Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Savage

Michael Alan Weiner (born March 31, 1942), known professionally as Michael Savage, is an American conservative radio host, author, and political commentator who created and hosted the nationally syndicated talk radio program The Savage Nation.^[1]^[2] With a background in ethnomedicine, Savage earned a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in nutritional ethnomedicine, following master's degrees in medical botany and medical anthropology from the University of Hawaii.^[1]^[3] His radio show, which debuted in 1994, grew to command a weekly audience of approximately 10 million listeners across hundreds of stations, establishing it as one of the most popular conservative talk programs in the United States.^[4]^[3] Savage's career transitioned from writing books on health, nutrition, and herbal medicine to political broadcasting, where he developed a confrontational style emphasizing opposition to illegal immigration, cultural erosion, and perceived threats to national sovereignty—core tenets encapsulated in his slogan "borders, language, culture."^[1] He has authored more than 25 books, including five New York Times bestsellers on topics ranging from politics to psychology, and was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in recognition of his influence in the medium.^[1]^[3] The program's success extended to podcasting and television appearances, amplifying his reach amid a polarized media landscape.^[4] Savage's commentary has drawn both acclaim for its unfiltered critique of establishment policies and significant controversy, including a 2009 ban from entering the United Kingdom, where authorities cited his remarks on Islam and disease threats as promoting hatred—a designation contested by supporters as an overreach against dissenting speech.^[1]^[3] His work has influenced conservative discourse, particularly on issues like border security and free speech, though mainstream outlets have often framed his positions through lenses of extremism, reflecting broader institutional tendencies toward selective outrage against non-conforming viewpoints.^[1]^[3]

Definition and Etymology

Core Meanings and Usage

The adjective savage primarily denotes that which is wild, untamed, or lacking domestication and human control, as in describing animals or natural environments not subdued by civilization. For instance, it applies to "savage beasts" that operate without the behavioral restraints imposed by human oversight, or a "savage wilderness" characterized by unrestrained natural forces and absence of cultivated order.^[5] This sense emphasizes empirical observables such as ferocity driven by instinct rather than societal norms, with the term's first recorded English usage in the 13th century often referring to feral states predating modern connotations of human application.^[5] Over time, the adjectival form extended to brutal or violent actions and conditions, denoting fierceness that exceeds civilized bounds, as in a "savage attack" involving unrestrained aggression.^[6]^[5] As a noun, savage refers to an individual exhibiting primal ferocity, brutality, or existence beyond the technological and normative structures of advanced societies, often marked by traits like unchecked violence or rudimentary living conditions. Dictionaries define it as a brutal person devoid of civilized inhibitions, or historically, a member of a primitive society lacking literacy, complex governance, or technological sophistication—distinctions grounded in observable differences in behavior and material culture rather than inherent moral superiority.^[5]^[7] This usage evolved from 13th-century applications to wild entities toward a pejorative label for humans in the 15th century onward, highlighting causal factors such as absence of restraining institutions that correlate with higher incidences of interpersonal violence in pre-industrial groups.^[5]^[8] Modern dictionary entries, updated as of October 2025, retain these cores without softening to romantic ideals, underscoring rudeness or cruelty as disqualifying from "civilized" categorization based on empirical benchmarks like rule of law adherence and technological output.^[5]^[9]

Linguistic Origins and Evolution

The word "savage" entered Middle English around the mid-13th century as an adjective denoting ferocious or untamed qualities, primarily applied to animals or wild landscapes.^[10] It derives from Old French sauvage or salvage, meaning "wild" or "untamed," which itself stems from Late Latin salvaticus, an alteration of silvaticus ("of the woods" or "pertaining to the forest"), rooted in Latin silva ("forest" or "wood").^[5] This etymological lineage reflects a literal association with sylvan or uncultivated environments, without inherent moral valuation beyond denoting absence of domestication or human intervention.^[10] By circa 1300, the term expanded to describe undomesticated states in broader contexts, including uncultivated land and human traits like indomitability or fierceness, marking an initial shift toward anthropomorphic application while retaining its core connotation of primal wildness.^[10] In the late 14th century, usages increasingly connoted barbarism or lack of civilization in persons and behaviors, evolving by the early 15th century to imply recklessness or ungovernability.^[10] The noun form, denoting a "wild person," appeared around 1400, later specifying individuals from uncivilized regions by the 1610s, but early senses lacked positive implications, focusing instead on untamed or brutal aspects absent domestication's refining influence.^[5] This progression from ecological literalism to metaphorical human ferocity occurred without evidence of initial ennobling interpretations, as verified in period linguistic records.^[10] First attested in English texts before 1275, such as religious or moral works like Body and Soul, the term's adoption mirrored French influences post-Norman Conquest, solidifying its neutral-to-negative valence tied to wilderness over time.^[11] By the 16th century, amid European explorations, it began denoting primitive societal conditions, but this built on prior linguistic foundations of wildness rather than introducing novel connotations.^[5]

Historical and Philosophical Connotations

Early Usage in Exploration and Colonialism

European explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries applied the term "savage" to indigenous peoples of the Caribbean and South America, drawing on direct encounters with practices diverging from organized civil societies, such as ritualistic violence and absence of institutional restraints on conflict. Christopher Columbus, in his 1492 journal entries from the first voyage, referenced "savage" inhabitants and rumors of cannibalism among Carib groups, whom he described as man-eaters preying on neighboring Arawaks, based on interrogations of captives.^[12] ^[13] These accounts reflected observable intertribal hostilities, including raids for captives, though later anthropological scrutiny has questioned the universality of cannibalism claims while affirming patterns of trophy-taking and warfare.^[14] By the 19th century, inland expeditions documented similar usages amid encounters with North American tribes exhibiting decentralized governance and frequent raiding. The Lewis and Clark journals, spanning 1804–1806, routinely labeled tribes like the Sioux and Shoshone as "savages," citing behaviors such as horse theft, scalping, and vendetta-driven killings without higher authority to enforce peace.^[8] ^[15] William Clark, for example, on January 6, 1806, observed that native men consigned women to drudgery while engaging in unrestrained warfare, contrasting this with European divisions of labor and legal monopolies on violence.^[16] Scalping, a pre-colonial trophy practice among various Eastern Woodlands and Plains tribes, involved severing the scalp post-kill to symbolize victory, predating European bounties but amplified by colonial incentives.^[17] ^[18] Such descriptors aligned with empirical disparities in societal violence, where tribal structures permitted endemic feuding absent state-level deterrence. Pre-contact Amazonian groups, like the Yanomami and Waorani, exhibited homicide rates of 20–60% of adult male deaths from raids and revenge killings, driven by resource competition and honor codes rather than centralized justice.^[19] ^[20] Hunter-gatherer societies more broadly showed lethal intergroup violence accounting for up to 55% of deaths among groups like the Ache, underscoring causal links between unscaled polities and unchecked aggression, as opposed to civilized mechanisms curbing such impulses through law and hierarchy.^[21] ^[22] While European observers carried ethnocentric lenses, these records corroborated verifiable native practices of intertribal warfare, distinguishing them from sanitized portrayals that downplay pre-colonial brutality.^[8]

Philosophical Debates on Human Nature

Thomas Hobbes, in his 1651 treatise Leviathan, conceptualized the state of nature as a savage condition of mutual antagonism, where individuals, driven by equality in vulnerability and desire for power, engage in a "war of all against all," resulting in lives that are "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."^[23] He invoked contemporary accounts of indigenous "savages" in the Americas as empirical analogs, arguing their decentralized societies exemplified the perils of ungoverned existence, marked by perpetual insecurity and limited progress due to fear overriding cooperation.^[23] This view posits human nature as fundamentally egoistic and competitive, necessitating an absolute sovereign to impose order through fear of punishment, a causal mechanism rooted in self-preservation instincts that render voluntary restraint unstable.^[24] Jean-Jacques Rousseau, responding in his 1755 Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, rejected Hobbes' pessimism by depicting "savage" man in the state of nature as solitary, robust, and benignly self-interested, guided by instincts of amour de soi (natural self-love) and pity toward suffering, which avert systematic violence.^[25] Rousseau conjectured that true savagery emerges from societal institutions like private property and interdependence, which foster amour-propre (inflamed vanity) and moral corruption, inverting Hobbes by attributing inherent goodness to pre-civilized humanity while blaming civilization for devolving it into competitive brutality.^[26] Critics, however, contend this idealization lacks grounding in observable human drives, as competitive scarcity and status-seeking persist even in hypothetical isolation, undermining claims of natural harmony without coercive structures.^[27] John Locke, in the 1689 Second Treatise of Government, mediated these extremes by framing the state of nature as a realm of rational equality under natural law, where individuals retain rights to life, liberty, and property, enforceable through reason rather than innate aggression.^[24] He referenced "savage" Americans to illustrate a primitive yet viable order—evident in their rudimentary property use—arguing that while inconveniences like biased adjudication prompt civil society, the pre-political condition is not inherently warlike but improvable via consent-based government.^[28] Locke's instrumental deployment of "savage" thus bolsters justifications for enclosing commons and establishing dominion, prioritizing industrious improvement over egalitarian stasis, though it presumes a level of foresight and restraint that Hobbes deemed illusory absent enforcement.^[24] These debates underscore a core tension: Hobbes' causal realism, emphasizing fear-driven conflict as the default without overriding authority, contrasts with Rousseau's and Locke's greater faith in innate faculties like pity or reason to sustain primitive equilibrium.^[27] Yet Rousseau's portrayal falters under scrutiny for conflating conjectural solitude with social realities, where resource competition predictably escalates disputes, while Locke's optimism hinges on idealized rationality that empirical accounts of stateless groups challenge, aligning more closely with Hobbes' prudential insistence on imposed peace to curb savage impulses.^[23]^[24]

