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Plectrum

A plectrum, also commonly known as a guitar pick, is a small, flat tool held between the fingers and thumb to pluck or strum the strings of musical instruments such as guitars, mandolins, and lutes.^[1]^[2] Typically thin and made from materials like plastic, celluloid, metal, bone, or quill, it enables precise control over tone and attack when playing.^[3]^[4] The term "plectrum" originates from the late 14th century, derived from Latin plectrum and ancient Greek plēktron, meaning "thing to strike with," reflecting its ancient use in plucking lyres and similar stringed instruments.^[5] Archaeological and historical evidence traces plectra back to ancient civilizations, where they were crafted from bone, wood, metal, or ivory to play early stringed instruments like the lyre in Greek and Middle Eastern cultures.^[3]^[6] In medieval Europe, plectra for instruments such as the gittern, lute, psaltery, citole, and cetra were fashioned from quills, gut strings, metal, bone, or ivory, as depicted in iconography and surviving artifacts.^[7] By the Renaissance and into the 19th century, feather quills became a standard material for plectra, particularly for guitars, before the invention of celluloid in the late 1800s revolutionized production with its durable, tortoiseshell-like synthetic properties.^[8]^[4] In the early 20th century, innovations like cork-backed designs and varied shapes emerged to enhance grip and sound, solidifying the plectrum's role in modern music across genres from classical to rock.^[9] Today, plectra vary widely in thickness (measured in millimeters), shape, and material to suit different playing styles, with alternatives like fingerpicking sometimes preferred for nuanced expression.^[3]^[10]

Definition and Etymology

Definition

A plectrum is a small, flat tool used to pluck or strum the strings of musical instruments, producing sound by displacing the strings without requiring direct contact from the player's fingers.^[1] This device, often held between the thumb and forefinger, facilitates the excitation of string vibrations through a precise, repetitive motion that initiates transverse waves along the string length.^[2] By enabling controlled plucking, the plectrum allows performers to generate tonal qualities distinct from finger-based techniques, emphasizing clarity and efficiency in sound production.^[11] In basic mechanics, the plectrum engages the string via its tip, which contacts and displaces the string to a certain amplitude before releasing it, thereby launching the string into free vibration that radiates sound through the instrument's body.^[11] The extent of displacement—governed by the plectrum's force, angle, and shape—directly influences the initial energy imparted to the string, affecting the sound's intensity and harmonic content; for instance, sharper tips produce more angular displacements that excite higher harmonics compared to rounded finger plucks.^[11] This mechanism supports faster playing speeds and alternate techniques, such as alternate picking, by reducing friction and allowing rapid successive strikes without the damping effects of skin contact.^[12] The plectrum distinctly differs from related tools like bows, which generate sustained tones through frictional bowing to maintain continuous string vibration, or mallets, which produce percussive sounds by striking rather than displacing and releasing strings.^[12] Plucking with a plectrum yields a sharp attack followed by a decaying amplitude, contrasting the steady-state sustain of bowing or the impulsive transient of mallet percussion.^[13] Plectra generally fall into two categories: hand-held forms for direct manual use and mechanical variants integrated into instrument actions for automated plucking.^[14]

Etymology

The term "plectrum" originates from the Latin plectrum, borrowed directly from the Ancient Greek plēktron (πλῆκτρον), which denotes "a device for striking" or "an instrument for plucking strings," such as those of a lyre. This Greek noun derives from the verb plēssein (πλήσσειν), meaning "to strike" or "to beat," reflecting the action of producing sound by impacting strings.^[15]^[5] In English, the word first appears in the late 14th century during the Middle English period, with the earliest recorded use predating 1398, adopted via Latin to describe a tool for plucking musical instrument strings. Initially aligned with classical references to lyres and similar devices, its meaning has remained predominantly musical, though broader connotations of any striking implement appear in early contexts; by the 19th century, it had solidified in usage for handheld string-plucking tools across various instruments.^[16]^[5] Related terminology includes synonyms that vary by material, instrument, or cultural tradition. "Pick," as in "guitar pick," stems from the Middle English verb piken (from Old English piccian), meaning "to pluck" or "to pierce," and gained prominence in the 20th century as a colloquial term in American English for modern plastic or celluloid plectra used on guitars.^[17] "Quill" refers to early plectra fashioned from bird feathers, deriving from Middle English quyl (c. 1400), akin to Middle Low German kel for "hollow stem," and was commonly applied to those used in harpsichords or lutes.^[18] In Persian and Indian traditions, "mezrab" (or mizrab) for the santur or sitar plectrum comes from Persian mezrāb, ultimately from Arabic miḍrāb meaning "striker," emphasizing its role as a lightweight hammer-like tool. Terminology differs by region and instrument; for instance, "guitar pick" prevails in contemporary American English for fretted string instruments, while "plectrum" retains a more formal or international tone, often used for classical or non-guitar contexts like the mandolin. In French-speaking areas, plectre mirrors the English form.^[16]^[19]

