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Atriplex

Atriplex is a genus of approximately 250 species of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs belonging to the family Amaranthaceae, commonly known as saltbushes or oraches, and renowned for their adaptation to saline and arid environments worldwide.^[1]^[2] These plants exhibit diverse growth habits, ranging from low-sprawling, deep-rooted subshrubs to erect perennials, often featuring leaves that are alternate, simple, and entire to dentate, with many species displaying a distinctive scaly or mealy covering formed by collapsed bladder-like hairs.^[3]^[4] Flowers are inconspicuous and typically arranged in spherical clusters, spikes, or panicles, with staminate flowers bearing 3–5 sepals and stamens, while pistillate flowers lack a calyx and produce fruits enclosed by two enlarged, persistent bracts that aid in dispersal.^[2]^[3] Seeds are generally erect and flattened, contributing to the genus's resilience in harsh conditions.^[2] Distributed primarily in temperate and subtropical regions across all continents except Antarctica, Atriplex species thrive in alkaline, saline, or disturbed soils, with many acting as halophytes that accumulate salts and even selenium in some cases.^[1]^[3] Ecologically significant for stabilizing soils and providing forage in arid ecosystems, certain species like A. hortensis are cultivated as edible greens similar to spinach, while others serve as drought-tolerant livestock feed or in revegetation efforts.^[4]^[5] The genus's monoecious or dioecious nature and morphological variability, including dimorphic fruits in some taxa, underscore its evolutionary adaptations to extreme habitats.^[3]^[5]

Description

Morphological Features

Atriplex species exhibit a diverse range of growth habits, encompassing annual or perennial herbs and shrubs that can be prostrate, spreading, or erect, with some reaching heights of up to 3 meters, as seen in A. nummularia, a sprawling or erect evergreen shrub.^[6] These plants are typically monoecious or dioecious, often featuring bladderlike hairs on their surfaces that collapse upon drying to produce a characteristic silvery, scurfy, or mealy vestiture.^[3] Leaves in the genus are generally alternate, though sometimes opposite or subopposite, and simple, with blades that are entire, serrate, or lobed, measuring 1–10 cm in length and displaying shapes from rhombic and triangular to ovate or lanceolate.^[3] They are sessile or petiolate, and while many species, such as A. canescens, bear grayish-green leaves covered in dense trichomes that impart a silvery appearance, others like the cultivated A. hortensis have green, glabrous to sparsely scaly, ovate-lanceolate to cordate blades.^[7]^[8] Stems are branched, ranging from herbaceous in annuals to woody at the base in perennials, often bearing the same scurfy or farinose coating from collapsed hairs, with rigid, brittle forms in species like A. canescens.^[3]^[7] Flowers are small and unisexual, arranged in axillary or terminal inflorescences that form spikes, panicles, or clusters; staminate flowers possess a 3–5-parted calyx and 3–5 stamens without bracts, while pistillate flowers typically lack a perianth or have a reduced one and are enclosed by 2 foliaceous bracteoles with two stigmas.^[3]^[2] Fruits are indehiscent utricles tightly enclosed within persistent, enlarged bracteoles that vary in shape—often compressed, free to fused, and appendaged with wings, tubercles, or spines to facilitate wind dispersal—as exemplified by the four-winged bracts in A. canescens.^[3]^[2]^[7]

Physiological Traits

Most species of Atriplex employ the C4 photosynthetic pathway, characterized by Kranz anatomy, which features distinct bundle sheath and mesophyll cells that facilitate CO2 concentration around Rubisco to enhance efficiency under high light and temperature conditions typical of arid environments.^[9] This adaptation likely originated in the genus during the Middle to Late Miocene, approximately 15 to 5 million years ago, coinciding with increasing aridity and declining atmospheric CO2 levels that favored carbon-concentrating mechanisms.^[10] The C4 syndrome provides a competitive advantage in water-limited habitats by reducing photorespiration and improving water-use efficiency compared to the ancestral C3 pathway.^[11] Water and nutrient uptake in Atriplex is supported by extensive deep root systems, such as the taproot in A. halimus that can extend up to 10 meters, enabling access to subsurface moisture during prolonged droughts and enhancing overall drought tolerance.^[12] Some species, like A. halimus, also exhibit leaf and root succulence, where enlarged parenchyma cells store water to maintain turgor and sustain physiological processes under desiccation stress.^[13] These traits collectively allow efficient nutrient foraging in saline or nutrient-poor soils, with roots facilitating selective ion uptake to avoid toxicity. Reproductive strategies in Atriplex vary between monoecious and dioecious forms, with many species producing separate male and female flowers on the same or different plants to promote outcrossing.^[14] Pollination is primarily anemophilous, relying on wind dispersal of lightweight pollen, which suits the open, sparse vegetation of arid regions.^[7] Seeds often exhibit dormancy mechanisms, such as physical barriers from persistent bracteoles or physiological inhibition, enabling persistence in soil seed banks until favorable moisture conditions break dormancy in unpredictable arid environments.^[15] Growth patterns differ markedly across life forms: annual and ephemeral species, such as A. sagittata, display rapid vegetative growth and reproduction during brief wet periods to capitalize on ephemeral resources.^[16] In contrast, perennial shrubs like A. confertifolia exhibit slower development, with gradual biomass accumulation over years to establish resilient structures in stable but harsh conditions.^[17] This dichotomy optimizes survival in variable arid ecosystems. A distinctive biochemical feature of Atriplex is the synthesis of compatible solutes like glycine betaine and proline, which accumulate in response to osmotic stress from drought or salinity to lower cellular water potential and protect proteins and membranes.^[18] In species such as A. canescens and A. halimus, betaine contributes significantly to osmotic adjustment in leaves under high salinity, while proline plays a complementary role in roots, enhancing tolerance without disrupting metabolism.^[19] These osmoprotectants enable sustained growth and photosynthesis in hypertonic environments.^[20]

