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Accent reduction

Accent reduction, also termed accent modification, refers to the elective process of systematically altering an individual's phonetic, prosodic, and rhythmic features of speech to diminish the markers of a non-native or regional accent, thereby enhancing approximation to a prestige dialect such as General American or Received Pronunciation English.^[1]^[2] This intervention, often delivered by speech-language pathologists, targets interference from a speaker's first language in second-language production, focusing on vowels, consonants, stress patterns, and intonation to improve overall clarity.^[3]^[4] Commonly pursued by professionals such as international medical graduates, business executives, and educators, it addresses practical barriers where strong accents correlate with reduced listener comprehension and perceptual biases affecting credibility or hireability.^[5]^[6] Methods typically involve auditory discrimination exercises, phonetic drills, shadowing native speech models, and biofeedback tools like spectrographic analysis, with sessions emphasizing functional communication over complete accent elimination.^[7] Empirical evaluations, including controlled trials with non-native speakers, consistently show gains in articulation accuracy, prosodic naturalness, and intelligibility ratings from native listeners post-training, with effect sizes indicating practical benefits for occupational performance.^[2]^[4]^[5] For instance, programs for refugees and medical trainees have yielded measurable improvements in untrained speech elements, underscoring transferability of skills.^[4]^[8] Though effective for mitigating communication hurdles rooted in acoustic differences rather than inherent deficits, accent reduction has drawn critique for potentially endorsing assimilationist norms that undervalue dialectal diversity, amid evidence of accent-based stereotyping in hiring and social judgments.^[1]^[6] However, causal analyses prioritize its utility in countering empirically documented disadvantages—such as lower competence attributions for accented speech—without evidence that preservation of accents universally enhances equity outcomes in high-stakes linguistic environments.^[8]^[9]

Definition and Fundamentals

Core Concepts and Terminology

Accent reduction, interchangeably termed accent modification in professional speech-language pathology, constitutes a deliberate process of altering pronunciation patterns influenced by a speaker's native language or regional dialect to align more closely with a target linguistic variety, thereby enhancing communication efficacy without necessitating complete accent elimination.^[1] This practice targets systematic deviations in speech execution arising from phonological transfer, where elements of the first language's sound system interfere with second-language production. Unlike dialectal variations, which encompass lexical, grammatical, and syntactic differences alongside pronunciation, accents pertain exclusively to phonetic and prosodic features.^[10] Central terminology distinguishes accentedness, the perceived degree of deviation from the phonological and prosodic norms of a listener's speech community, from intelligibility and comprehensibility.^[1] Accentedness reflects subjective judgments of foreignness or regionality in pronunciation, often quantified via rating scales in empirical studies.^[11] Intelligibility measures the objective extent to which a listener decodes the intended message, typically assessed by transcription accuracy, whereas comprehensibility evaluates the subjective mental effort required for understanding, influenced by factors like speech rate and prosodic clarity.^[12] ^[13] Empirical data indicate that high accentedness does not invariably impair intelligibility, as listeners adapt to predictable patterns, prioritizing segmental accuracy (individual sounds) and suprasegmental elements (stress, intonation, rhythm) for comprehension.^[14] ^[11] Core concepts hinge on phonological and articulatory mechanisms: accents emerge from mismatches in phonemic inventories, such as substituting native approximations for target phonemes (e.g., /θ/ as /t/ in English for speakers of Romance languages), and prosodic disparities like differing syllable stress or intonational contours.^[1] Interventions thus emphasize perceptual training to heighten auditory discrimination of target contrasts and motor retraining to refine articulator positioning, grounded in the causal interplay between auditory input, neural representation of sounds, and physical speech production.^[7] Phonological awareness—recognizing abstract sound rules—underpins effective modification, as unaddressed interference perpetuates errors despite rote imitation.^[10] Terms like "phonetic interference" denote L1-driven substitutions, while "prosody" encapsulates suprasegmental timing and melody essential for natural-sounding speech.^[1] Accent reduction, also termed accent modification, differs from speech-language pathology interventions for communication disorders, which address underlying impairments such as articulation deficits, stuttering, or apraxia arising from neurological, developmental, or physical conditions.^[1]^[15] In contrast, accent reduction is an elective practice aimed at modifying phonetic patterns in otherwise functional speech for purposes of enhanced intelligibility, professional advancement, or social integration, without presuming any disorder.^[16]^[17] Speech-language pathologists may provide accent services, but these are distinct from therapeutic remediation, as accents represent natural variations in pronunciation rather than pathologies requiring correction.^[18] Unlike second-language acquisition, which encompasses building grammatical competence, vocabulary, and overall linguistic proficiency, accent reduction presupposes existing fluency in the target language and isolates suprasegmental features like intonation, rhythm, stress, and segmental phonemes for targeted adjustment.^[19] Proficiency in syntax and semantics does not guarantee accent neutralization; empirical observations indicate that advanced learners retain substrate language influences in prosody and articulation unless specifically trained otherwise.^[20] Thus, accent reduction serves as a specialized phonetic refinement rather than comprehensive language instruction, often yielding measurable improvements in listener comprehension without altering core linguistic knowledge.^[21] Accent reduction contrasts with dialect coaching, typically employed in performing arts to enable actors to adopt specific regional or historical dialects for character authenticity, incorporating not only pronunciation but also idiomatic vocabulary and syntactic variations.^[22]^[23] Dialect coaching emphasizes performative replication, including exaggerated prosodic elements for stage projection, whereas accent reduction pursues a neutral or standard variety (e.g., General American English) for everyday communicative efficiency, avoiding the creative emulation of cultural markers.^[24] This distinction underscores accent reduction's utilitarian focus on broad accessibility over artistic precision.^[25] Elocution training, historically rooted in 18th-19th century rhetorical education for native speakers, prioritizes articulate diction, resonance, and oratorical poise to combat mumbling or regional non-standard features in public speaking, without addressing cross-linguistic phonetic interference.^[26] Accent reduction, by comparison, systematically retrains articulatory habits influenced by first-language phonology, such as vowel shifts or consonant substitutions, to align with a target accent's inventory, often requiring perceptual retraining absent in traditional elocution.^[27] While both enhance clarity, elocution assumes phonetic familiarity with the standard dialect, rendering it less applicable to non-native accents derived from divergent phonological systems.^[28]

