Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

SGP

The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is a rule-based framework established by the European Union in 1997 to coordinate national fiscal policies among euro area member states, enforcing limits on government budget deficits at 3% of GDP and public debt at 60% of GDP to safeguard the monetary union's stability.^[1]^[2] Enacted through two Council regulations as a complement to the Maastricht Treaty, the SGP requires member states to submit stability or convergence programs annually, with the European Commission and Council monitoring compliance via the excessive deficit procedure, which can impose sanctions for persistent breaches.^[1]^[3] While intended to promote sound public finances and prevent fiscal imbalances from spilling over into inflation or currency instability, the pact's rigid enforcement has drawn criticism for prioritizing austerity over growth during recessions, as evidenced by infrequent sanctions—only applied meaningfully to Greece in 2010—and repeated suspensions, such as amid the 2008 financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic.^[1]^[4] In response to these limitations, a 2024 reform replaced the prior six-pack and two-pack architecture with updated regulations emphasizing net expenditure paths, debt sustainability analyses, and multiannual fiscal-structural plans, aiming for greater flexibility in investments like green transitions while retaining deficit and debt benchmarks, though skeptics argue it perpetuates pro-cyclical constraints without fundamentally altering enforcement incentives.^[5]^[6]^[4]

Political Entities

Reformed Political Party (Netherlands)

The Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP), or Reformed Political Party, is a confessional political party in the Netherlands adhering to Reformed Protestant theology. Established on October 16, 1918, by Rev. Gerrit Hendrik Kersten, the party formed amid concerns over the dilution of biblical principles in other Christian groups after the enactment of universal male suffrage in 1917. As the nation's oldest surviving political organization, the SGP operates primarily as a testimonial party, emphasizing witness to Christian ethics in legislation over participation in ruling coalitions.^[7] The party's foundational principles derive from the Christian-historical tradition, influenced by St. Augustine, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and 19th-century statesman Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer. It rejects political neutrality, asserting that governance must align with the sovereignty of God as revealed in Scripture, particularly the Ten Commandments, rather than human autonomy or pluralistic compromise. Core positions include opposition to abortion and euthanasia as violations of the sanctity of life from conception, defense of the nuclear family as society's bedrock against moral decay, advocacy for Sabbath rest laws, resistance to same-sex marriage and related policies, promotion of fair taxation without progressive excess, prioritization of national security and sovereignty in European affairs, and support for persecuted Christian communities worldwide.^[7]^[8] Organizationally, the SGP maintains strict confessional requirements for membership, rooted in adherence to the "three forms of unity" (Belgic Confession, Heidelberg Catechism, and Canons of Dort). Historically, it interpreted biblical texts on gender roles (e.g., 1 Timothy 2:12) to bar women from active political roles, a practice upheld until a 2005 Dutch court decision and subsequent 2012 European Court of Human Rights ruling compelled subsidy cuts and policy shifts; the party then permitted female candidacy while affirming doctrinal differences on women's public authority. Current leadership includes Chris Stoffer as parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives. The party fields candidates in national, provincial, and municipal elections, often securing localized strongholds in Bible Belt regions like Zeeland and Overijssel.^[8]^[7] Electorally, the SGP has consistently garnered 1.5–3% of the vote since the 1970s, translating to 2–3 seats in the 150-member House of Representatives. In the November 22, 2023, general election, it obtained 3 seats with approximately 3.05% of the vote amid a fragmented field dominated by anti-immigration parties. It holds 2 seats in the 75-member Senate and 1 seat in the European Parliament, affiliating with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group and the European Christian Political Movement (ECPM). The party's support derives from orthodox Reformed voters, with turnout bolstered by communal discipline; it has never entered government but influences policy through ad hoc agreements on ethical issues. As of October 2025, the SGP participates in the upcoming October 29 general election following the prior coalition's collapse, maintaining its platform amid debates on migration, fiscal restraint, and cultural preservation.^[7]^[9]

Socialist Equality Party (Germany)

The Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei (SGP), known in English as the Socialist Equality Party, is a Trotskyist political organization in Germany that functions as the German section of the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI).^[10]^[11] Founded in 1971 as the Bund Sozialistischer Arbeiter (League of Socialist Workers), it reorganized as the Partei für Soziale Gleichheit (Party for Social Equality, PSG) in 1997 and adopted its current name in February 2017 following a party congress in Berlin.^[12]^[11] The SGP maintains a small membership base and no seats in federal or state parliaments, focusing instead on theoretical publications, public meetings, and electoral campaigns to advocate for international socialist revolution.^[13] It is monitored by Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution as a left-extremist entity due to its rejection of parliamentary democracy in favor of proletarian dictatorship.^[11] Historically, the SGP traces its origins to Trotskyist currents splintered from larger social democratic and communist groups post-World War II, emphasizing opposition to Stalinism and what it terms "pseudo-left" opportunism in parties like Die Linke.^[14] A key reorganization occurred at its 2010 founding congress as the PSG, which adopted a program rooted in the ICFI's analysis of global capitalism's crisis tendencies, including the 2008 financial meltdown and rising militarism.^[15] The party publishes through the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS), an online platform operated by the ICFI, which disseminates daily articles critiquing bourgeois governments and trade union bureaucracies; while the WSWS provides primary sourcing for the SGP's internal documents, its editorial line reflects the party's sectarian perspective rather than neutral journalism.^[13] The SGP has consistently opposed German foreign policy alignments, such as NATO expansion and arms shipments to Ukraine since 2022, framing them as preludes to world war under imperialist competition.^[16] The SGP's ideology adheres to permanent revolution, asserting that national reforms cannot resolve capitalism's contradictions and that only an international working-class movement can establish socialism.^[10] It draws from Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Trotsky, rejecting social democracy as complicit in exploitation and criticizing academic and media institutions for promoting identity politics over class struggle—a view the party substantiates through analyses of wage stagnation and inequality data from sources like the German Federal Statistical Office, where real wages fell 4.5% from 2021 to 2023 amid inflation.^[17] Programmatically, it calls for nationalization of banks and major industries under workers' control, abolition of the European Union as a capitalist cartel, and opposition to all wars as class interests of the bourgeoisie.^[10] The party prioritizes building a revolutionary vanguard over mass mobilization, viewing electoral participation as a platform for exposure rather than reform, which aligns with its low vote shares but underscores a commitment to causal mechanisms of historical materialism over pragmatic alliances.^[18] Electorally, the SGP fields candidates in federal, state, and European Parliament elections but garners negligible support, typically under 0.1% nationally, reflecting its rejection of broader coalitions in favor of ideological purity.^[19] In the 1998 federal election, as the PSG, it received limited votes in select districts, improving marginally from 1994 but remaining far below the 5% threshold for Bundestag entry.^[20] For the 2009 European elections, the party reported around 26,000 votes, a figure it highlighted as indicative of growing anti-capitalist sentiment despite mainstream media dismissal.^[21] In the February 2025 snap federal election, the SGP was certified to compete nationwide, nominating candidates to protest war policies and austerity, though final tallies placed it among "other parties" with minimal percentages amid CDU/CSU dominance.^[16]^[22] Such outcomes empirically demonstrate the challenges of Trotskyist entryism in a polity dominated by centrist and populist forces, where voter data from the Federal Returning Officer shows entrenched support for established parties.^[19]

Other political organizations

The Saskatchewan Green Party (SGP) is a registered provincial political party in Saskatchewan, Canada, advocating for ecological sustainability, social justice, participatory democracy, and non-violence.^[23] Founded prior to its formal registration under the province's Elections Act, the party emphasizes climate action, affordable housing, support for local businesses, and recognition of Treaty Land obligations.^[24] As of the 2024 provincial election, led by Naomi Hunter, the SGP remains a minor party without legislative seats, focusing on grassroots activism and policy platforms centered on transitioning to a green economy.^[25] The Scottish Green Party (SGP), operating independently from other UK green parties, is a prominent advocate for environmentalism, social equality, and progressive reforms in Scotland.^[26] Established in 1990, it holds representation in the Scottish Parliament, with seven members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) as of 2024, influencing policy through past cooperation agreements with the Scottish National Party-led government on issues like climate targets and housing.^[27] The party's platform prioritizes net-zero emissions by 2045, anti-poverty measures, and electoral reform, drawing support from urban and progressive voters while maintaining internal networks such as women's and trade union groups.^[28] Despite achievements in parliamentary influence, the SGP has faced internal debates over ideological priorities, including feminism and socialism.^[29]

Economic Frameworks

Stability and Growth Pact (European Union)

