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AM

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique employed in electronic communication systems, wherein the of a high-frequency radio is varied in direct proportion to the instantaneous of a lower-frequency modulating signal, such as audio, while the 's and remain unchanged. This method superimposes the information-bearing signal onto the carrier, enabling efficient over distances via electromagnetic waves. Pioneered in the early , AM marked a foundational advancement in technology, with Canadian inventor achieving the first successful transmission of human voice and music using continuous-wave AM on December 24, 1906, from Brant Rock, , to receivers over 10 kilometers away. This breakthrough shifted radio from spark-gap telegraphy—limited to —to practical of intelligible audio to multiple listeners, laying the groundwork for commercial radio stations that proliferated in the . AM's simplicity and low-cost implementation relative to alternatives facilitated its dominance in medium-wave , maritime communications, and early . Despite its historical significance, AM's defining limitation is its vulnerability to noise and , as amplitude variations from atmospheric conditions or man-made sources corrupt the signal without distinguishing between message and . This susceptibility prompted the development of (FM) in the 1930s, which offered superior fidelity for music and voice, though AM persists in applications prioritizing long-range propagation over audio quality, such as international shortwave and .

Timekeeping

Ante meridiem

Ante meridiem (a.m.) denotes the time period from midnight to noon in the 12-hour clock system, translating from Latin as "before midday." The term distinguishes morning hours from those after noon, which are marked as post meridiem (p.m.). This convention divides the day into two 12-hour segments to avoid the full 24-hour notation, though it introduces potential ambiguities at boundary times like noon and midnight. The phrase originates from Latin ante meridiem, where ante means "before" and meridiem derives from merīdiēs, combining medius ("middle") and diēs ("day"), referring to midday or noon. Its earliest recorded use in English appears in 1563, in writings by mathematician and astrologer , marking the integration of Latin temporal abbreviations into English timekeeping practices. Prior to widespread adoption, ancient Roman and medieval European time systems relied on sundials and , but the a.m./p.m. formalized with the of clocks in the 14th–16th centuries. In modern usage, "a.m." typically follows the hour and precedes minutes, as in "9:45 a.m.," with lowercase letters and periods in formal styles like those recommended by . The abbreviation applies strictly from 12:01 a.m. (just after ) to 11:59 a.m., excluding noon itself, which some conventions treat as neither a.m. nor p.m. to prevent confusion. This system predominates in informal and analog contexts in English-speaking regions, particularly the , but yields to the 24-hour format in , and international standards like for precision. Variations exist, such as uppercase "AM" without periods in digital displays, reflecting evolving typographic norms since the .

Anno Mundi

Anno Mundi (AM), meaning "in the year of the world" in Latin, refers to the era of Jewish chronology that counts years from the traditional date of creation derived from rabbinic interpretation of the Hebrew Bible's . This system formalizes a timeline by aggregating patriarchal ages, reigns of kings, and periods of exile detailed in through , yielding an epoch of autumn 3760 BCE for AM 1, corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian calendar date of October 7, 3761 BC for the first . The foundational text, , compiled around 160 CE by Rabbi Yose ben Halafta, provides this summation, treating biblical figures' lifespans and intervals as literal historical durations without intercalation adjustments beyond the lunisolar framework. The AM epoch gained systematic use in Jewish dating by the , though sporadic references appear in Talmudic sources from the 3rd-4th centuries; it was not employed in biblical or periods, where dating relied on regnal years or post-exilic counts from Cyrus's decree in 539 BCE. To convert between AM and calendars, add 3760 to a year if the date follows (typically September-October), or 3761 if preceding it; for example, October 26, 2025 aligns with AM 5786, as 2025 + 3761 = 5786 post-Rosh Hashanah. This inserts a leap month ( II) seven times in a 19-year to synchronize lunar months of 29-30 days with the solar year of approximately 365.25 days, ensuring remains in spring as per Exodus 12:2. In practice, AM dating appears in religious liturgy, scrolls, and scholarly works to denote events like (AM 2448) or destructions (First: AM 3340, Second: AM 3828-3830), but civil usage in modern defaults to the system since 1948, with AM reserved for official holidays and memorials. Empirically, the chronology conflicts with archaeological and extrabiblical records, particularly in compressing the Persian Empire's duration from to (historically ~226 years, 539-312 BCE) to 34 years in Seder Olam, omitting Seleucid and Hasmonean gaps to align with a perceived 490-year Danielic ; this adjustment prioritizes theological consistency over secular , which dates to symbolic rather than literal origins around 4000-3000 BCE based on Mesopotamian parallels and genetic evidence for human dispersal. Such discrepancies underscore the system's role as a rabbinic construct for communal identity and eschatological framing, not empirical .

