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Mash

MAS*H is an American war comedy-drama television series that aired on CBS from September 17, 1972, to February 28, 1983, spanning 11 seasons and 256 episodes.^[1]^[2] Set at the fictional 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean War, the program depicts the daily challenges faced by its medical staff, including surgeons, nurses, and support personnel, as they perform emergency procedures amid ongoing combat casualties while relying on irreverent humor, pranks, and interpersonal bonds to mitigate the psychological toll of their environment.^[3]^[4] Developed for television by Larry Gelbart, the series was adapted from the 1970 feature film MAS*H directed by Robert Altman, which in turn drew from the 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors written under the pseudonym Richard Hooker by H. Richard Hornberger, a surgeon who served in a similar unit during the conflict.^[5]^[6] Initially emphasizing satirical comedy in its early seasons, the show evolved toward more dramatic explorations of war's human cost, mortality, and ethical dilemmas in medicine, a tonal shift influenced by production changes including Gelbart's departure after season four and increased involvement from star Alan Alda in writing and directing.^[7]^[8] Among its notable achievements, MASH* garnered critical acclaim for pioneering the dramedy format in a war setting, received 14 Primetime Emmy Awards including Outstanding Comedy Series twice, and concluded with its February 28, 1983, finale episode drawing a then-record 105.9 million U.S. viewers, equivalent to over 60% of television households at the time.^[6] Controversies arose over cast departures—such as those of actors Wayne Rogers and Larry Linville—and the series' progressive undercurrents critiquing military bureaucracy and authority, which some viewers and critics perceived as increasingly anti-war and less comedic in later years, though empirical viewership data and awards sustained its commercial and cultural success.^[1]^[5]

Arts, entertainment, and media

MAS*H media franchise

The MAS*H media franchise originated with Richard Hooker's 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors, a satirical depiction of surgeons in a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital during the Korean War, emphasizing irreverent humor and institutional absurdities.^[9] The novel inspired the 1970 film MASH*, directed by Robert Altman, which starred Donald Sutherland as Hawkeye Pierce and Elliott Gould as Trapper John McIntyre, portraying the unit's antics amid wartime chaos with dark comedy that critiqued military bureaucracy.^[10] This adaptation grossed over $81 million against a $3.5 million budget and earned five Academy Award nominations, including for Best Director, establishing the franchise's anti-establishment tone.^[11] The franchise expanded significantly with the CBS television series MASH*, which aired from September 17, 1972, to February 28, 1983, starring Alan Alda as Hawkeye Pierce and running for 251 episodes plus a two-and-a-half-hour finale special.^[1] Developed by Larry Gelbart from the novel and film, the series initially mirrored the source material's bawdy satire but evolved under Alda's influence toward more dramatic, moralistic explorations of war's futility, incorporating Vietnam-era anti-war sentiments despite its Korean War setting.^[12] It achieved peak Nielsen ratings, with the February 28, 1983, finale "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen" drawing 105.9 million viewers—over 60% of U.S. households—and earning the series 14 Primetime Emmy Awards, including for Outstanding Comedy Series.^[13]^[14] Spin-offs included Trapper John, M.D. (1979–1986), a medical drama featuring Pernell Roberts as an older Trapper John in a San Francisco hospital, which ran for 151 episodes and focused on civilian healthcare challenges rather than war satire, and AfterMASH (1983–1985), following characters like Colonel Potter post-war at a veterans' hospital, though it struggled with ratings and ended after 30 episodes.^[15]^[16] The franchise's innovative dramedy format influenced television by blending laughter with pathos to humanize war's toll, contributing to broader public awareness of the Korean War—previously dubbed the "Forgotten War"—through a lens that equated it with Vietnam-era disillusionment, though this often prioritized emotional narratives over historical precision.^[17] Critics have noted the series' later seasons deviated from the novel's crude, apolitical irreverence toward didactic anti-war messaging, portraying military leadership as frequently incompetent or hypocritical, which some analyses attribute to left-leaning influences in Hollywood scripting that undermined respect for institutional duty and traditional values.^[18] Alda's Hawkeye, in particular, embodied an intellectual elitism dismissive of authority, fostering perceptions of the armed services as obstacles to individual moral autonomy rather than defenders of national interests, a shift that prioritized causal narratives of war's inherent corruption over empirical accounts of operational efficacy.^[19] Despite commercial success, this tonal evolution drew accusations of propaganda, as the franchise's dominance in cultural memory—evident in its role shaping post-Vietnam attitudes—amplified critiques of military culture without equivalent emphasis on strategic necessities or veteran resilience.^[12]

