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Michael Hardt

Michael Hardt is an American political theorist and professor of literature at Duke University, where he has held positions in the Literature Program since 2005, as well as in Romance Studies since 2007 and Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies since 2018.^[1] He earned a B.S. from Swarthmore College in 1983, an M.A. from the University of Washington in 1986, and a Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1990.^[1] Hardt's scholarship examines forms of social domination under global capitalism, contemporary political structures, and potentials for democratic organization through social movements.^[1] Hardt gained prominence through his collaborations with Italian philosopher Antonio Negri, most notably the Empire trilogy—Empire (2000), Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (2004), and Commonwealth (2009)—which argue that traditional national sovereignty has been supplanted by a diffuse, transnational "Empire" and posit the "multitude" as a decentralized, productive force capable of resisting it.^[1] These works, along with later joint publications such as Declaration (2012), Assembly (2017), and The Subversive Seventies (2023), blend philosophical analysis with critiques of power, drawing on influences like Spinoza, Marx, and post-structuralism to envision alternatives to hierarchical governance.^[1] Earlier, Hardt authored Gilles Deleuze: An Apprenticeship in Philosophy (1993), establishing his engagement with modern European thought.^[1] Since 2010, he has served as editor of the South Atlantic Quarterly, shaping discourse in critical theory.^[1]

Personal Background

Early Life and Family

Michael Hardt was born on January 19, 1960, in Rockville, Maryland.^[2] His father was a Sovietologist who specialized in economics and worked at the Library of Congress, leading to the family's residence in the suburbs of Washington, D.C.^[3]^[4] Little public information exists regarding his mother or siblings, with available biographical details primarily focusing on his father's professional influence during Hardt's upbringing in a politically attuned household near key U.S. government institutions.^[5]

Education and Formative Experiences

Hardt earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from Swarthmore College in 1983, having enrolled amid the 1970s energy crisis that spurred his interest in alternative energy technologies.^[4] ^[1] His undergraduate focus reflected a practical orientation toward solving resource scarcity through technical innovation, including early work with solar energy firms during and after his studies.^[6] This phase exposed him to real-world engineering applications, contrasting later theoretical pursuits, though he soon pivoted from STEM toward humanities amid growing engagement with political economy.^[5] In 1983, Hardt relocated to Seattle to pursue graduate studies in comparative literature at the University of Washington, obtaining a Master of Arts in 1986 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1990.^[1] ^[7] His dissertation work centered on Italian literary and philosophical traditions, marking a deliberate shift from empirical engineering to interpretive analysis of power structures and ideology.^[6] Throughout the 1980s, parallel to academia, Hardt resided and labored in Paris and Italy—initially tied to energy projects—where he immersed himself in European leftist intellectual networks, including translations of Antonio Negri's writings on worker autonomy and resistance.^[6] ^[2] These transnational experiences catalyzed Hardt's formative synthesis of materialist critique with biopolitical themes, as his engineering background informed skepticism toward technocratic solutions, while Negri's influence—gained through direct textual engagement—instilled autonomist principles emphasizing decentralized multitude over state-centric Marxism.^[8] Early activism in alternative energy and translation efforts thus bridged vocational pragmatism with radical theory, shaping a worldview prioritizing immaterial labor and global antagonism to capital.^[6] This evolution, unmoored from institutional orthodoxies, underscored causal links between personal mobility, textual labor, and emergent anti-imperial frameworks, evident in his subsequent scholarly trajectory.^[3]

Academic and Professional Career

Early Positions and Activism

Following his Bachelor of Science in engineering from Swarthmore College in 1983, Hardt worked for solar energy companies in Italy and the United States during the early 1980s, driven by a political interest in developing alternative energy solutions for third-world countries.^[6] Parallel to pursuing graduate studies in comparative literature at the University of Washington—earning an M.A. in 1986 and a Ph.D. in 1990—Hardt engaged in activism contesting U.S.-funded wars in Central America, which radicalized his political outlook over the decade.^[6] Hardt participated in the Sanctuary Movement, a network of religious and political groups that provided safe haven in the United States for refugees fleeing civil wars in Central America, particularly from El Salvador and Guatemala.^[6]^[9] He organized efforts to donate computer hardware and software to the University of El Salvador and traveled to Mexico City, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua to support migrants and study revolutionary processes amid U.S.-backed conflicts.^[6]^[10]^[11] These experiences, beginning shortly after his undergraduate graduation, focused on migration politics and opposition to American foreign policy in the region.^[9]^[10] In the early 1990s, following his doctoral completion, Hardt held an instructor position in Italian at the University of Southern California before transitioning to a faculty role at Duke University in 1994.^[2] During this period, his activism informed emerging scholarly interests, including an initial encounter with Antonio Negri in the 1980s that foreshadowed their later collaboration.^[6]

Duke University Tenure and Teaching

Hardt joined the Literature Program at Duke University in 1994 as an assistant professor, following brief appointments at other institutions. By 2001, he had advanced to associate professor, a promotion typically conferring tenure in U.S. academia.^[12] He attained full professorship in Literature in 2005, alongside appointments as Professor of Romance Studies in 2007 and Professor in Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies in 2018.^[1] These promotions reflect sustained contributions to political theory and interdisciplinary scholarship within Duke's Trinity College of Arts & Sciences. He has also held the Bass Fellowship in Literature since 2007, recognizing excellence in research and teaching.^[1] In his teaching, Hardt focuses on political theory, integrating philosophical analysis with examinations of global power structures, capitalism, and social movements.^[13] Courses under his instruction include introductory surveys of fundamental concepts in critical theory, advanced seminars on literary and cultural theory for upper-level undergraduates, and collaborative offerings on colonial and imperialist politics.^[14]^[15] For instance, in spring 2024, he taught an entry-level course on core theoretical frameworks meeting twice weekly.^[14] His pedagogical approach emphasizes texts addressing domination, biopolitics, and democratic alternatives, often drawing from his research on globalization and multitude.^[1] Beyond classroom instruction, Hardt has shaped Duke's curriculum through administrative roles, including directorship of the Marxism & Society Certificate Program, which fosters interdisciplinary study of Marxist thought and its applications.^[16] Since 2010, he has served as editor of the South Atlantic Quarterly, influencing scholarly discourse on theory and politics accessible to Duke affiliates.^[13] In recent years, he acted as interim chair of the Literature Program, overseeing departmental operations amid discussions on academic freedom.^[17] These positions underscore his integration of theoretical expertise into institutional frameworks at Duke.