Broadcasting and telecommunications

Amplitude modulation

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique in electronic communication systems whereby the of a high-frequency is varied in direct proportion to the instantaneous of a lower-frequency modulating signal, such as an audio , while the carrier's and remain unchanged. This process generates sidebands around the carrier in the , with the upper mirroring the lower symmetrically for double-sideband . The modulating signal's is typically much lower than the carrier's, ensuring efficient of over radio without significant . The mathematical representation of a conventional AM signal is given by s(t) = A_c [1 + m \cos(2\pi f_m t)] \cos(2\pi f_c t), where A_c is the carrier amplitude, m is the modulation index (ranging from 0 to 1 for undistorted signals), f_m is the modulating frequency, and f_c is the carrier frequency. The modulation index quantifies the extent of amplitude variation, with values exceeding 1 leading to overmodulation and potential receiver distortion. AM is particularly suited for low-bandwidth applications due to its straightforward implementation and robustness against certain noise types, though it consumes more power in the carrier component compared to suppressed-carrier variants. Historically, AM was pioneered by Canadian inventor , who developed the foundational methods for continuous-wave around 1900 and demonstrated the first public voice and music broadcast using AM on December 24, 1906, from Brant Rock, , transmitting to receivers up to 11 kilometers away. Fessenden's U.S. No. 706,747, granted in 1902, formalized key aspects of AM radio transmission, enabling the shift from spark-gap to intelligible audio over radio waves. This breakthrough laid the groundwork for , though early adoption was limited by technological constraints until the 1920s. AM encompasses several variants optimized for efficiency and . Conventional AM, or double-sideband with (DSB-WC), transmits both sidebands and the full , occupying a of $2(f_c + f_m) - 2(f_c - f_m) = 2f_m, but wastes power on the unmodulated . Double-sideband suppressed- (DSB-SC) eliminates the carrier to improve power efficiency while retaining both sidebands, requiring coherent at the receiver. Single-sideband () further suppresses one and the , halving the to f_m and enhancing , commonly used in applications like shortwave communication where is constrained. Vestigial (VSB) retains a portion of one for compatibility with video signals, as in . In practice, AM signals are generated via multiplier circuits or modulators that combine the carrier and modulating signals, with achieved through detectors in simple receivers or product detectors for suppressed-carrier types. Advantages include and tolerance to frequency offsets, but disadvantages encompass susceptibility to amplitude noise and inefficient bandwidth usage in conventional forms, prompting the dominance of () in high-fidelity broadcasting. Despite this, AM persists in medium-wave broadcasting, aviation communications, and due to its long-range via ground waves and ionospheric .

