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Third

Third is the ordinal numeral in the English language denoting the position or rank immediately succeeding the second and preceding the fourth in a sequence, series, or ordered list.^[1] It functions as an adjective, adverb, or noun to indicate relative placement, such as in rankings, dates (e.g., the third of the month), or measurements like the third floor of a building.^[2] Derived from Old English þridda, via metathesis from an earlier form related to Proto-Germanic *þridją-, the term traces its roots to Indo-European expressions for "three," reflecting its foundational role in numerical ordering systems across Germanic languages.^[3]^[4] In mathematical and fractional contexts, third commonly refers to one of three equal parts of a whole, expressed as "one-third" or 1/3, a usage essential in division, proportions, and everyday quantification such as dividing resources or analyzing data sets.^[5] Beyond basic numeracy, the concept appears in specialized domains including music theory, where a third interval spans three degrees in a scale (major or minor), influencing harmony and chord structures; mechanics, as in third gear for vehicle transmission; and narrative structure, denoting the third-person perspective in literature and grammar.^[1] These applications underscore third's ubiquity in human cognition and systems for categorization, with no notable controversies but profound implications for logical sequencing and empirical measurement in fields from statistics to engineering.^[4]

Numerical and Mathematical Uses

Ordinal Designation

The ordinal "third" designates the position succeeding the second in a sequential order, corresponding to the integer 3 and used to indicate rank, arrangement, or progression in finite sets or lists.^[6]^[7] For instance, in enumerations, it identifies the element immediately after the initial pair, as in the third item of a series starting from the first.^[8] This usage extends to rankings, such as third place in competitions, where it reflects a defined hierarchy based on criteria like performance metrics.^[9] Etymologically, "third" originates from Late Old English þridda, a metathesis of Proto-Germanic *þridja-, meaning "next after the second," traceable to Proto-Indo-European *tréti̯os, an ordinal form derived from the root for "three."^[3] Unlike regular ordinals from fourth onward, which form by adding the suffix "-th" to the cardinal (e.g., four + th), "third" preserves an irregular Germanic pattern, avoiding a direct "three + th" construction due to historical phonetic shifts and analogical resistance in early English.^[10] This anomaly aligns with "first" and "second," which also deviate from the cardinal-plus-suffix model seen in higher numbers.^[11] In mathematical contexts, the finite ordinal "third" represents the third successor in the von Neumann construction of natural numbers, defined set-theoretically as the set containing the empty set, its singleton, and the singleton of that singleton: { \emptyset, {\emptyset}, {\emptyset, {\emptyset}} }.^[6] Abbreviated in numerals as "3rd" with the superscript "rd" (distinct from "th" for numbers like 4th or 13th), it follows English conventions for clarity in technical writing, though pronunciation remains "third" regardless of numeric form.^[12] These designations maintain consistency across disciplines, from basic counting to advanced ordering principles.^[13]

Fractional Representation

The unit fraction \frac{1}{3}, commonly referred to as "one-third," divides a whole into three equal parts, with a numerator of 1 indicating one such part and a denominator of 3 specifying the total divisions. This rational number is in lowest terms, as the greatest common divisor of 1 and 3 is 1, and it satisfies the property that \frac{1}{3} \times 3 = 1.^[14]^[15]^[16] In base-10 (decimal) notation, \frac{1}{3} expands to the non-terminating repeating decimal $0.\overline{3}, where the digit 3 repeats indefinitely; this arises because 3 is coprime to 10, preventing termination after finite digits and resulting in a repetend length of 1, the multiplicative order of 10 modulo 3. Equivalent representations include infinite series such as \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 3 \times 10^{-n}, converging to exactly \frac{1}{3}. In contrast, positional representations in other bases depend on the prime factors of the denominator relative to the base: in base 3, \frac{1}{3} = 0.1_3 (terminating, as $3^{-1} = \frac{1}{3}); in base 2 (binary), it is the repeating $0.\overline{01}_2 = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} 2^{-2k}, with period 2 due to the geometric series solution for division by 3 in powers of 2. These variations highlight how fractional representations of \frac{1}{3} are finite only in bases that are multiples of 3.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Geographical and Toponymic References