Core Intellectual Framework

Foundational Influences and Methodologies

Hardt's foundational influences stem primarily from the Italian autonomist Marxist tradition, mediated through his collaboration with Antonio Negri, a prominent exponent of operaismo and Autonomia operaia during the 1960s and 1970s.^[18] This strand emphasizes the subversive potential of immaterial and affective labor within post-Fordist capitalism, viewing social production as a site of antagonism rather than mere exploitation.^[19] Hardt's engagement with autonomism, which critiques traditional Leninist vanguardism in favor of horizontal worker self-organization, informs his rejection of state-centric revolutionary models.^[20] Post-structuralist philosophy constitutes another core pillar, with Michel Foucault's analyses of power as productive and biopolitical providing key conceptual scaffolding. Hardt extends Foucault's framework beyond disciplinary societies to encompass the totalizing integration of life processes under global networks, where power operates through modulation rather than repression.^[21] Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari further shape Hardt's thought, particularly through concepts like the rhizome—decentralized, non-hierarchical assemblages—and societies of control, which Hardt applies to map fluid, digital-era dominations and counter-potentials.^[22] Baruch Spinoza's immanent ontology, emphasizing the multitude as a dynamic composition of singular bodies in common, underpins Hardt's affirmative vision of collective agency, diverging from transcendent notions of sovereignty.^[23] Methodologically, Hardt employs an immanent critique that excavates revolutionary kernels from within capitalist relations, eschewing dialectical negation for a focus on constituent processes of creation and exodus.^[24] This involves interdisciplinary synthesis, blending literary hermeneutics—rooted in his training in comparative literature—with empirical observation of global social movements, prioritizing lived practices over abstract schemata.^[10] Collaborative authorship, exemplified by his co-writing with Negri, embodies this methodology as a microcosm of multitudinous production, where ideas emerge through dialogic encounter rather than solitary genius.^[25] Such approaches facilitate a causal analysis of power's historical mutations, from imperial sovereignty to networked biopolitics, while highlighting endogenous resistances grounded in cooperative labor forms.^[26]

Concepts of Empire, Multitude, and Biopolitics

In collaboration with Antonio Negri, Michael Hardt developed the concept of Empire as a supranational, decentered form of sovereignty that supplants traditional nation-state imperialism, characterized by a diffuse network of global economic, political, and cultural forces without a singular imperial center.^[27] ^[28] This framework, outlined in their 2000 book Empire, posits that contemporary globalization integrates capital flows, supranational institutions like the World Trade Organization, and hybrid state-corporate entities into a singular logic of control, extending beyond territorial boundaries to encompass all social relations.^[27] Hardt and Negri argue this represents a passage from modern sovereignty—rooted in disciplinary mechanisms—to a postmodern order where power operates through flexible, immaterial production rather than rigid hierarchies.^[29] The multitude serves as the countervailing social subject to Empire, defined not as a homogeneous proletariat or unified "people" but as a multiplicity of singular, creative laborers engaged in affective, cognitive, and cooperative production across diverse singularities.^[9] Drawing from Spinoza's notion of multitude as a composition of differences, Hardt and Negri, in their 2004 book Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, describe it as the biopolitical proletariat of post-industrial society—encompassing immigrants, knowledge workers, and precarious laborers—who generate value through networked collaboration rather than alienated wage labor.^[30] ^[31] This entity resists Empire not through representation or vanguard parties but via immanent, democratic practices that affirm common wealth from below, emphasizing plurality over identity to avoid the exclusions of nationalist or statist forms.^[9]^[32] Biopolitics, extending Michel Foucault's analysis, constitutes the operative logic of Empire in Hardt and Negri's schema, wherein power permeates the production and reproduction of life itself, blurring distinctions between public and private, war and peace, and economic value and biological processes.^[33] Unlike Foucault's focus on biopolitics as a mechanism of population control, Hardt and Negri frame it as the dominant mode of capitalist command in late modernity, where Empire invests and extracts from bodies, desires, and social cooperation to sustain endless accumulation.^[34]^[35] The multitude, in turn, embodies a counter-biopolitics of exodus and invention, transforming biopolitical subjection into autonomous circuits of joy, care, and common production that challenge Empire's totalizing grasp.^[36] These concepts interlink to theorize global capitalism's evolution toward immaterial labor and networked resistance, though critics contend they overstate Empire's novelty by underemphasizing persistent state sovereignty and class antagonism.^[30]^[37]

Major Publications and Collaborations

Single-Authored Works

Michael Hardt's primary single-authored monograph, Gilles Deleuze: An Apprenticeship in Philosophy, was published in 1993 by the University of Minnesota Press as a revision of his 1991 University of Washington doctoral dissertation.^[38] The book traces the early intellectual formation of philosopher Gilles Deleuze, emphasizing his engagements with predecessors such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Baruch Spinoza, Henri Bergson, and Sigmund Freud, while analyzing key texts like Empiricism and Subjectivity and Nietzsche and Philosophy.^[4] Hardt positions Deleuze's thought as an "apprenticeship" that synthesizes diverse influences into a novel philosophical practice, distinct from structuralism and phenomenology dominant in his era. In this work, Hardt argues that Deleuze's philosophy emerges from a deliberate break with traditional humanism and dialectics, favoring instead concepts of difference, repetition, and immanence as foundational to his ontology.^[39] The monograph contributed to the anglophone reception of Deleuze in the early 1990s, offering a focused study on his pre-1968 writings before his collaborations with Félix Guattari gained prominence.^[4] Hardt's more recent single-authored book, The Subversive Seventies, appeared in September 2023 from Oxford University Press.^[40] It challenges conventional narratives portraying 1970s political movements as fragmented failures, instead demonstrating their global coherence and enduring effects on contemporary struggles against capitalism and state power.^[40] Drawing on case studies from regions including the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa—such as feminist actions, anti-colonial efforts, and worker autonomy initiatives—Hardt illustrates how these movements experimented with new forms of organization, subjectivity, and resistance that prefigured later activism like the 2011 occupations.^[41] The book emphasizes the seventies' subversive potential in disrupting traditional leftist hierarchies and fostering networked, biopolitical forms of power contestation, informed by Hardt's broader theoretical interests in multitude and empire.^[42] While acknowledging internal divisions, Hardt contends these were productive rather than debilitating, providing lessons for ongoing emancipatory projects.^[40]

