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Raigarh

Raigarh is a district located in the eastern part of , , with its administrative headquarters in the city of Raigarh, which serves as a major rail junction on the Howrah-Mumbai line of the South Eastern Railway. The district was bifurcated in 2019 (forming Sakti district) and 2021 (forming ). Covering a geographical area of 5,212.06 square kilometers, the district is bounded by Surguja and Jashpur districts to the north, to the east, to the south, and Korba and Janjgir-Champa districts to the west. As per the (adjusted for post-bifurcation boundaries), Raigarh district has a population of 1,112,982, with a of 993 females per 1,000 males, and a rate of 73.7%. The district is predominantly rural, with , , and forming the backbone of its economy, while its rich cultural heritage, particularly the Raigarh Gharana of dance, earns it the title of Chhattisgarh's cultural capital. Historically, Raigarh originated as a founded by Madan Singh, who separated it from the , and was ruled by a lineage of kings including Takhat Singh, Bhupdev Singh, and the last ruler, Chakradhar Singh. The state acceded to shortly after independence in 1947, becoming one of the first to join the Union, and was integrated into before Chhattisgarh's formation as a separate state in 2000. Under Chakradhar Singh's patronage in the early , Raigarh flourished as a center for arts, establishing the Raigarh of , a classical form blending influences, rituals, and local folk traditions. The district's cultural legacy also includes traditional silk weaving, particularly Tasar silk, and festivals like the annual Chakradhar Samaroh celebrating music and . Economically, Raigarh is an industrial hub with significant deposits of , , , and supporting sectors like production, generation, and ; notable industries include large-scale plants and over 35 major enterprises. Agriculture remains vital, with , pulses, oilseeds, and production employing a large portion of the rural across its 951 villages and 10 tehsils. The district's strategic location and infrastructure, including the Raigarh Airport and proximity to mineral-rich areas, position it as a key contributor to Chhattisgarh's industrial growth, though challenges like environmental impacts from persist.

History

Early origins

The early origins of Raigarh trace back to the 17th century, when Madan Singh, a chieftain of the Raj Gond family, migrated from the village of Bairagarh in Chanda district (present-day ) and established a in the region. As a subordinate (samant) to the king of , Madan Singh was granted land for his military services and founded the Raigarh estate around , initially basing it at before shifting the capital to Raigarh proper. The area was predominantly inhabited by local tribal communities, particularly the Gonds, whose traditions and social structures significantly shaped the region's development. Madan Singh's family descended from the Gond kings of Chanda, linking Raigarh to the broader Gond dynasty that ruled various kingdoms in from the 14th to 18th centuries, known for their fortified settlements and integration with tribal governance. This establishment marked the key founding event, transforming Raigarh from a tribal-influenced locale into the seat of Gond rule, setting the stage for its evolution into a formalized estate.

Princely state era

Raigarh became a princely state under the suzerainty of the British Raj following the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, retaining internal autonomy under its Gond rulers. This arrangement allowed the state to avoid direct annexation and maintain its traditional governance structure. Successive rulers during the princely era included Devnath , Ghanshyam , and Bhupdev , who ascended the throne in 1894 and reigned until 1917. Under Bhupdev Singh, the state underwent significant administrative expansions, including reforms to the that improved and collection processes to support economic stability. He also oversaw the construction of key infrastructure, such as public buildings and the royal palace known as Moti Mahal in the early , which served as a for the ruling family and symbolized the state's growing prosperity. The final ruler, Chakradhar Singh, succeeded in 1924 following the death of his elder brother and governed until his death on 7 October 1947. As a devoted patron of the arts, he invited renowned musicians and dancers from across to his court, fostering a vibrant cultural environment. Chakradhar Singh established the of dance, blending traditional elements with innovative techniques to create a distinctive style that emphasized rhythmic complexity and expressive storytelling. This , rooted in the princely court's traditions, elevated Raigarh's reputation as a center for classical .

Post-independence integration

Following India's independence, the of Raigarh acceded to the on 15 August 1947, becoming one of the earliest princely states to integrate into the new nation. This accession was formalized under the leadership of Maharaja Chakradhar Singh. In 1948, Raigarh was merged into the state of as part of the broader reorganization of princely states into provincial structures, marking the end of its independent status and the beginning of its role within a larger democratic framework. The region was promptly organized into the Raigarh district within Madhya Pradesh, serving as an administrative unit that encompassed the former princely territories of Raigarh, Sarangarh, Udaipur, and parts of Jashpur. This district formation facilitated centralized governance and development initiatives in the post-colonial era. By 1998, due to the expansive size of several Madhya Pradesh districts, a reorganization occurred, bifurcating Raigarh to create the separate Jashpur district; Raigarh retained its core areas and continued as the administrative headquarters, enhancing local administrative efficiency. On 1 November 2000, was established as a new state carved out of northern and eastern , with Raigarh emerging as one of its 16 initial districts and maintaining its status as a key administrative center. This separation addressed regional aspirations for autonomy and spurred focused development in the area. In the post-2020 period, the Durg-Bhilai-Raigarh region has witnessed significant economic zoning updates, including the promotion of industrial corridors under Chhattisgarh's Industrial Development Policy 2024-30, aimed at integrating , , and sectors to drive regional growth and investment.