Urban Streets and Districts

In urban planning across the United States, streets designated as "Third Street" or "Third Avenue" commonly arise from 19th-century grid systems, where thoroughfares were sequentially numbered eastward or northward from a baseline such as a waterfront or central axis to simplify addressing and expansion. These grids, implemented in cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles, prioritized efficiency in land division and infrastructure, with "third" indicating the position relative to primary reference lines. A notable example is the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica, California, which originated as a commercial corridor in the late 1880s within the city's early downtown core. Converted to a pedestrian-only mall on November 8, 1965, by developers including The Hahn Company to counter suburban retail flight, it initially struggled with design flaws but underwent a comprehensive redesign and reopening in 1989, evolving into a major open-air destination with over 30 million annual visitors by the early 2000s, featuring shops, theaters, and street performers.^[20]^[21]^[22] Urban districts named "Third Ward" trace to 19th-century municipal governance structures, where cities divided into wards for electoral and administrative purposes, with the third often encompassing working-class or industrial zones adjacent to central areas. In Houston, Texas, the Third Ward emerged as one of four original wards post-1836 incorporation, developing into a predominantly African American enclave southeast of downtown by the early 20th century, hosting pivotal community institutions like Texas Southern University (founded 1947) and Emancipation Park (acquired 1872 as the first public park for freed slaves). It has sustained a legacy of self-reliance amid demographic shifts, with a 2020 population density reflecting ongoing residential and cultural vitality.^[23]^[24] In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Historic Third Ward occupies a 10-block area south of Interstate 794 along the Milwaukee River, originally a 19th-century warehouse and shipping hub that declined post-World War II deindustrialization. Revitalized in the 1980s through adaptive reuse, it now functions as an arts and commerce district with preserved iron-clad buildings converted into galleries, over 100 restaurants, and the Milwaukee Public Market (opened 2005), drawing economic activity via events and the RiverWalk.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Other Locations

The Third Cataract of the Nile constitutes a shallow, rapids-strewn stretch of the river in northern Sudan, positioned near Tombos (also known as Hannek) at approximately 19°45′N 30°22′E, where granite outcrops and rocky islands create navigational hazards amid faster-flowing waters. This feature, the third in a series of six cataracts extending from Aswan to Khartoum, spans a region of exposed bedrock that constricts the river channel, historically limiting ancient trade and military movements upstream from Egypt into Nubia. Geological surveys identify the cataract's formations as Precambrian granites, contributing to its turbulent hydrology and role as a natural barrier until modern damming altered Nile flows elsewhere.^[28] Archaeological investigations reveal dense settlement patterns around the Third Cataract, with evidence of Ottoman-era frontiers and pre-pharaonic occupations influenced by the site's defensible terrain and resource access, including fortified zones established post-sixteenth-century Nile campaigns. The cataract's environs supported Kushite kingdoms, evidenced by rock inscriptions and burial sites dating to the second millennium BCE, underscoring its strategic importance in regional power dynamics. Unlike submerged upstream cataracts affected by Lake Nasser, the Third remains largely intact, preserving its ecological niche for fish migration and riparian vegetation adapted to seasonal floods.^[28]^[29] Beyond the Nile, the Third River in Essex County, New Jersey, exemplifies a smaller-scale waterway originating at the Great Notch Reservoir in Woodland Park (40°51′N 74°12′W) and extending about 7 miles southward through wooded and semi-rural corridors before tributary confluence with the Passaic River. Hydrologic monitoring by the U.S. Geological Survey tracks discharge rates averaging 20-50 cubic feet per second, with peaks during regional storms reflecting its watershed's impervious surface influences. This stream's nomenclature derives from colonial-era sequencing of Passaic tributaries, and it sustains local biodiversity including trout populations in its upper reaches, though pollution from upstream development has prompted restoration efforts since the 1990s.^[30]

Musical Applications

Theoretical Intervals and Chords

In music theory, the third is an interval spanning three diatonic scale degrees, such as from C to E in the C major scale.^[31] It qualifies as a major or minor interval, with the minor third measuring three semitones and the major third measuring four semitones.^[32] ^[33] These intervals form the basis of tertian harmony, where chords are constructed by stacking successive thirds above a root note.^[34] A major triad comprises a major third from the root to the mediant, followed by a minor third to the dominant, yielding a consonant sonority with a bright quality.^[35] ^[36] Conversely, a minor triad features a minor third from the root followed by a major third, producing a darker timbre.^[37] Diminished and augmented triads extend this structure: the former stacks two minor thirds for a tense, unstable sound, while the latter uses two major thirds for symmetry and dissonance.^[38] The quality of a chord is primarily determined by the type of third above the root, distinguishing major from minor sonorities in Western tonal music.^[34] This third defines the chord's harmonic color, with alterations like suspensions replacing it temporarily to create tension resolved by restoration.^[35] In equal temperament, these intervals approximate just intonation ratios, such as the major third's 5:4 and the minor third's 6:5, influencing perceived consonance.^[32]