Co-Authored Works with Antonio Negri

Hardt's collaborations with Antonio Negri, an Italian Marxist philosopher, produced several influential texts beginning in the mid-1990s, focusing on post-Fordist capitalism, global power structures, and alternatives to traditional sovereignty.^[23] Their joint efforts include both original essays and edited collections, with the most widely recognized forming a trilogy published between 2000 and 2009.^[9] These works draw on Negri's autonomist Marxist background and Hardt's Foucauldian and Deleuzian influences to theorize contemporary biopolitical production and resistance.^[6] The earliest collaboration, Labor of Dionysus: A Critique of the State-Form, appeared in 1994 and combines newly co-authored chapters with Hardt's translations of Negri's prior writings on operaismo and the crisis of the welfare state.^[23] Published by the University of Minnesota Press, it critiques the transition from industrial to immaterial labor, positing Dionysian productivity as a subversive force against state-centric capital accumulation.^[6] Empire, published in 2000 by Harvard University Press, establishes their core framework by describing a deterritorialized global order supplanting nation-state imperialism, characterized by networked sovereignty and biopolitical control over life itself.^[43] The 478-page volume sold over 100,000 copies in its first year and became a reference point in globalization debates.^[9] This was followed by Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire in 2004, issued by Penguin Press, which shifts focus to the "multitude" as a counterforce to Empire—a diverse, productive subject capable of democratic articulation beyond representation.^[44] The book, spanning 427 pages, examines perpetual war and the potential for common wealth amid neoliberal transformations.^[45] Commonwealth, released in 2009 by Harvard University Press, completes the trilogy by elaborating on institutions of the common, including reparative practices and exodus from imperial logics, with emphasis on affective labor and global migration as sites of potential revolution.^[6] At 448 pages, it synthesizes prior arguments into propositions for a post-capitalist horizon.^[9] Subsequent works include Declaration, a 72-page digital pamphlet self-published in May 2012 via Arktos Media in response to the Occupy movements, framing protesters as a nascent multitude challenging finance capital's dominance.^[6] Their most recent co-authored book, Assembly, appeared in 2017 from Oxford University Press, analyzing platform capitalism and algorithmic governance while proposing networked assembly as a form of counter-power.^[9]

Selected Articles and Essays

Hardt's essays often extend themes from his book-length works, such as the dynamics of immaterial and affective labor, the erosion of traditional social structures, and strategies for collective resistance within contemporary capitalism. These pieces appear in peer-reviewed journals and engage with philosophical traditions including post-structuralism and autonomist Marxism.^[46] One early contribution, "The Withering of Civil Society" (1995), published in Social Text, examines the decline of civil society institutions under neoliberal transformations, positing that state and market forces increasingly subsume intermediary associations, leading to new forms of control rather than liberation.^[46] In "Prison Time" (1997), featured in Yale French Studies, Hardt analyzes incarceration as a paradigmatic temporal structure in modern disciplinary societies, drawing on Foucault and Genet to argue that prison regimes embody a generalized biopolitical capture of subjectivity beyond physical walls.^[46] "Affective Labor" (1999), in boundary 2, delineates affective labor as a dominant mode in post-industrial economies, involving the production and manipulation of emotions, social networks, and communal bonds; Hardt contends this labor, while exploited by capital, harbors subversive potential through its capacity to generate autonomous forms of life and cooperation.^[47] ^[46] More recent essays reflect Hardt's evolving focus on abolition, standpoint epistemologies, and movement strategies. "Standpoint Theory and Double Abolition" (2023), in Cultural Dynamics, interprets Denise Ferreira da Silva's Unpayable Debt through standpoint theory, advocating a dual abolition of racial-capitalist structures and epistemological hierarchies to enable pluralistic knowledges from marginalized positions.^[48] ^[46] "The Politics of Articulation and Strategic Multiplicities" (2023), published in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, theorizes how disparate social movements can forge coherent projects by articulating diverse antagonisms against power, emphasizing non-hierarchical coordination over unified ideologies.^[49] ^[46] "Berlant’s America" (2024), in Cultural Critique, engages Lauren Berlant's oeuvre to critique affective attachments in U.S. political culture, highlighting how intimate publics sustain neoliberal fantasies while revealing cracks for alternative commons-based imaginaries.^[50] ^[46] These selections underscore Hardt's consistent methodological blend of empirical observation of global shifts with normative calls for multitude-based alternatives.^[46]

Theoretical Influence on 2011-2012 Occupations

Hardt and Negri's framework in works such as Empire (2000), Multitude (2004), and Commonwealth (2009) emphasized the multitude as a decentralized, biopolitical force capable of self-valorization through horizontal networks, prefiguring the leaderless assemblies and encampment tactics of the 2011-2012 occupations. These movements, spanning the Arab Spring's Tahrir Square occupation from January 2011, Spain's 15M Indignados starting May 15, 2011, and Occupy Wall Street from September 17, 2011, adopted non-representational practices like consensus-based general assemblies, which aligned with the theorists' critique of sovereign representation as complicit in global capital's extraction of the commons.^[51]^[52] In analyzing Occupy Wall Street, Hardt and Negri highlighted its encampments as a "multitude form" responding to representational failures, where elected officials prioritized financial elites over constituents amid the post-2008 crisis, echoing their prior documentation of networked protests from Seattle 1999 to Genoa 2001. Observers noted copies of their books circulating among protesters, suggesting intellectual uptake among activists framing the 99% versus 1% dichotomy in terms of immaterial labor and affective resistance. The movement's slogan "real democracy now," borrowed from Indignados, further resonated with their distinction between direct democratic practices and hollow parliamentary forms.^[51]^[53] For the 15M movement, Hardt and Negri's ideas informed interpretations of protesters' boycott of 2011 elections, viewing participation as legitimizing austerity policies; instead, encampments in Puerta del Sol fostered autonomous commons, contesting the multitude's subsumption under debt and precarity. Their 2012 pamphlet Declaration, self-published on May 16, 2012, directly engaged these occupations by proposing theses on debt repudiation and commoning, drawing from Indignados' refusal to reward "socialist" governments continuing neoliberal reforms.^[54]^[55] Regarding the Arab Spring, applications of their theory retrospectively cast Tahrir Square's sustained occupation—peaking with over 100,000 participants on January 25, 2011—as a biopolitical multitude challenging imperial control, though direct pre-movement influence appears limited compared to European cases, with uprisings more driven by localized grievances against authoritarianism than autonomist texts. Hardt and Negri positioned Arab protesters as pioneers of democratic experimentation in a February 25, 2011, Guardian piece, anticipating global contagion to Occupy encampments.^[56]^[52]^[56] While their concepts provided analytical tools for post-facto interpretation—evident in academic theses applying multitude theory to square-based resistance—empirical influence likely concentrated among educated activists rather than rank-and-file participants, with movements' spontaneity underscoring causal primacy of economic despair over theoretical prescription. Hardt later linked Occupy offshoots like Strike Debt to subjectivities of the indebted, reinforcing biopolitical critiques from Commonwealth.^[57]^[52]