Other artistic works

"Monster Mash," a novelty song written and performed by Bobby "Boris" Pickett under his stage name Bobby "Boris" Pickett and the Crypt-Kickers, was released as a single in August 1962 on Garpax Records.^[20] The track reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks from October 20 to 27, 1962, remaining on the chart for a total of 14 weeks.^[21] Featuring Pickett's vocal imitation of Boris Karloff narrating a fictional monster's dance creation, the song's humorous horror theme aligned with seasonal Halloween broadcasts, leading to annual revivals; it re-entered the Hot 100 at number 10 in 1973 and has sustained digital sales and streaming revenue into the 21st century.^[22] The mashup genre in music involves blending audio elements from multiple pre-existing recordings, typically layering acapella vocals from one track over the instrumental bed of another to create a new composition.^[23] Emerging from earlier hip-hop sampling techniques in the 1980s and 1990s, mashups proliferated in the late 1990s through file-sharing platforms, with early popular examples including bootleg mixes by DJs like Soulwax (as 2 Many DJs) in 2002.^[24] The genre's growth in the early 2000s faced significant legal hurdles under U.S. copyright law, which treats mashups as derivative works requiring synchronization licenses for sound recordings and mechanical licenses for compositions—permissions rarely granted due to rights holders' control over commercial exploitation.^[25] A pivotal case was DJ Danger Mouse's The Grey Album (2004), mashing Jay-Z's vocals with The Beatles' instrumentals, which prompted EMI to issue cease-and-desist orders despite underground distribution exceeding 100,000 copies and raising arguments for fair use under transformative principles; courts have generally rejected such defenses absent statutory exemptions, stifling mainstream commercialization.^[25]^[26] This tension has confined many mashups to non-commercial, peer-to-peer circulation, though platforms like YouTube have hosted variants under limited fair use claims.^[24]

Military and history

Mobile Army Surgical Hospital units

The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) units represented a pivotal advancement in U.S. military medicine, designed as forward-deployed, 300-bed facilities capable of rapid setup to deliver immediate surgical care within the "golden hour" of injury. Developed by the Army Medical Department in the immediate aftermath of World War II, drawing from experiences with smaller portable surgical hospitals, the MASH concept was formalized on August 23, 1945, emphasizing mobility via truck-mounted equipment and tents to support advancing forces.^[27]^[28] Their inaugural operational deployment occurred during the Korean War (1950–1953), with units such as the 8055th and 8076th MASH establishing semi-permanent sites near combat zones, treating thousands of casualties through high-volume trauma surgery.^[29]^[30] Empirical data from Korean War operations underscore MASH effectiveness: overall mortality for wounded soldiers reaching a MASH was under 8%, reflecting causal factors like widespread antibiotic use (e.g., penicillin for infection control) and the integration of helicopter medevac, which cut evacuation times from hours to minutes and halved battle wound fatalities compared to World War II's 4.5% rate for seriously injured personnel.^[28]^[27] These units handled peak caseloads exceeding 100 surgeries daily, prioritizing triage and delayed primary closure to manage overwhelming influxes, though logistical challenges—such as supply chain vulnerabilities in fluid front lines and personnel fatigue during offensives—occasionally strained resources without compromising core outcomes.^[31] Despite such pressures, net impacts were positive, with verifiable records showing sustained low mortality through evidence-based protocols rather than resource abundance.^[32] MASH doctrine evolved across subsequent conflicts, including Vietnam (where units adapted to jungle terrain and chemical injuries) and the Persian Gulf War, incorporating refinements like modular expansion for prolonged engagements and forward resuscitation teams.^[28] By the early 2000s, however, the Army phased out MASH in favor of more scalable Combat Support Hospitals (CSH), which offer greater bed capacity (up to 248 in Role 2/3 configurations) and interoperability with air-assault logistics for asymmetric warfare.^[33] The final U.S. MASH unit, the 212th, converted to a CSH on October 16, 2006, marking the end of the designation after over six decades; this transition addressed MASH limitations in sustained operations, such as slower full mobilization compared to CSH's wheeled, containerized systems, while preserving forward surgical legacies that informed modern trauma care standards.^[34] Overall, MASH innovations demonstrably enhanced soldier survivability via proximity-based interventions, with data affirming their role in reducing preventable deaths absent narrative distortions.^[28]