Compositions and Recordings

Portishead's Third is a trip-hop and experimental rock album released on April 29, 2008, by the English band Portishead on Island Records, featuring tracks that incorporate dissonant elements and electronic manipulation diverging from their earlier downtempo style.^[39] The album includes eleven compositions, such as "We Carry On" and "Machine Gun," produced by the band members Geoff Barrow, Beth Gibbons, and Adrian Utley, emphasizing abrasive rhythms and vocal intensity.^[39] Soft Machine's Third, released in June 1970 by the English progressive rock and jazz fusion band Soft Machine on CBS Records, comprises a double album with side-long improvisational suites blending Canterbury scene rock, free jazz, and avant-garde structures.^[40] Key tracks include "Facelift" and "Moon in June," the latter featuring Robert Wyatt's vocals and guitar, marking the band's shift toward instrumental complexity before Wyatt's departure.^[40] Robert W. Jager's Third Suite for concert band, composed in 1966 and published by Volkwein Bros., consists of three movements—"March," "Waltz," and "Rondo"—designed for intermediate ensembles with rhythmic shifts and melodic accessibility suitable for contests and festivals.^[41] The work alternates meters, such as 4/4 and 3/4 in the march, and has been widely performed by school and community bands globally.^[41] The term "Third Stream" denotes a genre of compositions fusing jazz improvisation with classical forms, coined by Gunther Schuller in 1957 during a concert at the Lenox School of Jazz.^[42] Exemplary works include Schuller's own Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee (1959), which integrates serial techniques with jazz ensemble playing, and arrangements like Charles Mingus's Epitaph orchestrated by Schuller for large jazz orchestra, premiered in 1989.^[43] These pieces prioritize structural rigor from classical music alongside jazz's spontaneity, influencing subsequent hybrid ensembles.^[44]

Political and Ideological Contexts

Third Way Policies

Third Way policies, articulated primarily by sociologist Anthony Giddens in works such as The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (1998), sought to modernize social democracy by integrating market mechanisms with social protections, emphasizing "no rights without responsibilities" and an "enabling state" that invests in human capital rather than passive welfare provision.^[45] This approach rejected both state socialism's heavy interventionism and neoliberalism's minimal government, prioritizing equality of opportunity over outcome, fiscal prudence, and active labor market policies to reduce dependency.^[46] Core principles included promoting employability through education and training, conditional welfare benefits tied to job-seeking obligations, and public-private partnerships to foster economic growth while addressing inequality.^[45] In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Tony Blair's New Labour government (1997–2007) implemented Third Way policies via the "welfare-to-work" agenda, including the New Deal programs launched in 1998, which provided job subsidies, training, and mandatory job search for the unemployed.^[47] The national minimum wage was introduced in 1999 at £3.60 per hour, rising to £5.52 by 2005, alongside tax credits for working families and increased child benefits.^[48] These measures correlated with unemployment falling from 7.6% in 1997 to 4.9% by 2001, and child poverty (measured before housing costs) declining from 26.1% in 1996–97 to 21% by 2004–05, though the 2010 target to halve it from 1998 levels was narrowly missed at 22%.^[49] Employment rates for lone parents rose from 44% in 1997 to 57% by 2007, attributed partly to activation policies, though critics from left-leaning sources argue persistent regional inequalities and later poverty rebounds post-2008 undermined long-term gains.^[50] ^[51] In the United States, President Bill Clinton's administration advanced Third Way through the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), signed on August 22, 1996, which replaced open-ended Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), imposing time limits (typically five years lifetime) and work requirements on recipients.^[52] This reform led to a 60% drop in welfare caseloads, from 12.2 million recipients in 1996 to 4.9 million by 2002, with single-mother employment surging from 60% in 1994 to 75% by 2000.^[53] ^[54] Child poverty rates fell from 21.8% in 1996 to 16.2% by 2000, coinciding with economic expansion, though empirical analyses indicate work incentives drove much of the employment rise while economic conditions amplified caseload reductions; deep poverty persisted for non-workers.^[55] Conservative-leaning evaluations, such as those from the Heritage Foundation, credit PRWORA with fostering self-reliance, while progressive critiques highlight increased hardship during recessions due to block grants and state variability.^[56] ^[57] Empirical outcomes across both nations demonstrate Third Way policies' success in boosting labor participation and curbing welfare dependency amid 1990s growth, with UK child poverty reductions averaging 300,000 fewer poor children annually from 1999–2010 via targeted transfers.^[58] However, causal attribution is complicated by concurrent booms; post-reform periods showed resilience in employment but vulnerability to downturns, as UK child poverty rose to 29% by 2010 after housing costs, and US TANF failed to buffer the Great Recession, serving only 26% of eligible poor families by 2016.^[59] ^[57] These results underscore the approach's emphasis on conditional support yielding measurable behavioral shifts, though sustainability hinged on macroeconomic tailwinds rather than structural poverty eradication.^[55]