Broader Activist Involvement and Critiques

Hardt's direct activist engagements began in the early 1980s, shortly after his undergraduate studies, when he volunteered with the Sanctuary Movement, a network of churches and community groups providing aid and shelter to Central American refugees fleeing violence in El Salvador and Guatemala.^[9]^[58] This involvement extended to on-the-ground work in those countries, where he supported efforts to protect individuals from political persecution amid U.S.-backed conflicts.^[10] Concurrently, Hardt contributed to technical initiatives, such as producing solar panels in Italy for energy projects and later helping establish a program to donate computers from the United States to Latin American communities, aiming to bridge technological gaps in activist contexts.^[8] In more recent years, Hardt has supported migrant rights initiatives, including the 2018 launch of a rescue vessel off Italy's coast to aid Mediterranean crossings and challenge restrictive immigration policies framed as responses to "racist right" politics.^[59] Academically, he co-directs Duke University's Social Movements Lab, founded to analyze contemporary liberation forces through collaborative research, though this remains primarily scholarly rather than operational activism.^[60] Hardt has described his shift from hands-on activism to theory as stemming from frustration with the perceived anti-intellectualism of U.S. movements in the 1980s, which he felt lacked rigorous analysis of power structures.^[8]^[10] Critiques of Hardt's activist orientation and theoretical prescriptions for movements often center on their emphasis on horizontal, leaderless structures as insufficient for sustained political gains. For instance, detractors argue that concepts like the "multitude"—a decentralized, creative force resisting empire—overidealize diffuse resistance while underplaying the need for proletarian organization and national strategies against capitalism, potentially rendering activism ineffective against concentrated power.^[30]^[61] Others contend that Hardt and Negri's advocacy for "leaderless" protests, as in Assembly (2017), ignores the organizational preconditions of seemingly spontaneous actions, contributing to movements' ephemerality without clear paths to institutional change.^[62]^[63] These views portray Hardt's approach as overly optimistic about biopolitical resistance, prioritizing joyful, subversive affects over concrete class-based mobilization.^[64]

Reception, Influence, and Criticisms

Academic and Intellectual Impact

Hardt's co-authored works with Antonio Negri, particularly the trilogy Empire (2000), Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (2004), and Commonwealth (2009), have exerted significant influence on political theory by extending autonomist Marxist traditions from Italian workerist movements of the 1960s and 1970s into analyses of global capitalism, sovereignty, and biopolitical production.^[23]^[65] These texts reframe imperialism as a decentralized "Empire" without territorial boundaries, drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's concepts of rhizomatic power to argue for the multitude's creative potential against it.^[66] In academic metrics, Multitude has received over 10,000 citations on Google Scholar, reflecting its role in debates on war, democracy, and immaterial labor, while the trilogy collectively shapes scholarship in international relations and cultural studies.^[67] Hardt's earlier monograph Gilles Deleuze: An Apprenticeship in Philosophy (1993) has similarly impacted post-structuralist thought, with more than 1,100 citations for its exposition of Deleuzian immanence and its applications to political ontology.^[67] Hardt's ideas have permeated communication and media studies, redirecting critical theory from state-centric models to networked forms of control and collective agency, as evidenced in analyses of digital capitalism and social movements.^[23] In educational theory, his biopolitical framework, emphasizing affective and cognitive labor, has spurred a "biopolitical turn" that critiques neoliberal pedagogy through autonomist lenses.^[65] As professor of literature at Duke University since 1994, Hardt has advanced interdisciplinary inquiry by directing the Marxism & Society Certificate Program and mentoring scholars at the intersection of philosophy, literature, and activism, thereby institutionalizing post-operaist perspectives in U.S. academia.^[1]^[16] His contributions extend to broader intellectual discourses on globalization, where Empire prompted reevaluations of power beyond nation-state paradigms, influencing fields from postcolonial theory to global justice studies.^[68]

Achievements and Praises

Hardt's co-authored book Empire (2000) with Antonio Negri achieved significant academic and public recognition, becoming a bestseller that sold widely beyond scholarly audiences and sparking widespread debate on globalization's political structures.^[69] Reviewers in major outlets such as The New York Times, Time, and The Nation praised it as a bold and provocative analysis, with Harvard University Press highlighting its "original, suggestive and provocative assessment of the international economic and political order."^[27] ^[7] The work's influence extended to shaping theoretical discussions on empire and resistance, earning commendation for constructing a "global critical vision" applicable to contemporary protests.^[68] In academia, Hardt has been honored for pedagogical excellence, receiving Duke University's Richard K. Lublin Teaching Award in 2015 as its 29th recipient, recognizing his ability to engage students effectively despite his status as an "academic superstar" in critical theory.^[70] ^[71] Duke's Trinity College of Arts & Sciences further praised his scholarship as internationally recognized while affirming his teaching prowess, noting that it demonstrates how leading intellectuals can excel in the classroom.^[71] These accolades underscore Hardt's dual contributions to theoretical innovation and education at Duke, where he holds the Terry Sanford Distinguished Professorship in Literature and Political Science.^[13] The Empire trilogy, including subsequent volumes Multitude (2004) and Commonwealth (2009), has been lauded for its synthetic account of post-Fordist capitalism and biopolitical production, influencing leftist thought on counter-globalization strategies despite debates over its optimism.^[9] ^[72] Hardt's broader oeuvre, blending philosophy with analyses of contemporary power, has prompted reflections on prefigurative politics and institutional overhaul, with proponents crediting it for advancing ethico-political frameworks against sovereignty.^[64]

Key Criticisms and Debates

Critics of Hardt's collaborative work with Antonio Negri, particularly Empire (2000), have argued that the concept of a deterritorialized, centerless global sovereignty overlooks the persistence of nation-states and traditional imperialism. John Bellamy Foster contends that imperialism maintains dominant centers like the United States alongside exploited peripheries, contradicting Hardt and Negri's portrayal of a subjectless Empire devoid of fixed hierarchies.^[61] ^[30] Similarly, Marxist analyses assert that inter-imperialist rivalries, such as U.S.-European tensions in conflicts like the 1999 Kosovo War, demonstrate states' enduring role in capitalist exploitation, refuting claims of their obsolescence.^[73] The notion of the "multitude" as a diverse, non-hierarchical agent of resistance has drawn rebuke for romanticizing fragmented struggles while neglecting unified proletarian organization. Foster, drawing on Samir Amin, proposes "generalized proletarianization" as a more accurate depiction of global labor under capitalism, where segmentation intensifies rather than dissolves class antagonisms.^[30] Critics from a Marxist standpoint fault the multitude for diluting Marx's proletarian category by incorporating immaterial and non-productive activities, thus undermining disciplined revolutionary strategy in favor of spontaneous, individualistic militancy.^[73] Economic critiques highlight Hardt and Negri's rejection of classical value theory as theoretically inconsistent and empirically ungrounded. Steven Toms argues that their emphasis on "immeasurability" in immaterial labor fails to explain core capitalist mechanisms like surplus value extraction, profit rates, or price formation, leaving no coherent account of economic dynamics.^[74] Ian Angus further challenges the historical narrative underpinning Empire, accusing it of geographical determinism—such as attributing U.S. constitutionalism to spatial openness—while dismissing borders and place-based politics as repressive, thereby limiting viable opposition to globalization.^[75] Debates surrounding Hardt and Negri's framework often center on the role of immaterial labor and biopolitics in contemporary capitalism. Proponents see it as illuminating communicative and affective production, but detractors, including Foster, counter that it overstates cognitive elements at the expense of material proletarianization across sectors, perpetuating illusions of a post-industrial multitude.^[30] These exchanges extend to revolutionary tactics, pitting prefigurative, leaderless movements against structured internationalism, with empirical examples like post-2001 U.S. interventions cited as evidence that state power endures despite claims of imperial decline.^[61]