Anthropological Perspectives and Empirical Evidence

In early 20th-century ethnography, anthropologists such as Bronislaw Malinowski applied the term "savage" to describe non-literate, kinship-based societies, emphasizing their functional adaptations to environments without state institutions. Malinowski's Crime and Custom in Savage Society (1926) examined Trobriand Islanders' dispute resolution through reciprocal obligations and magic, rather than codified laws, portraying "savagery" as a stage defined by informal social controls prone to escalation in conflicts.^[29] Similarly, James Frazer's evolutionary framework in The Golden Bough (1890–1915) classified hunter-gatherer customs as "savage" residues of universal human progress, drawing on global myths to infer pre-state violence and ritualistic responses to instability.^[30] Fieldwork and archaeological data consistently document elevated violence in these societies, with male mortality from homicide or warfare often comprising 15–60% of deaths. Lawrence Keeley's War Before Civilization (1996) aggregates ethnographic accounts, revealing that prehistoric raids yielded casualty rates equivalent to 10–60% of combatants, as seen in the Crow Creek massacre (circa 1325 CE), where over 500 individuals—90% of a village's population—suffered violent deaths without defensive structures mitigating assaults.^[31] Among the Yanomami tribes, documented killings accounted for about 30% of adult male deaths, driven by revenge cycles absent institutional mediation.^[32] Steven Pinker's compilation in The Better Angels of Our Nature (2011) synthesizes over 20 ethnographic studies of non-state groups, estimating annual homicide rates of 500–5,000 per 100,000 in hunter-gatherer bands—orders of magnitude above the 1–10 rates in modern states—attributable to unchecked feuding and resource scarcity.^[33] A 2022 update by Pinker, incorporating post-2010 datasets from uncontacted Amazonian and Papuan groups, upholds these figures, with violence comprising 20–40% of mortality in stateless settings lacking monopoly on force.^[33] This pattern persists across hemispheres, linking savagery causally to decentralized authority, where personal vendettas substitute for impartial enforcement. Such evidence refutes equivalences posited by cultural relativism, which often normalize high-violence equilibria as adaptive without empirical differentiation; instead, the data reveal that scalable governance reduces per capita lethality by constraining impulses through deterrence, as non-state raids exhibit no self-limiting mechanisms beyond attrition.^[34] While some critiques, rooted in ideological aversion to hierarchy, downplay these rates by selective sampling of peaceful outliers, the breadth of cross-verified ethnographies—spanning Chagnon's Yanomami fieldwork to skeletal trauma analyses—affirms structural causation over relativistic parity.^[33]^[32]

The Noble Savage Myth and Its Critiques

Origins of the Concept

The concept of the noble savage, portraying primitive humans as inherently virtuous and uncorrupted by civilization, drew from earlier European encounters with non-Western peoples documented in travelogues from the Age of Exploration. Accounts such as those from Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492 and Amerigo Vespucci's letters in the early 1500s described indigenous Americans as living in natural simplicity, though often mixed with observations of violence and communal practices that Europeans selectively idealized to contrast with their own societal ills.^[35] These reports influenced Renaissance thinkers like Michel de Montaigne, whose 1580 essay "Of Cannibals" praised Tupinambá Brazilians for their unspoiled customs, arguing they exemplified a more authentic humanity free from artificial European vices, despite acknowledging their cannibalism.^[35] The specific phrase "noble savage" first appeared in John Dryden's 1672 play The Conquest of Granada, where a character declares, "I am as free as nature first made man, / Ere the base laws of servitude began, / When wild in woods the noble savage ran," using it to evoke a pre-civilized ideal of liberty amid dramatic conflict.^[36] Dryden's usage reflected Restoration-era literary tropes rather than empirical advocacy, predating widespread philosophical elaboration by decades.^[37] Jean-Jacques Rousseau amplified the idea in his 1755 Discourse on the Origin and Foundation of Inequality Among Men, positing that "savage man," in a hypothetical state of nature, possessed innate self-sufficiency and moral innocence before societal institutions introduced corruption and inequality.^[38] Rousseau explicitly framed this as conjectural reasoning divorced from historical facts, stating that such origins "must not be considered as historical truths, but only as mere conditional and hypothetical reasonings" to illustrate how civilization deviated from natural goodness.^[38] While drawing on travelogues of Native Americans and Pacific Islanders, Rousseau abstracted and romanticized these for an anti-civilizational polemic, emphasizing speculative virtues like pity and autonomy over documented tribal realities.^[35]

Empirical Debunking and Real-World Data

Anthropological and archaeological data from post-colonial fieldwork and forensic analysis of remains reveal that stateless societies exhibited homicide rates substantially higher than those in modern states, undermining romanticized views of pre-civilizational harmony. In non-state societies, the percentage of deaths due to violence often ranged from 15% to 60%, compared to less than 1-3% in contemporary state-level societies, with homicide rates per 100,000 people estimated at 10 to 60 times higher than in industrialized nations.^[39] These figures derive from ethnographic surveys of tribal groups and skeletal evidence indicating interpersonal trauma, such as embedded arrowheads and scalping marks, across diverse regions including the Americas and Europe.^[40] Among the Yanomami of the Amazon, detailed longitudinal studies documented that approximately 30% of adult male deaths resulted from violence, primarily through raids and revenge killings, contradicting portrayals of these groups as inherently peaceful.^[41] This violence was driven by factors like resource competition and alliance formation, with unokose men—those who had participated in killings—achieving higher reproductive success, suggesting a selective pressure favoring aggression rather than nobility.^[42] While some critics, including rival anthropologists, have challenged these findings by attributing violence to external contacts like missionaries, cross-validation with genetic and demographic data supports the baseline endemic nature of such conflicts in isolated villages.^[43] Archaeological records further corroborate this pattern, with sites like Jebel Sahaba in Sudan (circa 13,000 years ago) showing mass graves where over 40% of individuals bore projectile wounds indicative of organized group violence among hunter-gatherers.^[39] Prehistoric European and Near Eastern remains from the Neolithic period reveal spikes in skeletal trauma during transitions to sedentism, including evidence of fortified settlements and massacres affecting up to 20% of populations in some cases.^[44] Genetic analyses of ancient DNA, such as Y-chromosome bottlenecks from male-biased killings, provide causal evidence of recurrent warfare eliminating entire patrilines, rather than isolated incidents.^[45] Infanticide, another marker of intra-group savagery, was prevalent in many tribal societies, with ethnographic surveys indicating practice in up to 65% of non-state groups, often targeting females or twins to manage ecological pressures.^[46] This selective killing contributed to skewed sex ratios and demographic instability, as documented in Australian Aboriginal and Inuit populations, where rates could exceed 20-40% of births under scarcity conditions.^[47] Such practices, far from idyllic adaptations, reflect resource-driven brutality absent the regulatory mechanisms of states. Romantic defenses invoking cultural relativism fail against this aggregate evidence, as comparative datasets consistently show violence declining with the rise of governance structures enforcing deterrence and dispute resolution.^[39]

Cultural and Ideological Implications

The noble savage myth endures in environmentalist rhetoric, where indigenous societies are frequently depicted as inherently superior stewards of the planet, embodying sustainable practices uncorrupted by industrialization. This portrayal, however, confronts empirical challenges, as pre-modern groups have demonstrably contributed to ecological strain, including overhunting that precipitated the late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions around 10,000–12,000 years ago and ongoing practices like slash-and-burn agriculture leading to localized deforestation in regions such as the Amazon basin. Kent Redford's analysis in Cultural Survival Quarterly dismantles the "ecologically noble savage" ideal, arguing it stems from selective anecdotes rather than comprehensive data, with indigenous resource use often mirroring opportunistic exploitation seen in expanding populations absent modern regulatory frameworks.^[48] In political anti-colonialism, the myth bolsters critiques of Western institutions by romanticizing stateless existence as a moral baseline, thereby framing civilization's advances—such as infrastructure, medicine, and governance—as degenerative impositions. Counterarguments grounded in causal analysis highlight how state formation and rational institutions have empirically curtailed violence: Steven Pinker's aggregation of archaeological and ethnographic data reveals lifetime violent death risks of 15–60% in non-state societies, dropping to under 1% in contemporary nation-states by 2011, attributable to monopolies on force, commerce, and cosmopolitan ethics rather than innate human benevolence.^[49] This progress underscores civilized structures' role in elevating human welfare, contrasting sentimental idealizations that prioritize narrative over measurable outcomes like global life expectancy rising from 30 years in hunter-gatherer eras to over 70 in 2023. Debates over terminology reflect broader ideological tensions, with "savage" increasingly labeled pejorative in academic and media contexts influenced by post-colonial sensitivities, yet retaining descriptive utility for societies lacking codified laws and exhibiting elevated brutality, as evidenced by ethnographic records of tribal raids and vendettas. Mainstream institutions, prone to left-leaning biases that romanticize primitivism to counter historical inequities, often suppress such distinctions, favoring euphemisms that obscure behavioral realities verifiable through cross-cultural homicide statistics exceeding 100 per 100,000 in some non-state groups versus 1–5 in developed nations.^[48] This persistence risks undermining policy by diverting focus from replicable civilizational mechanisms toward unproven venerations of the pre-modern.