Third Position Ideologies

Third Position ideologies encompass a range of political doctrines that explicitly reject both liberal capitalism and Marxist communism, positioning themselves as a synthesis or alternative that prioritizes national sovereignty, cultural identity, and economic autarky over internationalist or class-based paradigms. Core tenets include advocacy for corporatist economic models, where production is organized through state-mediated guilds or syndicates representing workers, employers, and the nation, aiming to eliminate class antagonism while subordinating private enterprise to collective national goals.^[60] These ideologies often promote authoritarian governance, anti-globalism, and ethno-nationalist principles, viewing multiculturalism and liberal democracy as corrosive to organic social bonds.^[61] The intellectual origins trace to interwar European fascist movements, particularly Benito Mussolini's formulation of corporatism in Italy during the 1920s and 1930s, which restructured the economy into 22 corporations under fascist oversight to foster national unity and reject both proletarian internationalism and unfettered markets. Mussolini's 1932 Labour Charter formalized this system, mandating collaboration between labor and capital to serve state imperatives, with strikes outlawed and production geared toward autarky.^[62] Similar ideas appeared in other contexts, such as Otto Strasser's left-wing National Socialism in Germany, which critiqued big capital while upholding racial hierarchy, leading to his expulsion from the Nazi Party in 1930.^[60] Post-World War II, Third Position revived amid neo-fascist efforts to rebrand, distinguishing from orthodox Marxism-Leninism and liberal democracy; for instance, Juan Perón's Justicialism in Argentina from 1946 onward blended nationalism, social welfare, and anti-imperialism, explicitly termed a "third position" between capitalism and communism.^[63] In the late 20th century, explicitly Third Positionist groups emerged in Europe, such as the International Third Position (ITP), founded in 1989 by former National Front members including Nick Griffin, which advocated racial separatism, distributism inspired by G.K. Chesterton, and opposition to both U.S. hegemony and Soviet communism.^[61] The ITP published the journal Third Path until the mid-1990s, promoting a "pan-European" nationalism while critiquing Holocaust denial to appear more intellectual. Other variants include North Korea's Juche ideology, self-described as transcending both systems via self-reliance and leader-centric socialism since the 1950s.^[64] These ideologies differ from centrist "Third Way" policies, such as those of Tony Blair in the 1990s, which reconciled markets with social democracy without rejecting liberalism or nationalism.^[65] Critics from academic and anti-fascist perspectives, often affiliated with left-leaning institutions, classify Third Position as veiled fascism due to its authoritarianism and exclusionary nationalism, though proponents argue it derives from first-principles critiques of materialism in both capitalism and communism.^[60] Empirical outcomes in historical applications, like Italy's corporatist economy yielding limited growth before wartime collapse (industrial output rose 100% from 1922-1938 but stagnated post-Depression), underscore tensions between rhetoric and practical statism.^[62]

Third World Classification

The term "Third World" was coined by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in an August 14, 1952, article published in the French weekly L'Observateur, where he drew an analogy to the Third Estate of pre-revolutionary France to describe nations outside the dominant geopolitical blocs.^[66]^[67] Sauvy's formulation emphasized these countries as a revolutionary force ignored by the established powers, initially framing the classification in political rather than economic terms.^[68] During the Cold War, the Third World encompassed countries that remained neutral or non-aligned with either the First World—comprising the United States, Western Europe, Japan, and other capitalist democracies aligned via NATO—or the Second World, which included the Soviet Union, its Eastern European satellites, and communist allies bound by the Warsaw Pact.^[69]^[66] This grouping, formalized through events like the 1955 Bandung Conference and the 1961 founding of the Non-Aligned Movement, included diverse nations such as India, Indonesia, Egypt, and Yugoslavia, many of which were post-colonial states seeking independence from superpower influence.^[67] Membership was determined by geopolitical stance rather than development levels, though the majority featured lower industrialization and reliance on primary commodities.^[69] Post-Cold War, particularly after 1991, the term decoupled from its alignment-based origins and increasingly denoted economically underdeveloped or low-income countries, often those with high poverty rates, limited infrastructure, and dependence on foreign aid.^[70] This shift reflected the dissolution of bipolar divisions, leading organizations like the United Nations to classify similar nations using metrics such as GDP per capita below $1,085 (as of 2023 World Bank thresholds for low-income economies) or the UN's Least Developed Countries list, which identifies 46 nations based on income, human assets, and economic vulnerability indices.^[70] By the 2000s, "Third World" acquired pejorative connotations, prompting alternatives like "developing countries" or "Global South," though critics argue these evade the term's historical precision without addressing underlying causal factors like governance failures and resource mismanagement in many such states.^[68]^[71]