The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) comprises a framework of fiscal rules established to promote fiscal discipline among European Union member states, particularly to support the stability of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) by limiting excessive government borrowing and ensuring coordinated budgetary policies. Adopted in 1997 as a complement to the Maastricht Treaty, the SGP sets reference values of a budget deficit not exceeding 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) annually and public debt not surpassing 60% of GDP, or sufficiently diminishing toward that level if already above it.^[30] These thresholds aim to prevent moral hazard in the euro area, where monetary policy is centralized but fiscal responsibilities remain national, thereby reducing risks of asymmetric shocks and free-riding by high-deficit countries on collective stability mechanisms.^[31] The pact originated from a European Council resolution on June 17, 1997, followed by two Council regulations on July 7, 1997: Regulation (EC) No 1466/97 on the preventive surveillance of budgetary positions and Regulation (EC) No 1467/97 on speeding up and clarifying the implementation of the excessive deficit procedure (EDP). Member states must submit stability or convergence programmes annually, outlining medium-term budgetary objectives aligned with the pact's criteria, which the European Commission assesses for compliance. The preventive arm encourages adherence through surveillance and recommendations, while the corrective arm triggers the EDP if a member state breaches the 3% deficit threshold (unless justified by extraordinary circumstances, such as a recession exceeding 0.75% GDP decline) or fails to reduce debt by at least 1/20th annually when above 60% of GDP.^[32] Under the EDP, the Council issues recommendations for corrective action, potentially escalating to fines up to 0.5% of GDP if non-compliance persists, though such sanctions require qualified majority voting and have rarely been imposed due to political reluctance.^[33] Enforcement has proven inconsistent, with early violations by major economies like Germany and France in 2003 leading to suspended proceedings against them, highlighting the pact's vulnerability to intergovernmental bargaining rather than mechanical rule application. Subsequent reforms addressed rigidity: the 2005 modification introduced greater flexibility for economic downturns and allowed temporary deficit overruns tied to potential growth, while the 2011 "Six Pack" and 2013 "Two Pack" regulations strengthened debt convergence requirements and enhanced Commission oversight, including reverse qualified majority voting to protect EDP decisions. The pact's general escape clause was activated in 2020 for the COVID-19 crisis and extended through 2023, suspending numerical targets to permit deficit-financed recovery measures exceeding 3% of GDP in most states.^[34]^[35] A major overhaul agreed in March 2023 and effective April 2024 shifted focus toward country-specific medium-term fiscal-structural plans, replacing rigid annual targets with a net primary expenditure growth path as the primary compliance benchmark, allowing more room for public investments in green and digital transitions while mandating faster debt reduction for high-debt countries (over 90% of GDP requiring 1% annual reduction, versus 0.5% otherwise). This reform retains the 3% deficit and 60% debt anchors but introduces multi-year trajectories negotiated bilaterally with the Commission, aiming to balance sustainability and growth amid post-pandemic debt ratios averaging 82% of GDP in the EU. Critics argue the changes preserve enforcement weaknesses, as compliance relies on national ownership and Commission assessments potentially influenced by political pressures, with no automatic sanctions and historical precedents of leniency toward larger economies. As of mid-2024, several states including France, Italy, and Belgium remain under EDP scrutiny, testing the reformed framework's efficacy.^[36]^[37]^[32]

Sports Competitions

Singapore Grand Prix

The Singapore Grand Prix is an annual motor race in the Formula One World Championship, held at the Marina Bay Street Circuit since 2008, marking the series' first night race conducted entirely under floodlights with over 1,600 projection lamps simulating daylight conditions.^[38]^[39] The event, sponsored variably as the Formula 1 Singapore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix, utilizes a temporary 4.94 km street circuit weaving through Singapore's Marina Bay area, featuring 19 turns and high-speed sections amid urban landmarks like the Esplanade and Fullerton Hotel.^[40]^[41] Its physically taxing layout, combined with ambient temperatures exceeding 30°C and humidity above 80%, contributes to elevated driver dehydration risks, often resulting in safety car deployments in over 70% of races.^[40]^[42] Pre-F1 iterations of the Singapore Grand Prix occurred as non-championship events from 1966 to 1973 at the 12.25 km Thomson Road public road circuit under Formula Libre and Formula 2 regulations, attracting regional drivers but discontinued due to safety concerns after multiple fatalities.^[43] The contemporary F1 edition emerged from Singapore's government-led initiative to enhance global visibility, secured via a 2003 bid and designed by Hermann Tilke, with the inaugural race on September 28, 2008, won by Fernando Alonso for Renault in 1:57:16.304 over 61 laps.^[44]^[45] That victory, however, stemmed from a deliberate crash by teammate Nelson Piquet Jr. under team orders to deploy the safety car at an opportune moment, a scheme dubbed "Crashgate" that prompted an FIA investigation in 2009, lifetime ban (later overturned) for Renault principal Flavio Briatore, suspended sentence for Pat Symonds, and no penalty for Alonso due to lack of prior knowledge evidence.^[39] Races were absent in 2020 and 2021 amid the COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions.^[40] Sebastian Vettel holds the record for most victories with five (2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2019), all for Red Bull or Ferrari, leveraging strong qualifying and tire management on the abrasive surface.^[46]^[47] Lewis Hamilton follows with four wins (2009, 2014, 2017, 2018), emphasizing Mercedes' dominance in hybrid eras.^[46] Vettel and Hamilton jointly lead pole positions with four apiece, underscoring the circuit's emphasis on single-lap pace amid limited practice time on public roads.^[47] The outright lap record stands at 1:34.486 by Daniel Ricciardo for Red Bull in 2024 qualifying.^[40] In the 2025 edition on October 5, George Russell secured victory for Mercedes in 1:40:22.367 over 62 laps following recent track shortening, with pole position at 1:29.158.^[48]^[49]

Speedway Grand Prix

The Speedway Grand Prix (SGP) constitutes the premier annual competition series in speedway motorcycle racing, sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) to crown the individual world champion. Riders compete on purpose-built oval dirt tracks using 500cc single-cylinder motorcycles without gearboxes, emphasizing acceleration, track position, and tactical gate choices in four-rider heats. The series promotes global participation, drawing elite riders primarily from Europe, Australia, and Poland, with events emphasizing raw speed and minimal safety features beyond helmets and leathers.^[50] Initiated in 1995, the SGP format supplanted the prior single-night World Final system, which had persisted since the first official championship in 1936 and often yielded outcomes swayed by one-off conditions or luck. Danish rider and former champion Ole Olsen proposed the multi-event structure to better reflect sustained performance, culminating in the inaugural series won by Hans Nielsen of Denmark. This shift addressed criticisms of the old model's volatility, where a single poor start or mechanical issue could negate a season's form, fostering a more merit-based title race through aggregated results across diverse tracks and conditions. By 2025, the series has solidified speedway's professional stature, with FIM partnerships enabling broadcast reach and rider earnings tied to performance bonuses.^[51]^[52] Each SGP round features 16 riders: 15 permanent qualifiers selected via prior-year standings, continental championships, and FIM nominations, plus one wildcard host-nation rider. The event unfolds over 20 heats, with riders assigned to gates via seeded draws and racing five times apiece in counter-clockwise pursuits around 250-425 meter ovals. Heat winners earn 3 points, second place 2, third 1, and fourth 0; aggregate heat scores rank riders, with the highest scorer claiming event victory—ties resolved by run-off heats for podium positions. For 2025, the format emphasizes direct heat-point accumulation without separate semi-finals or finals, streamlining racing while maintaining intensity. Championship points derive from event rankings: 20 for first, 18 for second, down to 1 for 15th (0 for non-finishers), summed across rounds to determine the annual titlist.^[53]^[54] The 2025 calendar spans 10 rounds from May 3 in Landshut, Germany, to late August, traversing seven nations including Poland (three events: Warsaw, Gorzów, Wrocław), the United Kingdom (Manchester, Cardiff), Denmark (Esbjerg), Czechia (Prague), Latvia (Riga), and Sweden (Motala). Polish venues dominate due to the nation's infrastructure investments and fan base, hosting over half of all SGPs since inception. Track specifications mandate silica-based surfaces for grip, with FIM oversight ensuring uniformity in lighting, barriers, and medical provisions.^[55]^[56] Dominant performers include Sweden's Tony Rickardsson, who secured six titles from 1996 to 2002 amid the series' early globalization, and American Greg Hancock with seven championships through 2016, leveraging tactical prowess on variable European soils. Poland's Bartosz Zmarzlik has claimed four titles by 2023, exemplifying the country's rise via state-backed training academies. As of mid-2025 standings, Zmarzlik leads with 95 points after four rounds, followed by Australia's Brady Kurtz (101 heat points but lower GP allocation) and Britain's Dan Bewley, underscoring ongoing Australian and British competitiveness despite European hegemony. Records highlight Poland's 76 individual event wins and Hancock's 92 final appearances, reflecting endurance in a sport prone to injury and mechanical attrition.^[57]^[51]