Cultural and Media Depictions

Literature and Fictional Characters

In Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), the character Friday is introduced as a Caribbean native captured by cannibals and rescued by the protagonist, embodying pre-civilizational savagery through practices like ritual consumption of enemies and tribal animism. Defoe portrays Friday's initial state as one of ignorance and violence, redeemable only via Crusoe's imposition of European language, tools, and Christian doctrine, which elevates him to a devoted subordinate. This narrative reflects Enlightenment-era contrasts between primitive existence and rational order, with Friday's loyalty illustrating the civilizing potential of individual agency over innate barbarism.^[50] Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899) features Kurtz, a European ivory trader whose immersion in the Congolese interior leads to a profound degeneration into savagery, marked by ritualistic horror, exploitation of locals, and a scrawled endorsement to "Exterminate all the brutes!" in his colonial report. Conrad uses Kurtz to depict how isolation from institutional restraints unleashes primal instincts, blurring distinctions between colonizer and colonized, with the African environment serving as a catalyst for moral collapse rather than inherent tribal inferiority. The novella's frame narrator, Marlow, observes Kurtz's transformation as evidence of civilization's fragility, grounded in Conrad's own 1890 steamer captaincy experiences amid documented Belgian atrocities.^[51]^[52] Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan of the Apes (1912) contrasts the feral nobility of its titular character— an orphaned English lord raised by great apes—with the savagery of African tribes and wildlife, emphasizing Tarzan's superior strength and cunning derived from jungle survival, tempered by hereditary intellect that enables self-taught literacy and ethical discernment. Burroughs presents Tarzan as a hybrid figure whose ape-rearing fosters raw physicality absent in enfeebled urban Europeans, while his innate chivalry rejects unrestrained brutality, as seen in his protection of Jane Porter from tribal threats. This archetype draws from Darwinian influences, portraying savagery as adaptive prowess rather than moral deficit, though later critiques highlight idealized primitivism overlooking real tribal conflicts.^[53]^[54] Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book (1894) centers on Mowgli, a human "man-cub" adopted by wolves and schooled in jungle law by Baloo the bear and Bagheera the panther, who confronts innate savagery through encounters with the tiger Shere Khan and the treacherous Bandar-log monkeys. Kipling depicts Mowgli's mastery of feral instincts—hunting, camouflage, and pack loyalty—while his human origins grant foresight and detachment, culminating in his expulsion to the village to escape animalistic cycles. The tales underscore hierarchical order in primitive settings, with Mowgli's arc affirming human rationality's triumph over unchecked wildness, informed by Kipling's Anglo-Indian observations of fauna and folklore. Some analyses critique these portrayals for embedding colonial hierarchies, yet they align with empirical accounts of child feralism and tribal hierarchies predating European contact.^[55]^[56]

Film, Television, and Gaming

In Apocalypto (2006), directed by Mel Gibson, the film depicts a pre-Columbian Maya village subjected to a brutal raid by a rival group, followed by scenes of ritual human sacrifice and widespread violence, presenting indigenous societies as inherently savage and warlike.^[57] ^[58] This portrayal contrasts with romanticized views by focusing on empirical elements of historical violence, such as conquest and enslavement, though critics accused it of exaggeration for dramatic effect.^[57] Conversely, James Cameron's Avatar (2009) employs the noble savage trope through the Na'vi, tall blue-skinned aliens living in ecological harmony on Pandora, portrayed as spiritually attuned to nature and morally superior to technologically advanced human invaders.^[59] ^[60] The Na'vi's depiction as innocent warriors connected to their environment reinforces a narrative of primitive purity versus civilizational corruption, influencing audiences toward idealized views of untouched societies despite lacking evidence of such unalloyed benevolence in anthropological records.^[60] In television, traditional Hollywood portrayals often reduce indigenous groups to stereotypes of aggressive savages wielding tomahawks and ambushing settlers, as seen in older Western series, perpetuating a one-dimensional image of inherent hostility over nuanced cultural dynamics.^[61] More recent shows like The 100 (2014–2020) feature the Grounders as post-apocalyptic tribal warriors engaging in ritual combat and territorial savagery, blending primal instincts with survival imperatives to explore human devolution in isolated clans.^[61] Video games frequently simulate savage primal instincts through mechanics of hunting, tribal warfare, and resource scarcity. Far Cry Primal (2016), developed by Ubisoft, immerses players in a 10,000 BCE setting as Takkar, a hunter rising to tribal leader by crafting weapons, taming beasts, and conquering enemy groups amid constant threats from predators and rivals, directly evoking raw human ferocity in prehistoric environments.^[62] ^[63] This gameplay emphasizes causal drives like dominance and adaptation, potentially desensitizing players to violence while highlighting instincts observable in evolutionary biology.^[64] Such depictions in film and gaming can skew public perception toward either mythic glorification, as in noble savage narratives that downplay intra-group brutality, or hyper-realistic immersion that underscores universal capacities for aggression, though empirical studies find no direct causation between media violence and real-world behavior shifts.^[65] ^[66] Realistic portrayals like those in Apocalypto or Far Cry Primal may counter romantic biases by aligning with archaeological evidence of prehistoric and ancient violence, fostering a more grounded understanding of human nature over ideological sanitization.^[58] ^[62]

Music and Performers

The term "savage" appears in numerous musical works and performer names, often connoting intensity or untamed energy, with stylistic shifts from depictions of violence in hip-hop to affirmations of bold self-expression in pop and dance genres. In the 1990s, Australian duo Savage Garden, formed in Brisbane in 1993 by Darren Hayes and Daniel Jones, blended pop with romantic themes in hits like "Truly Madly Deeply," which topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1998 and sold over 18 million copies worldwide.^[67]^[68] In rap, Atlanta-based artist 21 Savage, who entered the scene with independent releases starting in 2013, adopted the moniker to reflect gritty narratives of survival and aggression, as in his 2016 EP Savage Mode with Metro Boomin, which debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 and featured tracks like "No Heart" emphasizing confrontational bravado.^[69]^[70] This usage draws on "savage" as a descriptor of raw, unfiltered street dynamics, influencing trap subgenres through sales exceeding 500,000 equivalent units for the project.^[71] By the 2020s, "savage" evolved into slang for empowered fierceness, evident in Megan Thee Stallion's "Savage," initially released January 24, 2020, and elevated by a Beyoncé remix on April 29, 2020, which debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 dated May 30, 2020, driven by 33 million streams and strong TikTok virality.^[72]^[73] The track's lyrics, proclaiming "I'm a savage (Yeah) / Classy, bougie, ratchet," reframe the word as celebratory autonomy, earning a Grammy for Best Rap Song in 2021 amid over 1 billion global streams.^[74] K-pop group aespa further adapted the theme in their October 5, 2021, EP Savage, with the hyperpop title track blending synth-heavy production and metaverse motifs of defiance, garnering 22.8 million first-day streams on Melon and praise for innovative sound design.^[75]^[76] Similarly, "Savage Love (Laxed – Siren Beat)" by New Zealand producer Jawsh 685 and Jason Derulo, officially released June 11, 2020, portrays wild romance over siren-like beats, achieving number one on the Billboard Hot 100 via a BTS remix in October 2020 after 28.6 million US streams that week.^[77]^[78] These examples illustrate a progression from aggression-rooted portrayals, rooted in hip-hop's realism, to ironic positivity in mainstream hits, where "savage" signifies unapologetic charisma, boosting chart dominance through social media amplification and cross-genre appeal.^[79]