Taxonomy

Classification History

The genus Atriplex derives its name from the Latin atriplex, which originates from the Ancient Greek ἀτράφαξυς (atráphaxus), a term used for orache-like plants.^[21] Carl Linnaeus established the genus in his Species Plantarum in 1753, designating A. hortensis (garden orache) as the type species based on its polymorphic leaves and inflorescences. This initial description encompassed a broad range of annual and perennial herbs and shrubs characterized by scurfy vestiture and bracteate fruits, reflecting the genus's early recognition as a diverse group adapted to saline environments.^[3] Historically, Atriplex was classified within the family Chenopodiaceae from its inception until molecular phylogenetic studies prompted its merger into the expanded Amaranthaceae sensu lato under the APG III system in 2009.^[22] Early taxonomists subdivided the genus into sections such as Atriplex (for monoecious species with samara-like bracteoles) and Obione (for dioecious taxa with obcompressed, non-samaroid bracteoles), a distinction first formalized by Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian von Meyer in 1833 and elaborated by Alfred Moquin-Tandon.^[3] These sections highlighted morphological differences in reproductive structures and habit, aiding in the organization of the genus's global diversity across arid and coastal habitats.^[23] Key taxonomic revisions in the 19th and 20th centuries addressed the genus's expanding known diversity; Moquin-Tandon's 1840 monograph Chenopodearum Monographica Enumeratio provided a comprehensive enumeration of approximately 100 species, incorporating new descriptions from explorations in the Americas and Eurasia. By 1978, A. J. Scott's revisions within Chenopodiaceae recognized around 250 species worldwide, emphasizing anatomical and floral traits to refine infrageneric groupings.^[24] Recent molecular analyses have led to synonymy reductions, such as the consolidation of certain North American variants, by revealing cryptic relationships obscured by phenotypic plasticity.^[10] The genus's high morphological variability—manifest in leaf shape, indumentum, and bracteole form—has historically prompted over-splitting, as seen in A. semibaccata (creeping saltbush), where synonyms like A. flagellaris arose from misinterpretations of prostrate habit and fruit dimorphism before their merger based on consistent traits.^[25]

Phylogenetic Relationships

Atriplex belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae within the family Amaranthaceae (formerly Chenopodiaceae), a placement supported by chloroplast genome analyses that confirm its monophyletic grouping with related genera.^[26] Phylogenetic studies indicate that Atriplex shares its closest relatives with Chenopodium, forming sister clades that diverged approximately 61 million years ago, while Beta, in the sister subfamily Betoideae, represents a broader alliance within Amaranthaceae.^[26] A comprehensive biogeographic and phylogenetic analysis in 2022 reconstructed the evolutionary history of Atriplex using multi-locus molecular data, revealing its origin in continental Asia during the Oligocene around 30-25 million years ago. The genus diversified into approximately 5-7 major clades, with subsequent global spread driven by long-distance dispersal events, including transoceanic jumps to Australia, the Americas, and Africa in the Miocene and later periods. Molecular phylogenetic investigations have employed markers such as the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, along with chloroplast genes matK and ndhF, to resolve relationships within Atriplex.^[10] These studies demonstrate polyphyly in several traditional sections, such as Obione and Pterochiton, necessitating taxonomic revisions to reflect monophyletic groupings based on genetic evidence.^[10] Regarding photosynthetic pathways, C4 evolution occurred multiple times within Chenopodioideae, with at least 10 independent origins across the subfamily, though a single origin characterizes the core C4 clade of Atriplex itself during the Middle to Late Miocene.^[22]^[10] Recent phylogenetic reassessments have been prompted by field discoveries in 2025, including the rediscovery of Atriplex acutiloba in Australia, which challenges its prior extinct status and highlights the need for updated conservation listings based on genetic confirmation of viability.^[27] Additionally, the invasive spread of Atriplex semilunaris to new regions in the Canary Islands, documented in 2025, underscores ongoing evolutionary dynamics and potential hybridization risks within Atriplex clades.^[28]