History

Ancient and Classical Periods

The earliest evidence of stringed instruments like lyres dates to the mid-third millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where archaeological findings from the Royal Cemetery at Ur reveal lyres with three to twelve strings, likely played by plucking in ceremonial contexts.^[20]^[21] In ancient Egypt, harps from around 3000 BCE were typically finger-plucked without plectra during the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE). Lyres appeared later in the Middle Kingdom (c. 2050–1710 BCE), imported or adapted from Mesopotamian influences, with iconographic depictions sometimes showing plectra made of wood or bone to perform melodic lines.^[22]^[23] These early forms underscore the role of such instruments in producing clear tones on taut strings in ceremonial and funerary contexts across both civilizations. In ancient Greece, plectra gained prominence with the kithara, a professional lyre variant described in Homeric epics as the phorminx, where bards like Phemius and Demodocus used them implicitly to accompany narrative songs, striking strings to evoke heroic tales during feasts and assemblies.^[24] Vase paintings from the Archaic and Classical periods vividly illustrate kitharists wielding plectra—often depicted as rigid implements held in the right hand to sweep across strings—while the left hand damped or plucked for rhythmic control, highlighting the instrument's use in processions and competitions.^[25] Materials such as ivory, horn, bone, or hardwood were common, sometimes attached by a cord to the instrument for convenience, reflecting the plectrum's evolution into a specialized tool for professional musicians by the 8th century BCE.^[24] Roman adaptations preserved these practices, with similar depictions in wall paintings from sites like Herculaneum showing plectra in action on kithara-like instruments. Plectra held significant cultural roles in Greek symposia and theater, where they amplified the kithara's capacity to accompany vocal performances, fostering communal bonding through song at elite drinking gatherings.^[24] In symposia, kitharists used plectra to support skolia—improvised lyrics sung by participants—enhancing the social and intellectual exchange among men, as seen in Anacreon's poetry linking the instrument to revelry.^[25] Theatrical applications were equally vital; plectra enabled kithara players to underscore choral odes in tragedies by Aeschylus and Euripides, providing rhythmic and melodic depth to dramatic narratives performed at festivals like the Dionysia.^[24] The adoption of plectra marked a transition to more sophisticated classical forms, particularly with instruments like the barbiton, a bass-register lyre favored in sympotic settings, where the tool's sweeping motion allowed for heterophonic textures—simultaneous variations on a melody—approaching early polyphony through added intervals like fourths and fifths.^[24] This capability, evident in vase iconography and literary accounts from the 6th century BCE, distinguished the barbiton from simpler finger-plucked lyres, enabling layered accompaniments that enriched poetic recitations and influenced later Hellenistic music.^[21] The term "plectrum" itself originates from the Greek plēktron, denoting a striking device, underscoring its foundational role in these developments.^[24]

Medieval to Modern Developments

In the medieval period, plectra were commonly employed for playing European plucked string instruments such as lutes, citterns, gitterns, and citoles, with quill-based examples prominently depicted in 13th-century manuscripts. The Cantigas de Santa Maria, compiled between 1257 and 1283 under King Alfonso X of Castile, illustrates musicians using quill plectra—fashioned from bird feathers like those of geese or eagles—to perform on these instruments, often in polyphonic settings that required precise strumming of adjacent string courses. Quill plectra were shaped similarly to writing quills, either by cutting, splitting, or folding the material to achieve flexibility, allowing players to produce clear tones while dampening unwanted resonances.^[7] During the Renaissance and Baroque eras, plectra continued to integrate with evolving instruments like the vihuela and early guitars, though techniques gradually shifted toward fingerstyle playing. The vihuela, a Spanish instrument popular from the early 16th century, initially relied on plectrum methods for strumming polyphonic arrangements, as seen in tablature notations that specified holds between the forefinger and thumb or second finger. The advent of printing presses in the mid-15th century facilitated the dissemination of such tablature, proliferating instructional materials for plectrum techniques across Europe and enabling wider adoption of these plucked styles in court and domestic music. By the Baroque period, lutenists increasingly favored thumb-out finger techniques over plectra, reflecting adaptations for more complex bass lines on multi-course instruments.^[26]^[27]^[28] The 19th and 20th centuries marked significant shifts toward industrialized plectra, particularly with the rise of celluloid picks in the 1920s, which suited the demands of jazz guitarists seeking durable, consistent tone on steel-string acoustics. The D'Andrea company pioneered mass-produced celluloid picks in 1922, using semi-automatic machinery to standardize shapes like the teardrop form, which provided the flexibility and brightness needed for rhythmic strumming in emerging jazz ensembles. Post-1950s, during the electric guitar era, further standardization occurred as companies like Fender adopted and popularized the 351 pick shape, optimizing it for amplified tones and high-volume performances in rock and blues, thus establishing it as a global norm for modern plectrum use.^[9]^[4]^[29] Global influences on plectrum adoption emerged through colonial trade routes, with instruments like the Indian sarod incorporating plectra by the 18th century amid exchanges between European and South Asian musical traditions. The sarod, derived from the Afghan rubab and refined in northern India, traditionally employs a shell or metal plectrum (known as a gaz) to produce its resonant, sliding tones, reflecting adaptations from Persian influences that intersected with British colonial introductions of Western string techniques. This cross-cultural integration highlighted plectra's versatility in sustaining melodic lines across diverse plucked repertoires.^[30]^[9]

Materials and Design

Traditional Materials

Traditional plectra were primarily crafted from natural animal-derived materials, including quills from bird feathers, bone, horn, and tortoise shell, which were selected for their availability and suitability in pre-industrial eras. Quills, often sourced from sturdy feathers of birds such as crows, ravens, or eagles, served as one of the earliest and most widespread options for plucking stringed instruments like lutes and early guitars.^[7]^[9] Bone, typically from cattle or other large animals, provided a rigid alternative, while horn—harvested from goats or cattle—offered a balance of flexibility and strength. Tortoise shell, derived from the hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), gained prominence by the 19th century as a premium material due to its unique acoustic qualities, though its use dates back further in various cultures.^[31]^[32]^[33] The selection of these materials hinged on their physical properties, particularly hardness and flexibility, which influenced both durability and the resulting tone from string contact. Bone's rigidity made it highly durable for repeated use, resisting breakage but sometimes producing a sharper, more percussive attack with noticeable string noise. In contrast, tortoise shell's inherent flexibility allowed for smoother strumming and a warmer, more resonant tone, prized for its balanced "snap" without excessive harshness. Horn shared similar flexible traits to shell but with greater variability in density, often yielding a mellow warmth. Quills, being lightweight yet stiff, excelled in producing a bright, articulate tone ideal for intricate plucking, though their comparative softness limited longevity compared to bone or horn. Overall, harder materials like bone enhanced brightness and attack, while softer ones like quill or shell favored mellower sustain, guiding musicians' choices based on desired acoustic impact.^[33]^[34] Sourcing these materials involved regional and cultural practices, often tied to local fauna and trade networks, with tortoise shell exemplifying early global commerce and ethical concerns. Hawksbill turtle shells were imported from tropical regions, including Asia and the Americas, fueling a lucrative trade in ancient and medieval periods that contributed to population declines even before modern regulations. In East Asia, alternatives like bamboo emerged as regional preferences; for instance, the Korean geomungo used small bamboo plectra for their lightweight resilience and availability in forested areas. Bone and horn were more universally accessible from livestock, requiring minimal processing, while quill harvesting drew from abundant bird populations without significant ecological strain at the time. These practices highlighted cultural adaptations, such as Japan's historical reliance on imported tortoise shell for luxury instruments despite edicts against extravagance.^[35]^[36]^[37] Despite their advantages, traditional materials suffered from inherent limitations, particularly susceptibility to wear and environmental degradation, necessitating frequent replacement in pre-modern contexts. Quills frayed or split after moderate use, often requiring daily substitution for professional players. Tortoise shell, while flexible, proved brittle under heavy strumming and prone to cracking from moisture or impact. Bone and horn offered better endurance but could warp or dull over time due to oils and heat exposure. These vulnerabilities underscored the labor-intensive nature of maintaining plectra, as musicians hand-shaped replacements from raw sources to sustain performance quality.^[33]^[38]