Geography

Location and topography

Raigarh district occupies the northeastern region of , , with its administrative headquarters in Raigarh city located at approximately 21°54′N 83°24′E. The district spans a geographical area of 6,527.44 km², bounded by Surguja and Jashpur districts to the north, the state of to the east, Mahasamund and Baloda Bazar districts to the south, and Korba and Janjgir-Champa districts to the west. Following the 2022 bifurcation that created Sarangarh-Bilaigarh district from its southern parts, this positioning places Raigarh in the upper River basin, influencing its hydrological and ecological characteristics. The terrain of exhibits significant variation, transitioning from elevated, forest-covered plateaus in the northern areas—such as the Pandrapat and Khuria regions—to flat, open plains in the southern parts around Raigarh city and Pusaur. These northern plateaus reach elevations up to around 457 meters above mean in some faulted formations, while the central and southern lowlands maintain an average of about 215 meters. The district's includes undulating hills and ridges in the north, contributing to its diverse within the broader Plain. The Kelo River, a key of the , flows southward through the district, originating in the northern plateaus and traversing the plains before joining the larger basin. This river system supports the surrounding dense forests, which cover nearly 33% of the district's area, primarily in the northern and eastern zones near the border, forming part of the expansive basin's forested catchments.

Climate and environment

Raigarh experiences a characterized by distinct seasonal variations, with hot summers, a pronounced period, and mild winters. Temperatures typically range from a minimum of around 10°C during the winter months of December to February to highs of up to 46°C in the peak summer period from to . The annual average rainfall is approximately 1,274 mm, with the majority—over 80%—occurring during the season from to September, leading to high and occasional flooding in low-lying areas. The region's climate is influenced by its inland location in eastern Chhattisgarh, contributing to extreme heat in summer and cooler, drier conditions in winter. While average daily temperatures hover around 26.5°C annually, the summer months often see prolonged heatwaves, exacerbating before the arrives. Winters remain comfortable for most activities, though can occasionally disrupt transportation. These patterns align with broader trends in , where reliability supports the local ecosystem but also heightens vulnerability to erratic rainfall events. Environmental concerns in Raigarh are significant, particularly driven by extensive activities. Mining operations have led to the clearance of thousands of trees in forested areas, such as the region, where over 5,000 trees were felled in June 2025 for a private project in Mudagaon and Saraitola villages, threatening and local water sources. This , estimated at over 4,920 hectares across in recent years, has accelerated and habitat loss for , including elephants in the Hasdeo-Raigarh belt. efforts include the management of territorial forests through divisions like Raigarh and Dharamjaigarh, which focus on wildlife protection plans and community involvement via Committees (JFMCs) to restore degraded areas and monitor . In the 2020s, has advanced through targeted budget allocations, including climate-responsive budgeting frameworks that tag expenditures for adaptation projects. For instance, the state has allocated funds under the Programme on and Human (NPCCHH), with Rs. 205.5 lakhs proposed annually from 2022-23 to 2023-24 for health-related resilience measures. Additionally, initiatives like climate budget tagging (CBT) ensure resources support long-term sustainability, such as and disaster preparedness in districts like Raigarh, as outlined in the state's transformative pathways for .