Military and Conflict Contexts

Terminology in Warfare

In military terminology, "savage warfare" denotes irregular, asymmetric conflicts against non-state or tribal adversaries perceived as unbound by conventional rules of engagement, featuring ambushes, scalping, torture, and refusal to grant quarter, in contrast to disciplined, rule-bound engagements between civilized armies. British theorist C.E. Callwell, in his 1896 manual Small Wars, outlined savage warfare as requiring "overawing the enemy" through overwhelming force and mobility to compensate for the enemy's elusive tactics and cultural unfamiliarity with European norms, emphasizing rapid concentration of superior firepower rather than prolonged sieges.^[80] This approach stemmed from 19th-century colonial experiences in Africa and Asia, where European armies adapted to foes employing "people's war" strategies—blending civilian and combatant roles to maximize attrition—yet consistently prevailed through technological and organizational edges, as evidenced by British victories in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, where disciplined rifle volleys routed numerically superior Zulu impis despite initial spear charges.^[81] Distinctions from total war are tactical and normative: total war, as in the American Civil War (1861–1865), involved industrialized mobilization of entire societies, targeting infrastructure and civilians systematically under state auspices, whereas savage warfare prioritized punitive expeditions and scorched-earth raids against dispersed, low-tech opponents lacking fixed supply lines, often rationalized by the adversary's perceived barbarism.^[82] In the 19th-century American Indian Wars, U.S. forces labeled Native resistance as savage due to guerrilla hit-and-run tactics and atrocities like the 1862 Dakota War massacres, yet regular army units, leveraging repeating rifles and telegraphed logistics, subdued major tribes by 1890, reducing active resistance from over 200 engagements in the 1870s to near-elimination, underscoring how disciplined formations outlasted irregular savagery through sustained campaigns rather than symmetric battles.^[83] Empirical outcomes favored conventional forces, with colonial powers achieving 80–90% success rates in small wars from 1815–1914 by enforcing mobility and concentration over moral equivalence.^[84] Post-9/11, the term resurfaced in analyses of asymmetric threats, framing insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan as modern savage warfare—marked by improvised explosives, suicide bombings, and blending into populations—necessitating counterinsurgency doctrines echoing Callwell's emphasis on population control and overwhelming presence. Max Boot's 2002 The Savage Wars of Peace argued such conflicts built U.S. power through adaptive small-unit operations, a view informing post-invasion strategies where coalition forces, despite initial setbacks, degraded Al-Qaeda networks by 2011 via targeted raids and intelligence-driven strikes, yielding a 70% reduction in high-value targets.^[85] Unlike total war's mutual escalation, these engagements highlighted savagery's self-limiting nature against professional militaries equipped for endurance, though prolonged occupations revealed risks of mirroring enemy brutality, as in reported detainee abuses at Abu Ghraib in 2004.^[86]

Historical Military Figures and Operations

Arthur William Savage (1857–1938), an inventor and entrepreneur, established the Savage Arms Company in 1894, which became significant in military production during World War I by manufacturing Lewis light machine guns. The firm supplied over 70,000 Lewis guns to the British Army early in the conflict, aiding infantry suppression and aerial use in aircraft like the Sopwith Camel, where the weapon's air-cooled design and 47-round drum magazine enabled sustained fire rates of up to 500 rounds per minute.^[87] These guns proved effective in static trench defenses and mobile operations, contributing to Allied firepower advantages despite logistical challenges with overheating in prolonged bursts.^[88] In World War II, Savage Arms shifted to producing over 250,000 Thompson submachine guns under contract, bolstering U.S. and Allied close-quarters combat capabilities in operations from Normandy to the Pacific. The Thompson's .45 ACP round delivered stopping power in urban and jungle fighting, though its weight and recoil limited versatility compared to lighter alternatives like the M3 Grease Gun.^[89] Critiques of such arms in irregular units highlighted trade-offs between firepower effectiveness—evident in high-volume suppressive fire—and perceptions of brutality in unrestricted use, as seen in partisan warfare where rapid fire amplified casualties but risked ammunition shortages.^[90] During the Vietnam War's Battle of Ia Drang (November 14–18, 1965), U.S. Army Sergeant Ernie Savage demonstrated leadership in the 2nd Platoon, 1st Battalion, [7th Cavalry Regiment](/page/7th Cavalry Regiment), after assuming command of the isolated "Lost Platoon" following the wounding or death of higher-ranking personnel amid intense North Vietnamese Army assaults. Savage coordinated artillery barrages and small-arms fire from a defensive perimeter on a knoll near Landing Zone X-Ray, repelling multiple waves that inflicted heavy enemy losses while sustaining minimal further U.S. casualties in his element, earning the [Silver Star](/page/Silver Star) for gallantry under fire.^[91] ^[92] This stand exemplified adaptive tactics in airmobile operations, where precise fire support integration turned a vulnerable position into a sustained defensive success against numerically superior forces. The USS Savage (DE-386), an Edsall-class destroyer escort commissioned on April 4, 1944, conducted anti-submarine warfare and convoy escort missions in the Pacific Theater, including patrols from Alaska to the Aleutians that neutralized U-boat threats without major engagements. Decommissioned in 1946 after supporting logistical operations critical to island-hopping campaigns, the vessel underscored the role of escort ships in securing sea lanes, preventing disruptions that could have altered amphibious assault timelines.^[93]

Notable People

Individuals in Entertainment and Sports

Rick Savage, born Richard Savage on December 2, 1960, in Sheffield, England, serves as the bassist and a founding member of the rock band Def Leppard.^[94] He co-formed the group in 1977 with vocalist Joe Elliott and others, contributing to its evolution from local gigs to international stadium tours.^[95] Savage's bass work underpinned multi-platinum albums including Pyromania (1983) and Hysteria (1987), the latter featuring hits like "Pour Some Sugar on Me."^[96] Shéyaa Bin Abraham-Joseph, professionally known as 21 Savage, was born on October 22, 1992, in London, England, and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, after relocating at age seven.^[97] He emerged in hip-hop with independent mixtapes starting in 2013, achieving commercial breakthrough via collaborations and his debut album Issa Album (2017), which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.^[70] In February 2019, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement detained him for overstaying a visa, revealing his non-U.S. citizenship status amid prior claims of American birth; he was released on bond in April after public advocacy and resolved his immigration case by 2020.^[97] Randall Mario Poffo, better known by his ring name "Macho Man" Randy Savage, was born on November 15, 1952, in Columbus, Ohio, and became a prominent professional wrestler.^[98] After a brief minor league baseball career, he debuted in wrestling in the 1970s, joining the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1985 where he secured two WWF World Heavyweight Championships, including a reign from 1988 to 1989.^[99] Savage's flamboyant persona, signature elbow drop, and catchphrase "Oh yeah!" defined 1980s wrestling entertainment; he later competed in World Championship Wrestling, winning four WCW World Heavyweight titles, before dying in a car accident on May 20, 2011.^[100] Robbie Savage, born Robert William Savage on October 18, 1974, in Wrexham, Wales, is a retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder.^[101] He began with Manchester United's youth system, making senior appearances before transfers to clubs like Leicester City (1997–2003) and Derby County (2003–2008), amassing over 500 league appearances.^[101] Internationally, Savage earned 39 caps for Wales between 1995 and 2005, known for his combative style and set-piece delivery.^[101]

Other Professions and Historical Figures

Arthur William Savage (1857–1938) was a Jamaican-born inventor and entrepreneur best known for founding Savage Arms Company in Utica, New York, on August 14, 1894, to manufacture innovative firearms.^[102] Born on May 13, 1857, in Kingston, Jamaica, to Welsh parents, Savage received education in the United States and England before pursuing diverse ventures, including exploration in Australia and invention of a marine torpedo in the 1880s.^[103] His most enduring contribution was the Savage Model 99 lever-action rifle, introduced in 1899, which featured a rotary magazine and hammerless design, remaining in production for over a century until 1998 and influencing modern sporting rifles.^[104] Savage Arms expanded into military contracts during World War I, producing rifles and other arms, though the company faced financial challenges post-war, leading to Savage's resignation as president in 1920.^[90] Michael Savage, born Michael Alan Weiner on March 31, 1942, in the Bronx, New York, is an American conservative political commentator, author, and radio host who holds a PhD in ethnobotany from the University of California, Berkeley.^[1] He launched his radio career in 1994 as a fill-in host on KGO-AM in San Francisco, evolving into the syndicated "The Savage Nation," which by the 2000s reached an estimated 8–10 million weekly listeners and became one of the top conservative talk shows, emphasizing immigration, borders, and cultural issues.^[3] Savage has authored over 30 books, including bestsellers like "The Death of the West" (2001), critiquing demographic shifts and secularism, and received the Marconi Award for Syndicated Radio Personality in 2017 from the National Association of Broadcasters.^[105] His program faced controversies, including a 2009 UK entry ban under then-Home Secretary Jacqui Smith for alleged inflammatory rhetoric, which Savage contested as politically motivated suppression of dissent; the ban was lifted in 2010 after legal challenges.^[1] Despite mainstream media portrayals often framing his views as extreme, Savage's influence persisted through podcasting and books, with "The Savage Nation" transitioning to independent syndication in 2019 after Cumulus Media dropped it amid advertiser pressures.^[3]