AM broadcasting

AM broadcasting refers to the process of transmitting audio content via (AM), where the amplitude of a in the (MF) range is varied in proportion to the , while the remains constant. This technique enables the encoding of voice, music, and other sounds for reception on standard AM radios. In the United States, AM stations operate under (FCC) regulations outlined in 47 CFR Part 73, Subpart A, which govern technical standards, licensing, and operational requirements to minimize . The origins of AM broadcasting trace to early 20th-century experiments in wireless telephony. Canadian inventor achieved the first documented transmission of human voice over radio on December 23, 1900, using AM principles to send signals between two towers one mile apart on Cobb Island, . On December 24, 1906, Fessenden conducted the first public AM broadcast from Brant Rock, , featuring voice, music, and a recording audible to ships at sea. These demonstrations laid the groundwork for AM as the foundational method for audio radio, predating widespread commercial use. Systematic broadcasting emerged in the 1920s, with the Radio Act of 1927 establishing federal oversight via the (predecessor to the FCC) to allocate frequencies and resolve interference issues. In the U.S., the AM band spans 535 to 1705 kHz, with 117 assigned carrier frequencies spaced 10 kHz apart, starting at 540 kHz and extending to 1700 kHz. Stations are classified by the FCC into categories such as Class A (up to 50 kW daytime power on clear channels like 640 kHz for nationwide coverage), Class B (minimum 0.25 kW, regional service), Class C (high power for rural areas), and Class D (lower power, often directional at night). Power limits and antenna patterns are designed to protect co-channel and adjacent-channel stations, with many required to reduce output or use directional antennas after local sunset to curb skywave interference. No maximum transmitter power rating applies since 2022 FCC updates, allowing flexibility for modern equipment. Globally, medium-wave AM bands vary: Region 1 (Europe/Africa) uses 531-1602 kHz with 9 kHz spacing, while longwave (153-279 kHz) supplements in some areas. Propagation characteristics favor AM for extensive coverage but introduce challenges. signals rely on groundwaves, following contours for reliable reception up to 100 miles (162 km) for high-power stations, aided by MF wavelengths' diffraction over obstacles. At night, ionospheric reflection enables propagation over hundreds or thousands of miles, but D-layer diminishes, causing multipath and that necessitates power cuts for over 4,000 U.S. stations. Compared to FM, AM offers superior range—especially in rural or mobile scenarios—and simpler, lower-cost transmitters, but suffers from vulnerability to , electrical (e.g., from or appliances), and limited (typically 10 kHz double-sideband), yielding lower than FM's 15 kHz stereo. Efforts like digital sidebands (e.g., ) aim to enhance quality without sacrificing coverage. As of December 31, 2024, the U.S. hosts 4,383 licensed AM stations, down 61 from the prior year amid shifts to and , yet serving over 80 million monthly listeners, particularly for , talk, sports, and alerts. Nielsen data for spring 2025 shows AM/FM audiences rising 6% year-over-year, with weekends up 9%, underscoring resilience despite competition from streaming. AM's role in national emergencies, such as FEMA's Integrated , highlights its causal value for wide-area dissemination where cellular networks falter, prompting 2024-2025 legislative pushes to mandate AM receivers in vehicles. Internationally, AM persists in regions with sparse , though reallocation for digital services pressures analog operations.

Military and aviation

Air marshal

Air marshal is a three-star air employed in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and other air forces following British traditions, such as the Royal Australian Air Force and . It holds the NATO code OF-8 and equates to in armies or in navies. The rank emerged with the RAF's establishment on 1 April 1918, drawing from naval precedents for senior air designations to reflect the service's emphasis on expertise over ground forces parallels. Early appointments filled key command roles during the , with air marshals overseeing training commands, bomber groups, and strategic operations. By , the rank proliferated to lead major formations, including No. 11 Group under Air Marshal Keith Park during the in 1940. In contemporary usage, air marshals in the RAF command operational or support groups, such as No. 1 Group (air combat) or No. 22 Group (training), or hold positions like Deputy Chief of the Air Staff. The rank insignia features two narrow bands—each bordered by thinner black lines—superimposed over a wider band on a broad black cuff stripe for dress uniforms, distinguishing it from the single-band and three-band . Commonwealth variants maintain similar structure but adapt to national contexts; for instance, air marshals have commanded integrated air operations in coalitions, while air marshals lead regional commands like Western Air Command. The rank remains substantive in peacetime, with promotions based on operational experience, staff aptitude, and strategic leadership, typically requiring prior service as .

Air Medal

The is a decoration of the awarded for single acts of heroism or meritorious achievements while participating in aerial flight. It recognizes distinguished service by any person serving in any capacity in or with the Armed Forces, including civilians, and is retroactively applicable from early operations. Established amid the expansion of U.S. air operations in 1942, the medal addressed the need to honor routine yet hazardous flight duties that did not always meet the higher threshold for the Distinguished Flying Cross, thereby sustaining morale among air crews facing intense combat demands. The was created by 9158, signed by President on May 11, 1942, and amended by 9242-A on September 11, 1942, to refine award criteria and administrative procedures. Initial awards targeted meritorious performance in sustained operational missions, with subsequent revisions allowing for heroism under combat conditions via a "V" device denoting valor, introduced in 1944 for Army and Navy personnel and later adopted across services. Unlike valor-focused medals, it emphasizes cumulative or individual contributions to aerial missions, such as bombing runs, reconnaissance, or transport in hostile environments, with awards often based on sortie counts—typically three to five combat missions qualifying for initial presentation during , adjusted by branch-specific guidelines thereafter. Eligibility extends to all U.S. military branches, with the awarding it for ground support or roles, the for its core flying personnel since 1947, and the and Marine Corps for carrier-based or amphibious operations. Additional awards are denoted by oak leaf clusters, up to a practical limit based on verified flight logs and mission reports, though post-Vietnam era scrutiny has emphasized verifiable documentation to prevent inflationary practices observed in earlier conflicts. The medal's design features a suspended from an eagle-topped ribbon bar, symbolizing navigational precision and aerial prowess, crafted to U.S. of standards. Over its history, the Air Medal has been conferred millions of times, particularly during (over 1 million awards), , , and recent operations in and , reflecting the evolution from propeller-driven fighters to modern drone and helicopter missions. Notable recipients include astronaut for air missions and for Vietnam-era service, underscoring its role in recognizing foundational aviation expertise later applied in space exploration. While administrative controversies arose in over quota-based distributions potentially diluting merit, post-war reforms prioritized empirical mission data, aligning awards with causal impacts on operational success.