Demographics

Population and growth

According to the , the population of in stood at 1,493,984, comprising 750,278 males and 743,706 females. This figure pertains to the district as it existed prior to 2022, when the was created by carving out the Sarangarh subdivision and Bilaigarh from Raigarh, reducing its geographical area from 7,088 square kilometers to 6,527.44 square kilometers. Of this total, the urban population was 246,302 (16.49%), while the rural population accounted for 1,247,682 (83.51%). The district's was recorded at 211 persons per square kilometer, reflecting moderate in a predominantly rural . The decadal growth rate for the district between 2001 and 2011 was 18.1%, driven by natural increase and migration patterns associated with industrial development. In comparison, the municipal corporation area of Raigarh city had a population of 137,126 in 2011, with the broader urban agglomeration reaching 150,019 when including outgrowth areas. Projections based on census trends estimate the (pre-split) district's population at approximately 1.79 million by 2025, while the city population is expected to reach around 198,000; however, for the current Raigarh district post-2022 split, state projections indicate about 1.75 million as of 2025. Note that India's 2021 census was postponed, so recent figures rely on projections. Literacy rates in the district improved to 73.26% in , with male literacy at 83.49% and female at 63.02%, surpassing the average of 70.28%. Post-2020 initiatives, including the Chhattisgarh government's Padhai Tuhar Dwar scheme for digital education during the and targeted tribal welfare programs, have contributed to further gains, with projected reaching 77.23% by 2023. These efforts emphasize equitable access in rural areas, where lagged at 70.89% in compared to 85.47% in urban zones.

Languages and religion

Note: Linguistic and religious data below are from the 2011 census for the pre-2022 Raigarh district boundaries. Raigarh district exhibits significant linguistic diversity, reflecting its location in eastern near the borders with and . According to the , Chhattisgarhi is the predominant mother tongue, spoken by approximately 75.61% of the population (1,129,571 individuals out of a total of 1,493,984). follows as the second most common language at 6.70% (100,091 speakers), serving as the primary medium for administration, education, and inter-community communication. Odia, influenced by proximity to , accounts for 9.50% (141,910 speakers), particularly in border areas. Among Scheduled Tribes, which constitute about 33.8% of the district's population, languages such as Kurukh (spoken by 4.04% or 60,385 people) and smaller tongues like Gondi (0.03% or 389 speakers) are prevalent, highlighting the role of tribal communities in the region's linguistic fabric. Religiously, the district is overwhelmingly Hindu, with 95.25% of the population (1,422,986 individuals) identifying as such in the 2011 Census, a figure that encompasses mainstream practices as well as syncretic traditions among tribal groups. Christians form the next largest group at 3.19% (47,653 adherents), largely concentrated in urban and mission-influenced areas, while Muslims constitute 1.16% (17,332). Smaller communities include Sikhs (0.14%), Jains (0.19%), and Buddhists (0.05%), with "other religions" at 0.12% (1,782), often reflecting animist beliefs among Scheduled Tribes such as the Gond and Oraon. Tribal populations frequently blend animist worship of nature spirits and ancestors with Hinduism, preserving indigenous rituals despite official classifications. Following 's formation in 2000, state policies have emphasized linguistic preservation, designating both and Chhattisgarhi as official languages to promote regional identity and cultural continuity. The Chhattisgarh Rajbhasha Aayog promotes Chhattisgarhi in government functions, media, and literature, while recent initiatives under the aim to incorporate local dialects, including tribal languages like Gondi, into curricula to combat and support in tribal-dominated areas. These efforts address the challenges faced by minority languages, ensuring their integration into formal education and public life.

Economy

Industrial sector

Raigarh's industrial sector is predominantly driven by mining, steel production, and power generation, leveraging the district's abundant coal resources and strategic location in Chhattisgarh. Coal mining forms the backbone of the local economy, with Raigarh hosting significant operations such as the Gare Palma IV/6 mine operated by Jindal Steel & Power Ltd., where production commenced in 2023 to support steel plant expansions. The district contributes to Chhattisgarh's overall coal output of approximately 185 million tonnes in the financial year 2023-24, drawing from reserves estimated at over 57 billion tonnes across key coalfields in the state, including those in Raigarh. Steel production is anchored by major players like , which operates an integrated plant in Raigarh with a captive power facility of 824 MW to meet its energy needs. Another key contributor is MSP & Power Ltd., running an expanded integrated plant at Jamgaon in the district. These facilities produce a range of products, supporting national demands and employing thousands in the region. Power generation in Raigarh includes thermal plants that feed into the national grid, such as the 600 MW Adani Raigarh Thermal Power Plant and the 1,600 MW , commissioned in 2024, which allocates half its capacity to state distribution companies. These assets underscore Raigarh's role in Chhattisgarh's status as a power hub, with coal-based thermal generation forming a critical component of India's supply. Recent 2025 assessments highlight increased from impacting local water bodies and in Raigarh. The district also features cement production through facilities like the 1 million tonnes per annum Jindal Cement at the Jindal Steel site, with a planned expansion involving an investment of ₹2,160 announced in to scale up output. Jute milling is represented by Mohan Jute Mills Ltd., a key unit processing products for domestic and export markets. Recent developments have boosted the sector, including the ongoing expansion of the Durg-Bhilai-Raigarh , which drives output in and related manufacturing. In 2025, rate reductions of 5-18% on cement and handlooms have spurred demand and investment in these areas. The state budget for 2025-26 allocates ₹26,341 crore for , supporting infrastructure and industrial growth across districts like Raigarh.