Places and Geography

Settlements in the United States

Savage, Minnesota, is a city in Scott County, situated along the Minnesota River approximately 15 miles south-southwest of downtown Minneapolis. The area's development originated from the river's role in facilitating transportation and early settlement by European immigrants in the 19th century, following the displacement of Native American inhabitants after the 1851 Treaty of Mendota. Originally named Hamilton, the community was renamed Savage after Marion W. Savage, a Minnesota entrepreneur and owner of the renowned racehorse Dan Patch, reflecting local admiration for his promotional influence. Incorporated as a village in 1892 and later as a city, Savage transitioned from a rural outpost to a suburban bedroom community, with population growth accelerating post-2000 due to proximity to the Twin Cities metro area; from 4,000 residents in 1980, it expanded to over 21,000 by 2000. As of 2023, the population stood at 32,706, with projections estimating 32,762 for 2025.^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109]^[110]^[111] Savage, Montana, is a census-designated place in Richland County, located on the Yellowstone River about 20 miles south-southwest of Sidney and near the North Dakota border. Established in 1910 amid federal reclamation efforts to develop arid lands for agriculture, the community derives its name from H. M. Savage, an engineer with the U.S. Reclamation Service who contributed to irrigation projects in the region. The local economy historically and currently centers on farming, including grain and sugar beet production in the river valley, evoking the frontier-era transformation of Montana's plains from untamed grassland to cultivated fields. Its small-scale character persists, with a population of 244 recorded in 2023.^[112]^[113]^[114]

Other Locations and Features

The Savage Islands (Portuguese: Ilhas Selvagens), also known as the Selvagens Islands, form a remote archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean under Portuguese administration, situated approximately 280 kilometers (175 miles) south of Madeira and equidistant from the Canary Islands. Comprising two principal islands—Selvagem Grande (the largest, measuring about 2.7 by 0.65 kilometers) and Selvagem Pequena—along with several rocky islets, the group spans a total land area of roughly 2.73 square kilometers and features volcanic terrain with steep basalt cliffs rising up to 163 meters, sparse vegetation dominated by hardy shrubs, and endemic seabird populations including Bulwer's petrels. Uninhabited since their formal annexation by Portugal in 1971, the islands serve as a strict nature reserve prohibiting human settlement to preserve their pristine marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which include important nesting sites for shearwaters and rare flora like the endemic Monanthes lowei. First sighted by Portuguese explorers in 1509 and named for their wild, untamed appearance, the archipelago's isolation has limited human impact, though occasional scientific expeditions document its biodiversity.^[115]^[116] In Tasmania, Australia, the Savage River originates in the remote Pieman River catchment on the island's northwest coast, flowing westward for about 40 kilometers through dense rainforest before joining the Pieman River near the mining settlement of Savage River. The surrounding Savage River National Park, proclaimed on February 6, 2020, protects 21,024 hectares of the largest intact cool-temperate rainforest in Australia, characterized by ancient myrtle beech (Nothofagus cunninghamii) forests up to 50 meters tall, king ferns, and habitats for species like the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle and spotted-tail quoll. Historically, the region supported open-cut iron ore mining from 1967 to 1996 by the Savage River Mines consortium, extracting over 45 million tonnes of ore with pellets shipped via a dedicated port at Port Latta, after which rehabilitation transformed former mine sites into stabilized landforms integrated with the park's ecosystem. Access remains limited to bushwalking tracks and requires permits due to the area's rugged terrain and flood-prone river.^[117]^[118]

Commercial and Modern Uses

Brands and Companies

Savage Arms is an American firearms manufacturer established in 1894 by inventor Arthur Savage in Utica, New York, initially focusing on lever-action rifles and later expanding to rimfire and centerfire models renowned for sub-minute-of-angle accuracy and affordability.^[119] The company pioneered innovations such as the Savage Model 99 lever-action rifle, which featured a rotary magazine and hammerless design for improved safety and reliability, contributing to its market position as a provider of value-driven, precision-oriented hunting and sporting rifles used by generations of shooters.^[90] Today headquartered in Westfield, Massachusetts, Savage Arms maintains operations in the United States and Canada, emphasizing quality control and performance in products like the Axis and 110 series bolt-action rifles, which have captured significant shares in the entry-level and mid-range firearm segments.^[119] Savage X Fenty is a lingerie and apparel brand founded by Barbadian singer Rihanna and launched on May 11, 2018, as a direct-to-consumer line sold exclusively online, prioritizing inclusivity through extended sizing from XS to 4X, diverse model representation across body types, skin tones, and abilities, and a focus on body confidence.^[120] The brand disrupted the traditionally size-limited lingerie market by integrating subscription models for frequent drops and collaborating with plus-size and transgender models in campaigns, achieving rapid growth with reported revenues exceeding $250 million annually by 2020 and a valuation surge to $1 billion following a $125 million funding round in 2021.^[121] Its emphasis on cultural relevance and e-commerce accessibility has influenced competitors to adopt broader inclusivity standards, though critics note reliance on celebrity endorsement over sustained operational innovation.^[122] Savage Companies, originally Savage Brothers, Inc., is a logistics and supply chain services provider founded in 1946 by C.A. Savage and his son Kenneth in rural Utah, starting with a single truck for local material transport post-World War II and evolving into a multinational operator handling bulk commodities for agriculture, energy, and chemicals.^[123] The firm expanded through family leadership—incorporating brothers Neal and Blaine—into rail, marine, and terminal operations, innovating in unit train logistics and environmental services to manage over 230 facilities across North America, supporting efficient movement of millions of tons of goods annually and emphasizing safety protocols amid industry hazards.^[124] This growth has positioned Savage as a key enabler in bulk supply chains, with joint ventures enhancing terminal throughput and reducing client operational costs through integrated handling solutions.^[125]

Contemporary Slang and Cultural Shifts

In the 2010s, "savage" emerged as slang among English speakers, particularly in the United States, to describe bold, unapologetic, or ruthlessly clever actions, often praising witty insults or fearless demeanor as "savage."^[126] This positive connotation contrasted sharply with the word's longstanding pejorative sense of brutality or primitivism, marking a semantic inversion driven by youth culture and social media.^[127] Usage surged notably from 2014 onward, coinciding with viral memes and phrases like "that's savage," reflecting a cultural preference for unfiltered authenticity over restraint.^[128] Hip-hop and rap genres significantly propelled this shift, with artists embedding the term in lyrics to signify street-wise dominance or verbal prowess, influencing mainstream adoption among adolescents and young adults.^[127] Google Trends data indicates "savage" as one of the top slang terms searched by Generation Z, peaking in popularity between 2016 and 2019, outpacing predecessors like "lit" in certain demographics and states such as Maryland.^[129] Surveys of over 1,000 Americans confirm its aspirational framing, where 15% of Gen Z respondents favored it for denoting "fierce and unbothered" traits, though a minority expressed disfavor amid broader slang fatigue.^[130] This reversal has sparked debates on linguistic dilution, as the slang's celebratory tone risks sanitizing the original denotation of unrestrained violence, potentially undermining recognition of empirical historical patterns like intertribal warfare or colonial encounters characterized by scalping and ritual brutality—behaviors once denoted without euphemism.^[131] Critics, including some Native American voices, contend the term evokes dehumanizing colonial stereotypes of indigenous peoples as inherently violent, urging avoidance to prevent casual revival of slurs.^[132] Proponents counter that modern detachment from etymological roots renders it innocuous, prioritizing intent over historical baggage, though mainstream media coverage often amplifies offense claims without balancing evidence of the term's descriptive accuracy in pre-modern contexts.^[133]