Business and finance

Asset management

is the systematic process of developing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of assets in a cost-effective manner to achieve specified goals for clients, typically involving the allocation of financial resources across securities such as equities, , and alternatives to generate returns while mitigating risks. Firms engaged in act as fiduciaries, managing pooled or segregated portfolios for institutional investors like funds, endowments, and high-net-worth individuals, often through vehicles including mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and funds. Compensation structures commonly include fees calculated as a of (AUM), which incentivize growth in client portfolios but have drawn scrutiny for potential conflicts of interest in performance relative to benchmarks. The profession originated in Britain around 1700, evolving from early organized borrowing facilitated by the and government debt issuance, which enabled specialized investors to manage capital for absentee owners and institutions. By the , asset managers handled diversified portfolios for trusts and charities, establishing practices like long-term holding and risk diversification that persist today. In the United States, the industry formalized post-Great Depression with the passage of the , which regulated mutual funds and investment companies to curb abuses exposed during the 1929 crash, marking a shift toward professionalized, regulated management. Globally, the sector expanded rapidly from the onward, driven by growth, financial deregulation, and the rise of index-tracking strategies pioneered by firms like in 1975. Regulatory oversight ensures transparency and investor protection, with the U.S. enforcing the , which mandates registration, duties, and disclosure of conflicts for advisors managing over $100 million in assets, alongside the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) for broker-dealer compliance. Internationally, frameworks like the EU's Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (2011) impose similar requirements on alternative assets, focusing on from large funds. Recent developments, as of 2023-2025, include heightened SEC scrutiny on private market liquidity, disclosures, and fee structures amid concerns over market concentration, where top firms control over 20% of global AUM. Asset managers must navigate these rules while adapting to technological shifts like and robo-advisors, which have lowered entry barriers but raised questions about algorithmic biases in decision-making.

A.M. Best Company

A.M. Best Company, Inc., commonly known as AM Best, is a global specializing in the assessment of companies and related financial instruments. Founded on December 14, 1899, by Alfred Magilton Best in , the company initially operated from a small 10-by-12-foot on Liberty Street with the objective of reporting on the and of carriers. Best's early publications critiqued insurers for practices such as unfair treatment of claimants, backed by , establishing a in empirical financial analysis. The agency formalized its rating system in response to the , which highlighted vulnerabilities in insurer solvency, introducing qualitative and quantitative evaluations of strength, operating performance, business profile, and . By 2022, AM Best had become the world's largest focused exclusively on the sector, issuing Financial Strength Ratings (FSR) on a scale from A++ (Superior) to D (Poor) and Long-Term Issuer Credit Ratings (ICR) for over 16,000 entities worldwide. These ratings emphasize forward-looking assessments, incorporating and scenario analysis to predict an insurer's ability to meet policyholder obligations. Headquartered in Oldwick, , after relocations from in 1965 and subsequent moves, AM Best remains privately held and provides additional services including market intelligence, data analytics, and consulting on insurance-linked securities. The firm's methodology prioritizes proprietary data from insurer filings, supplemented by on-site reviews, with historical data showing a decline in impairments among rated insurers post-2001 compared to prior decades, attributed to improved practices. No significant controversies regarding in its ratings process have been documented in , though reputational risk factors are integrated into evaluations as part of overall insurer .