Agriculture and resources

Raigarh district's agriculture is predominantly rainfed and centered on the fertile plains of the Kelo , where thrives due to the river's irrigation potential from projects like the Kelo Major Irrigation Project, benefiting over 34,000 hectares across 192 villages. remains the dominant crop, occupying a significant portion of the gross cropped area, alongside pulses such as black gram, green gram, and horse gram, and oilseeds like , which support local food security and rural livelihoods. Additionally, Kosa silk production, derived from tasar silkworms feeding on trees like and , forms a key agro-based activity, with Raigarh ranking as the second-largest producer of tasar cocoons in , employing tribal communities in and weaving. The district's extensive forest cover, spanning divisions like Raigarh and Jashpur, provides vital resources including timber from and species, essential for construction and local industries. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as mahua flowers, tendu leaves, and lac further sustain the , contributing to over 20% of rural household income through collection and trade. Tribal groups, particularly the nomadic Birhor community, rely heavily on these s for livelihoods, practicing traditional skills like basketry from and grasses to create marketable goods, though challenges like threaten their sustenance. Government initiatives have bolstered agricultural resilience, with the Krishak Unnati Yojana, implemented from 2023-24, providing input assistance and bonuses exceeding the minimum support price for —such as ₹917 per —to enhance farmer incomes, disbursing over ₹13,320 to 24.75 beneficiaries statewide, including Raigarh farmers. The 2025-26 state budget allocates ₹10,000 to this scheme for agricultural prosperity and ₹18,500 overall to , emphasizing infrastructure like roads under (₹845 ) to improve market access for produce.

Government and administration

Local governance structure

Raigarh's local governance is structured around a district led by the District Collectorate, which serves as the central headquarters for coordinating revenue, development, and administrative functions across the district. The Collector and , currently Shri Mayank Chaturvedi, IAS (as of November 2025), oversees operations from Raigarh city, ensuring implementation of state policies, , and disaster management. The urban areas, particularly Raigarh city, are governed by the (Nagar Nigam Raigarh), which was constituted as a municipal body in to manage civic services such as , , , and . This corporation operates under the Urban Administration and Development Department of , providing essential infrastructure and regulatory services to a population exceeding 150,000 in the municipal limits (2011 Census; estimated 218,000 in 2025 for metropolitan region). At the district level, Raigarh falls under the Bilaspur , one of five such divisions in , which supervises revenue collection, land records, and sub-divisional . The district comprises 10 tehsils—Raigarh, Pusaur, Kharsiya, Gharghoda, Tamnar, Lailunga, Mukdega, Dharamjaigarh, Chhal, and —each headed by a responsible for land revenue , birth and death registrations, and local . These tehsils facilitate efficient and are integral to the district's revenue operations. Note that in 2019, was carved out from Raigarh, affecting its tehsils and administrative scope. Rural governance in Raigarh adheres to the system, as enshrined in the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, with a three-tier structure comprising Gram Panchayats at the village level, Janpad Panchayats at the block level (7 blocks in the district: Raigarh, Pussaur, Kharsiya, Gharghoda, Tamnar, Lailunga, Dharamjaigarh), and the Zila Panchayat at the district level. This decentralized framework empowers elected representatives to handle , including roads, , and social welfare programs, ensuring community participation in decision-making. Fiscal administration supports these structures through district-level revenues, managed via the district's treasury and contributing to balanced urban-rural initiatives.