Medicine

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a progressive form of liver disease characterized by hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation exceeding 5% of hepatocytes), lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning, often accompanied by fibrosis, in individuals without significant alcohol consumption.^[35] The nomenclature shift to MASH occurred in June 2023, endorsed by multidisciplinary panels including the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), to emphasize its metabolic underpinnings rather than the absence of alcohol, reflecting evidence from cohort studies linking it to insulin resistance, obesity, and components of metabolic syndrome such as type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia.^[36]^[37] Unlike simple steatosis, MASH involves hepatocellular injury driven by lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and dysregulated lipid metabolism, with insulin resistance promoting ectopic fat deposition in the liver via increased free fatty acid influx from adipose tissue and de novo lipogenesis.^[38]^[39] Globally, MASH affects approximately 5–7% of adults, with higher rates in obese populations (up to 30–40% in those with type 2 diabetes), and an estimated 15–20% of cases progressing to cirrhosis over 10–20 years, though annual progression rates are lower at 2–5% in advanced fibrosis stages.^[39]^[40] Longitudinal cohort data indicate that metabolic risk factors like central obesity and hyperinsulinemia independently predict fibrosis advancement, with hazard ratios for cirrhosis development elevated 2–3-fold in insulin-resistant individuals compared to metabolically healthy controls.^[41]^[42] Diagnosis traditionally requires liver biopsy to confirm inflammation and fibrosis staging (e.g., F2–F3 for moderate-advanced), but non-invasive tools like the FIB-4 index—calculated from age, AST, ALT, and platelet levels—enable initial risk stratification, with scores >1.3 prompting further evaluation via elastography or enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) tests to avoid biopsy in low-risk cases.^[43]^[44] FIB-4 demonstrates sensitivity of 70–80% and specificity up to 92% for detecting advanced fibrosis in validation cohorts, though accuracy diminishes in extremes of age or BMI.^[45] Therapeutic advancements accelerated in 2024–2025, with the FDA granting accelerated approval to resmetirom (Rezdiffra) in March 2024 for noncirrhotic MASH with moderate-to-advanced fibrosis (F2–F3), based on phase 3 trials showing MASH resolution in 25–30% of patients without fibrosis worsening, using liver biopsy as the surrogate endpoint.^[46] In August 2025, semaglutide (Wegovy) received similar approval for the same indication, with interim phase 3 data indicating 63% MASH resolution rates versus 34% on placebo, leveraging its GLP-1 mediated weight loss and insulin sensitization effects.^[47] Corporate developments included Roche's September 2025 acquisition of 89bio for up to $3.5 billion, securing phase 3 candidate pegozafermin (an FGF21 analog) targeting lipid metabolism and fibrosis reduction.^[48] Regulatory progress facilitated faster trials via FDA acceptance in August 2025 of non-invasive surrogates like liver stiffness measurement by vibration-controlled transient elastography (FibroScan) as reasonably likely predictors of clinical outcomes, reducing reliance on biopsies.^[49] Despite these pharmacological milestones, MASH pathogenesis stems fundamentally from caloric excess and sedentary behavior driving insulin resistance and visceral adiposity, with randomized trials showing 7–10% sustained weight loss via diet and exercise achieving fibrosis regression in 40–50% of cases—outcomes rivaling or exceeding early drug data without adverse effects like thyroid risks seen in resmetirom trials.^[50] Accelerated approvals hinge on histological surrogates pending confirmatory trials for hard endpoints like cirrhosis prevention, raising concerns over potential overdiagnosis via expanded non-invasive screening inflating treatment markets, as prevalence estimates vary widely by diagnostic thresholds and cohort biases in industry-sponsored studies.^[46]^[51] Long-term efficacy remains unproven, underscoring the primacy of addressing root metabolic causes over adjunctive pharmacotherapy.^[52]

Food and beverages

Brewing and distillation

In brewing and distillation, mash refers to the mixture of crushed malted grains, water, and sometimes adjuncts that undergoes enzymatic conversion of starches into fermentable sugars, primarily through the action of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase enzymes activated during heating.^[53] This process, known as saccharification, typically occurs at temperatures between 60–70°C (140–158°F), where alpha-amylase liquefies starches into dextrins while beta-amylase further breaks them into maltose and other simple sugars suitable for yeast fermentation.^[54] The resulting wort is then separated, boiled with hops (for beer), and fermented or distilled into spirits like whiskey.^[55] The technique traces back to ancient Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE, where Sumerians converted barley starches to sugars via rudimentary mashing, as evidenced by cuneiform records of grain processing for beer production, a staple for preservation and nutrition in agrarian societies.^[56] Empirical optimization has since refined yields, with mash pH maintained at 5.2–5.6 (measured at mash temperature) to maximize enzyme activity and prevent protein precipitation or bacterial contamination, as lower pH inhibits spoilers while supporting amylase efficiency.^[57] Deviations outside this range reduce fermentable sugar extraction by up to 10–20%, based on laboratory analyses of starch hydrolysis rates.^[58] In distillation, particularly for bourbon and Tennessee whiskey, the sour mash method recycles a portion (typically 20–25%) of spent fermented mash from prior batches into new ones to introduce lactic acid bacteria, lowering pH to around 4.5–5.0 for consistent fermentation and flavor profile through controlled acidity.^[59] This approach, pioneered in the early 19th century by Scottish chemist Dr. James C. Crow and adopted by Jack Daniel's Distillery upon its founding in 1866, enhances microbial stability and repeatability in large-scale operations.^[60] ^[61] Industrial advancements include continuous mashing systems, which maintain steady-state enzyme reactions in flow-through vessels, boosting efficiency by 30–50% over batch methods through reduced downtime and uniform temperature control, though traditional batch mashing persists for artisanal authenticity in craft distilleries.^[62] Such systems optimize energy use in high-volume whiskey production, yielding up to 95% starch conversion versus 75–85% in intermittent processes.^[63]