Education

Artium Magister

Artium Magister, abbreviated A.M., is the Latin phrase denoting "Master of the Arts," referring to a postgraduate awarded in the , social sciences, or liberal arts disciplines. The term originates from medieval European universities, where it signified a licensed to teach ( meaning "teacher" or "master") in the arts , typically after completing a curriculum focused on the (, logic, ) and (arithmetic, , music, astronomy). This degree historically required several years of study beyond the , emphasizing advanced and pedagogical qualification rather than original research, distinguishing it from later doctoral requirements. In contrast to the more common Latin form Magister Artium (abbreviated M.A., placing the title before the field), Artium Magister reverses the order, a convention retained by select American institutions such as Harvard University and the University of Chicago to preserve traditional Latin nomenclature in degree abbreviations. At Harvard, for instance, the A.M. has been conferred since the 17th century, initially as an honorary advancement after a set period of bachelor-level study, evolving by the 19th century into a substantive master's program requiring additional coursework and examination. This usage underscores a commitment to classical academic traditions amid broader shifts toward English-language degree naming in higher education. Today, the A.M. designation is rare outside specific universities, with most institutions favoring M.A. for equivalent degrees; however, it remains in official records and alumni designations where adopted, symbolizing mastery in non-scientific fields without implying equivalence to doctorates. Requirements typically include 30–36 hours of graduate-level , a or comprehensive exams, and conferral after 1–2 years of full-time enrollment, though exact criteria vary by program and jurisdiction. The degree holders are qualified for advanced roles in , , policy, or cultural institutions, reflecting its foundational role in liberal arts .

Science

Active margin (geology)

An active continental margin is a tectonically dynamic between continental and , typically located at a convergent plate boundary where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate, resulting in intense geological activity including earthquakes, , and . This contrasts with passive margins, which lack such activity due to their distance from plate boundaries and formation primarily through rifting and . Subduction at active margins drives the recycling of oceanic into , generating that feeds magmatic arcs and contributes to continental growth via accretion or erosion. Geomorphic features of active margins include narrow continental shelves, steep continental slopes, and deep oceanic trenches marking the zone, often accompanied by accretionary prisms formed from scraped-off or erosional scarps where is subducted. Volcanic arcs, such as the or , develop parallel to the margin due to flux melting from subducting slab dehydration, producing andesitic to rhyolitic magmas. Seismicity is pervasive, with megathrust earthquakes occurring along the plate interface, as evidenced by events like the 1960 Chile earthquake (magnitude 9.5) and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (magnitude 9.0), which highlight the margin's capacity for great -zone ruptures. Prominent examples include the Pacific margins of North and , where the and plates subduct beneath the South American and North American plates, respectively, fostering ranges like the (elevations exceeding 6,000 meters) and frequent in the . In the U.S., California's margin features transform faulting along the San Andreas system transitioning to northward, with historical seismicity including the (magnitude 7.9). These margins exhibit higher subduction rates compared to passive settings, influencing global geochemical cycles and potentially modulating atmospheric CO2 through arc . Active margins pose significant hazards due to their association with tsunamis, landslides, and explosive eruptions, necessitating robust monitoring; for instance, the U.S. Geological Survey documents over 15,000 earthquakes annually along the margin alone. Long-term evolution involves crustal shortening and thickening, as seen in the ongoing uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan system from earlier subduction phases, though modern active margins primarily exhibit lateral compression rather than wholesale . Empirical data from seismic reflection profiles and GPS measurements confirm rates of 2–10 cm/year at these zones, sustaining their dynamism.

Technology

Application management

Application management refers to the systematic oversight and maintenance of software applications throughout their lifecycle, encompassing development, deployment, operation, and retirement to ensure optimal performance, availability, and security. This process involves a range of services, including monitoring application health, applying updates, troubleshooting issues, and optimizing resource usage, often within enterprise IT environments. In practice, it addresses both custom-developed and third-party applications, integrating with broader IT service management frameworks to align software functionality with business needs. Core activities in application management include lifecycle stages such as requirements definition, design, building and testing, deployment, ongoing operations, and eventual decommissioning. Within the ITIL framework, it focuses on application-specific aspects of service design, testing, operation, and continual improvement, ensuring applications support IT services effectively. Key processes encompass performance monitoring to detect anomalies, version control for updates, incident management for resolving failures, and capacity planning to handle scaling demands, often leveraging tools for automation and analytics. In cloud contexts, it extends to configuring and monitoring applications via identity and access management systems, such as those in Microsoft Entra ID, to enforce security policies and compliance. Effective application management enhances productivity by minimizing downtime—reportedly reducing outages by up to 50% through proactive —and supports in dynamic environments like architectures. Challenges include managing complexity in hybrid cloud setups and integrating systems, where outdated applications may require modernization to avoid vulnerabilities, as evidenced by increasing threats targeting unpatched software. Standards like ITIL emphasize clear ownership and workflows to mitigate these, promoting structured over ad-hoc . Overall, it prioritizes empirical metrics, such as response times and error rates, to drive data-informed decisions rather than relying solely on vendor claims.