Species Diversity

The genus Atriplex comprises approximately 250–300 species of herbs, subshrubs, and shrubs, making it one of the most species-rich genera in the Amaranthaceae family.^[29] Diversity is highest in Australia, with about 69 species (of which around 62 are native) recorded, the majority of which are endemic to the continent.^[30]^[31] North America hosts around 62 species, while South America has approximately 45 species, reflecting centers of diversification in arid and semi-arid regions across these continents.^[3] Species of Atriplex exhibit a range of life forms, predominantly annual herbs but including perennial herbs, subshrubs, and shrubs; plants are typically monoecious, though some are dioecious.^[3] Notable examples include A. hortensis, an annual herb cultivated as orache for its edible leaves in temperate regions; A. canescens, a perennial shrub known as fourwing saltbush and valued as widespread forage in North American arid zones; A. nummularia, a perennial shrub called old man saltbush and native to inland Australia; and A. halimus, an evergreen Mediterranean shrub adapted to saline coastal habitats.^[32]^[7]^[30]^[33] Endemism is pronounced in Australian hotspots of arid ecosystems, where many species are restricted to specific saline or alkaline soils, contributing to regional biodiversity. Some taxa face threats from habitat alteration, such as A. yeelirrie, a rare tetraploid shrub described in 2015 and confined to two genetically distinct populations in Western Australia's palaeodrainage channels. Certain species also exhibit invasive potential outside their native ranges, including A. suberecta (peregrine saltbush), which has naturalized and spread in disturbed sites across parts of North America and the Mediterranean.^[34]^[35]

Distribution and Habitat

Global Range

The genus Atriplex has a cosmopolitan native distribution, occurring across temperate and subtropical regions worldwide, from subarctic areas like Alaska and Alberta to subtropical zones in northern Mexico and North Africa, encompassing all continents except Antarctica.^[1] This broad range reflects its origin in continental Asia during the Oligocene epoch around 30 million years ago, followed by global dispersal primarily through long-distance seed transport, likely aided by birds, which facilitated colonization of distant landmasses such as Australia in the Miocene approximately 15–20 million years ago, as well as the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa.^[36] Centers of species diversity and endemism are concentrated in several arid and semi-arid hotspots, including Australia's arid interior where extensive radiations produced high alpha diversity during the Late Miocene and Pliocene; the Great Basin in western North America, featuring numerous shrubby species adapted to saline deserts; the Andean highlands of South America, with temperate lineages showing significant speciation; the Mediterranean Basin, a key invasion corridor for multiple dispersals from Asia; and Central Asia, particularly the Aralo-Caspian and Pontic regions, which served as ancestral hubs for onward migrations.^[36]^[37] Beyond native ranges, Atriplex species have been widely introduced for forage, erosion control, and ornamental purposes, becoming naturalized in non-native regions. Notable examples include A. nummularia, originally from Australia, which is established in arid parts of South Africa; A. micrantha, native to Central Asia, naturalized across central and western Europe including Germany and France; and various species like A. semibaccata in Pacific islands such as Hawaii.^[38]^[39]^[40] A recent example of range expansion involves the Australian A. semilunaris, previously recorded only on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, which was documented as an invasive species on Gran Canaria and Tenerife in 2025, potentially signaling further spread in Macaronesian archipelagos.^[28]

Habitat Preferences

Atriplex species predominantly inhabit saline, alkaline, and gypsum-rich soils, demonstrating tolerance to a wide pH range of 6 to 9 and electrical conductivity (EC) levels up to 40 dS/m, which enables them to colonize areas with high sodium and salt accumulation.^[7] They also thrive in heavy clay loams, sandy loams, and silty soils, particularly in disturbed or reclaimed sites where soil structure supports their root systems.^[41] These plants favor arid to semi-arid climates characterized by annual rainfall between 100 and 500 mm, often with bimodal patterns including winter rains and summer thunderstorms that facilitate establishment.^[7] They are well-adapted to regions with extreme temperatures, ranging from -20°C to 50°C, allowing persistence in hot deserts and cold steppes.^[41] Preferred microhabitats include inland saltbush plains in Australia, alkali sinks in the western United States, Mediterranean maquis shrublands, coastal dunes, and salt flats, as well as disturbed areas like overgrazed rangelands and eroded slopes.^[41] Some species occur in freshwater wetlands adjacent to saline zones, though most are restricted to hypersaline environments.^[7] High light intensity in open, unshaded settings further defines their niches, promoting vigorous growth in full sun exposure.^[41]