Transportation and Manufacturing

Subaru Global Platform

The Subaru Global Platform (SGP) is a modular unibody architecture developed by Fuji Heavy Industries (now Subaru Corporation) as the foundational structure for its passenger vehicles, enabling scalability across compact sedans to large SUVs. Announced on March 7, 2016, as part of the company's mid-term management vision to strengthen the Subaru brand through enhanced product appeal, SGP prioritizes refinements in straight-line stability, noise and vibration reduction, and ride comfort to deliver a superior driving experience.^[58] The platform integrates high-tensile steel for increased rigidity and employs Subaru's signature boxer engine layout to maintain a low center of gravity, contributing to improved handling and safety.^[59] SGP's design emphasizes crashworthiness, with structures capable of absorbing up to 40% more impact energy compared to prior platforms through advanced body stiffness and energy-dissipating zones. Its modular nature allows efficient production across global facilities, including shared lines in Japan and the United States, reducing manufacturing complexity while supporting Subaru's all-wheel-drive systems. The architecture debuted in the fifth-generation Impreza in late 2016, marking Subaru's largest platform investment to date and setting the stage for full adoption across its lineup by 2020.^[58]^[60] Key applications include the Impreza and Crosstrek (from 2017), Forester and Ascent (from 2018), and Outback and Legacy (from 2019), with subsequent models like the WRX wagon variant also utilizing variants of SGP. An electric-specific evolution, the e-Subaru Global Platform (e-SGP), co-developed with Toyota, underpins the Solterra SUV introduced in 2022, adapting the core principles for battery-electric propulsion while preserving Subaru's symmetrical all-wheel-drive heritage. These implementations have yielded measurable gains, such as a 70% increase in torsional and bending stiffness in midsize applications like the seventh-generation Legacy.^[61]^[62] In performance terms, SGP enhances vehicle dynamics by lowering the center of gravity and optimizing suspension geometry, resulting in reduced body roll and more precise steering response across models. Safety features are bolstered by improved frontal and side-impact protection, aligning with Subaru's focus on real-world collision avoidance and occupant protection. While dealer and enthusiast reports highlight subjective improvements in ride quality and quietness, empirical testing underscores quantifiable advancements in structural integrity over legacy platforms.^[63]^[59]

Simmering-Graz-Pauker (Austrian engineering firm)

Simmering-Graz-Pauker AG (SGP) was a major Austrian engineering firm focused on heavy machinery, rail vehicle production, power generation equipment, and related technologies. Formed in 1941 through the integration of Simmeringer Maschinen- und Waggonbaufabrik AG, Grazer Maschinen- und Waggonfabrik AG, and Paukerwerke, the company consolidated expertise in locomotive and wagon manufacturing, boiler construction, and engine development under a unified structure during World War II.^[64]^[65] Its origins traced back to 1831, when Heinrich Daniel Schmid established a Vienna-based factory producing precision weighbridges, which evolved into broader mechanical engineering operations by the early 20th century.^[64] Following Austria's annexation by Nazi Germany, SGP expanded under wartime demands, producing rail components and engines, including collaborations on advanced diesel designs such as a 16-cylinder air-cooled model documented in postwar analyses. In 1946, the Republic of Austria nationalized the firm, shifting it toward civilian infrastructure projects amid postwar reconstruction. By 1958, SGP merged with Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf, enhancing its locomotive capabilities and enabling production of electric models like the ÖBB Class 1041, Austria's first high-speed electric locomotives developed with partners AEG, BBC, and ELIN in the mid-1960s.^[65]^[66] The company also ventured into aviation, prototyping the four-seat twin-engined SGP 222 Flamingo aircraft, which achieved its first flight on May 9, 1959, though full-scale production was not pursued.^[67] SGP's core products encompassed rail vehicles—including trams, such as the Vienna Type C1 series built in 1957—locomotives, bogies, and diesel engines for marine and industrial applications, alongside boilers and energy systems for power plants.^[68]^[69] In the 1980s, it acquired Hoffmann Flugzeugwerke in 1985, later evolving into Diamond Aircraft Industries, marking a brief expansion into general aviation.^[70] The firm's rail engineering expertise, spanning nearly 150 years through predecessor entities, emphasized durable components like load-dependent braking systems supplied to projects such as 580 units for SGP's own orders in 1972.^[71] By the late 20th century, amid Austria's privatization wave starting in the 1980s, SGP underwent restructuring; its transportation division was absorbed into Siemens Transportation Systems (formerly SGP), continuing bogie and rail technology development for global markets, including Desiro DMUs.^[72] This integration preserved SGP's legacy in high-tech rail components while dissolving the original conglomerate structure.^[73]

Scientific and Research Initiatives

Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Facility

The Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory, operated by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility, serves as a primary site for continuous, long-term observations of atmospheric properties in a continental, mid-latitude environment representative of much of the central United States.^[74] Established as the inaugural field measurement site for the ARM program, it began data collection in May 1992 to address uncertainties in climate models related to radiative forcing from clouds, aerosols, and water vapor.^[75] The facility spans a roughly 350 km by 300 km domain across north-central Oklahoma and south-central Kansas, encompassing diverse land surfaces including grasslands, croplands, and small water bodies that influence regional weather patterns.^[76] At its core, the SGP observatory features a heavily instrumented Central Facility on 160 acres southeast of Lamont, Oklahoma, amid cattle pastures and wheat fields, which houses advanced remote-sensing and in-situ instruments for profiling atmospheric columns and surface fluxes.^[77] The site includes extended facilities with additional instrumentation at over 20 locations, enabling spatially distributed measurements of variables such as aerosol optical properties, cloud microphysics, precipitation, and radiative fluxes.^[78] Key systems include scanning Doppler lidars, millimeter-wavelength cloud radars, aerosol lidars, and disdrometers, which provide data for validating satellite observations and improving parameterizations in global climate simulations.^[79] Research at the SGP has contributed to empirical insights into aerosol-cloud interactions, nocturnal boundary layer dynamics, and convective storm processes, with datasets supporting hundreds of peer-reviewed studies on topics like fine-mode aerosol sources from agriculture and transport.^[80] For instance, analyses of 30 years of observations have quantified seasonal variations in aerosol composition, revealing influences from local biomass burning and regional pollution plumes.^[81] The facility's data are publicly archived and accessible via the ARM Data Center, facilitating collaborative research by atmospheric scientists worldwide without reliance on modeled assumptions alone.^[82] Ongoing upgrades, such as enhanced Doppler lidars installed in the 2020s, continue to refine measurements of wind profiles and turbulence for better forecasting of severe weather in the Great Plains.^[74]

Space Geodesy Project (NASA)

The Space Geodesy Project (SGP) is a NASA program established to develop, deploy, operate, and maintain a next-generation global network of space geodetic observatories, known as the NASA Space Geodetic Network (NSGN). Initiated at the end of fiscal year 2011 in response to a 2007 National Research Council report warning of risks to U.S. geodetic infrastructure, the project aims to achieve millimeter-level accuracy (1 mm on decadal scales) and 0.1 mm/year stability in the terrestrial reference frame (TRF), while supporting precision orbit determination, Earth orientation parameters (EOP), and Earth science missions.^[83]^[84]^[85] The SGP integrates multiple geodetic techniques, including Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) via the VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) for radio source observations, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) through systems like the Next Generation SLR (NGSLR) and Space Geodesy Satellite Laser Ranging (SGSLR), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS). These instruments enable precise measurements of Earth's shape, gravity field variations, tectonic motions, and sea-level changes, contributing to global efforts like the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS). Deployment prioritizes core sites such as the Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory (GGAO) in Maryland and the McDonald Geodetic Observatory in Texas, with data archived and distributed via NASA's Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS).^[86]^[84]^[87] Key milestones include the completion of factory acceptance testing for SGSLR gimbal and telescope assemblies in 2022 and the delivery of Laser Retroreflector Arrays (LRAs) for GPS III satellites SV9 and SV10 in May 2024, enabling enhanced SLR tracking for future launches in 2025–2026. The project sustains legacy networks while expanding international collaborations, providing products such as VLBI delay files, SLR normal points, and GNSS observations that underpin climate monitoring, disaster response, and deep-space navigation. By modernizing aging infrastructure, SGP addresses gaps in global geodetic coverage, ensuring reliable data for decadal-scale geophysical modeling.^[86]^[84]^[88]