Historical Context

Pre-20th Century Origins

The elocution movement, which laid foundational practices for accent modification, originated in 18th-century England as an effort to standardize pronunciation and delivery in public speaking and reading. Thomas Sheridan, an Irish actor and educator, advanced these ideas through his A Course of Lectures on Elocution published in 1762, arguing for a uniform national standard of English to foster clarity, mutual intelligibility, and cultural cohesion amid regional dialectal variations.^[29] Sheridan's approach emphasized phonetic precision, intonation, and gesture, viewing divergent accents as barriers to effective communication and social harmony, though it prioritized an emerging southern English prestige form over provincial dialects.^[30] By the late 18th century, elocutionists like John Walker extended this framework in works such as Elements of Elocution (1781), providing detailed guides to "correct" pronunciations deemed non-standard, including vowel shifts and consonantal articulations associated with regional or lower-class speech.^[31] These texts proliferated in the 19th century, with elocution manuals surging fivefold between 1760 and 1800 compared to prior decades, often targeting "faults" in dialectal speech to enable social mobility and professional success in urban, educated circles.^[32] In England, this reflected growing accent-based class distinctions, where adopting a refined, "proper" pronunciation—precursor to Received Pronunciation—signaled refinement, as documented in contemporary pronunciation dictionaries and etiquette guides.^[33] Across the Atlantic, 19th-century American elocution adapted these principles for a "public-speaking" accent, taught by educators to politicians, clergy, and actors to mitigate regional variations for national eloquence, though evidence of systematic immigrant accent training remains sparse before mass European influxes post-1880.^[34] Overall, pre-20th-century efforts prioritized empirical observation of elite speech models over scientific phonetics, driven by social rather than therapeutic motives, with limited verifiable success metrics beyond anecdotal reports of improved oratorical reception.^[35]

20th Century Developments and Professionalization

In the early 20th century, accent reduction practices built upon 19th-century elocution traditions, which emphasized standardized pronunciation and clear articulation to convey social status, particularly through training in Received Pronunciation in Britain. Elocution became institutionalized with formal examinations and certifications, such as those offered by the Royal Academy of Music, attracting thousands of candidates by the 1940s. In the United States, similar efforts integrated into emerging speech correction fields, focusing on dialect modification for educational and professional clarity amid urbanization and immigration.^[36] The professionalization of accent reduction accelerated with the formalization of speech-language pathology (SLP). The American Academy of Speech Correction, predecessor to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), was established in 1925 to address speech disorders, gradually expanding to include dialect and accent work as social variations rather than pathologies. In Britain, the College of Speech Therapists formed in 1945, prioritizing therapeutic interventions for clarity and intelligibility over wholesale accent eradication, often linking speech training to post-war educational reforms under the welfare state. These organizations professionalized training through anatomical and perceptual approaches, distinguishing accent work from mere performative elocution.^[37]^[36] Mid-century developments coincided with increased global migration, prompting SLP interventions for adult foreign accents to enhance communication in professional settings. ASHA's 1983 position statement categorized foreign accents as social dialects, affirming accent reduction as an elective service within SLP scope, thereby legitimizing clinician involvement in targeted pronunciation training. University clinics and research foundations, such as the Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation's Accent Reduction Program, emerged to serve non-native speakers like international researchers, emphasizing intelligibility over native-like perfection.^[37]^[7] By the late 20th century, accent modification professionalized further through specialized SLP training programs and empirical research, with institutions like San Diego State University developing dedicated curricula in accent and communication training. Studies from the 1990s, including those by Munro and Derwing, shifted paradigms toward functional outcomes like listener comprehension, influencing ethical guidelines that positioned SLPs as experts in phonological remediation without implying accent inferiority. This era saw accent work integrate into broader ESL contexts, though debates persisted on its distinction from pathology treatment.^[7]

Methods and Techniques

Phonological and Articulatory Approaches

Phonological approaches to accent reduction identify and target systematic differences in sound rules and contrasts between the learner's first language (L1) and the target language, such as phonemic inventories, syllable structure, or prosodic patterns that lead to substitutions or deletions.^[38] These methods prioritize perceptual discrimination and production of meaningful contrasts over rote imitation of isolated segments, often using minimal pair exercises—pairs of words differing by one phoneme, like "bat" and "bet"—to train awareness of distinctions absent or neutralized in the L1.^[39] For instance, in Japanese-English learners, common phonological processes include final consonant devoicing (e.g., producing "dog" as [dɔg̥]) and cluster reduction (e.g., simplifying "street" to [stwit]), which a 2016 pilot study analyzed via transcription of read sentences to quantify error patterns and advocate for cyclical targeting of multiple processes rather than single phonemes for broader generalization.^[39] Articulatory approaches emphasize the motor execution of speech sounds, focusing on the precise positioning and movement of articulators like the tongue, lips, and jaw to approximate target realizations, often incorporating visual feedback tools such as mirrors or electropalatography.^[38] Techniques involve repetitive drilling of segmental features, such as advancing tongue tip placement for English interdental fricatives (/θ/, /ð/) or lip rounding for rounded vowels, addressing L1-specific habits like substitution of /r/ with approximants in Spanish speakers.^[40] These bottom-up strategies aim to build muscle memory for unfamiliar gestures, proving particularly effective for vowel accuracy in early-stage learners where phonological contrasts alone may not suffice.^[38] Comparative research on Spanish-English bilingual adults in group settings, spanning 7-week interventions, demonstrates both approaches yield significant improvements in phoneme accuracy and reduced accentedness on word lists, with no overall superiority but articulation-based methods outperforming in vowel production and phonological-contrast methods aiding transfers involving novel structures like initial /s/-clusters.^[38]^[40] Effectiveness depends on learner proficiency and L1 background, as higher process occurrence correlates with shorter L2 exposure, suggesting integrated use for comprehensive modification.^[41]