Culinary preparations

Mashed potatoes, known simply as "mash" in British culinary tradition, are produced by peeling and quartering starchy potatoes such as Russets, then boiling them in salted water for 15 to 20 minutes until fork-tender, draining excess liquid, and mashing with heated milk or cream, butter, salt, and pepper to achieve a smooth, creamy consistency.^[64]^[65] This preparation breaks down the potato's cellular structure, releasing starches that bind with added fats for cohesion without gumminess. The dish gained prominence in the United Kingdom paired with sausages as "bangers and mash," a term first recorded in 1919, with "bangers" originating during World War I when meat rationing led to sausages filled with water and cereals that exploded ("banged") during cooking.^[66] Nutritionally, mashed potatoes derive primarily from carbohydrates, providing about 140 calories per cup alongside potassium (around 600 mg), vitamin C (20% daily value), and vitamin B6, while containing no cholesterol or inherent fat.^[67] However, their high glycemic index of 83 to 87 triggers rapid blood glucose spikes comparable to white bread, potentially exacerbating insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis risks with frequent overconsumption, particularly when prepared without skins or paired with minimal protein.^[68]^[69]^[70] Peeling further diminishes fiber content to under 2 grams per serving, reducing satiety and gut health benefits relative to whole-boiled potatoes.^[71] Variants extend beyond potatoes to other root vegetables, including mashed carrots, parsnips, swedes (rutabagas), or turnips, often blended for varied texture and micronutrient profiles—such as beta-carotene from carrots—while maintaining a soft, pounded form suitable for absorption.^[72] Mashed beans, like Mexican refried pinto beans cooked down with lard or oil, exemplify legume-based mashes offering higher protein (7-8 grams per half-cup) and fiber but requiring longer simmering to achieve smoothness. These preparations historically served calorie-dense roles in famines, as seen in pre-1845 Ireland where boiled and mashed potatoes supplied up to 80% of caloric intake for laborers due to their yield and digestibility amid scarcity.^[73] Mashed foods aid digestibility for vulnerable populations: infants benefit from reduced chewing demands promoting early nutrient uptake, while elderly individuals with dysphagia experience lower aspiration risks from the soft, lump-free texture.^[71] Processed commercial versions, however, often incorporate preservatives or excessive sodium, amplifying drawbacks like hypertension potential without the fresh form's vitamin retention.^[74]

People

Surname bearers

Mash was the name of the fourth son of Aram, according to the genealogy in Genesis 10:23, where he is listed alongside Uz, Hul, and Gether as part of the descendants of Shem following the biblical flood narrative.^[75] This figure is identified in ancient Near Eastern contexts as a progenitor of tribes or peoples, with the name potentially linked to regions in Mesopotamia or Anatolia, though exact identifications remain scholarly debated based on linguistic parallels like Mesopotamian "Mashu" mountains.^[76] In the 20th century, Kunjunni Mash (May 10, 1927 – March 26, 2006) was a prominent Malayalam-language poet from Valapad, Kerala, India, celebrated for his minimalist style and works targeted at children, such as simple, evocative verses that gained widespread popularity in regional literature.^[77] His poetry, often under 10 lines, emphasized everyday observations and moral insights, contributing to Malayalam literary traditions without formal academic credentials but through prolific output in periodicals.^[78]

Given name bearers

The given name Mash is uncommon worldwide, ranking as the 97,694th most prevalent forename with an estimated 4,879 bearers, concentrated primarily in Pakistan (3,038 incidences) and Armenia (high density relative to population).^[79] Its biblical origin traces to Mash, the fourth son of Aram in Genesis 10:23, interpreted in some sources as meaning "he departed" or "he groped."^[79] In Armenia, singer Mash Israelyan emerged as a performer in mainstream pop, notably auditioning on The Voice of Armenia season 4 in 2017 with a rendition of "Impossible," advancing through blind auditions and releasing tracks like "Heranum em" and "Kxosenq."^[80]^[81]^[82] Former NBA player Jamal Mashburn (born 1972), a prolific scorer who played 12 seasons across teams including the Dallas Mavericks and New York Knicks, earned the nickname "Monster Mash" early in his career at the University of Kentucky, highlighting his aggressive, high-volume style that averaged 19.1 points per game over his professional tenure.^[83]^[84]

Science, mathematics, and technology

Computing applications

Mash is a bioinformatics software tool that employs MinHash sketching to compute pairwise distances between large genomic datasets, enabling rapid similarity searches and clustering for whole genomes or metagenomes without full sequence alignment. Introduced by Ondov et al. in 2016, it processes sketches of fixed size (e.g., k-mers) to estimate Jaccard similarity, supporting applications like outbreak detection and phylogenetic analysis with computational efficiency scaling to millions of sequences on standard hardware.^[85] MASH Suite provides a graphical interface for analyzing high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) data in top-down proteomics, incorporating modules for spectrum deconvolution, fragment ion annotation, and database searching against proteoforms. First released in 2014 by Frank et al., it handles raw data from instruments like Orbitrap systems, allowing users to validate identifications through isotopic pattern matching and sequence coverage visualization, with extensions for automated high-throughput processing.^[86] Building on this, MASH Native is a unified platform for native top-down proteomics data, supporting deconvolution of isotopically unresolved spectra, database searching with proteoform modifications, and spectral averaging for low-abundance complexes. Published in 2023 by Klein et al., it accommodates vendor-specific formats (e.g., Thermo, Bruker) and integrates algorithms like REASSORT and MS-Deconv for charge state determination, facilitating analysis of non-denatured protein assemblies in structural biology workflows.^[87]