Other scientific uses

In astrodynamics, SGP designates the Simplified General Perturbations models, with SGP4 being the predominant variant for propagating orbits of near-Earth satellites with periods under 225 minutes. Originating from analytical perturbation theories developed in the 1960s and refined into computational form by 1988, SGP4 processes two-line element (TLE) data to approximate positions by incorporating secular, periodic, and long-period effects from Earth's oblateness, lunisolar gravity, and drag.^[89] This model achieves sub-kilometer accuracy over short arcs for low-Earth orbit objects, serving as the de facto standard for space surveillance by entities like the U.S. Space Force and ESA, though it underperforms for deep-space or highly eccentric trajectories compared to numerical integrators.^[90]^[91] In materials science and mechanics, SGP stands for Strain Gradient Plasticity, a continuum theory extending J2 plasticity to capture intrinsic length scales and size effects in metal deformation at micrometer dimensions. Formulated in the 1990s to account for strain gradients arising from geometrically necessary dislocations, SGP introduces higher-order stresses and boundary conditions that elevate hardening in constrained volumes, such as thin films or micro-pillars, where classical models predict negligible scale dependence.^[92] Phenomenological and mechanism-based variants, including those with dissipation-consistent elastic gaps, have been implemented in finite element codes to simulate phenomena like torsion in copper wires, yielding predictions aligning with experiments showing 10-100 times higher flow stresses at sub-micron scales.^[93]^[94] In computational geometry and graphics, SGP refers to the Symposium on Geometry Processing, an annual Eurographics-hosted event since 2003 focused on algorithmic advances in discrete and continuous geometry for applications like 3D modeling and simulation. Proceedings cover topics including surface remeshing, topological analysis, and machine learning for shapes, with the 2024 edition in Vancouver emphasizing cutting-edge results validated through reproducibility challenges.^[95]^[96] In bioinformatics, SGP-1 denotes Syntenic Gene Prediction, a software tool from 2001 that identifies protein-coding genes by aligning homologous genomic sequences across species to exploit synteny for enhanced accuracy over ab initio methods. It processes pairwise alignments to score potential exons, outperforming standalone predictors in validation sets from model organisms like Drosophila, where it reduced false positives by leveraging conserved gene order.^[97]^[98]

Geographical and International Designations

Singapore (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code)

SGP serves as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code for Singapore, officially designated as the Republic of Singapore.^[99] This three-letter code, part of the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1 standard, provides a standardized abbreviation for the sovereign city-state in international data exchange, such as in trade documentation, statistical reporting, and digital systems.^[100] The standard, first published in 1974 and updated periodically, assigns alpha-3 codes to ensure unambiguous identification of countries, with SGP corresponding to Singapore's alpha-2 code SG and numeric code 702.^[99] The code's assignment reflects Singapore's status as an independent nation since its separation from Malaysia on August 9, 1965, and its recognition by the United Nations.^[99] In practice, SGP appears in contexts like international banking (e.g., IBAN structures), telecommunications, and geospatial data, facilitating precise referencing without reliance on full country names.^[101] Singapore, comprising one main island and over 60 smaller islets with a land area of approximately 728 square kilometers, leverages this code in global interactions despite its compact geography at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.^[99]

Businesses and Grants Programs

SGP BioEnergy

SGP BioEnergy is a Delaware-based limited liability company specializing in the development of integrated bioenergy products, including biofuels and renewable chemicals, with a focus on advancing net zero carbon emission goals through scalable industrial projects.^[102]^[103] The firm emphasizes sustainable feedstocks such as industrial hemp and plant waste to produce low-carbon intensity fuels, positioning itself as independent from traditional fossil fuel infrastructures.^[104]^[105] A flagship initiative is the Golden City Biorefinery, located near the Panama Canal in Colón and Balboa, Panama, designed to produce up to 180,000 barrels per day of advanced biofuels, including sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and renewable diesel, alongside 405,000 metric tons of green hydrogen annually within a zero-waste ecosystem.^[106]^[107] The project, announced in May 2022 as the world's largest advanced biofuel facility, leverages existing bunker fuel storage infrastructure that handles 70% of Panama's oil imports to transition toward renewable energy production.^[105]^[108] In October 2023, SGP BioEnergy secured a US$250 million financial commitment from Global Emerging Markets (GEM) to support the biorefinery's construction and operations.^[106] The company has formed strategic partnerships to enhance its technological capabilities, including a October 2024 collaboration with Honeywell to develop scalable processes for converting plant-based waste into biochemicals, aiming to displace petroleum-derived products in industrial applications.^[104] Earlier, in October 2022, it partnered with Topsoe to deploy technology for renewable fuels production at the Panama sites, targeting Latin America's largest such facility.^[108] Led by CEO Randy Letang, SGP BioEnergy promotes bioenergy as a bridge connecting agriculture to fuel markets, particularly in emerging regions, though projects remain in the development and funding phases without confirmed operational output as of late 2024.^[109]^[110]

Small Grants Programme (GEF/UNDP)

The Small Grants Programme (SGP) is a decentralized funding mechanism of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), executed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), designed to empower community-based organizations and civil society groups in implementing grassroots projects that tackle global environmental priorities such as biodiversity loss, climate change, land degradation, and international waters management.^[111]^[112] Launched in 1992 coinciding with the Rio Earth Summit, the programme operationalizes the principle of "thinking globally, acting locally" by channeling resources directly to non-governmental actors in over 130 countries, bypassing traditional large-scale infrastructure approaches in favor of small-scale, adaptive interventions.^[112]^[113] Individual grants under the SGP are capped at $75,000, with provisions for up to $150,000 in strategic projects intended for replication and scaling of proven community models; planning grants of up to $5,000 are also available for proposal development.^[111]^[114] Implementation occurs through country-specific operational programmes, guided by national steering committees comprising government representatives, NGOs, and local experts, which prioritize proposals aligned with GEF focal areas and local environmental needs.^[113] Technical support from UNDP includes capacity-building workshops, monitoring frameworks, and knowledge-sharing platforms to enhance project sustainability and measurable outcomes.^[115] As of 2024, the SGP has disbursed over $838 million in GEF and parallel donor funding to nearly 30,000 community-led initiatives across 136 countries, yielding documented environmental benefits including the conservation of over 10 million hectares of ecosystems and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to removing thousands of vehicles from roads.^[116]^[117] In the 2023-2024 reporting period alone, it supported 1,200 active projects, achieving socio-economic gains such as improved livelihoods for 5 million people through sustainable agriculture and ecotourism.^[116] Recent replenishments, including $71.3 million allocated in December 2024 under GEF-8 for SGP 2.0, emphasize innovation in areas like youth-led actions and social inclusion while maintaining a focus on verifiable global benefits.^[118] Evaluations, such as the 2015 joint GEF-UNDP review, affirm high success rates in delivering multi-level environmental and community impacts, though challenges persist in long-term funding continuity and scaling beyond pilot stages.^[119]

Other business and organizational uses

The Sustainable Green Printing Partnership (SGP) serves as the primary certification body for sustainable operations in the North American printing and packaging sector, evaluating facilities on environmental management, operational efficiency, and supply chain practices. Established to promote verifiable sustainability, SGP certification requires third-party audits covering areas such as waste reduction, energy use, and chemical handling, with over 100 facilities certified as of 2021, including major printers like Shutterfly's four U.S. plants.^[120]^[121] Coca-Cola's Supplier Guiding Principles (SGP) outline mandatory standards for business partners, emphasizing human rights, labor conditions, and ethical sourcing since their formalization in the early 2000s, with annual reporting integrated into supplier contracts to mitigate risks like forced labor. These principles extend to over 1,000 direct suppliers globally, aligning with frameworks like the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.^[122]^[123] Strategic Growth Partners (SGP) operates as a consulting firm focused on federal contracting opportunities for small and tribal-owned businesses in the U.S., providing services like bid preparation and compliance since its founding, with a stated emphasis on economic development for underrepresented groups.^[124]