Perceptual and Auditory Training

Perceptual training in accent reduction focuses on enhancing a speaker's ability to distinguish target language phonemes and prosodic features that differ from their native accent, thereby facilitating more accurate production. This approach targets the auditory-phonetic processing level, where learners practice identifying minimal pairs or subtle contrasts, such as vowel distinctions in English (/i/ vs. /ɪ/), through tasks like discrimination (same/different judgments) and categorization exercises.^[42] Empirical studies demonstrate that such training improves perceptual accuracy by 14-19% in L2 learners, with transfer effects to production when combined with output practice.^[43] Auditory training complements perceptual methods by emphasizing exposure to native or reduced-accent speech, often via repeated listening to varied speakers, which promotes neural adaptation or "tuning" to the target accent's regularities. Techniques include high-variability phonetic training, where learners process diverse exemplars of sounds in context, leading to generalized recognition improvements without explicit feedback in some protocols.^[44] Research indicates that brief daily exposure to unfamiliar accents enhances comprehension and perceptual adaptation, particularly for older learners or those with hearing challenges, though retention benefits persist only with spaced repetition.^[45]^[46] Evidence from meta-analyses of L2 phonetic training underscores the efficacy of these methods, showing moderate effect sizes for perceptual gains that correlate with reduced foreign accent ratings in production tasks, especially when auditory sensitivity is high pre-training.^[47]^[48] However, outcomes vary by individual factors like native language interference and training intensity; for instance, explicit auditory-motor integration exercises yield stronger links to advanced pronunciation proficiency than passive listening alone.^[49] Professional protocols, such as those from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, integrate these trainings into elective accent modification services, prioritizing ethical, evidence-based applications over complete accent elimination.^[1]

Role of Technology and Tools

Technology has increasingly facilitated accent reduction through computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) systems, which provide automated feedback on speech production and perception. These tools leverage automatic speech recognition (ASR) to analyze phonetic accuracy, intonation, and prosody, offering immediate corrections that traditional methods may lack in scalability. For instance, ASR-based platforms detect deviations from target accents by comparing user input against native speaker models, enabling targeted drills on specific sounds.^[50] Meta-analyses confirm CAPT's efficacy, with one reviewing 18 studies finding a moderate positive effect size (d = 0.68) on foreign language pronunciation, comparable to human instruction and particularly beneficial for segmental features like vowels and consonants.^[51] Another systematic review of ASR in ESL/EFL contexts, synthesizing data from multiple experiments, reported significant improvements in pronunciation accuracy, though effects were moderated by learner proficiency and training duration.^[50] Visual and auditory tools, such as spectrograms in software like Praat, allow users to visualize formant frequencies and articulation, aiding self-correction through empirical waveform comparisons.^[52] Mobile applications exemplify accessible tech integration, with AI-driven apps like Speakometer using ASR to score pronunciation in real-time and suggest exercises for non-native English speakers targeting American or British accents.^[53] Rosetta Stone's TruAccent employs proprietary speech analytics to measure accent proximity to native norms during language drills, correlating user progress with reduced foreign accent interference as of its 2023 implementation.^[54] Real-time accent modification tools, such as those from Sanas, apply neural networks for voice conversion in professional settings like call centers, altering input speech to approximate neutral accents with reported clarity gains in customer interactions.^[55] Despite advantages, technology's role is limited by ASR accuracy on diverse accents; studies note error rates up to 20-30% for heavily accented speech, necessitating hybrid approaches combining tech with human oversight for nuanced prosodic elements like rhythm.^[56] Emerging integrations, including augmented reality for immersive feedback, show promise in preliminary trials but require further longitudinal validation. Overall, these tools democratize access but yield optimal results when calibrated to individual phonetic inventories via first-principles acoustic analysis.^[57]

Evidence of Effectiveness

Key Empirical Studies and Findings

A systematic review of 26 studies involving 964 participants primarily in healthcare settings found consistent improvements in speech production, communication competence, and clinical performance following accent modification interventions, though most studies were low-quality case series or studies lacking control groups.^[58] Key benefits included enhanced pronunciation accuracy and perceptual changes in listener comprehension, with quantitative gains such as significant reductions in phonetic errors reported in one study of 51 participants.^[58] In a study of 82 international medical graduates and researchers from 26 countries, an 8-12 week accent modification program yielded statistically significant pre-post improvements (p<0.01) in self-reported pronunciation (22% gain), word stress (37%), and fluency/intonation (22%), alongside evaluator-rated increases in understandability from 75% to 85%.^[5] Participants also reported greater confidence in patient interactions, with no significant gender differences but age-related variations in word stress mastery.^[5] A pilot study of four Burmese refugees in the U.S. demonstrated gains in articulation and prosody after a 6-week intensive program (12 sessions) incorporating visual phonics and gestural cues, with all participants improving on trained and untrained items across measures like the Accentual Index of Dialectal Structures and Prosody of English Continuous speech.^[4] Three of four showed broader perceptual enhancements, supporting the viability of brief, multimodal training for resettled populations despite small sample size.^[4] Research comparing segmental (vowel/consonant) and prosodic (stress/rhythm) training in four Hindi-English bilingual adults using a single-subject alternating treatments design found both approaches produced short-term maintenance of targeted features, with combined training yielding the largest reductions in perceived accentedness and improvements in listener-rated ease of understanding.^[59] Outcomes varied by speaker, indicating individualized protocols may optimize results, though broader replication across languages is needed.^[59] Across these and similar investigations, accent reduction training reliably enhances targeted phonetic and suprasegmental elements, boosting intelligibility without eliminating native traces, but evidence quality is limited by small samples, absence of randomization, and reliance on subjective measures, underscoring the need for rigorous controlled trials.^[58]^[2]

Factors Influencing Success Rates

Success in accent reduction training is influenced by the learner's age, with empirical evidence indicating a critical period for native-like pronunciation typically ending around age 12, after which foreign accent reduction becomes progressively more challenging due to neural plasticity declines in articulatory and phonological systems.^[60] A 2006 study evaluating chronological age effects found that while testing age itself does not directly impact perceived foreign accent, earlier age of second language acquisition correlates with lesser accentedness, as later starters exhibit persistent phonetic deviations.^[61] Similarly, a 1999 analysis confirmed that age of L2 learning beyond childhood predicts stronger foreign accents, independent of total exposure duration.^[62] Motivation and language-learning aptitude significantly predict outcomes, as highly motivated individuals with innate phonetic sensitivity achieve greater reductions in accentedness through sustained practice.^[63] A 2024 peer-reviewed study on accent imitation highlighted that deliberate imitation success varies by core perceptual-motor skills, personality traits favoring adaptability, and affinity to the target accent, underscoring how cognitive and attitudinal factors modulate training efficacy beyond mere exposure.^[64] Training intensity and duration also play causal roles, with intensive programs yielding measurable improvements in articulation and prosody even among adults; for instance, a 2022 study on refugees demonstrated positive gains in speech production after shorter, high-intensity sessions compared to sporadic practice.^[4] Continued native language (L1) use hinders progress by reinforcing competing phonetic patterns, as evidenced by correlations between higher L1 dominance and persistent foreign accent in late learners.^[65] Phonetic similarity between the learner's L1 and target language further aids success, facilitating easier transfer of sounds and reducing interference, though this effect diminishes with age.^[66] Overall, focused, evidence-based interventions tailored to these variables—such as those emphasizing auditory discrimination and repetitive articulation drills—enhance outcomes, with pre-post assessments in professional training programs showing consistent intelligibility gains.^[2]