Additional Fields and Concepts

Sports and Competition

In competitive sports, the term "third" most frequently denotes the third-place finish, the ranking awarded to athletes or teams that surpass all competitors except the winners of first and second place. This position is symbolized by bronze medals in multi-event competitions such as the Olympic Games, where third-place finishers receive recognition for their performance, though without the prestige of gold or silver. In tournament formats like association football's FIFA World Cup prior to 1986, a dedicated third-place match pitted semi-final losers against each other to determine this ranking, a practice discontinued in favor of direct semi-final outcomes but retained in some regional or club events.^[72] "Third string" refers to the tertiary group of players on a team roster, positioned behind the primary starters (first string) and primary substitutes (second string), typically deployed in practice or injury scenarios rather than regular play. This hierarchy ensures depth, with third-string athletes often developing skills on junior varsity or reserve units; for instance, in American football, third-string quarterbacks may see limited snaps unless elevated due to performance or necessity.^[73] In baseball, third base constitutes the infield position nearest the left foul line, approximately 90 feet from home plate, defended by the third baseman who must react swiftly to sharply hit grounders—a trait earning it the nickname "hot corner" due to the batter's proximity (90–120 feet). The role demands strong arm strength for throws to first base (127 feet away) and coverage of bunts or foul pops, with notable players like Nolan Arenado exemplifying defensive prowess through metrics such as outs above average.^[74]^[75] American football employs "third down" as the penultimate opportunity in a series of up to four downs to advance 10 yards for a new first down, often shifting strategies toward passing plays, especially in "third-and-long" situations (e.g., third down and 10+ yards remaining). Conversion rates on third down average around 40% league-wide in the NFL, with defenses prioritizing pass rushes; for example, in 2024, teams like the Houston Texans limited opponents to 32.14% third-down efficiency through aggressive schemes.^[76]^[77] Other contexts include the third division in hierarchical leagues (e.g., England's former Football League Third Division, now League Two, comprising professional clubs below the top tiers) and the third umpire in cricket, an off-field official using video replays for decisions like dismissals since the 1992–93 season.^[78] In legal contexts, the term "third party" denotes an individual or entity not originally involved in a contract, transaction, or dispute but affected by or intervening in it. For instance, a third-party beneficiary is someone who receives benefits from a contract made between others, enforceable under common law principles if intent is clear, as established in cases like Lawrence v. Fox (1859) in New York jurisprudence. Similarly, escrow arrangements involve a neutral third party holding assets until contractual conditions are met, a practice rooted in English equity law and codified in statutes like California's Civil Code Section 1624.^[79] A prominent doctrine incorporating "third" is the U.S. third-party doctrine under the Fourth Amendment, which holds that individuals relinquish reasonable expectations of privacy in information voluntarily disclosed to third parties, such as banks or telecommunications providers. Originating in United States v. Miller (1976), where subpoenaed bank records were deemed non-private, and reinforced in Smith v. Maryland (1979) regarding pen registers for phone numbers, the doctrine has faced scrutiny amid digital data proliferation but remains foundational, permitting warrantless access to such records absent newer limitations like those in Carpenter v. United States (2018) for cell-site location data.^[80]^[81] "Jus tertii," a Latin term meaning "right of the third," allows a defendant to assert a third party's legal rights as a defense, applied in property disputes where possession derives from another's superior title.^[82] Socially, "third places" refer to informal gathering spots distinct from home (first place) and work (second place), facilitating community bonds through low-barrier interactions, as conceptualized by sociologist Ray Oldenburg in his 1989 book The Great Good Place. Examples include libraries, bars, and parks, which empirical studies link to reduced isolation and enhanced civic engagement, though urban decline has diminished many since the mid-20th century.^[83] In some societies, "third gender" describes cultural or self-identified categories beyond male and female, with varying legal accommodations. India's Supreme Court recognized hijras and similar groups as a third gender in 2014, mandating affirmative action quotas and document options, based on constitutional rights to equality and dignity. Germany introduced a "diverse" marker in 2018 via the Third Gender Option Act, requiring medical verification initially but simplified in 2024 reforms. As of 2024, approximately 17 jurisdictions worldwide, including Australia and Argentina, permit non-binary designations on passports or IDs, often driven by advocacy for self-identification, though biological sex remains dimorphic in human genetics per empirical reproductive science, rendering such categories administrative rather than ontological.^[84]^[85]

Historical and Cultural Denotations

In the Estates-General of pre-revolutionary France, the "Third Estate" denoted the broad category of commoners, encompassing peasants, artisans, merchants, and the rising bourgeoisie, who constituted roughly 27 million individuals or 98 percent of the population.^[86] This estate, burdened by heavy taxation and lacking the privileges of the First Estate (clergy) and Second Estate (nobility), held only one vote in assemblies despite its numerical dominance, fueling grievances articulated in Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès' 1789 pamphlet What Is the Third Estate?, which argued the estate was the true embodiment of the nation.^[86] On June 17, 1789, Third Estate delegates, joined by reformist clergy and nobles, declared themselves the National Assembly, vowing on June 20 at the Tennis Court to draft a constitution, marking the onset of the Revolution.^[87] The "Third Rome" denoted Moscow's asserted role as the inheritor of Roman imperial and Orthodox Christian authority after the 1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the "Second Rome." Grand Prince Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) advanced this by marrying a Byzantine princess and adopting the double-headed eagle symbol, but the doctrine crystallized in a circa 1510–1521 epistle from monk Philotheus to Grand Prince Vasily III, proclaiming "two Romes have fallen out, but the third stands firm—and there shall not be a fourth."^[88] This formulation positioned Russia as the final guardian against heresy and decline, justifying tsarist expansionism and autocracy as divinely ordained successors to the universal empire.^[89] In twentieth-century Germany, "Third Reich" denoted the National Socialist regime under Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945, framed as the culmination of Germanic imperial history following the Holy Roman Empire (designated the "First Reich," 962–1806) and the Bismarckian German Empire (the "Second Reich," 1871–1918). The phrase originated in Arthur Moeller van den Bruck's 1923 book Das Dritte Reich, which envisioned a spiritual renewal beyond liberal democracy, though the Nazis repurposed it for propaganda to evoke continuity and destiny amid post-World War I instability.^[90] Official usage waned after 1939 in favor of "Greater German Reich," but the term persisted externally to signify the era's totalitarian structure and expansionist policies.^[91]