Modern Materials and Shapes

In the late 19th century, celluloid emerged as the first synthetic material for plectra, invented by John Wesley Hyatt in 1870 as an early thermoplastic substitute for natural substances like tortoiseshell.^[4] By the 1920s, Luigi D'Andrea produced the first commercial celluloid guitar picks, which became the industry standard by the 1930s due to their bright tone, smooth feel, and moldability.^[9] Following World War II, nylon picks gained popularity for their flexibility and warm sound, offering greater durability than celluloid while reducing wear on strings.^[33] Delrin, an acetal polymer developed in the mid-20th century, further advanced synthetic options with its exceptional abrasion resistance and balanced stiffness, making it ideal for prolonged use without deformation.^[39] Dunlop's Tortex, a proprietary polyester blend based on Delrin introduced in the 1980s, combines high memory retention with a textured surface for enhanced grip and consistent performance across genres.^[40] Beyond basic plastics, modern plectra incorporate advanced materials like metals, wood composites, and eco-friendly alternatives. Brass and steel picks, favored for heavy picking styles, provide a rigid structure that withstands aggressive play, though they accelerate string wear.^[41] Wood composites, such as multi-layer laminates from sustainable hardwoods, offer a natural warmth and reduced plasticity compared to synthetics, with examples like Riversong's patented five-layer design achieving gauges up to 1.0 mm for articulate response.^[42] Since the 2000s, plant-based plastics have risen as eco-alternatives, utilizing biodegradable materials like polylactic acid (PLA) derived from corn starch or wheat straw blends, which maintain durability while minimizing environmental impact—Pigtrum's SUPER ECO line, for instance, fully biodegrades without compromising tone.^[43]^[44] Plectrum shapes vary to suit playing techniques, with the teardrop form serving as the versatile standard for general strumming and picking due to its ergonomic curve and balanced weight distribution.^[45] Triangular shapes, often associated with jazz applications, provide multiple grip angles and a pointed tip for precise articulation, while specialized jazz variants feature sharper edges for faster alternate picking.^[46] Thickness, or gauge, ranges from thin (0.5 mm) for fluid speed and lighter touch in strumming to heavy (2 mm) for increased volume and control in lead work, influencing how the plectrum interacts with string tension.^[47] Material density and design directly impact tonal qualities and playability; for example, nylon's lower density yields a warm, mellow attack suitable for acoustic tones, whereas metal picks like brass deliver a sharp, bright transient with extended sustain for electric amplification.^[48] Delrin and Tortex provide a crisp, balanced response with minimal pick noise, enhanced by textured or matte surfaces that improve grip during dynamic playing without altering the fundamental tone.^[49] These variations allow players to tailor plectra to specific performance needs, such as prioritizing speed with thin nylon teardrops or volume with thick steel triangles.^[50]

Hand-Held Applications

Western Plucked Instruments

In Western plucked string instruments, the plectrum—often called a guitar pick—serves as the primary tool for hand-held plucking and strumming on guitars, banjos, mandolins, and ukuleles, enabling precise articulation and rhythmic drive across folk, rock, bluegrass, and jazz genres. On acoustic and electric guitars, the standard holding grip involves pinching the pick between the thumb and forefinger, positioning the tip at a slight angle to the strings for optimal contact and control during both strumming chords and picking single notes.^[51] Standard pick sizes for these instruments typically range from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm in thickness, with thinner gauges (around 0.6–0.7 mm) favored for fluid strumming on acoustic guitars and medium thicknesses (0.8–1.0 mm) common for the brighter attack needed on electric guitars.^[52] Key techniques employing the plectrum include alternate picking, a method of rapidly alternating downstrokes and upstrokes to achieve high speeds, which is fundamental for lead solos in rock music—where aggressive downstrokes provide rhythmic emphasis and power—and in bluegrass flatpicking on guitars and mandolins, allowing intricate melodies at tempos exceeding 200 beats per minute.^[53] On banjos, tremolo strumming uses the plectrum for continuous, rapid up-and-down motions to create a sustained, rolling sound, particularly in bluegrass accompaniment, while flatpicking delivers sharp, single-note runs in solos.^[54] Mandolins, with their paired strings, demand thicker plectra (1.0–1.5 mm) held in a similar thumb-forefinger grip to cut through the double courses cleanly during fast tremolo or choppy rhythms in bluegrass and folk styles.^[55] Ukuleles often employ thinner picks (0.4–0.7 mm) or felt varieties for gentle strumming, gripped lightly to produce a soft, percussive tone suited to Hawaiian and pop genres.^[56] Adaptations of the plectrum enhance versatility in these instruments; thumb picks, which wrap around the thumb with a protruding blade, are standard for banjo players in bluegrass and folk guitar, combining with fingerpicks on the index and middle fingers to facilitate three-finger rolls while freeing the hand for dynamic volume control.^[57] In jazz guitar, hybrid finger-plectrum styles integrate the pick-held in the standard grip—with selective finger plucking (using the middle and ring fingers) to execute complex arpeggios, chord melodies, and bass lines simultaneously, as exemplified by players like Joe Pass and modern improvisers for enriched harmonic texture. The use of plectra in these Western instruments evolved significantly in the 20th century, shifting from natural quill or tortoiseshell materials—common until the early 1900s for their flexibility and tone—to mass-produced plastic versions, with celluloid picks patented in 1922 by Luigi D'Andrea, offering consistent durability and affordability for orchestras, bands, and recording sessions.^[9]^[41] This transition, often referencing durable plastics like nylon for modern designs, aligned with the rise of amplified music and genre diversification.^[58]