Political developments

Raigarh district contributes four seats to the , comprising the constituencies of Dharamjaigarh (Scheduled Tribes), Lailunga (Scheduled Tribes), Raigarh (General), and Kharsiya (General). These assembly segments form part of the Raigarh (Scheduled Tribes) constituency, one of eleven parliamentary seats in the state, ensuring representation of the district's significant tribal population at both state and national levels. In the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly elections, held in two phases on November 7 and 17, the (INC) won three of the four seats in , reflecting strong tribal voter support amid anti-incumbency against the ruling (BJP) at the state level. Omprakash Choudhary of the BJP secured the Raigarh seat with 102,710 votes, defeating INC's Dinesh Kumar Sahu who received 38,267 votes, by a margin of 64,443 votes. In Dharamjaigarh, INC's Laljeet Singh Rathiya won with 76,271 votes against BJP's Harishchandra Rathia, who polled 70,993 votes. Vidyavati Sidar of INC retained Lailunga with 55,998 votes, edging out BJP's Pradeep Suna's 51,822 votes by 4,176 votes. Umesh Patel of INC won Kharsiya with 75,998 votes, defeating BJP's Mahesh Sahu's 54,342 votes by 21,656 votes. Overall, the district saw a near tie in vote shares, with INC at 47.3% and BJP at 47.3%, underscoring competitive politics driven by local issues like development and welfare. Following the BJP's victory in the 2023 state elections, the 2025-26 state budget, presented in March 2025 with a total outlay of ₹1.65 lakh crore, builds on prior emphases by continuing support for the pillars—Gareeb (poor), (youth), Anndata (farmers), and Naari (women)—through targeted welfare schemes that address Raigarh's rural and tribal needs, such as enhanced agricultural subsidies and youth programs. This focus aligns with the government's broader (Good Governance, Accelerating , , Growth) theme, allocating resources for in tribal areas to boost economic inclusion. Raigarh's political landscape is heavily shaped by its status as a Scheduled Area under the Fifth Schedule of the , where the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA) grants Gram Sabhas authority over land acquisition, minor forest produce, and development projects to protect tribal interests. With approximately 34% of the district's comprising Scheduled Tribes (as per 2011 ), electoral politics revolves around tribal rights, including resistance to land displacement for and demands for better PESA . The government notified PESA rules in August 2022, empowering tribal communities in districts like Raigarh to manage resources and veto incompatible projects, though challenges persist due to conflicts with industrial expansion and incomplete devolution of powers. This framework has influenced recent elections, with parties competing on promises of tribal empowerment and .

Culture

Performing arts and music

Raigarh holds a significant place in the performing arts landscape of , particularly through its distinctive contributions to classical and forms. The Raigarh Gharana of , one of the four major of this classical Indian dance, emerged in the early 20th century under the patronage of Maharaja Chakradhar Singh, the ruler of the of Raigarh. This gharana is characterized by its graceful movements, intricate footwork, and subtle facial expressions, blending elements from the , , and Banaras gharanas while emphasizing fluid transitions and expressive (narrative portrayal). Dancers of the Raigarh Gharana often incorporate unique , such as Shambhavi Mudra, and angaharas inspired by themes like , reflecting a synthesis of technical precision and aesthetic elegance that distinguishes it from other styles. Complementing the classical tradition, Suwa serves as a vibrant signature form in Raigarh and broader , performed primarily by women during harvest celebrations and festivals. Known as the "Parrot Dance," Suwa mimics the movements and calls of through synchronized steps, undulating body gestures, and rhythmic clapping, often accompanied by songs in the Chhattisgarhi that invoke prosperity and joy. Participants typically form circles around a symbolic pot representing the parrot, with performers adorned in colorful sarees and simple jewelry, creating a lively communal expression of tribal heritage that underscores Raigarh's . The princely of Raigarh, particularly under Chakradhar Singh's rule from 1924 to 1947, fostered a rich patronage of , elevating the region as a cultural center. The , himself a proficient player and , invited renowned musicians from across to his court, promoting traditions in instruments like the and alongside vocal and instrumental performances. This revived authentic Hindustani classical elements, with solos and accompaniments gaining prominence, as evidenced by the court's support for artists who blended rhythmic complexity with melodic depth. renditions, often featuring intricate and jor sections, were nurtured through royal sponsorship, contributing to Raigarh's enduring legacy in instrumental music. Contemporary institutions continue this legacy, with the Ustad Sangeet Academy playing a central role in preserving and promoting in Raigarh. Named in honor of the legendary multi-instrumentalist, the academy offers training in , , and related disciplines, fostering young talents in , , and through structured programs and workshops. Annual cultural festivals, such as the Chakradhar Samaroh organized by the academy in collaboration with the Chakradhar Lalit Kala Kendra, showcase these traditions through performances of , recitals, and folk dances like Suwa, commemorating the maharaja's contributions and attracting artists nationwide. These events highlight Raigarh's ongoing commitment to blending historical patronage with modern artistic expression.