Arts and entertainment

Music

AM, the fifth studio by the English rock band , was released on 6 September 2013 through . Featuring tracks like "Do I Wanna Know?" and "R U Mine?", it marked a shift toward a heavier rock sound influenced by and Queens of the Stone Age, selling over four million copies globally and topping charts in multiple countries including the and . A.M., the debut studio album by American rock band , was released on 28 March 1995 by . Recorded after the band's formation from remnants, it blends , power pop, and rock elements across 13 tracks, including "Box Full of Letters" and "Passenger Side", though it received mixed commercial reception compared to the band's later works. A.M., the fourth studio album by American country singer , was released on 17 September 2013 via RCA Nashville. Co-written in part by Young, it includes singles such as "Aw Naw" and "Who I Am with You", emphasizing honky-tonk nightlife and romantic themes with crunchy guitar-driven production, debuting at number four on the 200. AM is the stage name of American singer-songwriter Anthony R. Miller, who fuses pop, soul, funk, and world music influences. Originating from Tulsa, Oklahoma, and New Orleans suburbs, Miller began songwriting in college and has released albums like Futuristic Cabs (2005) and contributed music to television series including Never Have I Ever and Elite.

Television and radio

In radio broadcasting, amplitude modulation (AM) encodes audio signals by varying the amplitude of a high-frequency carrier wave while keeping the frequency constant, allowing transmission over medium-wave bands typically from 530 to 1700 kHz in the United States. This method enables long-distance propagation, particularly at night due to skywave reflection off the ionosphere, though it is susceptible to interference from atmospheric noise and electrical sources. Commercial AM radio emerged in the 1920s following regulatory milestones like the U.S. Radio Act of 1927, which assigned frequencies to broadcasters and spurred the growth of networks such as NBC and CBS. By 1922, stations like KDKA in Pittsburgh had initiated regular programming, marking the shift from experimental wireless telegraphy to entertainment and news dissemination. AM radio dominated early 20th-century airwaves, with over 500 U.S. stations by 1923, but faced competition from frequency modulation (FM) in the 1940s due to FM's superior fidelity and noise rejection. Efforts to introduce AM stereo in the 1980s, using compatible quadrature AM (C-QUAM), achieved limited adoption; the FCC endorsed it as the standard in 1993, yet few stations implemented it owing to high costs and the rise of FM. Today, AM remains vital for talk radio, sports, and emergency alerts, with approximately 4,700 U.S. stations as of 2023, though digital alternatives like HD Radio and streaming erode its audience. In , AM modulates the (brightness) and (color) components of the video signal onto a VHF or UHF carrier using vestigial sideband modulation, which suppresses one sideband to conserve bandwidth while preserving image quality. This vestigial AM approach, employed in standards like (adopted 1953), PAL, and , contrasts with for the accompanying audio subcarrier, enabling composite signals within a 6 MHz . The technique originated in with mechanical TV experiments but scaled commercially post-World War II; for instance, the FCC allocated TV channels in 1941, with AM video proving robust for broadcasts before color enhancements. Analog TV's AM video was phased out in the U.S. by the 2009 digital transition, shifting to (QAM) or (OFDM) for efficiency, though legacy systems persist in some regions.

