saudi Arabia - MoveHub
Jan 2, 2025 · Medical insurance is mandatory for expats in Saudi Arabia. Employed expats must receive coverage from their employer, and can purchase ...
[147]
Saudi Arabia Healthcare System & Insurance Options for Expats
Saudi Arabia has a developed healthcare system with public and private options. Private care is pay-per-use, and international insurance is recommended for ...
[148]
The changing face of healthcare in Saudi Arabia - PMC - NIH
Healthcare in Saudi Arabia currently is provided free of charge to all Saudi citizens and expatriates working in the public sector, primarily through the ...
[149]
Khobar Corniche - Saudipedia
A tourist Landmark. Location. Al-Khobar City, Eastern Province. Area. 1.3 million m². Length. Twelve km. Facilities. Green spaces. Children's playgrounds.
[150]
THE 5 BEST Things to Do in Al Khobar with Kids (2025) - Tripadvisor
To enjoy the serene, turquoise waters of the Persian Gulf, Half Moon Bay is an excellent choice. It is an ideal spot for group or family activities, as well as ...Missing: conservative | Show results with:conservative
[151]
Khobar, Saudi Arabia - Expat Exchange
Jul 2, 2025 · Khobar is a city located in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, known for its thriving economy and modern lifestyle.
[152]
Khobar Facts For Kids | AstroSafe Search - DIY.ORG
Khobar Facts for Kids. Khobar is a coastal city in Saudi Arabia known for its modern infrastructure, shopping, and vibrant lifestyle.
[153]
Waterfronts in Saudi Arabia - Saudipedia
Fifty-five million visitors annually. Longest waterfront in the Kingdom. The waterfront in Dammam. Length of the waterfront in Yanbu Industrial City. Eleven km.
[154]
SAUDI FROM THE PAST | Al Khobar Corniche is one of the most ...
Nov 12, 2023 · ... Al Khobar Corniche is one of the most prominent tourist sites in the Eastern Region. The corniche is also popular with visitors...<|separator|>
[155]
Heritage tourism surges in Saudi Arabia drawing 6.5 million visitors ...
Jul 11, 2025 · Heritage tourism surges in Saudi Arabia drawing 6.5 million visitors in 2024. Kingdom steps up heritage preservation as cultural tourism grows.
[156]
[PDF] 1 ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY IN MODERN SAUDI CITIES by ...
Dec 15, 2021 · Chapter three is a literature review of the history of settlements, modern planning, and preservation in Saudi Arabia with reference to external ...
[157]
Khobar Planning: Modern Urbanism Revisited Presented by: Atef ...
Jun 27, 2020 · With the launch of its city plan in 1947, Khobar was the first experiment of urban planning in Saudi Arabia. The discovery & production of ...
[158]
Saudi Arabia Mixed Use - Avci Architects
one that prioritizes social connectivity, livability, and ...
[159]
Khobar City Plan and the New Public Space in Saudi Arabia
Oil, Urban Development and Planning in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: The Case of the Arab American Oil Company in the 1930's-1970's, Journal of King ...
[160]
Avcı Architects - AL KHOBAR MIXED-USE PROJECT - The Plan
The purpose of the project was to create a massing and façade articulation that becomes reminiscent of old Islamic cities where a sense of community is ...
[161]
Al Khobar Tree Digitization Project | Smart Green City - Soul of Saudi
Aug 13, 2025 · Learn how the Al Khobar tree digitization project is transforming the city into a smart green hub in Saudi Arabia.
[162]
Al-Qadsiah Club - Saudipedia
Al-Qadsiah Club is a sport club in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and a club in the Saudi Pro League. Its headquarters is located in Al-Khobar in the Eastern ...
[163]
Al-Qadsiah FC - Club profile | Transfermarkt
Official club name: Al-Qadsiah Saudi Football Club. Address: 4253 Prince Muqrin Street 34442 Madinat Al-Umal, Khobar Saudi Arabia.<|separator|>
[164]
PSG Academy Saudi Arabia (@psgacademy_ksa) - Instagram
Official account ⚽ RIYADH, JEDDAH, KHOBAR For boys and girls ages 4 to 16 years old Register now for the new season! www.psg-academyksa.com + 1.
[165]
Adventure Khobar
Adventure Khobar offers Scuba Diving, Parasailing, Horse Riding, Paragliding, water sports, Flyboard, Banana Boat, and Hoverboard activities.Water Activities in Khobar · Paragliding in Khobar · Parasailing In Khobar<|separator|>
[166]
Water Activities in Khobar
Water activities in Khobar are lot of fun. You can choose from Parasailing, Jet skiing, Twister boat and boat trip.
[167]
Al Jawhara Club
Al Jawharah Club is the first licensed Equestrian club by Saudi Equestrian Federation in Al-Khobar City, Aziziah district managed by a highly trained ...