References

[1]
Michael Savage - Radio Hall of Fame
Michael Savage has been one of radio's most blunt political voices. Born Michael Weiner, he earned a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley.
[2]
Michael Savage - Biography - IMDb
Born. March 31, 1942 · Bronx, New York, USA ; Birth name. Michael Alan Weiner ; Nickname. Dr. Savage ; Height. 5′ 7″ (1.70 m) ...
[3]
Michael Savage | Official Publisher Page - Simon & Schuster
Michael Savage is a multimedia icon in the conservative movement: bestselling book author, political commentator, activist, and former radio host of The Savage ...
[4]
The Savage Nation - Make The Point Radio
Dr. Michael Savage is a multimedia icon in the conservative movement, heard by 10 million listeners a week on “The Savage Nation” and syndicated across the US.
[5]
SAVAGE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Oct 13, 2025 · 1 ... a ... not domesticated or under human control : untamed ... savage beasts ... b ... lacking the restraints normal to civilized human beings : fierce ...Noble Savage
[6]
savage adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
aggressive and violent; causing great harm synonym brutal. savage dogs; She had been badly hurt in what police described as 'a savage attack'.
[7]
SAVAGE Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
noun · a fierce, brutal, or cruel person. · a rude, boorish person. · a member of a preliterate people or society regarded as uncivilized or primitive.
[8]
Defining 'Savage' - Discover Lewis & Clark
noun / Date: 15th century / 1 : a person belonging to a primitive society 2 : a brutal person 3 : a rude or unmannerly person. —Merriam-Webster Online, (2000) ...
[9]
savage noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
(old-fashioned, taboo, offensive) an offensive word for somebody who belongs to a people considered to be simple and not developed see also noble savage. Want ...
[10]
Savage - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from mid-13c. Old French sauvage, from Late Latin salvaticus meaning "wild, woodland," savage means ferocious, untamed, wild land or a brutal ...
[11]
savage, adj. & n.¹ meanings, etymology and more
There are 24 meanings listed in OED's entry for the word savage, seven of which are labelled obsolete, and two of which are considered offensive.
[12]
The Journal of Columbus - Original Sources
Author: Christopher Columbus | Date: 1492. The Journal of Columbus ... savage, man-eating race, would entertain a dread of the Spaniards, and if ...<|separator|>
[13]
Columbus: <br>The Original American Hero - Globalization
Columbus wrote of savage cannibals, people with an eye in the middle of their forehead (log entries of November 4th and 23rd, 1492), and noses like dogs ...
[14]
Cannibalism in Early Jamestown - Colonial Williamsburg
Likely part of purification or martial rites, cannibalism was practiced by some Indian tribes, here in Theodore de Bry's 1592 scene. Boiled boot leather being ...
[15]
August 15, 1805 | Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
I soon found that I had touched him on the right string; to doubt the bravery of a savage is at once to put him on his metal. he now mounted his horse and ...
[16]
January 6, 1806 | Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
in common with other savage nations they make their women perform every species of domestic drudgery. but in almost every species of this drudgery the men ...
[17]
[PDF] Scalp-taking - Projects at Harvard
Before the arrival of the Europeans, scalp- taking was not uniformly widespread across the different peoples and tribes of the North American continent.
[18]
Indigenous Peoples Day offers a reminder of Native American history
Oct 3, 2023 · In several Indigenous cultures in North America, scalping was part of human trophy taking, which involves claiming human body parts as a war ...
[19]
Life histories, blood revenge, and reproductive success among the ...
May 19, 2009 · (11) found that 42% of all population losses were caused by Waorani killing other Waorani. These homicides accounted for 54% of male and 39% of ...
[20]
Body counts in lowland South American violence - ScienceDirect
Violent deaths include both indigenous and non-indigenous conflict in the form of duels, homicides, and raids, but not infanticide. The percent of deaths ...
[21]
High adult mortality in some contemporary hunter-gatherers
Feb 27, 2007 · Violence is the major cause of death among the precontact Ache (55% of all deaths) and very important among the Hiwi (30% of all deaths), but ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
Robust evidence that mobile hunter-gatherers participated in war
I concluded that most recent foraging groups were likely to have at least occasionally participated in lethal intergroup violence. I used this evidence ...
[23]
Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy
Feb 12, 2002 · On the one hand, he invokes the “savages” of the Americas to illustrate the “brutish” conditions of life in the state of nature. On the other ...Missing: quotes | Show results with:quotes
[24]
Social Contract Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
According to Locke, the State of Nature is not a condition of individuals, as it is for Hobbes. Rather, it is populated by mothers and fathers with their ...
[25]
Rousseau: On the Origin of Inequality: First Part
This is precisely the state reached by most of the savage nations known to us: and it is for want of having made a proper distinction in our ideas, and see how ...<|separator|>
[26]
Discourse on Inequality Part One Summary & Analysis - SparkNotes
From his picture of savage man, Rousseau derives the two basic principles of Discourse on Inequality: pity and self- preservation. The qualities of pity and ...
[27]
Hobbes vs Rousseau: are we inherently evil or good? - IAI TV
Mar 19, 2019 · Hobbes and Rousseau represent opposing poles in answer to one of the age-old questions of human nature: are we naturally good or evil?
[28]
“Chapter 2” in “Savages and Citizens - University of Arizona Press
The State of Nature and the Nature of the State. In the beginning, all the world was America. —John Locke, Two Treatises of Government ...
[29]
Functionalism - Anthropology - The University of Alabama
A landmark ethnographic study during the beginning of the development of functionalist theory. Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1926. Crime and Custom in SavageSociety.
[30]
Frazer and Malinowski - jstor
Jarvie to imagine that in the early 1920's, when Malinowski was in the ascendant, Frazer was the securely established leader of his profession.
[31]
War Before Civilization—15 Years On - ResearchGate
Around 1325 CE, half a thousand individuals died violently in a single incident in the Dakotas and none of the remains found were of young women (Keeley, 1996) ...<|separator|>
[32]
War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage
87% fighting more than once a year; 75% at war once every two years. Wars are actually more frequent in nonstate societies than they are in state societies – ...
[33]
[PDF] A 2022 Update on Rates of Prestate Violence - Steven Pinker
Summary: https://violencetrends.substack.com/p/violence-before-agriculture-summary; full report: https://violencetrends.substack.com/p/violence-before- ...
[34]
[PDF] Critiquing Cultural Relativism - Digital Commons @ IWU
It is in practice that cultural relativism sanctions the worst mani festations of violence and oppression. Cultural relativism accomplishes this in two ways.
[35]
Noble savage | Primitivism, Rousseau, Enlightenment - Britannica
Sep 22, 2025 · The concept of the noble savage, however, can be traced to ancient Greece, where Homer, Pliny, and Xenophon idealized the Arcadians and other ...
[36]
Noble Savages, Noble Nations - ICT News
Jun 5, 2012 · Another early reference comes in John Dryden's play The Conquest of Granada (1672) ... noble savage ran.” From this lyrical expression there ...
[37]
The Return of the Native - The Imaginative Conservative
Nov 2, 2019 · In English the phrase “noble savage” first appeared in John Dryden's 1672 play The Conquest of Granada: I am as free as nature first made ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[38]
Rousseau, Origins of Inequality (Second Discourse) - johnstoniatexts
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) wrote his Discourse on Inequality (also called the Second Discourse) as an entry in a competition organized by the Academy of ...
[39]
ethnographic and archaeological evidence on violent deaths
Aug 2, 2013 · Between 1977 and 1984 the homicide rate is 326 homicides per 100,000 people per year. In this time period, that was described as unusually ...
[40]
New study reveals a long history of violence in ancient hunter ...
Sep 21, 2023 · They found that rates of violence were surprisingly static over time. However, a notable increase in lethal violence during the Formative Period ...
[41]
Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population
A theory of tribal violence is presented showing how homicide, revenge, kinship obligations, and warfare are linked.
[42]
[PDF] Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population
Oct 23, 2006 · Approximately 30% of deaths among adult males in this region of the Yanomamö tribe is due to violence (9, 22). This level of warfare mortality ...
[43]
Yanomami Warfare: How Much Did Napoleon Chagnon Get Right?
May 24, 2018 · Chagnon initially gained controversy for his ideas about violence and warfare among the Yanomami – and the potential application of these ideas to small-scale ...
[44]
Conflict, violence, and warfare among early farmers in Northwestern ...