Non-Western and Global Variations

In Indian classical music, the sitar is played using a mezrab, a specialized plectrum consisting of a steel wire loop worn over the right index finger and often sheathed in plastic for comfort and tone modulation. This design enables the rapid, resonant plucking essential to the instrument's intricate ragas and alap sections.^[59] While the tambura, providing harmonic drone, is traditionally finger-plucked.^[60] In Japanese traditional music, the shamisen employs a bachi, a triangular or fan-shaped plectrum typically crafted from ivory, buffalo horn, or modern synthetic materials like plastic. Held in the right hand, the bachi strikes the three strings with a sharp, percussive motion, producing the instrument's signature bright, snapping timbre used in genres such as nagauta theater and folk narratives.^[61] Across Middle Eastern traditions, the oud utilizes a risha, a thin, flexible plectrum traditionally made from eagle quill, tortoise shell, or cow horn, which allows for nuanced tremolo and strumming techniques central to maqam improvisation. The risha's material influences the attack and sustain, with horn variants favored for their warm resonance in Arabic and Turkish performances.^[62] In West African music, the Ethiopian krar, a five- or six-stringed lyre, is often strummed with a small plectrum to create rhythmic patterns in pentatonic scales, complementing finger-plucking for melodic lines in folk and azmari ensemble playing.^[63] Persian classical music on the setar features a distinctive circular plucking technique executed with the right index fingernail acting as a natural plectrum, enabling fluid glissandi and microtonal ornamentation that evoke the dastgah system's expressive contours.^[64] Turkish saz players frequently employ a hybrid finger-plectrum approach, combining the mızrab (a soft plastic pick) for bass strums with fingertips for intricate maqam scale runs, facilitating the dynamic shifts between rhythmic accompaniment and melodic improvisation in aşık traditions.^[65] Since the 1970s, global fusion genres have spurred adaptations like nylon-sheathed mezrabs for sitar, blending Indian classical elements with rock and jazz for brighter sustain and easier handling in electric contexts.

Mechanical Applications

Harpsichords

In harpsichords, plectra are integral to the jack mechanism, where thin wooden jacks—typically made from pear or beech—rest on the rear of the keys and rise when a key is depressed, engaging the plectrum to pluck the corresponding string.^[66] The plectrum, mounted on a pivoting tongue within the jack, is angled to catch and release the string during the upward motion, producing a single pluck per keystroke; on the downward return, the tongue swivels backward via a spring (often boar bristle or wire), allowing the plectrum to pass below the string without re-plucking.^[66] A cloth damper integrated into the mechanism then silences the vibrating string as the jack descends, while padded jackrails prevent excessive travel and noise.^[66] Modern restorations may use plastic-tipped plectra (such as Delrin or Celcon) for durability, though historical replicas favor quill.^[67] Historically, 17th-century Italian harpsichords commonly employed quill plectra from raven or crow feathers, prized for their springiness and ability to produce a clear, resonant tone suited to the instrument's lighter construction and single-manual designs.^[68] Both Italian and French models of the same era commonly utilized crow or raven quill plectra, which contributed to a fuller, more brilliant sound in larger, multi-rank French instruments, reflecting national preferences for varied dynamic expression.^[67] These material choices influenced tonal character, with quill providing a sharper attack compared to occasional leather alternatives in Italian builds, which yielded a slightly softer articulation.^[69] The plucking action of plectra generates the harpsichord's signature bright, articulate timbre, distinct from hammered instruments due to the absence of sustained volume control; instead, performers achieve variety through registration, engaging multiple ranks such as the principal 8' (at written pitch) and octave 4' (one octave higher) via shifted slides that activate different sets of jacks and plectra.^[67] Quill plectra in these ranks produce the brightest tones, enhancing clarity in polyphonic textures, while subtle variations in plectrum thickness or angle allow for nuanced brilliance across stops.^[69] Maintenance of harpsichord plectra involves regular inspection and replacement due to wear from repeated string contact, with quill types prone to splitting after visible deterioration in high harmonics, necessitating changes every few years in active instruments.^[69] Plastic plectra like Delrin offer greater longevity, lasting up to three to four years in concert settings before tonal consistency fades, but require similar regulation to maintain alignment.^[69] These upkeep practices directly impact period performance, as worn or mismatched plectra alter articulation and registration, affecting the crisp phrasing essential to Baroque repertoire on historically informed instruments.^[70]

Other Keyboard Instruments

Virginals and spinets, compact variants of the harpsichord developed during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, employ the same fundamental plectrum-based plucking mechanism as their larger counterparts, where jacks rise to allow plectra—typically made from quill, leather, or modern synthetics—to engage and release the strings, producing a bright, articulate tone suited to smaller domestic settings.^[71] These instruments, often rectangular or polygonal in form, feature strings aligned parallel to the keyboard, enabling efficient space use while maintaining the characteristic plucked attack that distinguishes them acoustically from struck-string keyboards.^[72] Modern electric harpsichords, such as the Baldwin model produced in the 1960s and 1970s, retain a mechanical plectrum plucking action on strings but incorporate electrostatic pickups to amplify the signal electronically, yielding a twangy, percussive tone with extended decay that evokes the acoustic pluck while enabling volume control and effects integration in ensemble settings.^[73] These instruments feature multiple pickup positions to simulate varied plucking points, enhancing tonal flexibility beyond traditional acoustics.^[74] Digital keyboards and synthesizers often emulate plectrum tones through sampled or modeled waveforms, as seen in devices like the Roland C-30, which replicates harpsichord registrations including 8-foot, 4-foot, and lute stops to capture the sharp onset and resonant decay of plucked strings without physical mechanisms.^[75] Physical modeling approaches in software synthesizers, such as those based on the Karplus-Strong algorithm, further simulate plectrum-string interactions by generating noise bursts filtered through delay lines to mimic pluck excitation and string vibration.^[76] Experimental hardware, like the Morphor Plectrum module, uses analog bucket-brigade delays to produce plucked timbres, offering hybrid pluck-strike hybrids in modular systems.^[77] Acoustically, plectrum actions in these keyboards produce a waveform with an abrupt attack from the pluck's release, followed by exponential decay due to minimal energy transfer and no sustained contact, contrasting with hammer strikes in pianos that impart broader frequency excitation for richer harmonics, greater dynamic range, and prolonged sustain through felt damping.^[78] This difference yields the harpsichord family's crisp articulation and even volume across velocities, versus the piano's variable intensity and tonal warmth.^[79]