Mathematical concepts

In cryptographic mathematics, MASH denotes the Modular Arithmetic Secure Hash functions, a class of iterated hash constructions including MASH-1 and MASH-2, designed to produce fixed-length digests from variable-length inputs using operations over the ring \mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}, where N = pq is an RSA modulus with large primes p and q.^[88] These functions process messages in blocks of n/2 bits, where n is the chaining variable length (the largest multiple of 16 below \log_2 N), initializing with H_0 = 0 and updating via a compression function that incorporates modular squaring to ensure one-wayness. The compression in MASH-1 mathematically formalizes as H_i \equiv \left( \left( (H_{i-1} \oplus y_i \, || \, A)^2 \mod N \right) \, a_n \right) \oplus H_{i-1} \pmod{2^n}, where y_i is the padded input block, \oplus is bitwise XOR, || denotes bit concatenation, A is a constant string of repeated hexadecimal F0 values for domain separation, and a_n extracts the n least significant bits.^[88] This structure exploits the computational difficulty of extracting square roots modulo composite N, presumed equivalent to factoring N, thereby aiming for preimage resistance: inverting the squaring map requires solving the quadratic residuosity problem in \mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}^*, which lacks efficient algorithms absent the factorization.^[88] MASH-2 extends this paradigm with additional modular multiplications and shifts to enhance diffusion, processing similar blocks but incorporating a prime r (with \log_2 r \approx n/2) for intermediate padding to mitigate extension attacks. Security analyses frame collision resistance in terms of the birthday bound: for n-bit outputs, finding collisions demands \Omega(2^{n/2}) evaluations under the random oracle heuristic, assuming the modular squaring acts as a pseudorandom permutation family.^[89] However, formal reductions tie provable security to the RSA assumption, where breaking the hash implies efficient RSA inversion, though empirical cryptanalysis has identified flaws, such as multicollision vulnerabilities in MASH-1 variants exploitable via birthday searches amplified by modular structure weaknesses.^[90] Efficiency theoretically scales as O(t \cdot \log^3 N) time for t blocks using binary exponentiation for squaring, with space O(n), positioning MASH as slower than Merkle-Damgård constructions reliant on simpler bitwise operations but highlighting trade-offs in modular arithmetic's algebraic rigidity.^[88] These concepts underscore broader number-theoretic challenges in designing one-way functions from trapdoor permutations.

Other uses

Etymology and slang

The word "mash" derives from Old English mǣsċ or māsċ, denoting a soft pulpy mass or mixture, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *maiskaz, related to concepts of mixing or kneading.^[91] This noun sense, appearing in Middle English as mash, referred to a blended substance like crushed malt in brewing, with the verb form—to reduce to a pulp by crushing or beating—evident by the early modern period for processing grains or fruits.^[92] The term's core connotation of softening through mechanical action reflects pre-industrial practices in food preparation, such as mashing barley for ale, traceable to Anglo-Saxon texts.^[93] In slang, "mash" emerged in the late 19th century as American English for an infatuation or romantic crush, possibly originating in theatrical circles around 1882 to describe a performer's fixation on an admirer.^[91] This usage extended to "mash note," a love letter or fan correspondence by 1890, while "masher" denoted a flirtatious man aggressively pursuing women, particularly in public spaces, by 1875—often implying a dandyish or persistent suitor targeting unacquainted females.^[94] Such terms arose amid urban social shifts, including increased street interactions in growing U.S. cities, where "mashers" faced public condemnation as harassers by the 1880s.^[95] British dialects, especially Northern English, adopted "mash" in the 20th century as a verb for brewing tea by steeping leaves in hot water, akin to the original mashing of infusions.^[96] This informal sense parallels the word's brewing roots, emphasizing the extraction process without mechanical crushing, and persists regionally despite standard terms like "brew."^[97]

Historical and miscellaneous references

In the Hebrew Bible, Mash (Hebrew: מַשׁ, maš) is listed as one of the four sons of Aram, a grandson of Noah through Shem, in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10:23).^[75] This genealogical reference also appears in 1 Chronicles 1:17, positioning Mash as a progenitor of an Aramean tribe or clan, potentially associated with regions in ancient Syria or Mesopotamia. Scholarly interpretations link the name to early Semitic peoples, though no further narrative details or exploits are attributed to Mash in canonical texts. Among miscellaneous modern references, MASH SF emerged around 2006 as a San Francisco collective and brand centered on fixed-gear and track cycling culture, emphasizing high-speed urban riding and custom components.^[98] The group, which evolved into producing apparel such as T-shirts and socks alongside bike frames, gained niche recognition for videos documenting aggressive street descents but remains a subcultural phenomenon with transient influence beyond dedicated enthusiasts.^[99] Its branding, including a logo designed by Benny Gold, reflects early 2000s fixed-gear trends but has not achieved broader commercial or historical permanence.^[100]