Recent Developments

The Subversive Seventies and 1970s Focus

In 2023, Michael Hardt published The Subversive Seventies with Oxford University Press, a 320-page analysis reframing the 1970s as a decade of interconnected global revolutionary movements that challenged entrenched power structures through subversive tactics.^[40] Hardt's central thesis posits that these movements—frequently dismissed in historical narratives as disorganized or unsuccessful—demonstrated innovative forms of resistance by rejecting traditional leftist institutions such as political parties and labor unions, opting instead for unmediated direct action and autonomous organization.^[40] ^[41] This approach, Hardt argues, prefigured elements of modern activism by prioritizing bottom-up experimentation over hierarchical leadership, influencing the emergence of postindustrial social dynamics.^[41] Hardt examines cases across continents to illustrate shared subversive logics, including the 1973 occupation of the Lip watch factory in France, where workers established self-managed production amid economic crisis, exemplifying refusal of capitalist mediation.^[41] In Italy, he revisits the autonomist "Laboratory Italy" of the late 1960s and early 1970s, where militant factory struggles evolved into broader social conflicts, though Hardt critiques the traditional emphasis on industrial proletarians as sole revolutionary agents, advocating a more expansive view of social forces including marginalized groups.^[76] ^[77] Other examples encompass the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which dismantled authoritarian rule through popular insurgency; the 1980 Kwangju Uprising in South Korea against military dictatorship; and events like the overthrow of Chile's Allende government in 1973, which Hardt frames as a reactionary response to rising subversive pressures.^[41] These instances, spanning Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa—such as the 1977 murder of Steve Biko in South Africa amid anti-apartheid ferment—underscore Hardt's claim of transnational inspiration and mutual reinforcement among movements.^[41] The book highlights a pervasive state and elite fear of 1970s subversives, manifesting in escalated repression like emergency laws and counterinsurgency tactics, which Hardt interprets as evidence of the era's disruptive potential rather than its weakness.^[78] Drawing from his autonomist Marxist background, co-developed with Antonio Negri through works like Empire (2000), Hardt extends this lens globally, moving beyond Eurocentric foci to argue that 1970s actors experimented with intersectional demands—incorporating race, gender, and ecology alongside class—thus anticipating critiques of orthodox Marxism.^[23] ^[41] He posits that these efforts eroded mediating structures, fostering direct democratic practices that, while often short-lived, modeled alternatives to representative politics.^[41] Critics have noted limitations in Hardt's optimism, observing that many cited experiments, such as factory occupations, proved temporary and struggled with scalability amid human coordination challenges and external forces.^[41] Nonetheless, the work aligns with Hardt's ongoing theoretical trajectory, as seen in his 2023-2024 lectures and podcasts, where he connects 1970s autonomy to contemporary struggles against neoliberalism and authoritarianism.^[79] ^[80] This focus reflects Hardt's effort to recover the era's legacy for current movements, emphasizing strategic multiplicities over unified vanguards.^[81]

Ongoing Contributions Post-2020

In 2021, Hardt contributed the chapter "The Disciplinary Empire and the Resisting Multitude" to a volume on Michel Foucault, examining the interplay between disciplinary power and resistant forces in post-Hegelian theory.^[46] This work extended his analyses of power structures by integrating Foucauldian binaries with Marxist critiques of cultural superstructures.^[46] By 2022, Hardt participated in "A Dialogue with Michael Hardt on Revolution, Joy, and Learning to Let Go," published in Educational Philosophy and Theory, where he reflected on transformations within imperial structures amid global crises, emphasizing intersections of power, pedagogy, and subjectivity.^[46] In 2023, prior to The Subversive Seventies, he published "The Politics of Articulation and Strategic Multiplicities" in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, arguing for organizational projects that weave together diverse power structures in social movements.^[46] That year, "Standpoint Theory and Double Abolition" appeared in Cultural Dynamics, positioning epistemological standpoints from subjugated perspectives—drawing on Denise Ferreira da Silva's work—as tools for critiquing racial and debt regimes.^[46] Hardt's 2024 outputs included "A Reply to Xifaras" in Law and Critique, directly responding to scholarly critiques of his theoretical positions on sovereignty and multitude.^[46] In September, "BERLANT’S AMERICA" in Cultural Critique engaged Lauren Berlant's ideas on affect, sovereignty, and national belonging.^[46] Collaboratively, with Sandro Mezzadra, he authored "A Global War Regime" for New Left Review's Sidecar in May 2024, contending that contemporary conflicts form a perpetual, globe-spanning war unsettling core imperial nodes.^[82] In 2024, Hardt held a conversation with Gavin Walker, transcribed in Diacritics, linking revolutionary memory to historical movements and his recent theoretical interventions.^[83] Extending this, his April 2025 dialogue with Mezzadra on "The Coming Post-Hegemonic World" via Verso Books addressed reforming global power dynamics and emerging internationalist liberatory forces.^[84] These efforts underscore Hardt's sustained focus on strategic resistance amid shifting imperial forms, prioritizing articulation across multiplicities over isolated critiques.

Media and Public Presence

Film Appearances and Interviews

Hardt appeared as himself in the 2008 documentary Examined Life, directed by Astra Taylor, which features interviews with prominent philosophers navigating urban environments while expounding on their ideas. In his segment, filmed aboard a rowboat in New York City's Central Park, Hardt addresses the interplay between revolution and democracy, positing that democratic institutions emerge not from stable governance but from perpetual revolutionary experimentation to foster collective self-rule.^[85]^[86] He contributed to the 2020 documentary The New Corporation: The Unfortunately Necessary Sequel, directed by Joel Bakan as a follow-up to the 2003 film The Corporation. Hardt appears discussing contemporary corporate structures and their societal impacts, aligning with themes of global power dynamics central to his co-authored works.^[87]^[88] Additional appearances include the 2008 short film Vault, where Hardt provides commentary on philosophical or political topics, though details of his specific contribution remain limited in public records.^[88] He has also been featured in video interviews such as the 2008 Conversations with History episode produced by the University of California, Berkeley, in which he reflects on his collaboration with Antonio Negri and the evolution of concepts like "Empire."^[89] Hardt's film and interview engagements often serve as platforms to disseminate ideas from his theoretical writings, emphasizing biopolitical production and multitude resistance, without endorsing unverified activist narratives.^[90]