Applications and Motivations

Professional and Career Contexts

In professional settings, non-native English speakers often pursue accent reduction to counteract biases that disadvantage them in hiring and promotions, particularly in roles demanding high verbal clarity such as sales, customer service, management, and healthcare.^[67] Empirical evidence from a meta-analysis of hiring studies indicates a moderate bias (Cohen's d = 0.47) favoring standard-accented candidates over those with non-standard accents, with the effect strengthening in communication-intensive jobs where accents may signal lower competence or status.^[67] This bias persists across experimental and field data, influencing decisions from initial screening to executive selection, as foreign accents correlate with reduced perceived hireability independent of actual job skills.^[9]^[68] Accent modification training addresses these barriers by targeting phonological accuracy, intonation, and stress patterns, yielding measurable improvements in workplace communication. A study of 82 international medical graduates and researchers undergoing 8-12 weeks of structured training reported statistically significant gains: 22% in pronunciation, 37% in word/syllable stress, and 22% in intonation and fluency, alongside self-reported increases in listener comprehension from 71% to 77%.^[2] Participants also exhibited greater confidence in professional interactions, such as patient consultations or peer collaborations, suggesting causal links between enhanced intelligibility and perceived professionalism.^[2] In healthcare specifically, where miscommunication risks patient safety, interventions like accent-focused workshops have improved clinical performance metrics, including pass rates on communication assessments and collegial perceptions, across 24 of 26 reviewed studies involving 964 professionals.^[58] Broader applications extend to international business and academia, where reduced accents facilitate networking, negotiations, and leadership evaluations, though success depends on training intensity and individual motivation rather than erasing cultural markers entirely.^[58] These outcomes underscore accent reduction as a pragmatic strategy for career mobility, supported by pre-post evaluations showing sustained short-term benefits in output quality and relational dynamics.^[2]^[58]

Educational and Immigrant Integration

In educational settings, pronunciation training as a component of accent reduction enhances the speaking proficiency of non-native English learners, thereby supporting academic engagement and outcomes. A systematic review of 20 peer-reviewed articles published between 2018 and 2024 analyzed interventions such as targeted drills and technology-assisted practice, finding consistent positive effects on pronunciation accuracy, intonation, and overall oral fluency among participants, with pre- and post-training assessments showing statistically significant gains in speaking ability.^[69] For instance, programs for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) students in higher education, particularly in fields like nursing and medicine, have yielded higher clinical exam pass rates and improved retention; Symes et al. (2002) documented elevated pass rates and sustained student persistence over two semesters following structured accent interventions.^[58] These improvements stem from better teacher-student comprehension and peer interactions, reducing misunderstandings that hinder classroom participation.^[58] For immigrant integration, accent reduction addresses communication barriers that impede social ties and economic mobility. Data from the 2016 wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU), analyzing 1,866 young immigrants aged 19-22, indicated that stronger foreign accents reduce the probability of interethnic partnerships by up to 26%, positioning accent as a key signal of cultural distance more pronounced in intimate relationships than casual friendships.^[70] In vocational and professional contexts, such as training for international medical graduates (IMGs), accent modification enhances intelligibility and perceived competence, facilitating smoother incorporation into host societies; Shah (2010) observed marked improvements in an ESL-trained anesthesiologist's clarity after eight weeks of targeted practice.^[58] These gains promote broader assimilation by countering accent-based biases in hiring and networking, though effectiveness depends on training duration and learner motivation.^[69] Individuals undertake accent reduction to boost personal confidence, particularly when self-conscious about speech patterns that hinder fluid expression in social settings. Those who perceive their accents as barriers to effective communication often report heightened self-assurance post-training, enabling more assertive participation in conversations.^[71]^[72] Socially, accent modification aids integration into diverse communities by reducing miscommunications and enhancing perceived approachability. Non-native speakers, for example, may pursue it to foster smoother interactions in casual environments, such as friendships or community events, where strong accents can inadvertently signal otherness.^[73]^[74] Empirical evidence links accented speech to adverse social judgments, including diminished credibility and stereotyping, which motivates personal efforts to neutralize such effects for broader acceptance.^[75] Studies show accents influence perceptions of competence and trustworthiness from early interactions, reinforcing the drive for reduction to mitigate bias in everyday social dynamics.^[76]^[77] In personal contexts, some individuals elect accent training out of intrinsic interest in linguistic mastery or to align speech with aspirational norms, independent of external pressures. This voluntary pursuit underscores accent reduction's role in self-expression, though outcomes vary based on motivation and practice consistency.^[78] Accents persisting as markers of socioeconomic origin can impede social mobility, prompting targeted modification to access networks otherwise gated by perceptual biases.^[79]