Manufacturing and Customization

Production Techniques

Artisanal production of plectra involves manual techniques to create customized items from natural materials such as animal horn or feather quills. Crafters typically begin by selecting and cutting raw horn into rough shapes using knives, followed by precise carving to form the plectrum's outline and bevel. The pieces are then sanded by hand to achieve desired thickness and smoothness, often varying between 0.5 mm and 2 mm for specific tonal preferences, resulting in unique, one-of-a-kind products with organic textures.^[80]^[9]^[81] Industrial manufacturing shifted plectrum production toward efficiency and uniformity, particularly with plastics like celluloid introduced in the 1920s. Early processes involved heating sheets of celluloid—a thermoplastic derived from nitrocellulose—and pressing them into dies to form standardized shapes, enabling mass output for the growing demand in stringed instrument playing. Modern plastic plectra are primarily produced via injection molding, where molten polymers such as cellulose acetate or nylon are injected under high pressure into precision molds, cooled, and ejected to yield consistent gauges from 0.38 mm thin to 1.5 mm heavy. For metal plectra, stamping employs hydraulic presses to cut and shape thin sheets of brass, steel, or aluminum using custom dies, followed by tumbling or polishing for edge refinement.^[9]^[82]^[83] In recent years, sustainability has influenced manufacturing, with plectra produced from recycled plastic bottles, biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), wheat straw composites, and sustainably sourced wood to reduce environmental impact. These eco-friendly options maintain performance while addressing concerns over plastic waste.^[84]^[85] Quality control in plectrum production ensures reliability through specialized tools that measure thickness uniformity to within 0.01 mm tolerances, preventing variations that could affect playability or durability. Visual and tactile inspections verify shape integrity and surface finish, while batch testing assesses flexibility and wear resistance under simulated strumming conditions. Finished plectra are then packaged in bulk—often 100 to 1,000 units per bag or box—for distribution to musicians and retailers, with color-coding by gauge to facilitate selection.^[86]^[87] The scale of plectrum production evolved from 19th-century artisanal cottage industries, where individual makers hand-fashioned picks from quills or shell in small workshops, to automated factories by the mid-20th century. Semi-automatic punching machines enabled initial mass production in the 1920s, but full automation emerged in the 1960s with companies like Jim Dunlop establishing dedicated facilities for high-volume molding and stamping, producing millions of units annually to meet global music market needs.^[9]^[10]

Player Adaptations

Musicians select plectra based on genre-specific needs, prioritizing factors such as thickness, material, grip, and tonal output to align with their playing style. For instance, heavy-gauge picks (0.85–1.20 mm thick), often made from celluloid or nylon, are favored in lead-oriented genres like metal or shredding for enhanced precision, brighter attack, and reduced string bending during fast alternate picking.^[58]^[88] In contrast, thinner picks (under 0.75 mm), typically nylon, suit rhythm-heavy styles like blues or folk, providing flexibility for smooth strumming and a mellower tone with better chord clarity.^[89]^[90] Players often test multiple options by strumming open chords and scales to evaluate grip comfort—ensuring the plectrum doesn't slip during extended sessions—and tone consistency across instruments.^[91] To personalize standard plectra, musicians frequently modify them post-purchase for improved performance. Filing or sanding the edges creates a beveled tip, yielding a smoother string attack and reduced wear on both the plectrum and strings, particularly useful for aggressive playing.^[92] Attaching rubber grips or adhesive tape enhances hold, preventing slippage from sweat during live performances; these additions, often sourced from hardware stores, add texture without altering the pick's core sound.^[93] For hybrid picking techniques—combining plectrum with fingers—thumb rings or attached pick holders secure the plectrum to the thumb, allowing freer finger movement for bass lines and melodies.^[94]^[95] DIY adaptations have gained popularity, especially since the 2010s, enabling custom designs tailored to individual ergonomics. A common method involves cutting plectra from discarded credit or gift cards using scissors or a craft knife, then shaping and smoothing edges for a durable, cost-free alternative with a sharp, metallic tone.^[96] With accessible 3D printing technology, players design and fabricate bespoke shapes—such as elongated tips for speed or textured grips—using PLA filament, often sharing STL files and refinement tips in online maker communities.^[97]^[98] Notable adaptations highlight creative problem-solving among professionals. Jazz guitarists often employ felt-tipped plectra, such as Dunlop's models, for a softer, finger-like attack that blends seamlessly with chordal comping.^[99] Bassists, facing pick shortages in emergencies, substitute coins like quarters for a bright, percussive snap, as seen in impromptu sessions or by players like Brian May adapting the approach to six-string contexts.^[100]^[58]