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Today is the third (of May). · the third century BC · It's her third birthday. · My office is on the third floor. · It's the third time that I've been to America.
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Originating from late Old English metathesis of þridda and Proto-Germanic *thridja-, the word means next after the second or one of three equal parts.
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third noun (PART) ... one of three equal parts of something: He cut the cake into thirds (= three equal parts).
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An ordinal number is an adjective which describes the numerical position of an object, eg, first, second, third, etc.
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When the numerator equals zero, the whole fraction is equal to zero. Denominator equals zero. When the denominator equals zero, the whole fraction is undefined.
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Property 1 - Magnification. A fraction's value is not altered if both the numerator and denominator are multiplied by the same number.
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Number Bases · Base 10 · Binary (Base 2) has only 2 digits: 0 and 1 · Ternary (Base 3) has 3 digits: 0, 1 and 2 · Quaternary (Base 4) has 4 digits: 0, 1, 2 and 3.
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Greater Third Ward is the home of some of the most important institutions in Houston's African American community.Missing: urban districts
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The Historic Third Ward is Milwaukee's premier shopping and arts district, with upscale shops, art galleries, restaurants, and the Milwaukee Public Market.
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Discover water data collected at monitoring location USGS-01392170, located in New Jersey and find additional nearby monitoring locations.
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Introduction to Intervals - Music Theory for the 21st-Century Classroom
Intervals such as the unison, fourth, fifth, and octave can be classified as “ perfect ” but never “major” or “minor”. Conversely, the intervals of the second, ...
[32]
Specific Intervals - musictheory.net
A minor interval has one less semitone than a major interval. For example: since C to E is a major third (4 half steps), C to Eb is a minor third (3 half steps ...
[33]
25. Common Practice Era Scales, Intervals, and Chord Functions
Therefore, the interval of four diatonic half-steps is referred to as a major third, while that of three half-steps is a minor third. image. Minor. The minor ...
[34]
Introduction to Triads - Music Theory for the 21st-Century Classroom
The lowest note of a triad when it is stacked in thirds is called the root . The middle note is the third and the highest note of the triad is the fifth. (We ...
[35]
Basic Music Theory for Beginners – The Complete Guide
The most basic chords are triads. A triad is a chord made of three notes. Triads have a root note, a third (four semitones above the root), and a perfect fifth ...
[36]
Standard 5: Triads - Open Music Theory × CUNY
A triad (A, C, E) on the diatonic circle of thirds. Once you know the root, you can identify the remaining notes as the third of the chord (a third above the ...
[37]
Intervals and Chord Types – Music to Our Ears
Oct 25, 2022 · A minor third, is then a whole step plus a half step above the root. Then the major third is two whole steps above the root. Now hopefully this ...
[38]
Common Practice Era Chord Qualities – Music Composition & Theory
Since there are only two qualities of intervals of thirds within the natural diatonic system, the major and minor third (labeled as M3 and m3 respectively), ...
[39]
Third - Portishead | Album - AllMusic
Rating 8.4/10 (2,110) Release Date: April 29, 2008. Duration: 49:08. Genre: Pop/Rock. Styles: Adult Alternative Pop/Rock, Trip-Hop, Alternative/Indie Rock.
[40]
Third - Soft Machine | Album - AllMusic
Rating 8.7/10 (1,079) Release Date: June, 1970. Duration: 01:15:43. Genre: Pop/Rock, Jazz. Styles: Canterbury Scene, Jazz-Rock, Experimental, Prog-Rock, Art Rock, British ...
[41]
https://www.alfred.com/third-suite-i-march-ii-waltz-iii-rondo/p/00-V002TB1X/
[42]
Gunther Schuller and "Third Stream" - by Joel Harrison - Guitar Talk
Jan 17, 2023 · At that concert he coined the phrase “Third Stream” to describe this new synthesis of jazz and classical music. He was attacked on all fronts. “ ...
[43]
These five musical pieces show classical and jazz aren't as ... - KCUR
Jan 18, 2024 · "Epitaph" is a massive expressive example of how grand symphonic jazz music can sound. Composer Gunther Schuller, who coined the term, "Third ...
[44]
Charles Mingus and the Third Stream
Russell was already foreshadowing Third Stream with his composition "A Bird in Igor's Yard," a tribute to Igor Stravinsky and the great bebop saxophonist ...
[45]
https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/anthony-giddens-1938
[46]
[PDF] THE POLITICS OF THE 'THIRD WAY'
They had to remove the image of being unable to govern the economy, and this constitutes one of the keys to their 'third way' policies. The Social Demo ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