Festivals and heritage sites

Raigarh, recognized as the cultural capital of , hosts several vibrant festivals that blend classical traditions with local tribal customs, drawing participants from across the region. The most prominent is the Chakradhar Samaroh, an annual ten-day cultural extravaganza held during the Ganesh Puja in September, commemorating Maharaja Chakradhar Singh, a renowned patron of music and dance who ruled Raigarh in the early 20th century. Organized by the Ustad Sangeet Academy and Chakradhar Lalit Kala Kendra, the festival features performances of , dance from the Raigarh , and folk arts, attracting artists and audiences nationwide and highlighting the area's rich performative heritage. Other significant celebrations include the Rashtriya Ramayana Mahotsava, such as the 2023 edition held in Raigarh, a spiritual and musical event that underscores Chhattisgarh's deep connection to Lord through recitations, dances, and bhajans. Local tribal fairs, such as the Hariyali observed by the Gond and other indigenous communities, mark agricultural prosperity with rituals, processions, and community gatherings that emphasize harmony with nature. is exuberantly marked with illuminations, fireworks, and bustling silk markets, where Raigarh's renowned sarees and handlooms are showcased and sold, reflecting the district's traditional weaving expertise. Raigarh's heritage sites preserve the region's royal, religious, and prehistoric legacy, offering insights into its tribal and princely past. The Maharaja's Palace, originally built in the 19th century as the residence of the local rulers including Chakradhar Singh, now serves as a cultural venue hosting events and exhibits on Raigarh's musical history, with its blending colonial and indigenous styles. The Lakshmi Narayan Temple, a revered Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi, stands as a key religious landmark in the city center, known for its intricate carvings and annual festivals that draw devotees for prayers and rituals. For tribal heritage, sites like the rock paintings at Kabra Pahad (also called Gajmaar Pahad) and Singhanpur Caves feature prehistoric Gond art depicting hunting scenes, animals, and human figures dating back thousands of years, protected as significant archaeological treasures. In the 2020s, preservation efforts have intensified through state-led initiatives under the Tourism Policy 2020, which promotes eco-ethnic tourism by supporting the revival of indigenous arts, crafts, and festivals in districts like Raigarh to sustain tribal heritage amid modernization. This includes funding for the annual Chakradhar Samaroh, now in its 40th edition in 2025, and community programs to document and conserve Gond rock art sites, enhancing their visibility through guided tours and digital archives. While no recognitions have been granted specifically for Raigarh's tribal sites, these state measures align with broader efforts to nominate 's cultural assets for international acknowledgment, fostering that benefits local artisans and performers.

Education

Key institutions

Raigarh hosts several prominent institutions that contribute to the region's academic landscape. , a state established in 2020, offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across disciplines including , , , , and , with a focus on equitable access to higher learning. The , located in Garhumaria on the Road, affiliates numerous colleges in the district and emphasizes research in local industries like and textiles. The Late Shri Lakhiram Agrawal Memorial Government Medical College, established in 2013, provides through its MBBS program with an annual intake of 100 students, along with postgraduate courses in various specialties. Affiliated to Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University in , the college operates a 300-bed serving the healthcare needs of Raigarh and surrounding areas. In technical , Kirodimal Government Polytechnic stands as a key institution, founded in 1956 as one of India's oldest polytechnics. It offers diploma programs in engineering fields such as civil, mechanical, electrical, and computer science, affiliated to , and supports industrial training aligned with regional manufacturing demands. The 's school system encompasses over 3,500 primary, middle, high, and higher secondary institutions, providing foundational to a large student population. According to district records, there are 2,105 primary , 1,044 middle , 158 high , and 238 higher secondary , predominantly government-run with a focus on regional languages and basic sciences. Several are affiliated with the (CBSE), including Delhi Public School Raigarh, O.P. Jindal School, and Ashoka Public School, which follow a emphasizing English-medium instruction and holistic development. Vocational training in Raigarh emphasizes traditional crafts and modern industrial skills, with expansions post-2020 under national schemes like Samarth and NEP 2020. The Weavers' Service Centre, Raigarh, under the , delivers skill upgradation programs in handloom weaving, including silk techniques like Kosa saree production, through short-term courses in designing, processing, and marketing to support local weavers. For industrial skills, the Government Industrial Training Institute, Raigarh, established in 1969, has enhanced its offerings with trades such as fitter, , and , incorporating updated modules for sectors like steel and power following post-2020 skill development initiatives.