References

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Rating 8.5/10 (67,930) The staff of an Army hospital in the Korean War find that laughter is the best way to deal with their situation.Episode list · Full cast & crew · Trivia · Wayne Rogers
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Rating 9.4/10 (83) M*A*S*H is a drama-comedy series set during the Korean War, centering on the lives of the staff at the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital.
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Aired: CBS, 1972-1983. M*A*S*H remains the only long-running series, comedy or drama, set around a war zone. Based on the iconic film by Robert Altman (who ...
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Rating 86% (58) Led by Captains Hawkeye Pierce (Donald Sutherland) and Trapper John McIntyre (Elliott Gould), they add to the chaos and hilarity of the situation. Director ...Cast and Crew · Video · 58 Reviews
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Rating 6.6/10 (2,389) Trapper John, M.D. is a medical drama about a Korean War M*A*S*H veteran who becomes Chief Surgeon in a major city hospital.Full cast & crew · Episode list · Pernell Roberts · Gregory Harrison
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Rating 5.6/10 (901) The Korean War has ended. Colonel Potter, Sergeant Klinger, and Father Mulcahy find themselves together once again, this time at a veteran's hospital.
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Drawing on its extensive wartime operations, the Army Medical Department developed the 60-bed mobile army surgical hospital, better known by its acronym, MASH, ...
[30]
On this day in the year of 1950, the 8076th Mobile Army Surgical ...
Jul 25, 2025 · The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, or MASH, was designed in the years immediately after World War II based upon lessons learned from the ...
[31]
BATTLEFIELD MEDICINE IN THE KOREAN WAR - Issuu
In World War II, the fatality rate for seriously wounded soldiers was 4.5 percent. In the Korean War, that number was cut almost in half, to 2.5 percent. That ...Missing: mortality | Show results with:mortality
[32]
Lessons from foreign military surgeons in the Korean War - NIH
Jun 16, 2025 · The organizational structure and operational strategies of MASH units have improved the survival rates of wounded soldiers by reducing mortality ...
[33]
From MASH to CSH - a nurses story | Article | The United States Army
Aug 31, 2016 · Gonzales said Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals are no longer in the Army inventory and the CSH is configuring to be a more agile deployable ...
[34]
Army's last MASH becomes a CSH | Article | The United States Army
Oct 18, 2006 · 18, 2006) - Ending its almost eight-year run as the last of its kind, the 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital became the 212th Combat Support ...Missing: deactivation | Show results with:deactivation
[35]
The new definition of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver ...
In 2023, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was renamed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by the American and European liver associations.
[36]
Nomenclature Change from NASH/NAFLD to MASH/MASLD - Labcorp
Dec 6, 2023 · The term non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will officially be replaced by metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), while nonalcoholic fatty ...
[37]
From NAFLD to MASLD: updated naming and diagnosis criteria for ...
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), now replaced with the term metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), was initially coined in 1980 to denote ...
[38]
Insulin resistance has closer correlation with the occurrence of ...
Nov 15, 2024 · As mentioned above, MASLD is correlated to MS, whereas, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia are considered as important risk factors of MASLD (42) ...
[39]
Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD ...
May 28, 2025 · The prevalence of MASH among the general population is estimated at 5%–7%, while the prevalence of MASLD-related cirrhosis is 1.8% (6).
[40]
Meta‐Analysis: Global Prevalence and Mortality of Cirrhosis in ...
Dec 19, 2024 · In this context, among those with MASH, an estimated 15%–20% can progress to cirrhosis [1-7]. Given the impracticality of histologic staging of ...
[41]
Diabetes as a risk factor for MASH progression - ScienceDirect.com
Here we focus on T2D as a risk factor for MASH progression along with the underlying mechanisms of T2D-related MASH and the respective therapeutic implications.
[42]
Association between HOMA-IR and metabolic dysfunction ...
Sep 29, 2025 · Our analyses also investigated the mediating role of obesity on the relationship between insulin resistance and liver steatosis, fibrosis.
[43]
Non-invasive tests for fibrotic MASH for reducing screen failure in ...
Feb 4, 2025 · Five non-invasive tests recommended for advanced fibrosis were evaluated as well: the simple blood test FIB-4, the specialized blood tests ...
[44]
Spare Me the Jab: Noninvasive Assessment of Patients with MASLD
Dec 17, 2023 · Patient with FIB-4 of 1.3 or greater should undergo secondary risk assessment. In patients with a FIB-4 score of greater than 2.67, advanced ...
[45]
Diagnostic Accuracy of Noninvasive Scores for Fibrotic MASH in a ...
Specificity was greatest for FIB4 at 92% and NFS at 86%, whereas the sensitivity was greatest for FNI and SAFE scores at 88% and 80%, respectively.
[46]
FDA Approves First Treatment for Patients with Liver Scarring Due to ...
Mar 14, 2024 · The US Food and Drug Administration approved Rezdiffra (resmetirom) for the treatment of adults with noncirrhotic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with ...
[47]
FDA Approves Treatment for Serious Liver Disease Known as 'MASH'
Aug 15, 2025 · The Wegovy approval for the treatment of MASH with moderate-to-advanced scarring was granted to Novo Nordisk. Content current as of: 08/15/2025 ...