References

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PLECTRUM | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
that is held between the fingers and thumb and used for playing instruments such as the guitar.
[2]
PLECTRUM definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
a thin piece of metal, bone, plastic, etc., used for plucking the strings of a guitar, mandolin, etc. : also ˈplecˌtron (ˈplɛkˌtrɑn ; ˈplɛktrən
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Feb 23, 2025 · The ancient Greeks plucked their lyres with plectra made of bone, wood, or metal. During the Renaissance, musicians used quills (sorry, Big Bird) ...
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Feather quills became widely used until the late 19th century. Then came what would become the superior plectrum material, the outer shell of the Atlantic ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Plectrum - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating in late 14th century from Latin plectrum and Greek plēktron, the word means a small instrument used to pluck strings of a lyre or similar.
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Exploring the Evolution of Guitar Picks: A Historical Journey
Feb 13, 2025 · The use of plectrums in music dates back to ancient civilizations, where musicians crafted rudimentary picks from materials such as bone, ivory ...
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Oct 2, 2024 · Plectrums used to play the gittern, lute, psaltery, citole and cetra, made from quills, gut strings, metal, bone, and ivory.<|control11|><|separator|>
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https://www.thaliacapos.com/blogs/blog/picking-through-history
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The (Surprisingly Long) History of the Guitar Pick
Early 20th-century music catalogs featured mandolin plectrums made from celluloid and shell, often with cork and other design features aimed at improving the ...
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Apr 24, 2024 · First ever (guitar) picks Plectrums were typically made of materials like tortoiseshell, bone, or ivory. These early picks were often shaped ...
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This paper presents a review of the literature regarding how different ways of plucking the string result in a different sound.
[12]
Bowing vs. Plucking The Strings - How String Instruments Work
Translated into how we hear it, the plucked string creates a quick initial pitch which then gradually decays. The bowed string creates a longer lasting pitch ...
[13]
Pluck it or Bow it: a Beginner's Guide to String Instruments
Mar 28, 2024 · Bowing produces a smooth sound. Another way to play string instruments is by plucking (also known as pizzicato). Plucking produces sharp and ...
[14]
On Teaching: Introduction to harpsichord, part 3 - The Diapason
In a harpsichord the strings are plucked by small plectra that are held near those strings by action pieces called “jacks.” These in turn rest on the back ends ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[15]
plectrum - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology. Borrowed from Latin plēctrum, from Ancient Greek πλῆκτρον ... plectrum n (plural plectrums or plectra, diminutive plectrumpje n ). plectrum ...
[16]
plectrum, n. meanings, etymology and more
The earliest known use of the noun plectrum is in the Middle English period (1150—1500). OED's earliest evidence for plectrum is from before 1398, ...
[17]
Pick - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating in early 13th-century Germanic roots, "pick" means to peck or prick, evolving to denote pointed tools, blows, selections, and guitar plectrums.
[18]
Quill - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c. 1400 from Middle High German and Low German roots, "quill" means a hollow feather stem used as a pen, a reed piece, or a porcupine spine.Missing: plectrum | Show results with:plectrum
[19]
PLECTRUM Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Sep 30, 2025 · Word History. Etymology. Latin, from Greek ... More from Merriam-Webster on plectrum. Nglish: Translation of plectrum for Spanish Speakers.
[20]
The Musical Instruments from Ur and Ancient Mesopotamian Music
Early Mesopotamian representations of lyres show them with string numbers ranging from three to twelve. Playable reconstructions of several of the Ur ...
[21]
[PDF] Final Stringed instruments in Near east and Aegean
After the collapse of the Mycenae civilization, archaeologic evidence depicted the lyre with seven strings with plectrum. This four to seven stringed ...
[22]
[PDF] UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology - eScholarship
Jul 7, 2013 · The lute and the lyre could be played with a plectrum, while the harp could not. Page 6. Music and Musicians, Emerit, UEE 2013. 4. Figure 6 ...
[23]
Arched harp | Stringed, Folk, Celtic - Britannica
One of the principal forms of harp, it is apparently also the most ancient: depictions of arched harps survive from Sumer and Egypt from about 3000 bc. Both ...
[24]
[PDF] West_ML_Ancient_Greek_Music.pdf - Monoskop
... the plectrum towards the kithara as if ready to strike it when the voice ... expectations of variety in the strumming, and with the evidence of the vase-paintings ...<|separator|>
[25]
None
### Summary of Plectra Use with the Kithara in Ancient Greece
[26]
Medieval plectrums: the written, iconographical and material ...
Oct 2, 2024 · This article includes 7 videos to illustrate medieval and early renaissance plectrum technique, beginning with citole and gittern playing an untitled ...Missing: Baroque | Show results with:Baroque
[27]
[PDF] GRIFFITHS:KIEFFER Lute Vihuela Guitar final - UVaDOC Principal
The advent of printing and the development of tablature were important factors in the proliferation of plucked instruments during the Renaissance, especially ...
[28]
[PDF] Craddock, Michael Duane, Right Hand Lute Technique in the ...
During the period of Renaissance lute practice a gradual change from thumb-under technique to the "thumb-out" style of the Baroque lutenists took place.
[29]
https://ironageaccessories.com/blogs/iron-age-general-blog/fender-guitarpicks-351
[30]
Sarod | Indian, Strings, Frets | Britannica
Oct 21, 2025 · The sarod is an adaptation of the Afghan rabab, which arrived in India during the 16th century. The modern form of the instrument was designed ...
[31]
https://ironageaccessories.com/blogs/iron-age-general-blog/guitarpicks-history
[32]
The History of the Pick | Dream music - Šola kitare
The horn was obtained by the bones of cattle and the tortoiseshell was gained out of the shell of hawksbill turtles. The tortoiseshell gained a lot of ...
[33]
History of Guitar Pick Materials - Stringjoy
Nov 26, 2022 · Prior to the invention of tortoiseshell guitar picks, feather quills were the dominant picks for string instruments. However, John Farris ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
[34]