Literacy and initiatives

According to the , Raigarh district recorded an overall literacy rate of 73.3 percent, with male literacy at 83.5 percent and female literacy at 63.0 percent. This marked an improvement from 65.1 percent in 2001, driven largely by the national () program, which has focused on universal elementary through infrastructure development, , and in rural and tribal areas of . By 2023, the district's literacy rate had risen to 77.2 percent (estimated), reflecting sustained SSA efforts to bridge enrollment gaps and enhance learning outcomes, though rural areas continue to lag behind urban centers. The state budget for 2024-25 emphasizes youth empowerment under the framework—Gareeb (poor), Yuva (youth), Anndata (farmers), and Naari (women)—allocating significant funds to initiatives that promote skill development and digital integration. Key provisions include expanding digital classrooms and virtual learning platforms across districts like Raigarh, aiming to equip over 45,000 with technology-driven resources to improve access for remote and underserved students. These measures build on SSA's foundational work by incorporating e-learning tools to address post-pandemic learning losses and foster inclusive . In 2024, the PARAKH national assessment surveyed student learning outcomes in , including Raigarh, to support NEP 2020 implementation. Gender and tribal disparities remain pronounced in Raigarh, where the district's substantial Scheduled Tribe population (around 36 percent) faces literacy rates about 11 percentage points below the state average, compounded by female tribal literacy at roughly 55 percent in 2011. Targeted interventions like the (KGBV) scheme have addressed these gaps by establishing residential schools for girls from disadvantaged groups, including tribal communities, resulting in higher enrollment and retention rates—up to 75 percent reservation for marginalized girls—and improved personal development outcomes compared to non-KGBV schools in . Studies indicate that KGBV participants in tribal areas show enhanced academic performance and self-confidence, contributing to gradual narrowing of the in .

Transportation

Road and public transport

Raigarh, a in , , is well-connected to major cities via that facilitate regional travel and . National Highway 153 (NH-153) provides a direct link from Raigarh to , the state capital, covering approximately 250 kilometers through areas such as and Saraipali, enabling efficient access to administrative and economic hubs. Similarly, National Highway 49 (NH-49) connects Raigarh to Bilaspur, spanning about 161 kilometers and passing through towns like Sakti, supporting inter-district movement and trade routes toward eastern . Within the city, relies heavily on auto-rickshaws for short-distance intra-urban mobility, serving as the most common and accessible option for residents navigating local markets, residential areas, and administrative centers. Municipal and private bus services operate from the , providing connectivity to nearby destinations and integrating with broader networks for commuter travel, though services are primarily geared toward inter-city routes rather than extensive intra-city coverage. Rural road networks in have seen significant expansions in the 2020s under the (PMGSY), with Phase III of the scheme sanctioning 108 kilometers of roads across nine projects to enhance all-weather connectivity to remote habitations and boost agricultural access. As part of the statewide implementation, over 40,000 kilometers of rural roads have been constructed in since 2000, including ongoing upgrades in Raigarh that have improved linkages between villages and urban centers by 2025. Urban planning initiatives in Raigarh, guided by the Seamless Plan 2021 from the Town and Country Planning Department, incorporate and transportation to address growing vehicular density, with provisions for road widening and public transit enhancements. The 2024-25 state , alongside central approvals of Rs 11,000 for developments, has allocated funds for upgrades, including improvements in districts like Raigarh to mitigate and support sustainable .

Railways and airports

Raigarh Junction, with the station code RIG, serves as a key railway hub on the line under the South East Central Railway (SECR) zone. The station features three platforms and handles significant traffic, with 75 trains halting daily, four originating, and four terminating there. It connects Raigarh to major cities across through express trains such as the , which stops at the station en route between and , facilitating daily services to destinations like , , and via integrated routes. The SECR network, including the Raigarh section, achieved full electrification by March 2025, marking 100% coverage across Chhattisgarh's rail lines and enabling greener operations with electric locomotives. This milestone builds on earlier progress, with the Jharsuguda-Raigarh segment initially electrified in and subsequent upgrades enhancing capacity for freight and passenger services. Post-2020 developments include station redevelopment under the , introducing world-class amenities such as improved waiting areas, escalators, and to enhance passenger experience. These upgrades have supported rising passenger volumes, with the station contributing to SECR's overall of millions annually, though specific footfall for Raigarh remains integrated into zonal reports. For air travel, the nearest commercial airport to Raigarh is Jharsuguda Airport (JRG), approximately 93 km away, offering limited domestic flights primarily to and other regional hubs. Alternatively, (PAB) in Bilaspur, about 170 km north, provides connections to cities like , , and via and other carriers. (RPR) in , roughly 250 km southeast, serves as the primary gateway with broader domestic and some international links, handling approximately 2.5 million passengers in the financial year 2023–24 and 2.6 million in FY 2024–25. Raigarh also hosts a private airstrip at OP Jindal Airport (JSPL), located 9 km south near Kondatarai, primarily for small aircraft and corporate charters operated by Limited. As of 2025, plans for a public airport in Raigarh under the scheme have been shelved, with the site removed from future bidding lists due to reassessed demand. Road access from these airports to Raigarh typically takes 2-4 hours, complementing rail connectivity for inter-city travel.