Miscellaneous Uses

Suzuki Genuine Parts

Suzuki Genuine Parts (SGP) designates the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) components produced by Suzuki Motor Corporation for its motorcycles, automobiles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and scooters. These parts are engineered to precise specifications tailored to individual Suzuki models, ensuring optimal fit, durability, and performance while maintaining vehicle warranty integrity.^[125]^[126] Suzuki emphasizes SGP's superior quality over aftermarket alternatives, attributing this to rigorous manufacturing standards that align with the company's engineering requirements for reliability and safety. Common SGP items include oil filters, air filters, brake pads, timing belts, and wiper blades, all marked with the SGP branding to verify authenticity.^[126]^[127] In regions like Pakistan, SGP extends to categorized product lines such as service kits and body parts, often bundled with genuine oils (SGO) and accessories (SGA).^[128] Availability of SGP is primarily through authorized Suzuki dealers worldwide, with some markets offering online catalogs for ordering by model or part number. For instance, in Canada, the "SGP Keep it Real Promise" provides extended assurances for parts bought from certified outlets, including defect coverage and performance guarantees.^[129]^[130] Suzuki verifies part genuineness via serial numbers or holograms to combat counterfeits, underscoring the brand's commitment to preventing substandard replacements that could compromise vehicle safety.^[127]

Other minor or niche applications

In sports betting, SGP denotes a Same Game Parlay, a wager type that combines multiple outcomes—such as point spreads, totals, and player props—from within the same event into a single bet, offering higher potential payouts due to correlated risks but requiring all legs to succeed.^[131] This format, popularized by platforms like DraftKings and FanDuel since around 2019, enhances user engagement by allowing customized parlays on one game, though it amplifies house edges through boosted odds.^[132] Sequence Generator Pro (SGP) is specialized software for astrophotographers, automating telescope mounts, cameras, focusers, and other equipment to capture image sequences over extended periods, reducing manual intervention during long exposures.^[133] Released in versions supporting features like plate-solving and dithering since 2010, it integrates with major astronomy hardware brands and operates on Windows, with a one-time license fee model updated to $149 as of 2020 for ongoing access to enhancements.^[134] Its niche utility lies in handling complex, unattended imaging sessions for deep-sky objects, compatible with over 100 devices from manufacturers like ZWO and Celestron.^[135] Streptomyces griseus protease (SGP), also known as pronase components, is a bacterial serine protease mixture derived from Streptomyces griseus, utilized in biochemical assays for protein hydrolysis and degradability estimation in ruminant feeds.^[136] In vitro tests employ SGP at concentrations like 8.3 mg/g sample incubated for 1-24 hours to measure undegradable intake protein, correlating with in sacco methods for forages such as alfalfa (yielding RDP estimates of 40-60% of total N).^[137] Research highlights its specificity for peptide bonds, aiding nutritional evaluations, though results vary with incubation time and substrate matrix, as seen in studies from 1999 onward.^[138] SentryGlas® Plus (SGP) serves as a high-performance ionoplast interlayer in structural laminated glass, providing five times the tear strength and 100 times the rigidity of traditional PVB films, enabling thinner panels for hurricane-resistant facades and overhead glazing.^[139] Developed by DuPont (now Kuraray) and introduced commercially around 2001, SGP laminates withstand wind loads up to 5 kPa with reduced deflection, as tested in ASTM standards, and are used in applications like balustrades and canopies where post-breakage integrity is critical. Its thermoplastic composition enhances edge stability and acoustic performance, though processing requires precise autoclave conditions at 135-150°C.^[140]