Public Lectures and Dialogues

Michael Hardt has engaged in numerous public lectures and dialogues, often exploring themes from his theoretical works such as the multitude, the commons, and critiques of global power structures. These appearances span academic institutions, public forums, and international festivals, typically drawing on empirical analyses of social movements and autonomy experiments.^[91]^[92] In academic settings, Hardt delivered the Gauss Seminars in Criticism lecture titled "Empire 20 Years On" at Princeton University on October 15, 2019, where he reassessed concepts of globalization, domination, and social resistance originally outlined in his co-authored book Empire.^[92] He also presented "The Politics of the Common" at Rutgers University, focusing on the economic, legal, political, and cultural dimensions of the commons in relation to globalization.^[93] At the European Graduate School, Hardt gave open public lectures including "The Common in Communism" in 2009, "For Love or Money" in 2011 addressing political theory and Marxism, and "Property Law & The Common" in 2015.^[94]^[95]^[96] Public festival engagements include his appearance at the Subversive Festival in Zagreb, Croatia, on May 17, 2012, contributing to discussions on leftist theory and activism.^[97] In 2023, Hardt delivered the Birkbeck Annual Lecture "The Subversive 1970s: The End of Mediation and Experiments in Autonomy" on December 9, examining 1970s activist strategies against mediation in several countries.^[91] He also spoke on the same topic at Simon Fraser University's Vancity Office of Community Engagement event on December 16, 2023.^[98] Hardt has participated in dialogues and conversations amplifying his ideas through exchange. In a 2008 "Conversations with History" interview hosted by Harry Kreisler at the University of California, Berkeley, he discussed his joint work with Antonio Negri on empire and multitude.^[89] A 2024 conversation with Gavin Walker centered on themes from The Subversive Seventies, bridging historical revolutions and contemporary memory.^[83] On April 15, 2024, Hardt engaged in dialogue with Sandro Mezzadra at Duke University on "A Global War Regime," analyzing intersections of war, migration, and democracy.^[99] Additionally, at e-flux, he discussed the relevance of the Italian Autonomia Operaia movement to modern democratic struggles.^[100]