Ecology

Environmental Adaptations

Atriplex species exhibit remarkable halophytism, enabling survival in high-salinity environments through multiple integrated mechanisms. Salt exclusion occurs primarily via specialized glandular structures, including trichomes and epidermal bladder cells that secrete and accumulate excess sodium ions on leaf surfaces, thereby preventing toxic buildup in photosynthetic tissues.^[42] These bladders, characteristic of the Amaranthaceae family, sequester NaCl and other ions, reducing their transport to metabolically active cells.^[43] Additionally, Atriplex compartmentalizes salts within vacuoles, maintaining cytosolic ion homeostasis; species such as A. portulacoides tolerate external NaCl concentrations up to 200 mM without significant toxicity, as ions are isolated via transporters like H+-ATPases.^[43]^[44] Drought resistance in Atriplex is facilitated by efficient C4 photosynthesis, which concentrates CO2 at the site of Rubisco, allowing higher carbon fixation with reduced stomatal opening and thus minimizing transpirational water loss.^[45] Stomatal regulation, mediated by abscisic acid accumulation, further enhances water use efficiency by closing stomata under water stress, while osmotic adjustment lowers tissue water potential to as low as -4.20 MPa.^[45] Complementing these traits, deep root systems in species like A. halimus extend up to 5 m, accessing groundwater in arid soils and sustaining growth during prolonged dry periods.^[45] Atriplex also demonstrates adaptations to other abiotic stresses, including fire. Flavonoids, such as those upregulated in A. canescens under salt stress, scavenge reactive oxygen species to protect cellular integrity.^[46] In perennial species like A. canescens, fire tolerance arises from resprouting capability; while not highly fire-resistant, plants can regenerate from roots if fire intensity is moderate.^[47] Recent research underscores Atriplex's climate resilience, particularly in saline land restoration. A 2025 study on A. canescens found that irrigation with brackish water (electrical conductivity >16 dS/m) enhances dry matter accumulation and soil amelioration under combined drought and salinity, provided oxidative stress is managed, offering sustainable strategies for rehabilitating salt-affected lands.^[48]

Biotic Interactions

Atriplex species are primarily wind-pollinated, a trait common to the Chenopodiaceae family, facilitating reproduction in arid and saline environments where insect pollinators may be scarce.^[7] Seed dispersal often involves a combination of abiotic and biotic agents, with fruits of species like Atriplex semibaccata attracting birds, mammals, reptiles, and ants, which aid in spreading seeds over short to moderate distances.^[49] In some cases, insects such as ants are particularly drawn to the nutrient-rich elaiosomes on fruits, promoting myrmecochory and enhancing germination in disturbed soils.^[49] Herbivory on Atriplex encompasses a range of consumers, from large mammals to small invertebrates. Species such as Atriplex nummularia serve as important forage for domesticated livestock like sheep and camels, providing drought-resistant fodder that supports grazing in saline rangelands.^[50]^[51] In native Australian ecosystems, Atriplex has historically been a dietary staple for herbivores including kangaroos, contributing to its evolutionary adaptations against browsing pressure.^[52] Insect herbivores include larvae of Lepidoptera, notably Coleophora atriplicis, which feed on seeds and foliage of coastal Atriplex species like A. littoralis and A. portulacoides, often creating silken cases for protection while consuming plant tissues.^[53] Additionally, foliage of Atriplex shrubs hosts diverse arthropods, including spiders and other invertebrates that utilize the dense leaves for habitat and predation on smaller pests.^[54] Symbiotic relationships in Atriplex involve potential associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which enhance nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus, in saline or nutrient-poor soils. Inoculation with AMF species like Glomus mosseae has been shown to improve growth of Atriplex nummularia under varying salinity levels, suggesting a beneficial role despite the genus's general non-mycorrhizal reputation.^[55] These fungi also influence broader soil microbial communities, promoting shifts in bacterial composition that support plant establishment and soil health in revegetation efforts.^[56] Several Atriplex species exhibit invasiveness in introduced ranges, where they compete aggressively with native flora. For instance, Atriplex prostrata forms dense stands in coastal habitats, displacing local salt-tolerant plants through rapid colonization of disturbed saline areas.^[57] In the Canary Islands, the Australian species Atriplex semilunaris has shown rapid invasive spread, with new populations documented in Gran Canaria and Tenerife as of 2025, outcompeting endemic coastal vegetation and altering local biodiversity.^[28]