Full article: New Labour's new deal for socially excluded young people
This paper critically examines New Labour's New Deal for Young People (NDYP) and its intended role in reducing the number of socially excluded young people ...
[48]
[PDF] Labour's Record on the Under Fives: Policy, Spending ... - STICERD
Jul 4, 2013 · To reduce child poverty the Labour Government channelled substantial resources into benefits for both in-work and out-of-work families. In total ...<|separator|>
[49]
UK policy: A success story? - PMC - PubMed Central
Child poverty has been at the heart of the United Kingdom's (UK's) domestic agenda ever since 1999, when the then UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair, announced ...
[50]
Poverty in the Divided Kingdom - History & Policy
Under Blair's Labour governments of 1997-2007 employment increased and many welfare benefits and services improved, though they did least to improve housing ...
[51]
The Labour years: Could have done better - The Guardian
Sep 24, 2010 · Yet Blair made that extraordinary promise to halve the number of poor children by 2010 and, in 2009, Brown secured the Child Poverty Act, ...
[52]
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation ...
Aug 31, 1996 · President Clinton vetoed the previous welfare reform bill (H.R. 4) submitted by Congress because it did too little to move people into jobs and ...
[53]
The Clinton Presidency: Strengthening American Families
Under the Clinton-Gore Administration, the welfare rolls have been cut by nearly 60 percent to the lowest level since 1968, dropping to 5.8 million people or ...
[54]
Revisiting Welfare - Brookings Institution
Welfare rolls have plummeted and are below half their 1994 peak; work and earnings of single mothers, especially the poorest, have increased dramatically; ...<|separator|>
[55]
Welfare Reform, Success or Failure? It Worked - Brookings Institution
Experience with welfare reform since 1996 shows conclusively that most low-income families are capable of finding and holding jobs.
[56]
Congress Must Deliver on Welfare Reform to Put People Back to Work
Signed into law by Bill Clinton, the 1996 welfare reform abolished failed programs and replaced them with temporary assistance for needy families. At the core ...Missing: outcomes | Show results with:outcomes
[57]
Twenty Years After Welfare Reform, It's Time for a New Approach to ...
Aug 16, 2016 · Welfare rolls fell rapidly and never recovered even as child poverty roared back in the wake of the Great Recession. Only 26 percent of ...
[58]
Ending Child Poverty in the United Kingdom1 - jstor
In 1999 then British Prime Minister Tony Blair committed his Government to a “mission to eradicate child poverty within a generation.” Between 1999 and 2010 ...
[59]
[PDF] A Look Back at the UK Child Poverty Target Transferable Themes for ...
In 1999, Prime Minister Tony Blair announced that the Labour. Government of the time, and future governments, would work to eradicate child poverty with targets ...
[60]
What is the Third Position? | Political Research Associates
Dec 19, 2016 · The Third Position—which rejects both capitalism and communism—traces its roots to the most “radical” anticapitalist wing of Hitler's Nazi Party ...Missing: key | Show results with:key
[61]
Third Position - ECPS
Called the Third Position, it seeks to overthrow existing governments and replace them with monocultural nation states built around the idea of supremacist ...Missing: history examples
[62]
Fascism's Words AND Deeds - Econlib
Oct 28, 2022 · Mussolini wrote that “the fascist state is corporative or it is nothing” and called the corporations “the fascist institution par excellence”.
[63]
Third Position - Connexipedia article - Connexions.org
Third Position is a revolutionary nationalist political ideology that emphasizes its opposition to both communism and capitalism.Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[64]
Third positionism - FasciPedia
Feb 15, 2024 · The third position umbrella encompasses ideologies such as Fascism, National Socialism, Ethno-Nationalism, Tribalism, Korean Juche, syndicate ...
[65]
Third Position vs. Third Way : r/PoliticalScience - Reddit
Aug 22, 2023 · Third Position has to do with neo-fascist organisations that wish to present themselves as a completely different ... fascism or Hitler's national ...Does the term 'Third Position' have any meaning in political science?Fascism claims to be a “third position”, neither capitalism nor ...More results from www.reddit.com
[66]
Why are countries classified as First, Second or Third World?
Sep 23, 2016 · The origins of the concept are complex, but historians usually credit it to the French demographer Alfred Sauvy, who coined the term “Third ...
[67]
First, Second, and Third World Countries - Nations Online Project
The origin of the terminology is unclear. In 1952 Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer wrote an article in the French magazine L'Observateur which ended by ...
[68]
If You Shouldn't Call It The Third World, What Should You Call It?
Jan 4, 2015 · Thinking of these three factions, French demographer Alfred Sauvy wrote of "Three worlds, one planet" in an article published in L'Observateur ...