References

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Michael Hardt | Scholars@Duke profile
His works combine philosophical investigations with analyses of our current political situation. Studying the current forms of social domination, including the ...
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Hardt, Michael 1960- | Encyclopedia.com
Education: Swarthmore College, B.S., 1983; University of Washington, M.A. ... Hardt originally graduated with a degree in engineering from Swarthmore College ...
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Empire Author Biography - Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri
Hardt attended Swarthmore College and graduated in 1983 with a major in engineering, having become interested in alternative energy sources during the ...
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Michael Hardt - Oxford Reference
American Marxistphilosopher, social theorist, and cultural critic best known for his collaborative work with Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Negri.
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Michael Hardt - Discover the Networks
Born in Washington, DC in 1960, Michael Hardt earned a degree in engineering from Swarthmore College in 1983. He subsequently worked for a number of solar ...
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Michael Hardt – EGS – Division of Philosophy, Art, and Critical ...
Indeed, he began as an engineer, receiving a Bachelors of Science from Swarthmore College, in 1983. During this time, Hardt worked for solar energy companies, ...
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Hardt's Empire Creates a Stir in the Humanities
Oct 1, 2001 · Hardt, who earned his PhD in comparative literature from the UW in ... University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-3765 (206) 543-5340.
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Interview with Michael Hardt - The White Review
Michael Hardt is a philosopher and theorist best known for his collaboration with Antonio Negri on a trilogy of political treatises.Missing: family background
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Empire and Multitude: Shaping Our Century | Michael Hardt
As an undergraduate, I had political desires, but I couldn't find a way to get involved in politics. At the time, I only managed to see campus politics as an ...Missing: career | Show results with:career
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Michael Hardt: 'Nothing takes longer to solve than a false problem.'
With Antonio Negri, he authored one of the most important trilogies in contemporary politics and critical theory – Empire (2000); Multitude (2004); and ...
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Empire hits back | Books | The Guardian
Jul 15, 2001 · Michael Hardt is a genial, quietly spoken man, self-effacing and, famously, always dressed in denim. He was born in 1960, and raised in a ...
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Michael Hardt in the NY Times
Michael Hardt, a self-effacing, 41-year-old associate professor of literature at Duke University and the co-author of "Empire," a heady treatise on ...<|separator|>
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Michael Hardt | John Hope Franklin Center - Duke University
Michael Hardt teaches political theory in the Literature Program at Duke University. His works combine philosophical investigations with analyses of our ...Missing: career | Show results with:career
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Spring 2024 Courses | Program in Literature - Duke University
Taught by Professor Michael Hardt. MW 1:25PM – 2:40PM. Friedl 102. *This course is a Major Requirement*. This course is an introduction to fundamental concepts ...
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Fall 2025 | Program in Literature - Duke University
We will approach his theorical propositions through his writings primarily in the 1970s: on the history of the prison and the history of sexuality, along with ...Missing: biography career
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Michael Hardt - Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs
Michael Hardt is a professor of literature and Romance studies at Duke University and a professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School.Missing: background | Show results with:background
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'Variety of hues but not of views': Faculty reflect on academic ...
Nov 1, 2024 · Michael Hardt, professor of literature and interim chair of the literature program, described being highly impressed by Duke's commitment to ...Missing: teaching | Show results with:teaching<|separator|>
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Hardt - Columbia University
Part of the problem in coming to terms with "Empire" is the lack of an economic analysis, which is surprising given the self-conscious attempt by the authors to ...Missing: trilogy | Show results with:trilogy
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Michael Hardt on the Potential of Autonomia - Path to the Possible
Mar 8, 2013 · I just re-read Michael Hardt's introduction to the book Radical Thought in Italy. Both the piece and the book are fantastic and recommended.
[20]
Autonomist Marxism: three themes, three critiques | Workers' Liberty
Dec 27, 2003 · Negri's Empire, co-written with Michael Hardt, has become a best-seller. Autonomist Marxism now contains a wide range of different politics.
[21]
Negri on Foucault - Libcom.org
Oct 9, 2004 · In this interview Negri discusses the influence of Michel Foucault on his work, stating how as the radical Italian left drifted towards vanguardist armed ...
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Michael Hardt: On Deleuze's Theory of Control | The Dark Forest ...
Michael Hardt in an essay on Deleuze's Postscript for Societies of Control published in Discourse Journal for Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture ...
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https://oxfordre.com/communication/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-80
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(PDF) The Political Ontology of Michael Hardt and Antonio ...
Jan 22, 2023 · ... theoretical framework within which these concepts operate. This ... methodology through which Hardt and Negri view the history and ...
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Talking into Being: THE COMPLETE INTERVIEW WITH MICHAEL ...
Nov 27, 2013 · Michael Hardt, with Antonio Negri, is the author of Empire (Harvard University Press, 2000), which Fredrick Jameson has called “both a critique of a wide ...Missing: PhD | Show results with:PhD<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] The Importance of Education in Forming the Multitude
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, in Empire and Multitude, use the ideas of ... our world has changed since the 1960's. However: “What most links the ...
[27]
Empire - Harvard University Press
Sep 15, 2001 · Empire identifies a radical shift in concepts that form the philosophical basis of modern politics, concepts such as sovereignty, nation, and ...
[28]
Empire (review) - Project MUSE
Ambitious in scope and panoramic in execution, Empire is an account of how the present world order has come to be. This account encompasses a history of ...
[29]
Empire and the Terrain of Democracy - Project MUSE
In their work Empire, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argued that the present world order is marked by the deterritorialisation of capital relations and the ...
[30]
Contra Hardt and Negri: Multitude or Generalized Proletarianization?
The term multitude was first used in Europe, it seems, by the Dutch philosopher Spinoza, to whom Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri explicitly refer.
[31]
From the Proletariat to the Multitude
The "multitude" emerges for Hardt and Negri as a new figure of political subjectivity defined not in opposition to economic conditions but through them: " ...Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[32]
A Class of All Oppressed Classes | Negation Magazine
The multitude is a class concept that goes beyond economic class. Hardt and Negri built it after witnessing the struggles of the left from the mythologized ...
[33]
BIOPOLITICS AND AGONISTICS: FROM FOUCAULT TO NEGRI ...
Twisting the notions introduced by Foucault, Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt develop a different approach to the question of biopower. For them, biopower ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[34]
Michael Hardt & Antonio Negri, Biopolitics as event - PhilPapers
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri on "Postmodern Biopolitics".Thomas Lemke - 2016 - In Sergei Prozorov & Simona Rentea, The Routledge Handbook of Biopolitics.
[35]
The Labor of the Multitude and the Fabric of Biopolitics
particularly in biopolitical form—which cannot be contained by older forms of sovereign power.
[36]
[PDF] Acting Up with Hardt and Negri: Capitalism in Biopolitical Context
In this way, Negri and Hardt bring forward a quite polemical thesis that biopolitics and biopower are actually within an antagonistic relationship, or better ...
[37]
Empire and Multitude - Monthly Review
Hardt and Negri think that we have arrived at this historical turning point, that classes (along with nations or peoples) are no longer the subjects of history.
[38]
Michael Hardt: books, biography, latest update - Amazon.com
Top Michael Hardt titles · Empire · Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire · Commonwealth · Gilles Deleuze: An Apprenticeship in Philosophy.
[39]
Michael Hardt (Author of Empire) - Goodreads
Michael Hardt is an American literary theorist and political philosopher perhaps best known for Empire, written with Antonio Negri and published in 2000.
[40]
The Subversive Seventies - Michael Hardt - Oxford University Press
$$28.99A thought-provoking reconsideration of how the revolutionary movements of the 1970s set the mold for today's activism.The 1970s was a decade of subversives.
[41]
The Subversive Seventies | Washington Independent Review of Books
In The Subversive Seventies, Hardt cites wide-ranging examples from the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa to chronicle struggles ...
[42]
Michael Hardt on Catching Up with the Subversive Seventies
Sep 13, 2023 · We talk with Michael Hardt about his new book, The Subversive Seventies. This expansive study of a broad range of subversive movements across the globe shows ...
[43]
Empire on JSTOR
Cover of Empire. Empire. Michael Hardt. Antonio Negri. Copyright Date: 2000. Published by: Harvard University Press · https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjnrw54. https ...
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Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire - Amazon.com
30-day returnsMultitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire [Hardt, Michael, Negri, Antonio] on Amazon ... Publication date. August 3, 2004. Dimensions. 6.3 x 1.46 ...
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Books by Antonio Negri and Complete Book Reviews
MULTITUDE: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. Michael Hardt, Author, Antonio Negri, Author . Penguin Press $27.95 (427p) ISBN 978-1-59420-024-3. Empire ...Missing: co- | Show results with:co-<|separator|>
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Michael Hardt | Scholars@Duke profile: Publications
Selected Publications · BERLANT'S AMERICA · A Reply to Xifaras · Standpoint theory and double abolition · The subversive seventies · The Politics of Articulation and ...
[47]
Affective Labor Michael Hardt - jstor
Theoretical frameworks that have brought together Marx and Freud have conceived of affective labor using terms such as desiring production, and, more ...
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https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09213740231206103