Controversies and Criticisms

Debates on Cultural Identity and Assimilation

Proponents of accent reduction frame it as a pragmatic tool for assimilation, enabling immigrants and non-native speakers to navigate host societies more effectively by diminishing barriers posed by accent-related prejudice. Empirical analyses of labor market data show that individuals with stronger foreign accents are disproportionately relegated to occupations demanding minimal verbal proficiency, implying that accent mitigation could elevate professional prospects and economic integration. Similarly, sociological surveys link pronounced accents to diminished formation of interethnic friendships and romantic partnerships with majority-group members, positing reduction as a facilitator of social cohesion without necessitating cultural abandonment.^[80]^[70] Critics, however, contend that accent reduction undermines cultural identity by effacing phonetic markers of heritage, which serve as audible affirmations of ethnic origins and communal bonds. Phenomenological inquiries among international students and refugees reveal divergent responses: while some embrace modification for immediate social or career gains, others resist it to sustain ties to ancestral languages and resist perceived erasure of distinctiveness, particularly in diverse enclaves where accents reinforce solidarity. Accent stigma itself exacerbates these tensions, empirically correlating with lowered self-efficacy and hindered acculturation strategies among international students, yet critics argue that prescribing reduction internalizes dominance rather than challenging discriminatory norms.^[81]^[82] Emerging technologies for accent alteration intensify the debate, with scholarly critiques decrying them as mechanisms of racial commodification that standardize voices—often those of racialized minorities—to mimic dominant varieties, thereby enforcing linguistic hegemony and global homogenization at the expense of vernacular richness. Such practices, observed in applications like call-center voice modulation, prioritize market efficiency over cultural pluralism, echoing broader assimilationist pressures that devalue non-standard speech as deficits rather than assets. Professional bodies acknowledge these concerns, noting that accent services risk perpetuating stigma against dialectal variation, though empirical validation of identity loss remains anecdotal amid multifaceted personal agency.^[83]^[1] The discourse highlights a causal tension: while accent bias demonstrably impedes opportunities, compelling or incentivizing reduction may conflate voluntary adaptation with coerced conformity, sidelining first-generation preservation in favor of intergenerational convergence. Longitudinal immigrant assimilation metrics, including indirect proxies for accent shifts, correlate with upward mobility, yet overlook how retained accents can foster enclave economies and transnational identities resilient to monolingual mandates.^[84]^[85]

Ethical Concerns in Training Practices

Ethical concerns in accent reduction training practices primarily revolve around ensuring client autonomy, informed consent, and provider competence to prevent coercion, unrealistic expectations, and potential psychological harm. Professional guidelines from speech-language pathology organizations stress that such services must be elective and volitional, avoiding any mandate from employers or institutions that could exploit vulnerabilities related to accent bias in professional settings.^[86] For instance, trainers are advised to assess whether clients fully comprehend the limitations of training, such as the improbability of complete accent elimination, and to prioritize improvements in intelligibility and comprehensibility over conformity to a standardized dialect.^[87] A key issue arises from the proliferation of unqualified providers in the commercial accent training market, where individuals without formal credentials in linguistics or speech pathology offer courses that may lack evidence-based methodologies. This can lead to ineffective interventions or misguided techniques that fail to address underlying phonetic challenges, potentially eroding client confidence rather than enhancing it. Ethical standards recommend that training be delivered by certified professionals, such as speech-language pathologists (SLPs), who adhere to codes emphasizing competence and ongoing evaluation of service appropriateness.^[1] Misleading marketing and terminology in training programs exacerbate these concerns, with terms like "accent reduction" or "elimination" implying deficits in non-standard speech patterns that require correction, despite evidence that all speakers possess accents relative to listeners. Such framing risks pathologizing natural linguistic variation and reinforcing subtle discrimination, prompting calls within the field to reframe services as "accent expansion" focused on functional communication goals chosen by the client. Providers must transparently discuss social and emotional impacts, including risks to cultural identity, and integrate self-advocacy training to mitigate broader societal pressures.^[86]^[87]

Societal and Economic Implications

Accent Bias and Discrimination Realities

Accent bias manifests in employment contexts where individuals with non-standard or foreign accents are systematically disadvantaged in hiring, promotions, and performance evaluations, often due to perceptions of lower competence, intelligence, or trustworthiness. A 2022 meta-analysis of 22 studies involving over 5,000 participants found that accented speech reduces hiring recommendations by an average effect size of d = -0.43, with stronger bias against non-native accents compared to regional ones, independent of actual comprehensibility issues in many cases.^[88] This bias persists even when accents are mild, as demonstrated in a 2021 field experiment in Germany where resumes with foreign-accented names received 20% fewer callbacks than native-accented equivalents, suggesting taste-based or statistical discrimination rather than solely skill-based assessments.^[89] In professional settings, accent discrimination correlates with tangible economic penalties, including lower wages and limited advancement. Research from 2015 showed that listeners exposed to out-group regional accents in economic games allocated fewer resources and offered lower wages, attributing this to implicit stereotypes rather than communication deficits.^[90] A 2024 review of workplace studies confirmed that non-standard accent holders face higher rates of exclusion from teams, reduced leadership opportunities, and biased performance ratings, with effects amplified in customer-facing roles where perceived professionalism is prioritized.^[91] For instance, Spanish-accented applicants in U.S. studies were rated as less hireable for high-status positions, experiencing both access discrimination (fewer interviews) and evaluation bias (lower competency scores post-interview).^[9] Beyond employment, accent bias extends to social mobility barriers, as evidenced by a 2022 U.K. report analyzing survey data from over 2,000 respondents, which linked non-prestige accents to 15-20% lower odds of securing elite jobs or educational placements, perpetuating class divides through implicit prejudice.^[92] While some discrimination is rationalized by employers citing comprehension challenges—supported by lab tests showing accented speech increases processing time by 10-30%—empirical disentangling reveals halo effects where accents trigger unrelated negative traits, such as reduced perceived hireability even in non-verbal tasks.^[93] These realities underscore causal links between accent markers and opportunity denial, distinct from overt ethnic bias but compounded by it in immigrant populations.

Measurable Benefits and Trade-offs

Empirical evidence from systematic reviews of accent reduction interventions indicates improvements in speech production, including reduced phonological errors and enhanced intelligibility of vowels, consonants, and suprasegmental features.^[58] These changes correlate with gains in communication competence, such as better colloquial language use and listening comprehension, as measured in controlled training studies.^[58] In professional contexts, particularly healthcare, participants exhibited higher academic and clinical exam pass rates alongside fewer reported incidents of miscommunication.^[58] Meta-analytic data further quantify bias mitigation potential, revealing a medium effect size (Cohen's d = 0.46) whereby standard-accented speakers receive higher hiring recommendations and interview ratings compared to those with non-standard accents, with stronger accents exacerbating penalties in perceived competence.^[93] Quantifiable professional advantages extend to perceptual shifts, where reduced accents foster more positive attitudes from colleagues and superiors, diminishing barriers to advancement.^[58] Verbal performance metrics post-training show significant improvements, with fewer phonetic deviations noted in assessments.^[58] However, these benefits do not fully erase underlying stereotypes linking non-standard accents to deficits in warmth (β = 0.39) or competence (β = 0.48), implying that accent reduction addresses comprehensibility but leaves stereotypic bias partially intact.^[93] Trade-offs encompass direct costs and psychological burdens. Comprehensive programs demand 10-13 weeks of intensive sessions, averaging $1,000-1,500 total, with hourly rates of $80-125 depending on instructor expertise.^[94]^[95] Time commitments, often 1-3 hours weekly plus daily practice, can induce fatigue and anxiety during training, as reported in intervention studies with small cohorts.^[58] On identity grounds, accent modification risks cultural disconnection, with qualitative surveys finding over one-third of respondents perceiving it as "selling out" personal heritage, potentially heightening acculturation stress despite alleviating stigma-driven discrimination.^[96] While stigma reduction elevates self-efficacy (B = -0.28 reversal via lower perceived hate and fear), incomplete accent neutralization—common due to entrenched habits—may yield marginal returns without proportional economic gains, as direct links to salary uplifts or promotions lack robust longitudinal quantification.^[97]^[81]