[69]
"Third World" Countries: Definitions, Criteria, and Modern ...
Historically, "Third World" referred to economically underdeveloped nations that were unaffiliated with world superpowers during the Cold War. This ...What Is the Third World? · Characteristics of Developing... · Classifications
[70]
Third World Countries 2025 - World Population Review
Originally coined by French historian Alfred Sauvy in 1952*, “Third World” was part of the “three worlds” label system used to describe a country's political ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[71]
What is the Definition of a Third World Country? - The Borgen Project
Mar 12, 2018 · The term “third world country” refers to countries with high mortality rates, especially infant mortality rates. They also have an unstable ...
[72]
What can you call 2nd and 3rd place finishes in a competition ...
Nov 27, 2021 · In horse racing, first, second and third are called “Win, place and show”. In the Olympics, you would refer to gold, silver and bronze medalists.What does the term 'final third' mean in football? - QuoraWhat does ' third down 110 to go' mean? - QuoraMore results from www.quora.com
[73]
third-string - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Adjective · belonging to the third string of a team; one who plays behind the first and second strings. The young college quarterback was on the third-string, ...
[74]
Ranking the 10 best third basemen in MLB for 2025 | FOX Sports
Apr 7, 2025 · 2025 Best MLB Third Basemen · 10. Max Muncy, Los Angeles Dodgers · 9. Jordan Westburg, Baltimore Orioles · 8. Mark Vientos, New York Mets · 7. Nolan ...
[75]
Third Base Tips and Instruction - Pro Baseball Insider
A third baseman should have a firm understanding of double play and relay positioning, as well as mastering several specific defensive skills.
[76]
What Is Third-And-Long In Football? Definition & Meaning
This is a term used in football where the offensive team is on third down and has a substantial amount of yards to gain in order to get a first down.
[77]
NFL Team Opponent Third Down Conversion Percentage
NFL Team Opponent Third Down Conversion Percentage ; 3, Houston, 32.14%, 25.81%, 33.33% ; 4, LA Rams, 34.00%, 34.00%, 20.00% ...
[78]
Associations to the word «Third
THIRD STRING, adjective. (sports) A unit of players that plays behind the first and second strings; a junior varsity team. THIRD UMPIRE, noun. (cricket) ...
[79]
Glossary of Legal Terms - San Luis Obispo County Superior Court
A writing, deed, money, stock, or other property is given to a third person to hold until all conditions in a contract are fulfilled. estate. A collective term ...
[80]
"The Case for the Third-Party Doctrine" by Orin S. Kerr
This Article offers a defense of the Fourth Amendment's third party doctrine, the controversial rule that information loses Fourth Amendment protection.
[81]
"Confronting <i>Carpenter</i>: Rethinking the Third-Party Doctrine ...
The third-party doctrine enables law enforcement officers to obtain personal information shared with third parties without a warrant.
[82]
jus tertii | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
Jus tertii is a Latin phrase meaning “the law concerning the third.” In the context of American law, jus tertii may refer to one of two distinct concepts.
[83]
Third Places: What Are They and Why Are They Important to ...
Nov 1, 2023 · Third places are where we can both affirm our own identities and build empathy for identities different from our own.
[84]
Which countries have adopted a third gender identity marker?
May 13, 2024 · In 2014, the Indian Supreme Court ruledExternal link a third gender option on official documents should be created for transgender people.
[85]
Third gender legally recognized, 2025 - Our World in Data
Third gender legally recognized describes the legal recognition of non-binary, genderqueer, or third gender identities.
[86]
The Third Estate - Alpha History
Sep 3, 2019 · The Third Estate was the largest group of commoners in France, including peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie, but it had no political ...
[87]
Third Estate makes Tennis Court Oath | June 20, 1789 | HISTORY
The Third Estate, which had the most representatives, declared itself the National Assembly and took an oath to force a new constitution on the king.Also On This Day In History · Related Articles · Citation Information
[88]
The Three Romes - Ideas - Institute for Advanced Study
The three Romes are Rome, the original; Constantinople, the second Rome; and Moscow, the third Rome after the fall of Constantinople.
[89]
"Moscow is the Third Rome": a pivotal moment in Russian history?
May 9, 2017 · Pan-Slavs openly used the idea of Moscow as “the Third Rome” in their calls to protect their “Slavic brothers” from the Ottomans and even in ...
[90]
Why Hitler used the terminology “Third” Reich for his Empire
Aug 21, 2024 · The terminology of “Third” Reich became an effective element of Hitler's bid for recognition as the builder of an empire.
[91]
Nazi Germany and the So-Called Third Reich: A Summary
The Third Reich is the term generally used to refer to period of National Socialist rule in Germany. Beginning with the appointment of Adolf Hitler as ...