Jan 17, 2023 · This paper explores the key role bioarchaeology plays in creating meaningful perspectives on human conflict and the emergence of warfare in Neolithic Europe.
[45]
Ancient Skulls Reveal Shifts in Human Violence across Millennia
Oct 10, 2023 · The results showed that violence in the ancient Middle East peaked during a period known as the Chalcolithic, between 6,500 and 5,300 years ago.<|separator|>
[46]
Twin Infanticide‐A Cross‐Cultural Test of a Materialistic Explanation
Aug 9, 2025 · In a survey of 60 societies, Daly and Wilson (1988) found that infanticide was practiced in 65%. Granzberg (2009) found twin infanticide ( ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
[PDF] ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVES ON INFANTICIDE
Freeman (1971) argues, from an Inuit case, that the "adaptive significance" of infanticide may in fact be "customary behavior" linked to the dominant roles of ...
[48]
The Ecologically Noble Savage | Cultural Survival
Mar 3, 2010 · To be sure, several scientists have demonstrated that there are methods used by indigenous peoples that are definitely superior to those used by ...
[49]
The decline of violence in history and its causes” by Steven Pinker
Still, on average when there are more assaults there will be more homicides (since when there are no assaults there will be none). So homicide data, which are ...
[50]
Robinson Crusoe, Friday, and the Noble Savage - Érudit
14 Crusoe's description of Friday as 'a comely handsome Fellow, perfectly well made; with straight strong Limbs' (205), and his long debate with himself over ...
[51]
[PDF] Savagery and Civilization: Joseph Conrad's "The Heart of Darkness"
Jul 6, 2023 · Abstract. This research paper highlights Joseph Conrad's satirical portrayal of "The Heart of Darkness" and shows how the white European ...
[52]
Joseph Conrad's Exquisitely Brutal Novella, “Heart of Darkness”
Aug 7, 2024 · The ignorance and savagery of the native population is manifest. ... What is the darkness that consumes Kurtz and from which Marlow recoils?
[53]
On Mowgli and Tarzan: Savage Reading for Civilized Readers
Sep 12, 2016 · Two volumes stand tall together as companion pieces: Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book and Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan of the Apes.
[54]
The Nobility of Tarzan | Cirsova - WordPress.com
Sep 8, 2016 · Though one can make the case for Tarzan's nobility coming from his savage spirit untainted by civilization, the case can just as easily be made that it's his ...
[55]
The Jungle Books - The Kipling Society
Mowgli is looked after by Baloo and Bagheera, who teach him the Laws of the Jungle for his survival. He talks to the shiftless monkey people, who carry him away ...
[56]
The Jungle Book - BreakPoint.org
Kipling's Jungle Book gives us an animal society that closely parallels human society. ... When Disney screenwriters turned Mowgli into a noble savage ...<|separator|>
[57]
'Racist' Apocalypto accused of denigrating Mayan culture | Movies
Jan 10, 2007 · Gibson's Apocalypto has been criticised for painting the Mayans as a civilisation obsessed with violence.
[58]
Apocalypto (2006) - Decent Films
Some of the violence in Apocalypto, such as the ghastly scenes of human sacrifice and the vicious conquest and enslavement of the villagers, may be integral to ...
[59]
'Avatar': Science, Civilization And The Noble Savage In Space - NPR
Dec 22, 2009 · The 10-foot high blue Na'Vi aliens (who all look like very tall supermodels) live in a state of ecological grace. They inhabit their Eden-like ...
[60]
Avatar: The Warrior Culture of the Na'vi Doesn't Make Sense
Dec 13, 2022 · It is the “Noble Savage” trope writ large, depicting indigenous people as mysteriously connected to nature, possessing a kind of innocence that ...
[61]
5 Common Native American Stereotypes in Film and Television
May 7, 2025 · Hollywood has traditionally portrayed Indigenous peoples as tomahawk-wielding savages, ready to attack white characters and their families.<|separator|>
[62]
Far Cry Primal | Ubisoft (US)
As the last survivor of your hunting group, you will learn to craft a deadly arsenal, fend off fierce predators, and outsmart enemy tribes to conquer the land ...
[63]
Save 75% on Far Cry® Primal on Steam
Rating 4.5 (12,655) As the last survivor of your hunting group, you will learn to craft a deadly arsenal, fend off fierce predators, and outsmart enemy tribes to conquer the land ...
[64]
Far Cry Primal Review - Basic Instinct (PS4) - PlayStation LifeStyle
Rating 8/10 · Review by Chandler WoodFeb 22, 2016 · Our Far Cry Primal review looks at riding a saber tooth tiger, hunting mammoths, and the effect of a prehistoric setting on the modern ...
[65]
Do Video Games Inspire Violent Behavior? - Scientific American
Jul 1, 2015 · The truth is that decades of research have turned up no reliable causal link between playing violent video games and perpetrating actual ...
[66]
Violent Video Games and Movies Causing Violent Behavior
Dec 22, 2012 · The assertion that violent video games and movies cause violent behavior has not been demonstrated by scientific research.
[67]
Savage Garden - Apple Music
Savage Garden formed in Brisbane in 1993 when multi-instrumentalist Daniel Jones met singer Darren Hayes after posting an ad in a newspaper looking for a ...
[68]
Savage Garden Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & Mo... - AllMusic
Active. 1990s - 2000s ; Formed. 1993 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia ; Disbanded. October, 2001 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia ; Genre. Pop/Rock ; Styles.
[69]
21 Savage | Biography, Music & News | Billboard
He dropped the hit "Bank Account" from Issa Album in 2017, released a collaborative project with Offset, and his 2nd album I Am > I Was hit No. 1 on the ...
[70]
21 Savage – Artists - Insomniac
An Atlanta-based rapper who kicked off his career with the crew Slaughtergang, MC 21 Savage hit as a solo artist with his 2014 single “Picky.”
[71]
21 Facts About 21 Savage Living the American Dream - XXL Mag
Jan 11, 2024 · Just about two years after his career started to gain traction, 21 Savage dropped his debut mixtape, The Slaughter Tape, in 2015. The critically ...
[72]
Megan Thee Stallion & Beyonce's "Savage" No. 1 on Hot 100
May 26, 2020 · Megan Thee Stallion's 'Savage,' featuring Beyonce, hits No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Plus, DaBaby's "Rockstar," featuring Roddy Ricch, reaches the top five.
[73]
Megan Thee Stallion & Beyoncé Win Best Rap Song For "Savage ...
Megan Thee Stallion and Beyoncé won Best Rap Song for "Savage Remix" at the 63rd GRAMMY Awards. The track also won Best Rap Performance at the GRAMMY Awards ...
[74]
https://ew.com/music/savage-remix-megan-thee-stallion-beyonce-hot-100/
[75]
aespa – 'Savage' review: K-pop power rookies stake their claim for ...
Rating 4.0 (1) Oct 7, 2021 · Release date: October 5 · Record label: SM Entertainment.
[76]
When did aespa release Savage? - Genius
When did aespa release Savage? Community Answer. aespa released Savage on October 5, 2021. Savage · aespa. 178.1K Views. View Album.Missing: reception | Show results with:reception
[77]
Jawsh 685 & Jason Derulo's 'Savage Love' Tops Adult Pop Songs ...
Nov 17, 2020 · “Savage Love” previously topped the Pop Songs airplay chart for four weeks in October, becoming Jawsh 685's first No. 1 and Derulo's fifth.
[78]
Jason Derulo & Jawsh 685 - Savage Love (Studio Music Video)
Jun 9, 2020 · Jason Derulo & Jawsh 685 - Savage Love (Studio Music Video) ... Plot twist: This song will be remembered as the Song of Quarantine, not The Song ...
[79]
RS Charts: Beyoncé Remix Powers Megan Thee Stallion's 'Savage ...
May 11, 2020 · Megan Thee Stallion's “Savage” remix, which features verses from Beyoncé, claimed Number One on the latest Rolling Stone Top 100 Songs chart. “ ...
[80]
'Savage warfare': C.E. Callwell, the roots of counter-insurgency, and ...
'Savage warfare': C.E. Callwell, the roots of counter-insurgency, and the nineteenth century context. Daniel Whittingham Department of War Studies, King's ...Missing: term | Show results with:term
[81]
(PDF) “Savage War” as “People's War”: Nineteenth-Century African ...
Aug 10, 2025 · ... savage warfare”in the colonies for the British pub-. lic, since this form of warfare was so alien to them. The basic rule for survival in.
[82]
Savage Warfare: Violence and the Rule of Colonial Difference in ...
Jan 3, 2018 · One of the key tenets of savage warfare, as defined by Callwell, was in fact the great principle of 'overawing the enemy'. ... 'Uncivilized' ...Abstract · CALLWELL AND SAVAGE... · DISCOURSE OF THE DUM...
[83]
Indians and Insurrectos: The U. S. Army's Experience with Insurgency
The US Army had considerable historical experience with irregular warfare in the 19th century, fighting against Indians from Florida to the Pacific coast.
[84]
Expanding Bullets and Savage Warfare by Kim A. Wagner - jstor
Aug 14, 2019 · There is in fact a much closer relationship between the racialized logic of savage warfare and modern counterinsurgency than most military ...
[85]
Asymmetric Warfare - Cambridge University Press & Assessment
... War (Oxford University Press, 2016). 185 Roger Trinquier, Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency (DIANE, 1964), 20–22. 186 Max Boot, The Savage ...Missing: terminology | Show results with:terminology
[86]
Irregular Enemies and the Essence of Strategy
... Warfare, Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000; and Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace. 80. See Krepinevich, The Army and Vietnam. 81. For an ...
[87]
Over Here - Exhibition - New York State Education Department
Savage Arms supplied more than 70,000 Lewis machine guns to the British Army at the beginning of the war. Upon America's entry into the conflict, the company ...