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Accents refer to patterns of pronunciation, not to grammar or to vocabulary. Two people can speak with similar accents even if one uses double negatives and the ...
[11]
The relationships among L2 fluency, intelligibility, comprehensibility ...
Feb 6, 2025 · The findings imply that having an accent does not mean being unintelligible and support prioritizing intelligible and comprehensible speech ...
[12]
ACCENT, INTELLIGIBILITY, AND COMPREHENSIBILITY
This study examines the relationships among intelligibility, perceived comprehensibility, and accentedness using accented speech from ESL students.
[13]
[PDF] Intelligibility, Comprehensibility, and Accentedness of L2 Speech
Thus, the particular question examined in this study is how intelligible, comprehensible, and accented L2 speech is to listeners, as a function of their ...
[14]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00963.x
[15]
How Accent Training Differs From Speech Therapy - ChatterFox
Speech therapy treats communication disorders, while accent training is a short-term treatment focusing on changing specific speech patterns and pronunciation.
[16]
Is Accent Training The Same As Speech Therapy?
Accent training is not the same as speech therapy. Speech therapy treats medical conditions, while accent training is for cultural or professional reasons, and ...
[17]
https://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/accent-modification/
[18]
A Literature Review on Accent Modification - IdeaExchange@UAkron
May 2, 2023 · Therapy designed to change accents is within the scope of practice for speech language pathologists (SLPs), but the treatment is elective and ...
[19]
A Comprehensive Guide to Accent Reduction in Foreign Language ...
1.2 The Concept of Accent Reduction. Accent reduction, also known as accent modification, is the process of consciously altering one's speech to more closely ...Missing: terminology | Show results with:terminology
[20]
Editorial: Language beyond Words: The Neuroscience of Accent - NIH
The neural basis of accent is a hot topic in neuroscience research, yet so far there are only a handful of theories of how the brain learns a new accent.
[21]
Do Accent Reduction Classes Work? - ALTA Language Services
Accent reduction classes help adults expand their pronunciation abilities. They do so by teaching new lip and tongue positions that cut down reliance on common ...Language Reduction Training... · Many Non-Native Speakers... · Types Of Pronunciation...Missing: distinctions | Show results with:distinctions
[22]
What's the difference between accent and dialect coaching?
Sep 5, 2022 · In the UK, an accent is defined as the way words are pronounced, while dialect is a term used to describe the words that are spoken.
[23]
The Art of Mastering an Accent, According to a Dialect Coach
An accent is a group of vowel, consonant, and intonation differences, whereas a dialect also has differences in vocabulary and grammatical structure.
[24]
DIALECT and ACCENT: The Same or Different? - David Alan Stern
Jan 15, 2020 · Dialect Coach (or is he an Accent Coach?) David Alan Stern considers the complexity of finding working definitions for "dialect" vs "accent.
[25]
Dialect Coaching to Shift from Regional Accent - Step-by-Step Guide
Sep 25, 2025 · What Is Dialect Coaching? Dialect coaching is a specialized form of speech training aimed at helping individuals adjust or change their accent.
[26]
Accent Reduction & Elocution Training With Paul Baston
“Accent modification” is a broader, more technical term often used in elocution or professional speech training.
[27]
How to Speak Clearly: Elocution & Accent Reduction Guide
Elocution focuses on clarity and articulation; accent reduction specifically targets modifying your pronunciation patterns toward a target accent. Am I too old ...
[28]
elocution lessons — Accent Reduction and Public Speaking Tips
Sep 22, 2025 · Practise pronunciation, articulation and intonation. Master all sounds of Received Pronunciation (RP) – also called Queen's English, Oxford ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
A course of lectures on elocution: together with two dissertations on ...
Sep 30, 2023 · A course of lectures on elocution: together with two dissertations on language; and some other tracts relative to those subjects. By Thomas Sheridan, AM 1762.Missing: accent standardization
[30]
The Rhetoric of - Thomas Sheridan's A Course of Lectures on - jstor
A rhetorical reading of Thomas Sheridan's A Course of Lectures on Elocution(1762) and John Walker 's Elements of Elocution(1781)—informed by theories of ethos, ...
[31]
Rereading the Elocutionists: The Rhetoric of Thomas Sheridan's A ...
Aug 7, 2025 · A rhetorical reading of Thomas Sheridan's A Course of Lectures on Elocution (1762) and John Walker's Elements of Elocution (1781) ...
[32]
[PDF] 1 Introduction How Dialect Works in Victorian Literature NORTH ...
Schools were called upon to “correct” the “faults” of regional and class accents and dialects. Yet here is this “rustic,” expressing his dismay at the failures ...Missing: 19th | Show results with:19th
[33]
Accent as Social Symbol | Talking Proper - Oxford Academic
Mugglestone, Lynda, 'Accent as Social Symbol', Talking Proper: The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol, 2nd edn ( Oxford , 2007; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Jan.Missing: pre- | Show results with:pre-
[34]
Early American Accents | Out of This Century - WordPress.com
Jan 21, 2010 · There was a standard “public-speaking” accent taught by elocution teachers and used by politicians, actors, professors, and educated preachers.
[35]
[PDF] Issues of Accent and Dialect in Nineteenth Century England ... - LOUIS
Apr 19, 1999 · The focus shifted to spoken English and became primarily a class issue. Peter Tn~dgill, a leading British linguist, states in his book Bud ...
[36]
Art of Speech: Elocution, Speech Training, Speech Therapy, and the ...
May 15, 2024 · By the early twentieth century, elocution courses were being offered at both the Royal Academy of Music (RAM) and its sister institution the ...Missing: reduction | Show results with:reduction
[37]
Working With Adult Foreign Accent: Strategies for Intervention
This article presents a historical perspective on accent reduction and discusses the types of clients and pronunciation differences the clinician may hear. A ...
[38]
A comparison of phonological and articulation-based approaches to ...
The purpose of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of a phonologically based accent modification treatment to an articulation/motor based ...
[39]
Exploring a Phonological Process Approach to Adult Pronunciation ...