References

[1]
Stability and Growth Pact (SGP): Meaning, History, and Criticism
The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is a set of fiscal rules designed to prevent countries in the European Union from spending beyond their means.What Is the Stability and... · How the SGP Works · History · Criticisms
[2]
Glossary:Stability and growth pact (SGP) - Statistics Explained
The Stability and growth pact, abbreviated as SGP, is a rule-based framework for the coordination of national fiscal policies under economic and monetary union ...
[3]
Stability and Growth Pact - Ministry of Finance of the Republic of ...
Nov 12, 2023 · The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is a rule based framework for thecoordination of national fiscal policies in the economic and monetary union.<|separator|>
[4]
How Europe's fiscal rules are strangling growth - Social Europe
Jan 10, 2025 · The 2024 Stability and Growth Pact reforms entrench austerity and stifle investment. Fiscal policies in Eurozone countries have long been ...
[5]
The new EU Stability and Growth Pact – new bottle with a lot of old ...
Sep 1, 2025 · The new Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) of the European Union (EU) was enacted on 29 April 2024. The Pact comprises two regulations and one ...INTRODUCTION · THE NEW SYSTEM OF... · WILL THE NEW SGP...
[6]
Reform of the Stability and Growth Pact - ScienceDirect.com
The reformed SGP uses net primary expenditure, a debt safeguard, and aims for sustainable public finances, but the new rules are not very different from the ...
[7]
English - SGP
SGP - Dutch Reformed Political Party. History and background. SGP was founded in 1918, one year after the introduction of universal male suffrage in the ...
[8]
STAATKUNDIG GEREFORMEERDE PARTIJ v. THE NETHERLANDS
Jul 10, 2012 · The SGP is a confessional political party firmly rooted in historical Dutch Reformed Protestantism. Both the SGP's Statement of Principles ( ...
[9]
Netherlands House of Representatives November 2023 | Election ...
Election results. Data on parliamentary elections, including the background, candidates, voter turnout, results and the formation of the new legislature. By ...
[10]
Grundsatzerklärung der Sozialistischen Gleichheitspartei
Die Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei (SGP) ist die deutsche Sektion des Internationalen Komitees der Vierten Internationale (IKVI) und anerkennt dessen ...
[11]
„Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei, Vierte Internationale“ (SGP)
Feb 6, 2025 · Die marxistische SGP wurde 1971 gegründet. Ihr Ziel ist die Eroberung der politischen Macht durch die Arbeiterklasse. Sie wird vom Bundesamt ...Missing: Wahlergebnisse | Show results with:Wahlergebnisse
[12]
Bundestagswahl 2025: Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei (SGP)
Feb 6, 2025 · Die Partei wurde 1971 unter dem Namen "Bund Sozialistischer Arbeiter" gegründet. 1997 ging aus dem Bund die "Partei für Soziale Gleichheit ...
[13]
Socialist Equality Party (Germany) - WSWS
Socialist Equality Party (Germany). More options. Topics. 9e625e4d-5dd1-42ca ... As before the two world wars, the capitalists have only one answer: war at home ...
[14]
Historische Grundlagen der Sozialistischen Gleichheitspartei - WSWS
Die Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei (früher Partei für Soziale Gleichheit) verabschiedete dieses Dokument einstimmig auf ihrem Gründungsparteitag am 23.
[15]
The Historical Foundations of the Partei für Soziale Gleichheit ...
The Partei für Soziale Gleichheit (Socialist Equality Party) of Germany held its Founding Congress May 22-24, 2010, in Berlin. The Congress adopted the ...
[16]
Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei certified to stand in German federal ...
Jan 15, 2025 · The Federal Electoral Committee certified the Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei (Socialist Equality Party, SGP) to stand in the German federal election on ...Missing: results | Show results with:results
[17]
„Sozialistische Gleichheitspartei, Vierte Internationale“ (SGP)
May 7, 2024 · Die marxistische SGP wurde 1971 gegründet. Ihr Ziel ist die Eroberung der politischen Macht durch die Arbeiterklasse.
[18]
The Socialist Equality Party (Germany) stands candidates for the ...
The Partei für Soziale Gleichheit (Socialist Equality Party, PSG), the German section of the Fourth International, is standing seven candidates in September's ...
[19]
Results Germany - The Federal Returning Officer
0 5 10 15 20 25 % SPD CDU GRÜNE FDP AfD CSU Die Linke SSW Other parties 20.1 25.5 11.0 3.3 20.6 6.6 7.9 0.1 5.0 © The Federal Returning Officer, ...
[20]
Das Wahlergebnis der Partei für Soziale Gleichheit - WSWS
Sep 29, 1998 · Im Vergleich zu 1994, als der Bund Sozialistischer Arbeiter in zwei Bundesländern zur Wahl antrat, ist dies eine leichte Verbesserung. Damals ...
[21]
The PSG and the EU elections - Permanent Revolution
Then the WSWS was so proud of the PSG vote that it put the vote numbers in the headline: “Socialist Equality Party of Germany receives nearly 26,000 votes”.
[22]
2025 Bundestag election: final result - The Federal Returning Officer
Mar 14, 2025 · WIESBADEN/BERLIN – At today's meeting, the Federal Electoral Committee established the final result of the election to the 21st German Bundestag ...
[23]
Registered political parties - Elections Saskatchewan
(New Democratic Party (N.D.P.)). Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan (PC Party of Saskatchewan). Saskatchewan Green Party (SGP). Saskatchewan Party ...
[24]
[PDF] 2024 Election Platform - NationBuilder
The Saskatchewan Green Party acknowledges that in Saskatchewan we are on Treaty Land. These treaties serve to govern our relationships.
[25]
SASK VOTES 2024: Meet the leader of the Saskatchewan Green Party
Oct 21, 2024 · Politics and activism isn't anything new for Saskatchewan Green Party Leader Naomi Hunter, she's been doing it...
[26]
Scottish Greens - For People. For Planet. - Scottish Greens
Promoted by Pete Morrison on behalf of the Scottish Green Party, both at 19b Graham Street, Edinburgh, EH6 5QN. All content is © 2025 Scottish Green Party, and ...Missing: SGP | Show results with:SGP
[27]
about - Scottish Greens
The Dumfries & Galloway branch is one of the many regional branches of the Scottish Green Party. Each SGP branch is reasonably autonomous, with control over ...
[28]
Scottish Green Party Trade Union Group (@SGPTradeUnion) / X
Scottish Green Party Trade Union Group · @SGPTradeUnion. ·. May 1. Happy May Day! From the Australian Green Bans of the 1970s that gave the Green movement its ...
[29]
SGP Women's Network (@sgpwomen) • Instagram photos and videos
839 followers · 359 following · 221 posts · @sgpwomen: “The Scottish Green Party Women's Network ♀️🏳️‍⚧️ Intersectional Eco- Socialist Feminists”
[30]
Stability and Growth Pact - Economy and Finance - European Union
The SGP is a set of rules designed to ensure that countries in the European Union pursue sound public finances and coordinate their fiscal policies.
[31]
Reforming the Stability and Growth Pact in - IMF eLibrary
Feb 1, 2005 · The record of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), the European Union's (EU) five-year old fiscal framework, has prompted calls for its reform.
[32]
Excessive deficit procedures - overview - Economy and Finance
This is an overview of the current situation concerning the ongoing excessive deficit procedures, as well as documentation on the closed procedures.Missing: enforcement | Show results with:enforcement
[33]
In for a penny, in for a pound: The enforcement dilemma of EU fiscal ...
Sep 18, 2023 · The EU's Stability and Growth Pact has been struggling with enforcement since inception. Although some Member States honour the EU's fiscal rules more by their ...
[34]
[PDF] The 2005 Reform of the Stability and Growth Pact - College of Europe
This paper analyses the main critiques addressed by the literature and the policy- makers to the 1997 Stability and Growth Pact.
[35]
The mixed success of the Stability and Growth Pact - CEPR
Jan 15, 2019 · An Excessive Deficit Procedure recommendation that is larger by 1% of GDP leads to close to 1% of GDP of forecasted additional ﬁscal ...
[36]
Three risks that must be addressed for new European Union fiscal ...
May 16, 2024 · The rules meant to constrain government deficits and debt in the European Union, known as Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), consists of two 'arms ...
[37]
[PDF] The 2024 Stability and Growth Pact Reform: Fit for a New Era?
The 14 March 2023 Ecofin meeting found agreement on the orientations for reform: • Retaining the 3% and 60% reference values;. • Creation of national medium- ...
[38]
Do you remember... F1's first ever night race
Sep 14, 2015 · The critics were out in force well before F1 racing headed to Singapore in late September 2008 for the first ever night-time Grand Prix.
[39]
Scandal tainted Formula 1's first night race in 2008 - Hagerty Media
Sep 29, 2022 · In 2008, Formula 1 held its first-ever night race at the circuit, the streets of Singapore illuminated by more than 1600 lights.<|separator|>
[40]
The most important facts & stats ahead of the Singapore GP - F1
Oct 2, 2025 · Vital statistics · First Grand Prix – 2008 · Track Length – 4.940km · Lap record – 1m 34.486s, Daniel Ricciardo, RB, 2024 · Most pole positions – ...Missing: history details
[41]
Singapore Grand Prix 2025 - F1 Race
The Marina Bay Circuit arrived on the scene in 2008. A street track with the city's famous skyline as its spectacular backdrop, the initial circuit plan by ...
[42]
How the Singapore Grand Prix Changed the World of Formula 1
Sep 16, 2022 · The Marina Bay Street Circuit. Home of the Singapore Grand Prix ... Prix was arguably one of the most talked about races in Formula 1 history.
[43]
Inaugural Formula One Singapore Grand Prix - NLB
1. History The first-ever Grand Prix in Singapore took place at the Thomson Road circuit from 16 to 17 September 1961.2 It was called the Singapore Grand Prix ...
[44]
history of the circuit - F1-Singapore.com
Rating 4.9 (89,442) The race was held on the Marina Bay street circuit, which measures 5.063 km and is located in the centre of Singapore. The Marina Bay Street Circuit is known ...
[45]
Singapore Grand Prix F1 winners - GP Racing Stats
Race winners ; 2015 · Marina Bay, ( DEU ) Sebastian Vettel ; 2016 · Marina Bay, ( DEU ) Nico Rosberg ; 2017 · Marina Bay, ( GBR ) Lewis Hamilton ; 2018 · Marina Bay ...
[46]