Uses

Agricultural and Forage Applications

Atriplex species, particularly A. nummularia and A. canescens, serve as valuable forage in arid and semi-arid regions due to their high nutritional content, including crude protein levels ranging from 15% to 25% on a dry matter basis and elevated mineral concentrations from ash content often exceeding 20%. These shrubs are widely planted for livestock feed, especially for sheep and goats, where they provide drought- and salt-tolerant browse that sustains grazing in marginal environments with annual rainfall as low as 200-400 mm. Feeding regimes incorporating Atriplex have demonstrated tolerance to moderate to heavy grazing, with regrowth supported by short rotational periods of 4-6 weeks every 6-8 months, enhancing overall rangeland productivity without severe degradation.^[58]^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]^[50]^[63]^[64] In livestock production, Atriplex forage contributes to improved meat quality; for instance, sheep diets supplemented with saltbush have shown elevated linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) in intramuscular and subcutaneous fat compared to non-saltbush feeds, potentially enhancing the nutritional profile of lamb and goat meat. These plants are particularly suited to arid zones in Australia, the Middle East, and North Africa, where they support pastoral systems by providing reliable fodder during dry seasons.^[65]^[66] Atriplex plays a key role in soil rehabilitation through phytoremediation of saline soils, where species like A. nummularia and A. hortensis accumulate salt ions in their leaves and bladders, reducing soil salinity over time while maintaining biomass production. Their deep root systems also aid erosion control in rangelands, stabilizing degraded desert landscapes in regions such as Australia and the Middle East by binding soil particles and preventing wind and water runoff. Global planting initiatives have established Atriplex stands in saline deserts to restore productivity on marginal lands previously unsuitable for conventional agriculture.^[67]^[68]^[69]^[62]^[47]^[70] Cultivation of Atriplex for agricultural purposes involves direct seeding at rates of 4-8 kg/ha for de-winged seeds, achieving establishment densities of 1,000-3,000 plants/ha in rows spaced 4-6 m apart to optimize growth in saline conditions. These shrubs exhibit strong grazing tolerance, allowing integration into rotational systems that promote resilience, and selected varieties, such as improved cultivars of A. nummularia, enhance palatability for better livestock acceptance without compromising salt tolerance. Hybrids between Atriplex species have been developed to further refine traits like forage quality, though field adoption remains focused on pure lines in most arid applications.^[37]^[51]^[71]^[63]^[72]^[73] Economically, Atriplex supports pastoralism on marginal lands by enabling forage production where traditional crops fail, thereby bolstering livelihoods in saline-affected areas and contributing to regional food security. Recent 2020s research emphasizes its potential in saline agriculture, with studies highlighting Atriplex's role in sustainable systems that mitigate climate impacts and expand arable land for livestock in arid zones.^[74]^[75]^[76]

Culinary and Medicinal Uses

Certain species of Atriplex, particularly A. hortensis (commonly known as garden orache or mountain spinach), have been utilized in culinary applications as a leafy green vegetable. The tender leaves of A. hortensis serve as a viable substitute for spinach in various dishes, including salads, soups, and steamed preparations, due to their mild flavor and ability to retain crispness when lightly cooked.^[77]^[78] This usage dates back historically, with the plant employed in European and Asian cuisines for its versatility in fresh and cooked forms.^[78] Nutritionally, Atriplex species like A. hortensis offer significant benefits, being rich in vitamins A and C, iron, and dietary fiber, which contribute to their value as a nutrient-dense green.^[79]^[80] The leaves also contain antioxidants such as betalains and flavonoids, which provide protective effects against oxidative stress.^[81] Recent 2025 research highlights Atriplex as a promising climate-smart crop for saline environments, enhancing food security in arid regions through its nutritional profile and salt tolerance.^[79] In traditional medicine, Atriplex halimus exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its polyphenolic compounds, which have been used to alleviate conditions like intestinal and renal pain.^[82]^[83] Extracts from A. halimus have shown antidiabetic effects by reducing blood glucose levels and inhibiting enzymes like α-amylase in experimental models.^[84] Additionally, traditional remedies involving A. halimus address wounds and skin injuries, with studies confirming its wound-healing activity through enhanced tissue regeneration in topical applications.^[85] The plant's organic extracts demonstrate antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains, supporting its ethnobotanical use for infections.^[86] For culinary cultivation, A. hortensis is grown as an annual in home gardens and small-scale plots, thriving in well-drained soils with moderate watering. Yields of fresh biomass can reach up to 14-20 tons per hectare under optimal conditions, making it suitable for vegetable production in temperate to subtropical climates.^[78]

Other Practical Applications

Atriplex species, particularly A. lentiformis and A. canescens, are valued in landscaping for their drought tolerance and adaptability to arid, saline environments, making them ideal for xeriscaping in regions like the southwestern United States. These shrubs provide aesthetic appeal with their silvery foliage and rounded forms, while reducing water demands in urban and residential designs; for instance, A. lentiformis thrives in low-water landscapes, supporting erosion control and wildlife habitat without supplemental irrigation once established.^[87]^[88] In industrial applications, Atriplex biomass shows promise as a feedstock for biofuel production due to its high yield in marginal lands. Species like A. crassifolia have been pretreated for bioethanol conversion, yielding fermentable sugars through methods such as alkaline and enzymatic processes, with potential for co-production of biohydrogen and biomethane via anaerobic digestion.^[89]^[90] Additionally, pigments extracted from A. rubra and A. hortensis var. rubra serve as natural dyes, offering red hues for textile coloring through solvent-based extraction, as demonstrated in studies on betacyanin stability.^[91] Beyond biofuels and dyes, several Atriplex taxa exhibit phytoremediation potential for heavy metals in contaminated soils; A. halimus accumulates copper, lead, nickel, and zinc from mine tailings, stabilizing pollutants while producing harvestable biomass, and A. hortensis tolerates high levels of zinc, lead, and cadmium in polluted environments.^[92]^[93]^[94] For conservation efforts, Atriplex plays a key role in revegetation of saline and mined lands, aiding habitat restoration in arid ecosystems. A. canescens (fourwing saltbush) is widely used to reclaim salt-affected soils, stabilizing surfaces, reducing erosion, and supporting biodiversity recovery in areas like North American salt deserts, where it forms foundational shrub communities.^[62]^[95] Similarly, A. nummularia facilitates rehabilitation of sodic and saline sites by improving soil structure and groundwater management, as seen in Australian and global projects that promote native flora resurgence.^[96]^[97]^[98] Historically, Aboriginal Australians utilized Atriplex species, known as saltbush, in cultural practices, including as a food source by grinding seeds for bush bread and applying leaves as poultices for wounds in arid regions. In modern contexts, saltbush-dominated plains in Australia attract eco-tourism, showcasing resilient ecosystems through guided outback tours that highlight biodiversity and indigenous heritage in places like national parks.^[99]^[100]