In this pilot study, common consonant processes included vocalization, final consonant devoicing, and cluster reduction. These are processes commonly observed ...
[40]
Articulation vs. Phonological Based Approach in Accent Modification ...
Sep 6, 2019 · We compared two types of approaches, one that was articulation/motor based and one that was phonological/contrast based. Results indicated that ...<|separator|>
[41]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4972003
[42]
[PDF] Pronunciation Instruction Can Improve L2 Learners' Bottom-Up ...
Discrimination training is thought to target the auditory-phonetic level, helping learners attune their auditory-phonetic perceptual processing to the L2, ...
[43]
The effects of production training on speech perception in L2 ...
Explicit production training significantly improved L2 learners' auditory discrimination by 19% and perceptual categorization by 14%, showing a link between ...
[44]
Specificity and generalization in perceptual adaptation to accented ...
The present study investigated the degree to which perceptual adaptation to foreign-accented speech is specific to the regularities in pronunciation ...
[45]
Exploring effects of brief daily exposure to unfamiliar accent on ...
May 26, 2024 · Evidence suggests that listeners can rapidly “tune” to unfamiliar accented speech, thereby improving their ability to understand a given speaker ...
[46]
Adaptation to novel foreign-accented speech and retention of benefit ...
In the present study, accent-independent adaptation is examined in younger and older listeners with normal hearing and older listeners with hearing loss.
[47]
A Meta-Analysis of Second Language Phonetic Training
Our study provided a quantitative synthesis of studies investigating the efficacy of L2 phonetic training and examined various moderating variables, which ...
[48]
Effect of auditory precision on L2 speech learning is partially ...
For example, research indicates that L2 learners with higher auditory sensitivity can better perceive novel phonetic and phonological contrasts in unfamiliar ...
[49]
How Does Having a Good Ear Promote Instructed Second ...
Jan 30, 2022 · The findings suggest that robust auditory-motor integration may play a key role in the acquisition of advanced-level L2 pronunciation proficiency.
[50]
The effectiveness of automatic speech recognition in ESL/EFL ...
Apr 13, 2023 · This meta-analytic study explores the overall effectiveness of automatic speech recognition (ASR) on ESL/EFL student pronunciation performance.2. Literature Review · 4.2 Moderator Analysis · 5. Discussion<|separator|>
[51]
The effectiveness of computer‐assisted pronunciation training: A ...
Mar 28, 2019 · The findings of the meta-analysis suggest that computer-assisted training has a positive effect on FL pronunciation (d = 0.68), and is equally ...
[52]
Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT): Current Issues ...
Jan 21, 2021 · There is some evidence that CAPT can be effective for pronunciation learning, especially for perceptual training and providing visual feedback.Current Issues · Pedagogy Versus Technology · Intelligent Tutoring And...
[53]
Speakometer-Accent Training AI - Apps on Google Play
Rating 4.7 (4,873) · Free · AndroidSpeakometer is your personal AI-powered pronunciation coach. Designed for non-native speakers and ESL learners in the US, UK, and worldwide.<|control11|><|separator|>
[54]
Rosetta Stone's accent reduction technology
Jun 28, 2023 · Discover how Rosetta Stone's TruAccent technology unlocks accent reduction, helping language learners become clear, confident speakers.
[55]
Sanas
“Sanas has cracked the code, offering patented real-time accent conversion and neural network-based voice enhancement systems that empower businesses to address ...
[56]
Computer-assisted pronunciation training—Speech synthesis is ...
The effectiveness of these techniques is assessed in the tasks of detecting pronunciation and lexical stress errors. Non-native English speech corpora of German ...
[57]
The effectiveness of computer assisted pronunciation training for ...
This study investigates whether a computer assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) system can help young learners improve word-level pronunciation skills in ...
[58]
A Systematic Review of Interventions to Address Accent-Related ...
Accent interventions in healthcare should aim for improvement in speech production in terms of clarity and intelligibility, listening comprehension ability, ...
[59]
Segmental and prosodic approaches to accent management
Purpose: This study investigated the relative outcomes of segmental and prosodic training of nonnative speakers of American English.
[60]
At What Age is an Accent Permanent? - Great Speech
Oct 15, 2024 · Decades of studies have revealed that generally speaking, the age at which accents become permanent is around 12 years old.
[61]
Evaluating the effects of chronological age and sentence duration ...
Mar 6, 2006 · The results obtained here suggest that age at the time of test does not affect degree of foreign accent. However, two caveats are in order. ...
[62]
Age Constraints on Second-Language Acquisition - ScienceDirect
As expected from the literature review, both age of L2 learning and amount of continued L1 use were found to affect degree of foreign accent. Gender, length ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[63]
How effective is accent reduction - does it work? A review ... - AccentU
Aug 8, 2018 · When it comes to accent reduction the research shows improvements can be made to the accuracy and comprehensibility of people with an accent. We ...
[64]
Individual Differences in Accent Imitation - PMC - NIH
Aug 31, 2024 · Results suggest that deliberate accent imitation skill is modulated not only by core perceptual and motor skills, but also by personality and affinity to the ...
[65]
[PDF] AGE AND L1 USE EFFECTS ON DEGREE OF FOREIGN ACCENT ...
This study1 assessed the relation between nonnative subjects' age of learning English, self-reported amount of L1 (Italian) use, and.
[66]
What accounts for "age" effects on overall degree of foreign accent?
60–99. MacKay, I., Flege, J., Imai, S. 2006. Evaluating the effect of chronological age and. sentence duration on degree of perceived foreign accent. Applied ...
[67]
Is Your Accent Right for the Job? A Meta-Analysis on Accent Bias in Hiring Decisions - Jessica L. Spence, Matthew J. Hornsey, Eloise M. Stephenson, Kana Imuta, 2024
### Key Results from Meta-Analysis on Accent Bias in Hiring Decisions
[68]
[PDF] Foreign Accents in the Early Hiring Process: A Field Experiment on ...
Most research on the effects of foreign-accented speech in the workplace consists of laboratory experiments conducted in the United States (Carlson and McHenry ...
[69]
[PDF] THE EFFECT OF PRONUNCIATION TRAINING ON ENGLISH ...