https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/gear/its-a-small-detail-thats-most-often-overlooked-and-yet-your-tone-and-playing-style-depend-heavily-on-it
[35]
Imports and autarky: Tortoiseshell in early modern Japan (Chapter 8)
Jan 12, 2017 · Thus tortoiseshell provides a good case study for how changing perceptions of need subverted official and social sanctions against luxury and ...
[36]
Historical tortoiseshell trade | Stories - Seafood Watch
Mar 27, 2019 · Research into historical data on rare hawksbill sea turtles could help illuminate the shadowy modern world of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing.
[37]
Historical trade of tortoiseshell reveals origins of modern wildlife ...
Mar 27, 2019 · New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium finds that historical tortoiseshell trade routes may have established the groundwork for modern illegal, unreported ...
[38]
Traditional Korean Music - Angelfire
The strings are plucked or struck with a small bamboo plectrum about the size of the average household pencil. The tone of the komungo is usually quite deep ...
[39]
Delrin Guitar Picks [An Expert's Review]
Feb 14, 2018 · The number one physical characteristic of Delrin is its immense durability in comparison to a lot of other guitar picks. It can withstand a lot ...
[40]
TORTEX® STANDARD PICK .88MM - Jim Dunlop
In stock 30-day returnsTortex Picks are highly durable with great memory and just the right amount of flexibility for a snappy, fluid attack that's bright and crisp.Missing: composition | Show results with:composition
[41]
https://www.stringsandbeyond.com/blog/comparing-guitar-pick-materials-/
[42]
Riversong Shredder Wooden Pick Multipack 4 Pack
In stock 7-day returnsJun 20, 2021 · This Multi Pack has it all, a .60, .80, and a 1.0 gauge wooden pick made of our patented 5 layer wooden composite.
[43]
Guitar Picks Made of Renewable Raw Material - Pigtrum
Pigtrum picks are made of renewable, plant-derived raw material and are available in two different materials: SUPER ECO is fully biodegradable and stands ...Missing: based | Show results with:based
[44]
Eco Guitar Picks – Engraved | Custom Picks for your guitar
In stock Free delivery over $100 14-day returnsThese guitar picks are made from Polylactic (Lactic Acid) and Wheat Straw (Vegetable Fiber). This makes the guitar picks biodegradable and no plastic remains ...Missing: based | Show results with:based
[45]
TORTEX® TEARDROP PICK 1.14MM - Jim Dunlop
In stock Rating 5.0 1 The Tortex Teardrop pick is a classic tear drop shape made of Tortex material, known for its bright attack, superior memory, and durability. It was originally ...
[46]
https://www.stringsandbeyond.com/blog/fender-pick-shapes/
[47]
https://attakpik.com/blogs/attak-team-blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-guitar-pick-thickness-size-and-shape
[48]
How Different Types Of Guitar Picks Effect The Tone Of Your Guitar ...
May 14, 2024 · Metal picks have a unique sound quality, thanks to the rigidity of the material. They produce a bright, metallic tone with added sustain and ...
[49]
https://thepickshouse.com/guitar-pick-materials-comparison/
[50]
https://rombopicks.com/blogs/insight-rombo/do-guitar-picks-really-affect-the-tone-of-your-guitar
[51]
Technique & Style - Musopen
Using a plectrum or pick to play is one of the most commons way to approach the guitar. The pick is held in the right hand between two fingers, and its tip used ...
[52]
The Ultimate Guide to Guitar Picks: Types, Shapes, and Materials
Aug 2, 2025 · The terms “plectrum” and “pick” are often used interchangeably in the world of guitar playing, but they essentially refer to the same accessory.
[53]
Fast alternate picking, with a thumbpick? - The Acoustic Guitar Forum
Mar 31, 2013 · I'm starting to get into flatpicking, and I've started playing with a thumbpick. Is this a good or a bad idea? Any fast pickers out there ...Flatpicking - Right hand ergonomics - The Acoustic Guitar ForumFlatpicking versus fingerpicking for bluegrass - Acoustic Guitar ForumMore results from www.acousticguitarforum.com
[54]
Playing banjo with a flatpick and strumming - Discussion Forums
Jul 26, 2016 · It makes an effective and simple method to create a fairly full sound and does sound somewhat similar to clawhammer if you do a down/up strum.Playing a 5-string with a flat pick. - Discussion Forums - Banjo HangoutPlaying banjo flatpicking guitar style?. - Discussion ForumsMore results from www.banjohangout.org
[55]
Tips For Choosing Mandolin Picks - Steven Fox-Music Lessons
The majority of mandolinist I know use a pick some where between 1mm and 2.5mm. To thin of a pick and the material will bend while you are trying to play ...
[56]
Your Guide to Ukulele Picks & Why You May Want One
Jul 7, 2016 · The classic uke pick is the felt pick, which comes in a variety of shapes (oval and triangular), sizes, thicknesses, and degrees of hardness.
[57]
Selecting and Fitting Picks for Your Bluegrass Banjo - Dummies
Mar 26, 2016 · Thumbpicks consist of a flat striking surface, or blade, which moves across the strings, and a band that attaches the pick around your thumb.
[58]
Pick Your Pick: A Plectrum Primer - Fender
While the first were probably feathered quills, pieces of turtle shells became popular in the early 20th century, although ivory, bone and wood were also once ...Missing: properties | Show results with:properties
[59]
Stringed Instruments of India - A Quick Guide - Chitra Srikrishna
Oct 2, 2020 · It is played by striking the mezrab (metal plectrum) on the strings of the sitar. Here is Pandit Ravi Shankar playing the sitar along with ...
[60]
https://jas-musicals.com/products/jas-mizrab-plectrum
[61]
Bachi (Plectrum) Archives - Bachido
Commonly mistaken for a putty knife, the bachi is the plectrum for the shamisen. Choosing the right bachi for you is just as important as the shamisen.
[62]
an oral history of Abdel Karim Bader - Digital Repository
Knowledge of the Oud and of Music Theory The oud is a pear-shaped lute with a fretless fingerboard. The sound is produced by a pick, also known as risha in ...
[63]
Krar - Instruments of the world
The Krar is a Lyre from the African country of Ethiopia. The strings are strummed rhythmically, usually with a plectrum, while the other hand damps all the ...
[64]
The Beginner's Guide to Playing the Persian Setar | FarsiCity
Jul 11, 2024 · Plucking the setar involves using the nail of the index finger, which gives the instrument its distinctive, bright sound. Beginners should start ...Missing: circular plectrum
[65]
https://baraksaz.com/common-picking-techniques-used-on-the-saz-baglama/
[66]
Handmade Turkish Baglama Saz 3 Pack Hybrid Picks / Mizrap ... - Etsy
In stock Rating 4.9 (244) Saz picks are generally made of a soft, flexible, and vaguely rubbery feeling plastic that's gentle on the strings and imparts a timbral attack similar to ...Missing: technique maqam
[67]
jack works - Carey Beebe Harpsichords
This allows the appropriate jacks to rise when their key is played, and then return freely by gravity when the key is released. It is the quill (or plectrum) ...Missing: mechanism | Show results with:mechanism