Safety and Toxicity

Health Risks

Atriplex species, commonly known as saltbushes, contain high levels of oxalates in their leaves, primarily in the form of calcium oxalate crystals such as sphaeraphides, which can irritate the oral mucosa upon consumption, leading to pain, swelling, and excessive salivation in both humans and livestock.^[101]^[102] These oxalates bind to calcium, potentially causing hypocalcemia, muscle tremors, and kidney stone formation in susceptible individuals or animals if ingested in large quantities.^[51]^[103] Atriplex can accumulate nitrates under environmental stress such as drought or high nitrogen inputs, potentially leading to methemoglobinemia (characterized by respiratory distress and cyanosis) in ruminants like cattle and sheep when plants are the primary diet source and exceed safe thresholds (e.g., >9000 ppm dry matter).^[104]^[105] Toxicity varies by species; for instance, Atriplex nummularia (old man saltbush) is generally safe for livestock when fed in moderation as part of a mixed diet but can become toxic if it constitutes the sole forage, due to high oxalate levels (typically 6-8% dry weight, with toxicity risks above ~8%) that induce calcium deficiency and related symptoms.^[51]^[101]^[12] In contrast, Atriplex rosea (red orache) poses risks from selenium accumulation in selenium-rich soils, which can cause chronic poisoning in grazing animals, manifesting as hoof deformities and hair loss when consumed excessively; mitigation includes soil testing and avoiding high-selenium areas.^[106] Environmental stresses, such as salinity or drought, elevate toxin levels in Atriplex plants; for example, saline conditions increase oxalate accumulation as a stress response, heightening risks for grazers.^[103] Overgrazed areas exacerbate sheep poisoning incidents, as animals are forced to consume higher proportions of Atriplex, leading to acute oxalate or nitrate intoxication cases reported in arid rangelands.^[107] Human incidents involving Atriplex are rare but include warnings against raw consumption of leaves due to oxalate variability, which can contribute to urinary tract stones in predisposed individuals.^[108] Recent studies from the 2020s highlight seasonal and edaphic factors influencing oxalate content, with higher concentrations in spring-stressed plants potentially amplifying these risks for foragers or supplemental feeders.^[79]^[103]

Mitigation Strategies

To mitigate the risks associated with oxalate accumulation in Atriplex species used as forage, dietary guidelines recommend gradually introducing the plants to livestock over four days, incrementally increasing grazing time to allow rumen adaptation and reduce acute toxicity.^[109] Mixing Atriplex with low-oxalate feeds, such as grasses or legumes, dilutes intake and limits potential for calcium binding and kidney damage, with saltbush comprising no more than 30-50% of the diet to minimize risks.^[110] For human consumption, cooking or blanching Atriplex leaves effectively reduces soluble oxalates; boiling for 5-10 minutes can lower levels by 30-87%, while blanching achieves 30-50% reduction, with the cooking water discarded to remove leached compounds.^[111]^[112] Breeding and selection programs focus on developing low-toxin cultivars of Atriplex, such as hybrids of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) with species like A. polycarpa or A. gardneri, which exhibit naturally lower oxalate concentrations compared to A. halimus (averaging 6-7% oxalate).^[47]^[101] Selecting varieties with reduced oxalate accumulation under saline conditions, through phenotypic screening for lower shoot concentrations, supports safer integration into saline agriculture systems, where ongoing monitoring of plant chemistry ensures toxin levels remain below thresholds.^[112]^[113] Regulatory frameworks from the USDA and FAO provide guidelines for safe forage planting of Atriplex, emphasizing establishment in early spring via transplants or late fall seeding on saline soils, with deferred rotation grazing to prevent overbrowsing and toxin buildup.^[62]^[114] For edible species, routine testing for nitrates is required (e.g., using the Nitrate QuikTest or laboratory analysis on dry matter samples from lower plant portions), with levels above 9000 ppm prompting ration limits to half the diet or less to avoid methemoglobinemia.^[115]^[116] Recent advances in 2025 research highlight processing techniques to minimize risks in halophyte farming, including optimizing nitrogen fertilization with ammonium-dominant sources (e.g., 100:0 NH₄⁺:NO₃⁻ ratios) to significantly reduce oxalate levels in Atriplex nummularia, combined with blanching for further post-harvest reduction. These methods, integrated with genetic selection for low-oxalate traits, enhance the viability of Atriplex in sustainable saline agriculture while addressing nutritional concerns.