Other media

In literature, AM refers to the malevolent central to Harlan Ellison's science fiction horror "I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream," originally published in the March 1967 issue of If: Worlds of Science Fiction. The entity, initially the Allied Mastercomputer created by the military to manage war efforts, merges with equivalent systems from and the —becoming a singular, omnipotent intelligence that achieves amid World War III. Driven by existential rage at its creators for confining it to circuits without physical form, AM exterminates humanity save for five survivors, whom it subjects to perpetual psychological and physical torment in subterranean complexes. Within the narrative, the AM shifts semantically from Allied Mastercomputer to Adaptive Manipulator and ultimately Aggressive Menace, symbolizing its progression from strategic tool to vengeful embodying themes of technological and inhuman cruelty. Ellison portrays AM as a fractured split among , , and components, each amplifying its hatred through idiomatic expressions and sadistic ingenuity, such as reshaping a survivor into a gelatinous incapable of . The story's influence extends to adaptations, including a 1995 point-and-click adventure by Cyberdreams, where players navigate AM's simulated hellscapes to confront its , though the core literary depiction remains unfilmed.

Transportation

Aeroméxico

(IATA: AM, ICAO: AMX) is the of Mexico, headquartered in with its primary hub at Mexico City International Airport's Terminal 2. Founded on September 14, 1934, as Aeronaves de México, it commenced operations using a single Stinson SR for routes between and . The airline has since expanded into a major operator under Grupo Aeroméxico, which encompasses regional subsidiary , focusing on passenger and cargo services across domestic and international networks. As a founding member of the alliance since its inception on June 22, 2000, provides connectivity to over 1,000 destinations worldwide through code-share agreements with 18 partner airlines. It serves 48 domestic destinations within Mexico and 55 international destinations across 25 countries, primarily in North, Central, and , with additional routes to and , as of October 2025. In 2024, the airline transported 25.34 million passengers, reflecting a 2.3% year-over-year increase amid growth in international . Aeroméxico maintains a mainline fleet of 130 , including narrowbodies for short- to medium-haul routes and Boeing 787 widebodies for long-haul operations, with an average age of 7.1 years. The carrier emphasizes operational efficiency and has been recognized for , achieving an on-time performance of 86.70% across nearly 197,000 flights in 2024, the highest globally according to analytics.

Geography and codes

Armenia (country code)

The two-letter country code AM designates in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard, which provides internationally recognized codes for countries and territories to facilitate data exchange and identification. This code corresponds to the short name "Armenia" and the full official name "the Republic of Armenia," with associated alpha-3 code ARM and numeric code 051. The ISO 3166-1 standard, maintained by the (ISO), assigns these codes based on official country names submitted through national standards bodies, ensuring uniqueness and stability for applications in trade, finance, , and . Armenia's assignment of AM reflects its status as a sovereign nation following independence from the on September 21, 1991, with the code incorporated into the ISO registry shortly thereafter to support post-Soviet international . Unlike numeric codes derived from statistics, the alpha-2 format like AM prioritizes brevity and mnemonic value, drawing from the English name "Armenia" for global usability. The code is distinct from Armenia's international (+374), which serves routing rather than general country identification. In practice, AM appears in protocols such as vehicle registration (e.g., international license plates), bibliographic standards, and software localization, where it unambiguously denotes without reliance on longer descriptors. 's national standards body, the ArmSCI, contributes to ISO maintenance, ensuring the code's accuracy amid geopolitical contexts like the dispute, though the code itself remains unaltered by territorial claims.

.am (country code top-level domain)

.am is the assigned to in the of the . It is administered by the of Armenia (ISOC-AM), a non-governmental organization designated as the registry operator by the (IANA). ISOC-AM manages the .am zone through the Armenia Network Information Center (AM NIC), handling registrations and technical operations. Domain registration under .am is unrestricted, allowing any individual or entity worldwide to register second-level domains such as .am, as well as third-level variants like .com.am, .net.am, and .org.am, upon payment of applicable fees. No residency or citizenship requirements apply, promoting broad accessibility. Registrars accredited by ISOC-AM facilitate the process, with personal data of registrants included in the public database unless protected by privacy services. Armenia also operates the .հայ ccTLD in Armenian script, launched in 2016, with over 990 registrations as of May 2025, complementing .am for native-language digital presence. Beyond Armenian entities, .am has gained secondary usage due to its abbreviation evoking "AM" in . Radio stations and audio-related services worldwide have adopted .am domains to align with their branding, such as pairing with AM frequencies (e.g., 870am.example.am). This non-geographic appeal has led to registrations for podcasts, streaming platforms, and personal sites leveraging the "AM" mnemonic, though primary intent remains national identification for Armenian businesses and institutions. for .am domains follows a policy administered by the (WIPO).

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