Notable people

Historical figures

Raigarh's historical legacy is deeply intertwined with the Gond tribe, whose chieftains governed the region prior to the establishment of formalized princely rule. The Gonds, an indigenous ethnic group, held sway as tribal leaders in central India's forested terrains, managing local affairs through customary laws and alliances with neighboring powers like the kingdom. These pre-princely chieftains laid the groundwork for the area's socio-political structure, emphasizing communal land stewardship and resistance to external incursions, though specific names from this era remain sparsely documented in historical records. The transition to princely status began with Madan Singh, an early Gond leader who founded the Raigarh estate around 1625. Originating from Bairagarh in the Chanda district (present-day ), Madan Singh served as a samant (feudatory) under the Raja of before establishing Raigarh as a distinct entity; the precise circumstances of this consolidation, likely involving military or diplomatic maneuvers, are not fully detailed in surviving accounts. His descent from the Gond kings of Chanda underscored the dynasty's tribal roots, formalizing Raigarh's autonomy within the broader confederation of states. According to local traditions, Madan Singh was succeeded by rulers including Takhat Singh, Beth Singh, Dilip Singh, and ; however, historical records list subsequent verified rulers as Jhujhar Singh (fl. 1808), Deonath Singh (r. 1833-1862), Ghanshyam Singh (r. 1863-1890), and Bhup Deo Singh (r. 1890-1917). Madan Singh's rule marked the shift from loose tribal confederacies to a more structured zamindari, setting the stage for subsequent rulers who navigated Maratha and influences. The state was recognized as a princely state in 1911. The most prominent figure in this era was Maharaja Chakradhar Singh (1905–1947), who ascended the throne in 1924 following a period of regency after his father Bhupdev Singh's death in 1917. Born on August 19, 1905, and educated at Rajkumar College in Raipur, Chakradhar Singh ruled until his death on October 7, 1947, just months before India's independence, making him the last sovereign of the princely state. Renowned as a patron of the performing arts, he was an accomplished tabla player and Kathak dancer himself, inviting luminaries from across India to his court and fostering the development of the Raigarh Gharana—a distinctive style of Kathak emphasizing rhythmic complexity and expressiveness. Chakradhar Singh authored several books on music and dance, including treatises that documented traditional techniques and innovations, thereby preserving and elevating Raigarh's cultural heritage amid colonial transitions. His reign also involved administrative reforms to integrate tribal customs with modern governance, ensuring the state's merger into the Indian Union in 1948 proceeded smoothly.

Modern personalities

In the realm of , V. Anuradha stands out as a prominent exponent of the Raigarh of dance, renowned for her mastery of intricate footwork, expressive , and preservation of the gharana's unique that blends classical with rhythmic . Based in but deeply rooted in the traditions of Raigarh, Singh has performed internationally over 1,000 times, earning accolades for solo recitals and group productions that highlight the gharana's heritage from the court of Maharaja Chakradhar . In Bollywood, Sulakshana Pandit (b. 1948), born in Raigarh, is a noted and actress who appeared in over 100 films in the and . Raigarh has also produced influential political figures who have broken barriers and advocated for marginalized communities. Madhu Bai Kinnar made history in 2015 as India's first openly , winning the election for Raigarh Municipal Corporation as an independent candidate and defeating her BJP opponent by a significant margin. As a member of the community and a , Kinnar has focused her tenure on sanitation, education, and welfare programs for and low-caste residents, inspiring greater visibility and rights advocacy across the country. In the industrial sector, particularly steel production, has emerged as a key leader with strong ties to Raigarh through Jindal Steel & Power Limited (JSPL). Joining the family business in the mid-1990s, Jindal oversaw the development of the company's Raigarh plant, transforming it from a struggling unit into a major integrated steel facility and investing over Rs 1,000 by 2000 to produce rails and expand capacity. As chairman since 1999, he has driven JSPL's growth in sustainable steel manufacturing, including recent MoUs for Rs 73,000 expansions in as of July 2025, emphasizing technological upgrades and in the region. Athlete Jairam Valjee Chouhan, an recipient in 1983 for , hails from Raigarh and represented internationally. Among tribal communities, recent activism has been led by figures like Vidyawati Sidar, a Scheduled Tribe representative and MLA from Lailunga constituency in . In the 2020s, Sidar has spearheaded protests against unauthorized forest clearances for , notably in June 2025 when she and villagers from Mudagaon and Saraitola opposed the felling of over 5,000 trees without Gram Sabha consent, highlighting threats to livelihoods and environmental rights. Her efforts underscore ongoing tribal resistance to industrial expansion, drawing attention to violations of the Forest Rights Act in the region.

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