[88]
Savage Arms Co. Company History - rifle basix
Mar 3, 2013 · During World War I, Savage merged with Driggs-Seabury Ordnance Company, and made Lewis machine guns. In 1920, Savage purchased J. Stevens Arms, ...
[89]
https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/savage-arms-gun-maker-made-some-serious-history-164610
[90]
A History of Savage Arms - Firearms News
Jan 6, 2022 · The iconic firearms company founded by Arthur Savage has had a rich history producing sporting and military arms for well over 120 years!<|separator|>
[91]
Savage, Ernie - Vietnam War Commemoration
Ernie Savage grew up in Alabama and enlisted in the Army in 1960. After basic training at Fort Riley, Kansas he deployed with his battle group to Korea.Missing: military figures
[92]
[PDF] NCO Leadership in the 1/7th Air Mobile Calvary 1965 - DTIC
Command ofthe Lost Platoon fell to Ernie Savage. A 21-year-old buck sergeant from McCalla,. Ala., he had been with the battalion more than two years and was ...<|separator|>
[93]
Savage (DE-386) - Naval History and Heritage Command
Apr 18, 2016 · Ensign Savage, with 46 other officers and 1,057 enlisted men, gave his life for his country on 7 December 1941 when Japanese forces attacked ...
[94]
Def Leppard Band Member Rick Savage (Bass Guitar)
Sav was born in Sheffield, England and lived a few streets away from Joe Elliott. Learned guitar aged ten and later became a junior footballer for Sheffield ...
[95]
Rick Savage | Def Leppard
the band that would become Def Leppard.
[96]
Rick Savage - Biography - IMDb
Original member of Def Leppard. Formed a trio, orginally known as "Atomic Mass" including lead guitarist Pete Willis & drummer Tony Kenning who was later fired ...
[97]
21 Savage - Biography - IMDb
Born in Newham, England and raised on the Eastside of Atlanta, 21 Savage, comes from a background of poverty, struggle, crime, and violence.
[98]
'Macho Man' Randy Savage - Career, Death & Miss Elizabeth
Jun 7, 2021 · Savage was born Randall Mario Poffo on November 15, 1952, in Columbus, Ohio. The older son of Angelo Poffo, a highly accomplished pro wrestler ...
[99]
Randy Savage Bio Information - WWE | FOX Sports
Born Randy Poffo, son of wrestling Legend Angelo Poffo, Macho Man almost chose Major League Baseball over World Wrestling Entertainment. Poffo was signed by the ...
[100]
Randy Savage - Biography - IMDb
One of the most colorful wrestlers in and out of the ring, Randy "Macho Man" Savage became a larger-than-life pop icon along with other wrestling superstars.
[101]
Robbie Savage - Biography - IMDb
Robbie Savage, born in 1974, is a former footballer and media personality. He played for Wales and now works as a pundit for the BBC.Missing: famous athletes named<|separator|>
[102]
Arthur Savage: The Man Who Created Savage Arms
Jun 5, 2009 · Arthur William Savage was born in Kingston, Jamaica, on May 13, 1857. He received an excellent education in the United States and in England.
[103]
Biography: Arthur W. Savage - Forgotten Weapons
Arthur Savage was an adventurer, entrepreneur, and generally creative businessman who worked in a fascinating variety of enterprises, including Savage Arms ...
[104]
The Remarkable History of Arthur Savage and his Model 99
Apr 3, 2009 · Arthur Savage founded Savage Arms Co. in Utica in 1894 to produce his new rifle. Savage's Model 99 rifle stayed in production for 105 years.
[105]
Michael Savage | Speaking Fee | Booking Agent
Dec 16, 2024 · Dr. Michael Savage is a multimedia icon in the conservative movement, heard by 10 million listeners a week on “The Michael Savage Show” and ...<|separator|>
[106]
History - Savage, MN
Dec 20, 2022 · Although Savage is considered a Twin Cities Metropolitan suburb, its roots go much deeper than many neighboring communities.
[107]
City of Savage: A Brief History – David Olson Real Estate
Originally, Native Americans were the inhabitants of Savage. However, after the Mendota treaty, they made room for white pioneers. The bigger the town grew, the ...
[108]
New video explains history behind name 'Savage' - Pioneer Press
Nov 19, 2016 · The city is named after Marion W. Savage, owner of the famous Dan Patch racehorse. The city was originally called Hamilton.Missing: founding origin
[109]
Savage: Small-town feel, global industrial connections, plentiful ...
Aug 14, 2017 · In 1980, about 4,000 people lived in Savage, but two decades later, the city's population swelled to 21,000. Today, Savage is home to more than ...<|separator|>
[110]
Savage, MN | Data USA
Between 2022 and 2023 the population of Savage, MN grew from 32,441 to 32,706, a 0.817% increase and its median household income declined from $123,069 to ...
[111]
Savage Demographics | Current Minnesota Census Data
The 2025 projected population for Savage is 32,762. This projection assumes an annual rate of change of -0.4%, consistent with the population change from 2023 ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[112]
Savage | Montana History Portal
DescriptionSavage was established along the Yellowstone River in 1910, by some accounts receiving its name from H. M. Savage, a U.S. Reclamation Service ...<|separator|>
[113]
Savage, Montana
Savage is situated on the Yellowstone River near North Dakota. The surrounding area is comprised of grain farmers and river-bottom beet growers.
[114]
Savage, MT | Data USA
Savage, MT is home to a population of 244 people, from which 98.8% are citizens. As of 2023, 3.28% of Savage, MT residents were born outside of the country.
[115]
Selvagens Islands - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Selvagens Islands are a very remote and isolated group of Portuguese oceanic islands, located in the Northeastern Atlantic, 293km from Madeira Island, Portugal.
[116]
Savage Islands, Atlantic Ocean - NASA Earth Observatory
Nov 22, 2009 · The Savage Islands, or Ilhas Selvagens in Portuguese, are a small archipelago in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean between the archipelago of Madeira to the ...
[117]
Savage River National Park | Parks & Wildlife Service Tasmania
Feb 6, 2020 · Rich hues of green, crisp fresh air and ancient rainforests make up the remote and primeval Savage River National Park.<|separator|>
[118]
Savage River National Park | Tasmania Travel Guide
The Savage River National Park is a huge conservation area with the biggest cool-temperate rainforest in Australia. Plan your trip on tasmania.com.
[119]
About Us | Firearm Innovation & History - Savage Arms
What began with Arthur Savage back in 1894, continues stronger than ever today. ... Savage manufactures heavy war materials for World War I. 1920. 1920. Model ...
[120]
About Us - SAVAGE X FENTY
Established in 2018 by Brand Visionary and Founder Rihanna, Savage X Fenty celebrates confidence, individuality, and inclusivity.
[121]
How Rihanna's Fenty Brand is Leading in Diversity & Inclusion
Oct 31, 2023 · When Rihanna launched her lingerie brand Savage X Fenty in 2018 it was inclusive from the very beginning. ... Rihanna has also raised $310 million ...
[122]
Rihanna's Savage x Fenty Launch: Everything You Need to Know
May 9, 2018 · The world is waiting with bated breath for Rihanna's first lingerie collection, Savage x Fenty, to drop on May 11. In advance of the official ...Missing: inclusivity | Show results with:inclusivity
[123]
History - Savage Companies
From Rural Utah to Global Projects. Our company started in 1946, shortly after Kenneth Savage returned from U.S. Naval duty at the end of World War II.Missing: chain | Show results with:chain
[124]
Savage: connecting supply chains for almost 80 years - USA Today
Mar 27, 2024 · Kenneth and his father, C.A. Savage, purchased a single truck, and started moving materials to homes and businesses. His younger brothers Neal ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[125]
The Savage Family of Companies
Kenneth, Neal and Luke — ...Missing: 1940s origins
[126]
savage - Urban Dictionary
A savage is some who does not care about the Consequences of his or her actions. Usually the savage will do things that make other people say, "What the ...Missing: entry date
[127]
The evolution of slang words through music - Preply
Apr 4, 2024 · The top 10 music artists that use slang most frequently in songs ; 7. Kodak Black. 1 in 55 ; 8. 21 Savage. 1 in 56 ; 9. Doja Cat. 1 in 57 ; 10.
[128]
This Is the Most (and Least) Popular Slang for Each Generation
Sep 24, 2023 · Using data from Google Trends and surveying more than 1,000 ... Gen Z. Savage. Sksksk. POV. You can read the full survey report here ...
[129]
Americans Reveal Which Slang Words They're Still Using - Preply
Jul 3, 2024 · Meanwhile, Maryland was on the hunt for “savage,” and Illinois was fangirling over “stan. ... We looked at 100 slang terms on Google Trends ...
[130]
Can you talk the talk? How slang divides and connects generations
Oct 15, 2023 · And 15% of Gen Zers don't like “savage,” per Preply. Based on the number of searches in the past 12 months, the Preply report includes a list of ...
[131]
Words and phrases you may want to think twice about using - CBC
and carries ...
[132]
7 Things You Should Never Say to a Native American
Jan 9, 2020 · Another slur that I personally don't tolerate that has recently become colloquially acceptable is "savage." It's a lot more innocuous than you'd ...
[133]
CMV: The word "savage" is not inherently offensive when used in ...
Jun 17, 2019 · Maybe it's not used in a racist context anymore, but the origins of the word savage are extremely racist. We Europeans are a cultured, civilized ...One of my professors told me not to use the word Indian. - RedditThe n-word, slurs, and the use-mention distinction : r/philosophyMore results from www.reddit.comMissing: pejorative | Show results with:pejorative