[48]
Roche enters into a definitive merger agreement to acquire 89bio ...
Sep 17, 2025 · Roche enters into a definitive merger agreement to acquire 89bio, and its phase 3 FGF21 analog for the therapy of moderate to severe MASH.
[49]
FDA accepts proposal for reasonably likely surrogate endpoint for ...
Aug 27, 2025 · FDA accepts proposal for reasonably likely surrogate endpoint for 'MASH' all-cause mortality or liver-related events.
[50]
Natural history and progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated ...
Progression to cirrhosis occurs in 3–5% of patients and often takes more than 20 years. This narrative review presents an update on the natural history of MASLD ...
[51]
Non-invasive tests: Establishing efficacy for metabolic... - Hepatology
Aug 26, 2025 · US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accelerated approval is based on a surrogate endpoint (such as liver histology) that has less definitive ...
[52]
Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated ...
Apr 30, 2025 · MASLD (which includes MASH) is closely linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and kidney disease, with the burden of end ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
Enzymes in Beer: What's Happening In the Mash
Enzymes convert starch to soluble sugars. Alpha-amylase breaks down starch, and beta-amylase creates fermentable sugars, creating lighter bodies and more ...
[54]
A Hands‐On Guide to Brewing and Analyzing Beer in the Laboratory
The actual brewing process consists of five steps. The main goal is to convert insoluble malt or grain material into a soluble and fermentable extract. Milling ...
[55]
Chemical Changes at Mashing - The Brewer's Handbook
The mashing process is conducted over a period of time at various temperatures in order to activate various enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts ...Acidification · Protein Degradation · Starch Degradation
[56]
Sumerian Beer: The Origins of Brewing Technology in Ancient ...
Sumerian beer was made by converting starch to sugar, then fermenting. It was a basic technology of grain conservation and consumption, and became part of the ...
[57]
When and How to Measure and Adjust Mash pH for Beer Brewing
Oct 18, 2017 · However as the wort cools down, the pH also rises by about 0.3. So, the recommended range of 5.2-5.6 should be at mash temp, or at room temp?
[58]
Is a pH above 5.4 ok? - Bru'n Water
Nov 8, 2024 · John recommends that mashing pH always fall within a range of 5.1 to 5.3 at mash temperature, which is roughly equivalent to 5.3 to 5.5 at room temperature.
[59]
Sour Mash | Whiskipedia
Aug 25, 2021 · The origin of the Sour Mash process The first use of sour mash is not certain. The Scottish chemist Dr James Crow is often credited with ...
[60]
Understanding Whiskey: How Sweet And Sour Mashes Shape ...
Apr 26, 2025 · The sour mash process was developed in the early 19th century. Its development is usually attributed to Dr. James C. Crow, a Scottish chemist ...
[61]
https://shopwinedirect.com/jack-daniels-old-no7-tennessee-sour-mash-whiskey-750ml.html
[62]
Advantages of Continuous Distillation - StillDragon
Sep 29, 2020 · To be clear, that is a 45% increase in utility efficiency and a 135% increase in man-hours/labor efficiency! Unless you've been involved ...
[63]
The Science Behind Distillation: From Mash to Spirit
Jun 22, 2023 · The distillation process begins with the creation of a mash, which is a mixture of grains, water, and sometimes enzymes. The mash is heated, ...
[64]
The BEST Mashed Potatoes Recipe - Spend With Pennies
Rating 5.0 (1,028) · 35 minMar 24, 2022 · Peel and quarter potatoes, place in a pot of cold salted water. · Add cloves of garlic (if using) & bring to a boil, cook uncovered 15 minutes or ...Instant Pot Mashed Potatoes · No Boil Crockpot Mashed... · Crispy Potato Skins
[65]
Best Mashed Potatoes Recipe (with Video) - Allrecipes
Rating 4.7 (639) · 30 minSep 23, 2025 · Peeled and quartered potatoes should be perfectly boiled after about 15-20 minutes. If you leave your potatoes whole, it will take a bit longer.
[66]
What Is Bangers and Mash and Where Does It Come From?
Jan 25, 2022 · You might be wondering how sausages ended up with the nickname "bangers." It dates back to World War I, when food shortages necessitated the use ...
[67]
It's OK to say 'yes' to potatoes - Mayo Clinic Health System
Jun 10, 2025 · Potatoes are low in calories, contain no fat or cholesterol, and are sodium-free. They're high in vitamin C and potassium and are a good source of vitamin B6.
[68]
Mashed potatoes - Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, Nutrition Facts
The glycemic index (GI) of mashed potatoes equals to 83.0, which classifies it as a high GI food. The glycemic load (GL) of mashed potatoes is equal to 11.4.
[69]
Protein and fat modify the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to ...
The glycaemic index (GI) of pure mashed potato was 108, whereas combined with chicken breast, rapeseed oil and salad, it was only 54.
[70]
Glycemic Index of Some Foods - Merck Manuals
Glycemic Index of Some Foods ; Potatoes. Instant mashed (white). 86 ; Mashed (white). 72 ; Sweet. 50 ; Snacks. Corn chips. 72.
[71]
Potatoes: Healthy or Unhealthy? - Healthline
May 18, 2017 · Potatoes are high in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, fiber and resistant starch. However, fried potatoes may also come with some potential negative effects.<|separator|>
[72]
Mash recipes | Good Food
Carrot & swede mash with brown butter & thyme · Sweet potato & chipotle mash · Herby buttermilk mash · Celeriac, cavolo nero & bacon mash.
[73]
[PDF] The History of the Potato in Irish Cuisine and Culture
Jan 1, 2009 · The rise of convenience foods such as instant mashed potato in the 1970s ... The Use of the Potato Crop in Pre-famine Ireland, Statistical and.
[74]
Are Potatoes Healthy? - The Nutrition Source