Singapore Grand Prix F1 stats - GP Racing Stats
View F1 statistics for the Singapore Grand Prix, including a list of winners, polesitters, results and stats such as most wins.
[47]
Who is the most successful driver at the Singapore Grand Prix?
Sep 22, 2024 · The King of Singapore is Sebastian Vettel, who won here five times, on four occasions from pole, while his total podium tally is eight.<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
RACE RESULT - Singapore - Formula 1
FORMULA 1 SINGAPORE AIRLINES SINGAPORE GRAND PRIX 2025 - RACE RESULT ; 1, 63, George RussellRUS ; 2, 1, Max VerstappenVER ; 3, 4, Lando NorrisNOR ; 4, 81, Oscar ...
[49]
FACTS AND STATS: Russell takes his first Singapore GP pole ... - F1
Oct 4, 2025 · George Russell claimed pole position for the Singapore Grand Prix, denying Max Verstappen top spot, while title rivals Oscar Piastri and ...
[50]
FIM Speedway: SGP
Calendar, Standings, Results, Riders, News, Rules, Gallery, History, 100 years of Speedway, History of Speedway, Bikes through the ages, Stars of the century.Home FIM Speedway · History of Speedway · Round 7 Malilla 05 Jul · News
[51]
SGP - History of Speedway
Ole Olsen conceived the concept of the FIM Speedway Grand Prix series – meaning the world champion would no longer be decided over a single night of racing ...
[52]
a century of motorcycle passion - FIM
In 1936 took place in the Wembley Stadium the first Speedway World Final, first official World Championship and first World Champion title for Australian rider ...
[53]
SGP Championship rules - FIM Speedway
Championship format · The winning rider at a Speedway GP event earns the top prize of 20 championship points, with 18 for second, 16 for third and 14 for fourth.
[54]
[PDF] FIM Speedway Grand Prix world championship
All riders must submit the official SGP entry form to the FIM/CCP administration before the deadline required by the SGP commission. This entry form must be ...
[55]
2025 FIM SPEEDWAY CALENDAR CONFIRMED
Sep 28, 2024 · Poland hosts three events in capital Warsaw, Gorzow and Wroclaw, with rounds in British cities Cardiff and Manchester and action in Denmark's ...
[56]
2025 FIM SPEEDWAY CALENDAR CONFIRMED - WBD Sports
The 2025 Speedway GP world champion will be crowned over 10 epic rounds, with action taking place across seven different countries.
[57]
SGP - FIM Speedway - Standings
FIM SPEEDWAY GRAND PRIX WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP ; 1. Bartosz Zmarzlik. 95. 4. 20 ; 2. Brady Kurtz. 101. 3. 14 ; 3. Dan Bewley. 99. -. 18 ; 4. Fredrik Lindgren. 66. -. 12.
[58]
FHI UNVEILS THE “SUBARU GLOBAL PLATFORM”
Mar 7, 2016 · The new platform will make possible a new type of driving experience, appealing directly to the senses and offering unparalleled smoothness and comfort.
[59]
The technology that makes Subaru different: enjoyment and peace ...
The Subaru Global Platform is a core Subaru technology to support enjoyment and peace of mind. We believe that our next pillar of this “enjoyment and peace ...
[60]
Discover the Subaru Global Platform Advantage - Subaru of Rochester
Aug 24, 2018 · The design features include high strength steels and stiffer bodies that absorb 40 percent more impact energy than previous designs, and also ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[61]
SUBARU DEBUTS THE ALL-NEW SEVENTH-GENERATION 2020 ...
Introduced for 2017, the Subaru Global Platform has been optimized for the midsize Legacy, boasting a structure that is 70-percent stiffer in both torsional and ...
[62]
A Guide to Electric Vehicles | Subaru
... Subaru vehicles are known for and combines them with the next-generation e-Subaru Global Platform, a new all-electric vehicle architecture. We've made it ...
[63]
Subaru Global Platform
Learn how the Subaru Global Platform will help future Subaru vehicles be safer and stronger with better handling and ride comfort.
[64]
Simmering-Graz-Pauker AG, SGP (english) - Austria-Forum
It originated from a factory founded in Vienna-Leopoldstadt by Heinrich Daniel Schmid in 1831 to produce decimal weighbridges to his own designs. In later years ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[65]
[PDF] Background information - Digital Asset Management - Siemens
Feb 23, 2016 · 1941 Integration of Paukerwerk, establishment of “Simmering-Graz-Pauker AG”. 1946 Republic of Austria assumes ownership. 1958 Acquisition of ...Missing: firm | Show results with:firm
[66]
7500133 Electric locomotive 1041.11, ÖBB
When the Class 1041 was built, it was the first time that the company Simmering-Graz-Pauker AG had been involved in developing locomotives. AEG, BBC, ELIN ...
[67]
SIMMERING-GRAZ PAUKER AG. - Aviastar.org
A well-known engineering company which, in early 1960s, planned production of its four-seat twin-engined SGP- 222, which had first flown May 1959.Missing: history | Show results with:history<|separator|>
[68]
Atlas Trams C1 Nr. 141 (Simmering-Graz-Pauker) - 1957 1:76 Scale
Step into the past with the C1 Nr. 141 (Simmering-Graz-Pauker) - 1957, a classic Austrian tram that shaped Vienna's public transport network.
[69]
The 16 cylinder air-cooled diesel engine of the Simmering Graz ...
Aug 21, 2023 · This document is about the 16 cylinder air-cooled diesel engine of the Simmering Graz Pauker A.G., written by Alain M. Madle in 1946.Missing: products | Show results with:products
[70]
A Brief Look At The History Of Diamond Aircraft Industries
Nov 7, 2024 · In 1985, the company was renamed to Hoffman Aircraft Limited and was purchased by Simmering-Graz-Pauker AG, an Austrian conglomerate. Under ...
[71]
[PDF] 50 YEARS OF KNORR-BREMSE
June 1972: The first major order from SGP (Simmering-Graz-Pauker) – the production of 580 completely automatic load-dependent brake systems including ...<|separator|>
[72]
The bogies for Desiro DMU UK Class 185 - Global Railway Review
Aug 23, 2005 · Siemens Transportation Systems (STS), formerly Simmering Graz Pauker (SGP), has almost 150 years experience in the railway business.Missing: aircraft | Show results with:aircraft
[73]
Modern bogie solutions - Global Railway Review
Sep 15, 2006 · The bogies of railway vehicles have become a high-tech component nowadays. At Siemens, they are developed and manufactured for the whole company ...Missing: aircraft | Show results with:aircraft
[74]
Southern Great Plains - Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)
Located on 160 acres of cattle pasture and wheat fields, the heart of the SGP observatory is the heavily instrumented Central Facility southeast of Lamont, ...
[75]
[PDF] Southern Great Plains - Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM ...
The Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory, which began collecting data in Oklahoma in May 1992, was the first field measurement site ...
[76]
Measurement Sites - SGP - Global Monitoring Laboratory - NOAA
The sampling site is located in the Southern Great Plains, within the US DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program testbed. The testbed is a 350 km x ...
[77]
DOE officials tour Southern Great Plains atmospheric observatory
Mar 28, 2024 · Nestled on 160 acres of cattle pasture and wheat fields sits the heart of the Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory.
[78]
SGP Locations - Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)
The Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory was the first field measurement site established by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user ...
[79]
The ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) Site in - AMS Journals
The Southern Great Plains (SGP) site went from an idealized concept to reality in a very short period of time in the 1990s.
[80]
Exploring Aerosol Sources in the Southern Great Plains
May 19, 2021 · Researchers investigated the chemical composition and sources of aerosol at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility's Southern Great Plains ( ...
[81]
ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) Update 2022
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Site has been in operation for 30 years. This poster provides an update on the SGP ...<|separator|>
[82]
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement User Facility
Southern Great Plains (SGP), a fixed observatory located near Lamont, Oklahoma, was the first field measurement site established by ARM. SGP is equipped with ...
[83]
About SGP - Space Geodesy Project
The long range goal of the Space Geodesy Project is to build, deploy and operate a next generation NASA Space Geodetic Network (NSGN) of integrated, multi- ...
[84]
SGP Project Overview - Space Geodesy Project - NASA
NASA's Space Geodesy Program encompasses the development, deployment, operation, and maintenance of a global network of space geodetic observatories.
[85]
Space Geodesy Project (SGP) - NASA
The goal of the NASA Space Geodesy Project (SGP) is to build, deploy, and operate a next generation NASA Space Geodetic Network.
[86]
Space Geodesy Project Home - NASA
The Space Geodesy Project (SGP) encompasses the development, operation, and maintenance of a Global Network of Space Geodetic technique instruments, ...NetworkDataAbout SGPProductsA History of VLBI
[87]
Space Geodesy Project (SGP) - Earth - NASA
NASA's Space Geodesy Program contributes to the global infrastructure through the deployment, operation, and maintenance of two coordinated networks.
[88]
Data - Space Geodesy Project - NASA
May 2, 2024 · The data from NASA's Space Geodesy Project systems can be downloaded from the CDDIS. These data sets include: SLR: Laser ranging data ...
[89]
https://celestrak.org/publications/AIAA/2008-6770/AIAA-2008-6770.pdf
[90]
Closing the gap between SGP4 and high-precision propagation via ...
The simplified general perturbations 4 (SGP4) orbital propagation model is one of the most widely used methods for rapidly and reliably predicting the ...
[91]
SGP4-XP Propagation Algorithm | a.i. solutions
Jan 31, 2023 · Background. The Simplified General Perturbations 4 (SGP4) model was developed in 1970 for the propagation of near-Earth satellite trajectories.
[92]
Strain Gradient Plasticity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Strain gradient plasticity (SGP) refers to a theoretical framework that describes how plastic deformation in metals is influenced by the material's length ...
[93]
Elastic-Gap Free Formulation in Strain Gradient Plasticity Theory
Mar 11, 2024 · This article presents an elastic-gap free isotropic higher-order strain gradient plasticity theory that effectively captures dissipation associated to plastic ...