[49]
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[50]
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[51]
The Fight for 'Real Democracy' at the Heart of Occupy Wall Street
The Encampment in Lower Manhattan Speaks to a Failure of Representation. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. October 11, 2011. Share & Download.
[52]
[PDF] Challenging the Biopolitical: The Arab Spring and the Multitude
This thesis, through an application of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's theory of Empire, argues that a manifestation of the multitude is occurring through ...
[53]
Occupy Wall Street: A New Era of Dissent in America? | TIME.com
The influential leftist academics Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, whose co-authored books can be spotted in the hands of a bespectacled ...
[54]
[PDF] 93152857-hardt-negri-declaration-2012.pdf
May 16, 2012 · The protesters occupying the Wisconsin statehouse in February' and March expressed solidarity and recognized resonance with their counterparts ...
[55]
[PDF] The Spanish 15-M Movement: a consensual dissent?
Sep 29, 2014 · contestation of the “multitudes” (Hardt and Negri). The indignados consider themselves a social movement of persons, instead of activists or ...
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https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/393-michael-hardt-and-antonio-negri-arabs-are-democracy-s-new-pioneers
[57]
Preoccupying: Michael Hardt - The Occupied Times
Jun 18, 2013 · Michael Hardt has combined his role as Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University with political writings and activism.Missing: early career
[58]
Transcript: The Politics of Love — with Michael Hardt
Aug 27, 2024 · I was involved in a movement in the US that at the time was called the Sanctuary Movement, which was really, the idea was bringing people ...
[59]
We've launched a migrant rescue ship to resist the racist right in Italy
Oct 9, 2018 · This mission is not only about providing humanitarian aid but protesting against toxic politics, say academics Michael Hardt and Sandro
[60]
Social Movements Lab | John Hope Franklin Humanities Institute
Co-directed by Michael Hardt (Duke University) and Sandro Mezzadra (University of Bologna), the Social Movements Lab has two central premises.
[61]
The Illusions of Empire - Monthly Review
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's Empire, published by Harvard University Press in 2000, took the intellectual world by storm. After the declared demise of ...
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Review: Michael Hardt speaks on Assembly - Urban Democracy Lab
Oct 4, 2017 · Controversially, Hardt argued popular movements need to reclaim the notion of entrepreneurship from its neoliberal meanings. Neoliberal ...Missing: criticism | Show results with:criticism
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MANAGING UP: ASSEMBLY AND THE NEW ACTIVISM - Artforum
Michael Hardt is a professor of literature at Duke University and the author, with Antonio Negri, of Assembly (Oxford University press, 2017).
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View of Reflections on Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's Book ...
In more concrete terms, Hardt and Negri argue for a politics of left-wing convergence, in which unions and social movements converge into social unionism that ...
[65]
"The Biopolitical Turn In Educational Theory: Autonomist Marxism ...
In this article, we discuss Hardt and Negri's contribution to what we call the biopolitical turn in educational theory, emphasizing the influence of autonomist ...
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Empire. By Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. Cambridge, MA
Mar 1, 2002 · Empire. By Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. 478p. 18.95 paper. - Volume 96 Issue 1.
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‪michael hardt‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬
Cited by. View all ; Gilles Deleuze. M Hardt. University of Minnesota Press, 1993. 1118, 1993 ; Labor of Dionysus: A Critique of State-Form Ate-Form. M Hardt. U ...
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Michael Hardt & Antonio Negri, Empire, Twenty Years On, NLR 120 ...
Dec 5, 2019 · Twenty years ago, when our book Empire first appeared, the economic and cultural processes of globalization occupied centre stage: all could ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable<|control11|><|separator|>
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Empire | Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri | The Guardian
Jul 15, 2001 · Proponents praise the United States as the world leader and sole superpower, and detractors denounce it as the imperialist oppressor. Both ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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6.22.15 NC Nonprofit News - Philanthropy Journal
Jun 22, 2015 · Michael Hardt is the 29th recipient of the Richard K. Lublin Teaching Award at Duke University. Philanthropist Richard Lublin who endowed the ...Missing: fellowships | Show results with:fellowships
[71]
Trinity Honors Excellence in Teaching, Advising and Service
Apr 27, 2015 · Michael Hardt provides further evidence that Duke's academic superstars can also be great teachers. His scholarship on critical theory has ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Empire and the Commons | ebr - electronic book review
Dec 18, 2005 · Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's Empire is a genuinely synthetic account of globalization. It unites empirical observations of the post ...
[73]
The Empire does not exist - a critique of Toni Negri's ideas
Jul 12, 2005 · We are replublishing a 2003 critique of Toni Negri and Michael Hardt's Empire, which takes up the key ideas of the authors that are still fashionable.
[74]
[PDF] 'Immeasurability': A critique of Hardt and Negri - ephemera journal
Hardt and Negri reject classical value theory using reasoning consistent with Negri. (1997 [2003]), which argues for a redefinition of productive time. Negri ...
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[PDF] A Critique of Hardt and Negri's Concept of Empire
Hardt and Negri's claim that contemporary empire “has no limits” (xiv) is butressed by a historical argument that links capitalist expansion to the necessity to ...
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Laboratory Italy | The Subversive Seventies - Oxford Academic
Abstract. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, industrial workers were widely viewed as the protagonists of revolutionary struggles.
[77]
The subversive seventies—more radical than the sixties?
Sep 6, 2023 · As a leading theorist of autonomism, Hardt rejects the centrality of the working class as the agent of social change and also the role of even ...
[78]
Michael Hardt: 'Subversion and liberation go hand in hand'
Sep 20, 2023 · Michael Hardt explains how the 1970s witnessed a pervasive fear of subversive elements challenging established authorities, prompting extreme forms of ...Missing: career | Show results with:career
[79]
Michael Hardt, "The Subversive Seventies" (Oxford UP, 2023)
Oct 29, 2024 · A thought-provoking reconsideration of how the revolutionary movements of the 1970s set the mold for today's activism.
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The Subversive Seventies with Michael Hardt
Jan 14, 2024 · This is part 1 of a 2-part conversation on Michael Hardt's recent book The Subversive Seventies. Michael Hardt teaches political theory in the ...<|separator|>
[81]
MICHAEL HARDT ° Strategic Multiplicities - The Art of Assembly
Jan 2, 2024 · Michael Hardt teaches political theory in the Literature Program at Duke University. He is co-author of several books with Antonio Negri, ...
[82]
Michael Hardt & Sandro Mezzadra, A Global War Regime — Sidecar
May 9, 2024 · We seem to have entered a period of war without end, extending across the globe and unsettling even the central nodes of the world system.Missing: publications | Show results with:publications
[83]
A Conversation between Michael Hardt and Gavin Walker - Diacritics
Jul 2, 2024 · This is an edited transcription of a conversation held in the context of the Comparative Literature Theory Colloquium on March 8, 2024, at the Society for the ...
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https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/the-coming-post-hegemonic-world
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https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/examined_life
[86]
Michael Hardt: Becoming capable of democracy (clip 1 ... - YouTube
Aug 5, 2011 · while rowing a boat in Central Park in the 2008 documentary, Examined Life. Michael Hardt will be speaking at the Walker Art Center, along ...
[87]
https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_new_corporation
[88]
Michael Hardt - IMDb
Michael Hardt is known for Examined Life (2008), Vault (2008) and The New Corporation: The Unfortunately Necessary Sequel (2020).Missing: appearances | Show results with:appearances
[89]
Conversations with History: Michael Hardt - YouTube
Jan 31, 2008 · Conversations with History Host Harry Kreisler welcomes Professor Michael Hardt of Duke University. They discuss his joint work with Antonio ...Missing: early family background
[90]
Michael Hardt subverts ideas about political failure and ... - YouTube
Dec 22, 2023 · Michael Hardt teaches political theory in the Literature Program at Duke University. He is co-author, with Antonio Negri, of the Empire ...
[91]
Annual Lecture 2023: Michael Hardt 'The Subversive 1970s'
Dec 9, 2023 · ... Michael Hardt teaches political theory in the Literature Program at Duke University. He is co-author of several books with Antonio Negri ...Missing: teaching | Show results with:teaching
[92]
VIDEO: Gauss Seminars in Criticism by Michael Hardt
Nov 1, 2019 · On Tuesday October 15, in the public lecture “Empire 20 years on,” Hardt revisited the ideas around globalization, domination, and the social ...
[93]
"The Politics of the Common" - A Lecture by Michael Hardt
Michael Hardt is a Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University. He has written recently on globalization and its economic, legal, political and ...
[94]
Michael Hardt. The Common in Communism. 2009 7/9 - YouTube
Sep 29, 2009 · edu/ Michael Hardt, speaking about the common in ... Free Public open lecture for the students and faculty of the ...
[95]
Michael Hardt. For Love or Money. 2011 - YouTube
May 28, 2012 · ... political theory, communism, Alexandra Kollontai, and Karl Marx and his 1844 Manuscripts. Public open lecture for the students and faculty ...
[96]
Michael Hardt. Property Law & The Common. 2015 - YouTube
Mar 3, 2016 · http://www.egs.edu/ Michael Hardt, Professor of Political Literature at The European Graduate School / EGS. Public open lecture for the ...
[97]
File:Michael Hardt on Subversive Festival.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
English: Michael Hardt speaking on Subversive Festival 2012 in Zagreb. Date, 17 May 2012, 21:53:36. Source, Subversive festival media. Author ...
[98]
Michael Hardt: The Subversive Seventies | December 16, 2023
Jan 8, 2024 · December 16, 2023 A bold reconstruction of the history of revolutionary politics in the 1970s with political philosopher and literary ...Missing: family | Show results with:family
[99]
A Global War Regime | Program in Literature - Duke University
Apr 15, 2024 · A Global War Regime A Conversation with Michael Hardt and Sandro Mezzadra Monday, April 15, 2024 4:00pm. The Ahmadieh Family Lecture Hall<|separator|>
[100]
Michael Hardt at e-flux - Events
His most famous works, Empire (2000), Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (2004), and Commonwealth (2009) were written in collaboration with ...Missing: key | Show results with:key