The results of the study show that pronunciation training has a positive effect on the English-speaking ability of English non-native speakers. This training ...
[70]
The Role of Foreign Accent in Interethnic Friendships and ...
Mar 11, 2021 · This article examines the association between accented speech and the formation of friendships and partnerships among immigrants and native-born majority ...
[71]
Can Better Speech Help Me Remove My Accent?
Oct 18, 2024 · 2. Increased Confidence. For individuals who feel self-conscious about their accents, especially if they have faced communication barriers in ...
[72]
7 Benefits Of Accent Reduction Classes For Better Communication
Feb 3, 2025 · Accent reduction focuses on refining speech patterns to enhance clarity. It involves learning to modify certain sounds and intonation. This ...
[73]
The Purpose Behind Accent Reduction -
The goal of accent reduction is not to erase one's cultural identity but to enhance clarity and ease of communication in a particular language.<|control11|><|separator|>
[74]
How Accent Reduction Courses Can Improve Your Social Life
Jul 18, 2023 · This increased confidence can help you develop stronger relationships and create a positive social presence.Missing: dating | Show results with:dating
[75]
Does Foreign-Accented Speech Affect Credibility? Evidence ... - NIH
Moreover, studies in the literature have shown that accent negatively affect the evaluation of speakers on different social variables (Foucart et al., 2020). As ...
[76]
Do Accents Speak Louder Than Words? Perceptions of Linguistic ...
Nov 13, 2023 · Overall, speaking with an accent may negatively impact the perceived credibility of people who do not speak English as a native language.
[77]
[PDF] The Influence of Accents on Social Perception - Inkblot
Research shows that starting from early childhood, we show a preference for our own accent (Kinzler, Shutts,. Dejesus, & Spelke, 2009). These perceptions often ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
[78]
An Honest Answer to “Do I Need Accent Reduction?”
Do you have the will and the motivation to commit your time, resources, and energy towards a training program of accent reduction lessons? Only you can decide ...
[79]
New report finds accents still act as a barrier to social mobility
Nov 3, 2022 · The report, co-produced by Linguistics lecturer Dr Christian Ilbury highlights a clear link between accents, socioeconomic background and social mobility.
[80]
Full article: When your accent betrays you: the role of foreign ...
Our findings demonstrate that respondents with a stronger foreign accent are more likely to be found in occupations for which language skills are less essential ...Missing: modification | Show results with:modification
[81]
[PDF] Accent Modification and Identity: A Phenomenological Study ...
May 8, 2021 · This phenomenological study aims at examining the relationship between accent and identity among students from the Center for International ...
[82]
The impact of accent stigma on self-efficacy and acculturation ...
Sep 4, 2024 · This paper aimed to understand international students' experience of accent stigma during interpersonal interactions, and how it affected their self-efficacy ...
[83]
The Dehumanizing Message of Accent-Altering Technology
Jan 25, 2024 · Our commentary exposes emerging AI accent modification technology and services as agents of racial commodification and linguistic dominance.
[84]
What History Tells Us about Assimilation of Immigrants
Measuring cultural assimilation is a challenge because data on cultural practices—things like food, dress, and accent—are not systematically collected. But the ...
[85]
Language, Inter-group Difference, and Attitudes toward Immigration
Feb 4, 2014 · These results reinforce the centrality of norms around language and assimilation in shaping immigration-related attitudes.
[86]
A Viewpoint on Accent Services: Framing and Terminology Matter
Dec 13, 2021 · The purpose of this article is to offer a contemporary viewpoint on accent services and contend that an equity-minded reframing of accent services in speech- ...
[87]
[PDF] The Ethics of Accent Modification 3/27/2022 10:30-12:00
Mar 27, 2022 · This seminar will seek to provide a better understanding of best practices in accent modification and will directly address the concerns ...Missing: therapy | Show results with:therapy
[88]
Is Your Accent Right for the Job? A Meta-Analysis on Accent Bias in ...
Nov 3, 2022 · The legitimizing role of accent on discrimination against immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(5), 609–620. https://doi.org ...<|separator|>
[89]
Foreign Accents in the Early Hiring Process: A Field Experiment on ...
Oct 16, 2021 · While we found no indications pointing to the relevance of customer tastes or statistical discrimination, we cannot rule out these processes ...
[90]
The Effect of Perceived Regional Accents on Individual Economic ...
Our findings demonstrate, firstly, that the perception of an out-group accent leads not only to social discrimination but also influences economic decisions.
[91]
Hear, hear! A review of accent discrimination at work - ScienceDirect
Indeed, speaking with an accent has been found to predict negative work-related outcomes for speakers ranging from lower recommendations for hiring [5] to a ...Missing: modification | Show results with:modification
[92]
[PDF] Accents and social mobility - The Sutton Trust
Research in the United States has shown that bias against certain accents can lead to unequal access to employment, housing, and education.
[93]
A Meta‐Analysis of Accent Bias in Employee Interviews: The Effects ...
Jan 23, 2025 · Meta-analysis allows us to summarize the magnitude of bias present for non-standard accents compared to standard accents to see if hireability ...Missing: therapy | Show results with:therapy
[94]
One-on-One American Accent Training | Accurate English
Cost: $1,500 USD for the full eleven-week course. · Duration: Eleven 50-minute sessions, conducted weekly via Zoom. · Your Role: Your dedication to practice ...
[95]
How much do accent reduction lessons costs? | Wyzant Ask An Expert
Oct 11, 2021 · Accent reduction classes for non-native English speakers typically cost between $80-$125 per lesson, depending on the qualifications of the teacher.Missing: programs | Show results with:programs
[96]
Keeping it real or selling out: The effects of accent modification on ...
The results show that while most remain neutral toward the practice, over a third regards accent modification as 'selling out'.
[97]
The impact of accent stigma on self-efficacy and acculturation ... - NIH
Sep 5, 2024 · This paper aimed to understand international students' experience of accent stigma during interpersonal interactions, and how it affected their self-efficacy ...