Aug 7, 2025 · ... mashed or baked potatoes, adding significantly more calories and sometimes saturated fat. In addition, rich potato dishes are commonly ...Potatoes and Your Health · Practical Tips · Research Review: Potatoes...
[75]
Genesis 10:23 The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.
Genesis 10:23 lists Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash as literal sons of Aram, real men whose families became identifiable peoples and territories across the Near East.Audio · Cross · Study
[76]
Mash - Search results provided by BiblicalTraining
MASH măsh (מַֽשׁ). One of the sons of Aram (Gen 10:23). In the parallel passage, 1 Chronicles 1:17, Meshech is given, and the LXX (A) has Mosoch in both.
[77]
KUNJUNNI MASTER - Inspiring Memories
May 9, 2014 · Kunjunni, popularly known as Kunjunni Mash ,Mash is a Malayalam equivalent of Teacher/master , was a noted Indian Malayalam poet.
[78]
Kunhunni Mash home page on Poemine.com
Kunhunni Mash poet from India was born on May 10, 1927, had 78 years and died on March 26, 2006. Poems were written mainly in Hindi language.<|separator|>
[79]
Mash Name Meaning, Origins & Popularity - Forebears
Mash (6,833) may also be a surname. Mash Forename Meaning. From Where Does ... $44,317 USD. Per year. Rank: 192,370 of 531,972. Percentage of all salaries earned ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[80]
Mash Israelyan - Songs, Events and Music Stats | Viberate.com
Popular Yerevan, Armenian singer Mash Israelyan is recognized for his songs in the mainstream pop genre. "Heranum em" and "Kxosenq" are two of his best songs.Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[81]
Mash Israelyan from Armenia | Popnable
Real name/birth name is Mash Israelyan and Mash Israelyan is famous as Musician/Singer. Nationality is Armenian. Born Country is Armenia. Born Country and ...
[82]
Mash Israelyan sings 'Impossible' - The Voice of Armenia - YouTube
Oct 14, 2017 · Mash Israelyan sings 'Impossible' - Blind Auditions - The Voice of Armenia - Season 4 · Comments.Missing: notable named
[83]
Jamal Mashburn reveals the origin of the Monster Mash monicker
Mar 12, 2024 · Mashburn traces the origins of his legendary “Monster Mash” nickname. Jamal Mashburn was one of the best young players in the 1990s NBA. ...Missing: athlete | Show results with:athlete
[84]
NFL Legend Dan Marino Talks About His MASH, Liver Disease ...
Sep 15, 2025 · NFL Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino has revealed his metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis or MASH diagnosis.
[85]
Mash: fast genome and metagenome distance estimation using ...
Jun 20, 2016 · Mash enables scalable whole-genome clustering, which is an important application for the future of genomic data management, but currently ...
[86]
MASH Suite: a user-friendly and versatile software interface for high ...
MASH Suite contains a wide range of features that allow users to easily navigate through data analysis, visualize complex high-resolution MS data, and manually ...
[87]
MASH Native: a unified solution for native top-down proteomics data ...
MASH Native provides a universal and comprehensive data processing software for a variety of nTDP analyses. MASH Native is capable of deconvoluting isotopically ...
[88]
[PDF] Chapter 9 - Hash Functions and Data Integrity
9 Hash Functions and Data Integrity. 9.56 Algorithm MASH-1 (version of Nov. 1995). INPUT: data x of bitlength 0 ≤ b < 2 n/2 . OUTPUT: n-bit hash of x (n is ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[89]
[PDF] Hash Functions Based on Block Ciphers and Modular Arithmetic
– security proof (256) in ideal cipher model. – rate between 1/18. . . 1/4 ... MASH-1 (Modular Arithmetic Secure Hash). Hi = xi ⊕ H i−1. ∨ A 2 (mod N) ...
[90]
[PDF] Smashing MASH-1
Abstract. MASH-1 is modular arithmetic based hash function. It is presented in Part 4 of ISO/IEC 10118 standard for one and a half decade.Missing: proof | Show results with:proof
[91]
Mash - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from late Old English *masc and Proto-Germanic *maisk-, mash means a soft mixture or mass of ingredients; also a verb meaning to mix or excite ...
[92]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mash
[93]
Mash notes - The Grammarphobia Blog
Mar 16, 2007 · The word “mash,” originally meaning to mash malt or grapes, is quite old and can be traced back to Anglo-Saxon times, according to the Oxford ...
[94]
Masher - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c.1500 as "thing that mashes" from mash (v.), the word evolved by 1875 in American English to mean a suitor impressing women.
[95]
A history of "aggressive male street flirts, or 'mashers'" in the U.S.
Apr 20, 2011 · “In America the term 'masher' initially applied to married men who approached women in public, or who frequented brothels. By the 1880s more ...
[96]
MASH definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
8. Northern England dialect. to brew (tea). 9. archaic. to flirt with. Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers. Derived forms. mashed.
[97]
Mashing the tea. - Cycling UK Forum
Dec 20, 2019 · Even in standard English, to mash is to steep and as such the term is apt for making a cup of chugga. In the brewing trade it's used to describe ...
[98]
Throw back - around 2006 track bikes started getting really popular ...
Nov 4, 2020 · Throw back - around 2006 track bikes started getting really popular, especially in San Francisco. Mash practically started a cultural movement.MASH & Cinelli no longer collaborating : r/FixedGearBicycle - Redditr/FixedGearBicycle - RedditMore results from www.reddit.comMissing: apparel brand
[99]
MASH SF
Shop all clothing, clothing, all shirts, jackets + vests, sweatshirts, jerseys, bibs, socks, hats + caps, gloves + warmers, accessories, accessories, all bags ...
[100]
Benny Gold's post - Facebook
Aug 7, 2025 · I designed the original Mash logo and identity, and over time it became one of the most recognizable marks in urban cycling—connecting SF to ...Missing: apparel history