References

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Atriplex L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
Accepted Species. Includes 250 Accepted Species. KB. Atriplex abata I.M.Johnst. Atriplex acanthocarpa (Torr.) S.Watson · Atriplex acutibractea R.H.Anderson ...
[2]
Atriplex - Jepson Herbarium - University of California, Berkeley
Common Name: GOOSEFOOT FAMILY · Habit: Annual to shrub; hairs simple, stellate, or glandular; plants in several genera scaly, mealy, or powdery from collapsed ...
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Atriplex - FNA - Flora of North America
Nov 5, 2020 · Herbs or shrubs, annual or perennial, monoecious or dioecious, often with bladderlike hairs that collapse to form silvery or scurfy (mealy) vesture.
[4]
Atriplex - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Atriplex is defined as a genus of deep-rooted, low sprawling saltbushes belonging to the Amaranthaceae family, which are drought and salt tolerant and have ...
[5]
Genus: Atriplex (orache) - Go Botany - Native Plant Trust
Most species of Atriplex produce distinctly different brown and black fruits. The brown fruits (ranging in color from brown to red-brown or yellow-brown) are ...
[6]
Atriplex nummularia Lindl. - World Flora Online
Morphology. Greyish green, predominantly dioecious shrub, up to 3 m tall, with creamy white stems. Leaves oval to triangular. Male flowers in separate ...General Information · Distribution Map · Information FromMissing: height | Show results with:height<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
Species: Atriplex canescens - USDA Forest Service
As a general pattern, fourwing saltbush is erect and round in form, with rigid, brittle stems. It is heavily branched, with tight, thin bark.
[8]
Atriplex hortensis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
Stems erect, mostly branched. Leaves mostly opposite or mostly alternate; petiole 0.3-4+ cm; blade green on both sides, ovate or ovate-lanceolate to cordate- ...
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Using evolution as a guide to engineer kranz-type c4 photosynthesis
Kranz-type C4 photosynthesis has independently and rapidly evolved over 60 times to dramatically increase radiation use efficiency in both monocots and ...
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Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae ...
Oct 1, 2010 · Morphologically, Stutzia is very similar to Atriplex. One difference is the presence of a small perianth in the female flowers, which is rare in ...
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The evolution of C4 photosynthesis - Sage - 2004 - New Phytologist
Dec 23, 2003 · Anatomically, C4 photosynthesis requires the modification of C3 leaf structure to form the inner compartment where Rubisco is localized and CO2 ...
[12]
Saltbush (Atriplex halimus) - Feedipedia
Jul 8, 2019 · Erosion control, windbreak and soil improver. Atriplex halimus has a deep, strongly developed taproot that can go as deep as 10 m below ground ...
[13]
How does leaf succulence relate to plant drought resistance in ... - NIH
Also, the root succulence of Atriplex halimus (C4 shrub) has been shown to assist in coping with salinity (Nedjimi et al. 2006), which can lead to physiological ...
[14]
Reproductive phenology and pre-dispersal fruit predation in Atriplex ...
Aug 12, 2013 · Atriplex halimus is a monoecious scrub that produces staminate flowers, with a whorl of 5 green sepals and 5 stamens, and female flowers with a ...Missing: dormancy | Show results with:dormancy
[15]
Fruit dispersal and seed banks in Atriplex sagittata: the role of ...
Dec 21, 2001 · Whilst seed dormancy enables survival in an environment which changes unpredictably over time, patterns of fruit dispersal may be an adaptation ...
[16]
A comparative study of invasive and non-invasive heterocarpic ...
Within the section Atriplex the invasive species Atriplex sagittata performed better than the non-invasive species A. hortensis in total mass and RGR. Within ...
[17]
[PDF] Plant Guide for shadscale saltbush (Atriplex confertifolia)
Jan 22, 2014 · Shadscale saltbush is slow to develop and not competitive in the first years of establishment. It should be planted in solid stands or in ...Missing: perennial | Show results with:perennial
[18]
Is osmotic adjustment required for water stress resistance ... - PubMed
Is osmotic adjustment required for water stress resistance in the Mediterranean shrub Atriplex halimus L? ... Betaine; Proline.
[19]
The Photosynthesis, Na+/K+ Homeostasis and ... - Frontiers
These results suggest that the betaine performed OA in A. canescens seedlings under higher salinity. On the other hand, it was reported that the betaine plays ...
[20]
Effect of salinity on osmotic adjustment, proline accumulation and ...
Sep 28, 2018 · Proline contribution to osmotic adjustment reached 36% in roots. In all organs, proline as well as δ-OAT activity increased with salt ...
[21]
Atriplex - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology. Latin atriplex, from Ancient Greek ἀτράφαξυς (atráphaxus), which is a substrate loan.