[68]
The Classical Harpsichord Information Page on Classic Cat
The plectrum, mounted on a tongue that can swivel backwards away from the string, passes the string without plucking it again. As the key reaches its rest ...
[69]
Italian Harpsichord - Schubert Club
Each string/key has its own plectrum, or plucking material. Historically, these were made of feather quills—usually crow or raven. Modern harpsichords mostly ...
[70]
David Bayer: Harpsichord And Guitar Maker Extraordinaire
Apr 19, 2021 · The plectra rarely split, and various owners have reported quills lasting for more than 20 years, longer than delrin. If other makers knew of ...
[71]
[PDF] The Wearing Properties of Harpsichord Plectra
All three types of plectra produce their own distinctive sound. Quill produces the brightest sound with the sound produced by Delrin a close second. Which sound ...
[72]
Harpsichord - Organology: Musical Instruments Encyclopedia
The plucking mechanism relies on jacks—thin strips of wood that rest on keys at one end and hold plectra at their top ends. When a key is pressed down by ...
[73]
Introduction to the Spinet, Harpsichord and Clavichord
In the harpsichord family the string is plucked by a small plectrum, originally of quill but nowadays usually Delrin. The variety of sound from these plucked ...
[74]
KING CHARLES II's VIRGINALS - The Cobbe Collection
A virginals possesses the same plucking mechanism as a harpsichord, it is of rectangular shape and only has one set of strings running from right to left.
[75]
Tangent piano - greifenberger-institut.de
The tangent piano offered a serious alternative to harpsichord or piano in the 1770s. The strings were struck like in a piano, but by "tangents", movable wooden ...Missing: plectrum | Show results with:plectrum
[76]
Tangentenflügel Mozart's favorite keyboard instrument (for a while)
Sep 29, 2017 · Tangent Piano Action The action of the “Tangentenflügel” included an intermediate lever to increase the velocity with which the jack-striking ...
[77]
[PDF] The Baldwin Electronic Harpsichord - Hendrik Broekman
Nov 8, 2008 · The jack is fully lifted and the string free of damper interference. an escapement whereby the plectrum is mounted in a hinged part (called the ...
[78]
Baldwin Electric Harpsichord – Works – National Music Centre
Each voice incorporates a muting or dampening mechanism that creates a stronger, more percussive tone; the mute is activated via a pedal located at the right ...
[79]
C-30 | Digital Harpsichord - Roland
Four harpsichord sound-sets and two positive organ sounds; Plectrums and strings never need replacing, and no tuning is required; Five different classical ...
[80]
Plectrum - Luis Felipe Vieira Damiani
Plectrum is an Audio Unit implementation of the Karplus-Strong algorithm, a classic emulation of plucked string instruments.
[81]
https://picksmithing.com/
[82]
Acoustic properties of strings - HyperPhysics
In the piano the string is struck by a felt hammer, and in the harpsichord the strings are plucked by a "quill". Even when the form of excitation is established ...Missing: keyboard | Show results with:keyboard
[83]
[PDF] Teaching the descriptive physics of string instruments at the ...
May 27, 2016 · Plucked and struck string waveforms typically have a short attack as the string is pulled or hit and a long decay as the string is free to ...Missing: keyboard | Show results with:keyboard
[84]
https://www.custompicks.com/eco-friendly-guitar-picks-now-available/
[85]
Picksmith : Picksmithing is an ancient folk art and musical heritage.
Mike Stone of Stoneworks Picks creates the finest handcrafted stone guitar picks in the world from a variety of natural stone in dozens of different styles.
[86]
Custom Guitar Picks with Our APSX Injection Molding Machine
Jan 4, 2021 · This plastic spitting, mold filling bad larry is great for small runs of detailed parts. We've already used it for ABS, PP, and a number of rubber durometers.
[87]
https://claytoncustom.com/us/customized-guitar-picks-bulk/
[88]
The Original Color-Coded Pick Line - Lifestyle - Jim Dunlop
Dec 5, 2017 · Jim Dunlop first introduced color-coded gauges at a time when player choice and quality control were limited in the pick business. For gauges, ...
[89]
https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/pro-audio/tips-and-solutions/how-to-choose-the-right-guitar-pick
[90]
Best Pick Shredding Speed Picking - Picking Power
Jun 2, 2023 · We have four very different picks from four very shred-worthy guitarists with picking power in spades. They are all a different gauge, material and shape.
[91]
How to Choose the Right Guitar Pick | B&H eXplora
Jul 5, 2021 · Celluloid is the most flexible and yields a bright sound. Nylon has a bit of a softer feel and darker tone, but it doesn't break quite as easily ...
[92]
The ultimate guide to guitar picks - Happy Bluesman
This guide covers guitar pick materials, shapes, sizes, gauges, and how to choose the right pick for your playing style.Missing: 1950s | Show results with:1950s
[93]
https://www.monstergrips.com/
[94]
Speed Bevels on Picks - The Acoustic Guitar Forum
Feb 4, 2017 · I prefer the sharper edge which to me gives a stronger attack and find the smoother glide of a beveled edge to not be my cup of tea! as far ...
[95]
https://hubguitar.com/technique/hybrid-picking-overview
[96]
ERINGOGO Thumb Picking Ring Guitar Picks Variety Pack Metal ...
Guitar finger protectors--with this slide tone bar and finger pick, your guitar will play wonderful sound,guitar accessories; Thumb picks for acoustic ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[97]
Hybrid Picking Overview - Hub Guitar
The hybrid picker holds the pick between the thumb and first finger, as normal, and uses the middle, ring and pinky fingers to pick other strings. For the ...
[98]
Make Your Own Guitar Picks From Gift or Credit Cards! - Instructables
Make Your Own Guitar Picks From Gift or Credit Cards! · Step 1: What Youll Need · Step 2: Tracing the Pick · Step 3: Cut the Pick Out · Step 4: Trim It · Step 5: ...
[99]
3D Printed Guitar Pick: 10 Amazing 3D Models - All3DP
May 16, 2020 · Lose your guitar pick or want a unique pick of your own? Check out these 3D printed guitar picks for the ultimate customized strumming!
[100]
How to 3D Print Custom Guitar Picks with Snapmaker: A Beginner's ...
Oct 14, 2025 · ... edge for a smoother attack, or even your initials for a personal touch. ... Smooth the edges of the pick with 400-600 grit sandpaper. Apply ...
[101]
FELT PICK STANDARD 3.2MM - 3 PACK - Jim Dunlop
In stock 30-day returnsSpecial, high grade hard felt pick. Manufactured from a high density wool & cotton material. Beveled playing tip. $9.44. USD. Current Stock: Quantity:.
[102]
4 Emergency Pick/Plectrum Alternatives - YouTube
Dec 16, 2018 · I Played the Forbidden Riff in ALL Guitar Stores (on BASS). Davie504•1.9M views · 15:05. Go to channel · 10 ICONIC Guitar Players Who DON'T Use ...Missing: coins | Show results with:coins