[168]
Aramco Stadium | Aramco Stadium
A new landmark in al-Khobar: the Aramco Stadium. Opening in 2026 as the first of its kind in the region. More than a sport venue, it will bring the community ...Missing: SC | Show results with:SC
[169]
General Authority for Statistics Announces Physical Activity Statistics ...
Dec 1, 2024 · The bulletin revealed that 58.5% of individuals aged 18 and above engage in physical activity for 150 minutes or more per week across the Kingdom.<|control11|><|separator|>
[170]
[PDF] Annual Report - Saudi Sports for All
The highest participation rates was from Saudi Arabia, accounting for 61%, followed by India, the Philippines, Egypt, Jordan, Pakistan, the. United Kingdom ...
[171]
Sports And Recreation | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Soccer is by far the most popular modern sport in Saudi Arabia. Saudis of all ages have taken the game to heart, from children scrimmaging on playgrounds to ...
[172]
25 Years Later: Remembering Khobar Towers - AF.mil
Jun 25, 2021 · She still gets emotional when discussing the attack and the aftermath. ... AFWN USAF AF Air Force Khobar Towers bombing Saudi Arabia U.S. ...
[173]
25 Years Later: Remembering Khobar Towers bombing
... Khobar Towers bombing terrorist attack 25 years ago. On the night of June 25, 1996, a bomb was detonated near the Khobar Tower housing complex in Dhahran, Saudi ...
[174]
Fatal and non-fatal injuries among U.S. Air Force personnel ...
This report documents the injuries following an estimated 20K bomb at the Khobar Towers military compound in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.Missing: Defense analysis<|separator|>
[175]
Anatomy of a Bombing - The Washington Institute
Sep 1, 2015 · The cell spent the two weeks leading up to the attack converting the tanker into a massive truck bomb at a farm in the Qatif area. Mughassil was ...<|separator|>
[176]
Independent Review of the Khobar Towers Bombing
Also, see response above and Proposed USAF Response to Finding 17. FINDING 7: Intelligence provided warning of the terrorist threat to U.S. forces in Saudi ...
[177]
Remembering the Khobar Towers bombing - Brookings Institution
Jun 21, 2021 · ... bombing. It provided the bomb maker who put the explosives together in the truck. He has never been identified. The leader of the Saudi Shia ...Missing: date device
[178]
Fourteen People Indicted in Khobar Towers Bombing
Jun 21, 2001 · ... Hezbollah, he blamed unnamed officials in Iran for the attack. ... " Addressing the bombing victims' families and survivors, Mr. Bush ...Missing: Hejaz Revolutionary
[179]
#275: 06-21-01 ATTORNEY GENERAL STATEMENT
Jun 21, 2001 · WASHINGTON, D.C. Attorney General John Ashcroft today released the following statement regarding today's indictment in the 1996 Khobar Towers ...Missing: trials | Show results with:trials<|separator|>
[180]
Khobar Towers, Five Years Later: Evaluating the Criminal Justice ...
Jul 6, 2001 · Recent major acts of terrorism have challenged the law enforcement and foreign policy communities. Incidents such as the 1988 Lockerbie ...Missing: court | Show results with:court
[181]
[PDF] Learning the Hard Way - U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons
received “over 100 intelligence reports warning of terrorist car bomb attacks. ... The Khobar Towers bombing, thirteen years after the Beirut attack and nearly ...
[182]
Downing Report - Intelligence Resource Program
Terrorist attacks have killed over 300 DoD service members and civilians and injured more than 1,000 during this period, including the attack on Khobar Towers.
[183]
FBI — Middle East and Central Asia, "Saudi Arabia and the Fight ...
For example, since 9-11, Saudi Arabia has questioned thousands and arrested more than 600 with suspected ties to terrorism. Cooperative counterterrorism efforts ...
[184]
U.S. Security Cooperation With Saudi Arabia - State Department
Jan 20, 2025 · ... Saudi Arabia, and the region, from the destabilizing effects of terrorism, countering Iranian influence, and other threats. Toward that end ...
[185]
Saudi Arabia Terrorism Index - Trading Economics
Terrorism Index in Saudi Arabia decreased to 0.85 Points in 2024 from 1.37 Points in 2023. Saudi Arabia Terrorism Index - values, historical data, ...
[186]
The U.S.-Saudi Arabia counterterrorism relationship | Brookings
Before the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, and really until Al Qaeda began to attack the Kingdom directly in May 2003, Saudi Arabia was often ...
[187]
Global Terrorism Index | Countries most impacted by terrorism
Outside Afghanistan, terrorism deaths rose 4% in the rest of the world. • Islamic State (IS) and its affiliates remained the world's deadliest terrorist group ...Missing: Saudi Arabia