[94]
[PDF] A critical assessment of theories of strain gradient plasticity
Jan 6, 2009 · A critical assessment of theories of strain gradient plasticity. A.G. ... The focus is on the manner whereby the plastic strains and their ...
[95]
Geometry Processing - Eurographics
The Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing (SGP) is the premier venue for disseminating new research ideas and cutting-edge results in geometry ...
[96]
SGP 2024 - Symposium on Geometry Processing 2024
SGP'24 Program is now available here. SGP is the premier venue for disseminating new research ideas and cutting-edge results in geometry processing. In this ...
[97]
SGP-1: prediction and validation of homologous genes based on ...
We present a program for the prediction of protein-coding genes, termed SGP-1 (Syntenic Gene Prediction), which is based on the similarity of homologous ...
[98]
[PDF] SGP-1: prediction and validation of homologous genes based ...
A program for the prediction of protein-coding genes, termed SGP-1 (Syntenic Gene Prediction), which is based on the similarity of homologous genomic
[99]
SG - Singapore - ISO
Full name. the Republic of Singapore ; Alpha-3 code. SGP ; Numeric code. 702 ; Independent. Yes ; Status. Officially assigned.
[100]
ISO 3166 — Country Codes
Following notification from the United Nations (UN), the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency assigns alpha-2 and alpha-3 country code elements to new UN member states.ISO 3166-1:2020 · Glossary for ISO 3166 · ISO 3166-2:2020 · ISO/TC 46Missing: SGP | Show results with:SGP
[101]
List of country codes by alpha-2, alpha-3 code (ISO 3166) - IBAN
SGP, 702. Sint Maarten (Dutch part), SX, SXM, 534. Slovakia, SK, SVK, 703. Slovenia, SI, SVN, 705. Solomon Islands, SB, SLB, 090. Somalia, SO, SOM, 706. South ...
[102]
About - SGP BioEnergy
SGP BioEnergy is an integrated bioenergy products development company generating impactful global solutions for a net zero economy.
[103]
SGP BioEnergy - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
SGP BioEnergy is a bioenergy development company that produces integrated bioenergy products and renewable biofuel for a sustainable future.
[104]
Honeywell and SGP BioEnergy to develop plant-based ...
Oct 8, 2024 · Honeywell (NASDAQ: HON) and SGP BioEnergy today announced they are working together to develop new, scalable technology to convert industrial hemp and other ...
[105]
SGP BioEnergy Announces World's Largest Advanced Biofuel ...
May 18, 2022 · SGP BioEnergy is a bioenergy business leader committed to the science of solving global energy challenges sustainably. Independent of legacy oil ...
[106]
SGP BioEnergy Secures US$250 Million Commitment From Global ...
Oct 5, 2023 · Situated at the Panama Canal, the biorefinery will produce up to 180,000 barrels daily and generate up to 405,000 metric tons of green hydrogen ...
[107]
SGP BioEnergy, Golden City Biorefinery, Panama - SAF Investor
Biorefineria Ciudad Dorada aims to be the world's largest Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). The site is already used to store 70% of Panama's bunker fuel oil.
[108]
Topsoe supports SGP BioEnergy in renewable fuels production in ...
Oct 30, 2022 · SGP BioEnergy to build Latin America's largest renewable fuels plant with two units in Colon and Balboa, Panama to produce sustainable ...
[109]
INTERVIEW: 'Transformative' bioenergy market to connect ...
Aug 2, 2024 · Randy Letang, CEO of US-based renewable energy company SGP BioEnergy, said the bioenergy industry will ignite growth in emerging regions and ...
[110]
SGP BioEnergy - LinkedIn
Nov 5, 2023 · SGP BioEnergy is an integrated bioenergy products development company driving tangible solutions and thought leadership through the development of industrial ...
[111]
GEF Small Grants Program
The program funds grants of up to $75,000. SGP also provides a maximum of $150,000 for strategic projects. These larger projects allow for scaling up and ...About the Program · What We Do · Featured Content · SGP 2.0 in GEF-8
[112]
Mission and History - The GEF Small Grants Programme
Established in 1992, the year of the Rio Earth Summit, the GEF Small Grants Programme embodies the very essence of sustainable development by "thinking globally ...
[113]
GEF Small Grants Programme | United Nations Development ...
The GEF Small Grants Programme is carefully tailored to the specific needs of each country and its strategy is designed jointly by various stakeholders, ...
[114]
GEF SGP: Call For Proposals 2025
Sep 25, 2025 · Full grant - maximum value of USD 50,000, available to CSOs or formal partnerships between CSOs and enterprises. Key information: Proposal ...
[115]
Small Grants Programme - United Nations Development Programme
How to Apply · Grant Eligibility · About Us · Here
[116]
The GEF Small Grants Programme - Results Report 2023-2024
Nov 22, 2024 · This report provides an overview on the concrete results achieved on global environmental and socio-economic benefits between July 1, 2023 and June 30, 2024.
[117]
Global Environment Facility (GEF) - Small Grants Program
sgp.info@undp.org. Official Website. https://sgp.undp.org. The Small Grants Program (SGP) is a corporate program of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) ...
[118]
New GEF Funds towards UNDP supported projects to benefit 9.4 ...
Dec 23, 2024 · In a major boost for community-driven initiatives, $71.3 million will be allocated to the GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP), implemented by UNDP, ...
[119]
[PDF] Joint GEF-UNDP Evaluation of the Small Grants Programme
The SGP is suc- cessful in producing benefits at multiple levels. SGP grants support projects that have high levels of success in securing global environmental ...
[120]
All four Shutterfly manufacturing facilities become SGP certified
Oct 19, 2021 · The Sustainable Green Printing Partnership (SGP), the leading authority in sustainable printing certifications, announced today certification ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[121]
How SGP Certification Boosts Your Brand and Sustainability Efforts
Apr 7, 2025 · SGP certification is the leading sustainability certification for the print and packaging industry. It equips companies with a robust framework ...
[122]
[PDF] The Coca-Cola Company: Human Rights: 2022 Overview
Similarly, our Supplier Guiding Principles (SGP) and Principles for Sustainable Agriculture (PSA) expect suppliers and business partners to respect Freedom of ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[123]
[PDF] PASS IT BACK Supplier Toolkit | The Coca-Cola Company
Our Supplier Guiding Principles (SGP) communicate our values and expectations of suppliers and emphasize the importance of responsible workplace practices that ...
[124]
About SGP - Strategic Growth Partners
SGP exists to make a difference by GIVING BACK. This purpose is woven into everything we do—delivering financial & economic opportunities for our tribal clients ...
[125]
Suzuki Genuine Parts | Suzuki Motor USA, LLC
Every Suzuki Product is built with Suzuki Genuine Parts. They have the optimal design and specification tailored for the specific product and model.
[126]
Suzuki Genuine Parts (English) - MySuzuki
Under the sign of quality and reliability · SGP Oil filter · SGP air filter · SGP pollen filter · SGP brake pads · SGP timing belt · SGP windscreen wiper.
[127]
Suzuki Genuine Parts (SGP)
Suzuki Genuine Parts (SGP) · CATEGORIES · Why SGP · Check Genuineness of Part · Parts Warranty · Service Kits · Body Parts ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[128]
Suzuki Genuine Parts & Accessories
Suzuki Genuine Parts, Accessories, Oil & Chemicals. Suzuki Genuine Parts (SGP), Suzuki Genuine Accessories (SGA), Suzuki Genuine Oil and Chemicals (SGO).
[129]
Suzuki Genuine Parts (SGP) Keep it Real Promise
Suzuki Canada is proud to introduce the SGP Keep it Real Promise for all Suzuki Genuine Parts purchased at a Canadian Authorized Suzuki Dealer.
[130]
Suzuki Parts House: Buy OEM Suzuki Parts & Accessories
30-day returnsSuzuki Parts & Accessories for motorcycles, ATVs, or scooters. Great customer service, great shipping!Suzuki Motorcycle OEM Parts · Suzuki OEM Parts · Suzuki ATV OEM Parts
[131]
What is a Same Game Parlay (SGP) bet? - DraftKings Service Portal
A Same Game Parlay (SGP) works the same as a regular parlay but allows you to combine multiple outcomes from the same game.
[132]
What is a Same Game Parlay or SGP Plus? - Support Home - FanDuel
Same game parlays are a type of parlay that combines two or more selections from a single game or correlated games, matches, or events. With a same game parlay, ...
[133]
SGPro - Sequence Generator Pro
Sequence Generator Pro is best in class automation software for astrophotography. With it, you can sequence and coordinate all of your gear.
[134]
Sequence Generator Pro – Automated Night Sky Imaging
Sequence Generator Pro. Fully automated night sky imaging ; Automation for everyone. Easy for beginners, sophisticated enough for professionals ; Works with your ...SGPro · Downloads · Sequence Generator Pro · Sequence Software
[135]
Equipment Compatibility - Sequence Generator Pro
Sequence Generator Pro is compatible with most gear made for astronomy or astrophotography. Below is a list of compatible equipment manufacturers.
[136]
Degradability of Forage Proteins by In Situ and In Vitro Enzymatic ...
Streptomyces griseus protease. Abbreviation Key. ADIA. acid detergent insoluble ash. NDIN. neutral detergent insoluble N. SGP. Streptomyces griseus protease.
[137]
Degradability of Forage Proteins by In Situ and In Vitro Enzymatic ...
Effect of Streptomyces griseus protease (SGP) concentration and incubation time on RDP estimates (percentage of total N) for two forages (study 1).
[138]
Ruminal Crude Protein Degradation Determined in Sacco and by ...
Oct 16, 2024 · Within such a matrix, the protein is bonded and less accessible to the Streptomyces griseus protease (SGP). The addition of a carbohydrase ...
[139]
Different Types SentryGlas Interlayers - Elite Safety Glass
May 19, 2021 · SentryGlas Plus Interlayer, also known as SGP interlayer, being the only structural material for laminated glass.
[140]
Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) vs. SentryGlas Plus (SGP) - United Facade
SentryGlas Plus, on the other hand, is an interlayer material made of a polyvinyl nitrate (PVN) thermoplastic. SGP offers increased strength and stiffness ...