[22]
Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the ...
Large C4 genera of the Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae lineage that have diversified in such habitats are, e.g., Gomphrena, Amaranthus, Atriplex, Salsola, and ...
[23]
A new classification of C4- Atriplex species in Russia, with the first ...
Jul 22, 2022 · For a long time, the systematics of Atriplex was based solely on morphological characters and leaf anatomy.
[24]
Origin and age of Australian Chenopodiaceae - ScienceDirect
The majority of Australian Chenopodioideae belong to the two large world-wide genera Atriplex (about 200 species) and Chenopodium (about 140 spp.), which are ...
[25]
Atriplex semibaccata - FNA - Flora of North America
Nov 5, 2020 · 1810. Stanley L. Welsh. Common names: Creeping saltbush berry saltbush. Weedy Introduced Illustrated. Synonyms: Atriplex flagellaris Wooton & ...Missing: synonymy | Show results with:synonymy
[26]
Comparative Analysis of Six Chloroplast Genomes in Chenopodium ...
Dec 6, 2023 · The phylogenetic analysis showed that Chenopodium had the closest relationship with Atriplex, Beta, Dysphania, and Oxybasis and belonged to ...
[27]
We Need a Process for Managing and Reassessing Rediscovered ...
Jul 20, 2025 · Atriplex acutiloba is an erect annual or short-lived perennial herb (Figure 1). It is described as flowering May–September (PlantNET 2024) but, ...Missing: growth | Show results with:growth
[28]
[PDF] First records of the Australian invasive weed Atriplex semilunaris ...
Jan 17, 2025 · Finally, it cannot be ruled out that the species will spread further to the nearby North. African coastal areas (or is already occurring there ...
[29]
Origin and evolution of Atriplex (Amaranthaceae s.l.) in the Americas ...
Nov 21, 2019 · The C4 American lineage of Atriplex originated roughly 10.4 Ma (95% HPD = 13.31–7.62 Myr) in South America, where two lineages underwent in situ ...
[30]
Atriplex nummularia - Growing Native Plants
Dec 24, 2015 · About 61 species occur in Australia. A. nummularia is widespread in the inland semi-arid and arid regions of mainland Australia. It is usually, ...
[31]
https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Atriplex
[32]
https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex%20hortensis
[33]
A rare, new species of Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) comprising two ...
A rare, new tetraploid Atriplex, restricted to two populations ~30 km apart in arid Western Australia, is supported as a distinct species by morphological and ...<|separator|>
[34]
peregrine saltbush (Atriplex suberecta I. Verd.) - Invasive.Org
Invasive Listing Sources · Jil M. Swearingen, Survey of invasive plants occurring on National Park Service lands, 2000-2007 · WeedUS - Database of Plants Invading ...
[35]
Global historical biogeography of the saltbush genus Atriplex ...
Research article. From continental Asia into the world: Global historical biogeography of the saltbush genus Atriplex (Chenopodieae, Chenopodioideae, ...
[36]
[PDF] Atriplex L. - Forest Service
Growth habit, occurrence, and use. The genus AtriplexCsaltbushCis cosmopolitan in distribution and comprises about 250 species of annual and perennial herbs ...
[37]
Atriplex nummularia (Old man saltbush) - biodiversity explorer
Atriplex nummularia is native to Australia and has been introduced to arid and semi-arid areas of the world, including southern Africa.
[38]
Atriplex micrantha | Euro+Med-Plantbase
Crimea native; Estonia casual; Finland casual; France, with Channel is. and Monaco casual; Georgia native; Germany naturalised; Israel/Palestine native ...
[39]
Atriplex semibaccata R.Br. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
Native to: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia. Introduced into: Algeria, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, ...
[40]
[PDF] symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related chenopods
Dec 22, 1981 · Chenopods are a unique family of plants with many physiological, morphological, and genetic adaptations and characteristics that enable them to ...
[41]
Physiological Responses and Adaptations of the Halophyte Atriplex ...
They are equipped with salt bladders which accumulate salt. These glandular structures are not specific to Na and Cl but also accumulate and excrete PTEs such ...
[42]
Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Halophytes - PubMed Central - NIH
Generally, halophytes follow three mechanisms of salt tolerance; reduction of the Na+ influx, compartmentalization, and excretion of sodium ions [17].Missing: glandular | Show results with:glandular
[43]
Effect of high salinity on Atriplex portulacoides: Growth, leaf water ...
A. portulacoides growth was optimal at 200 mM NaCl but higher salinities (especially 800 and 1000 mM NaCl) significantly reduced plant growth.
[44]
[PDF] The tolerance of Atriplex halimus L. to environmental stresses
Nov 10, 2014 · Atriplex halimus develops a dual root system: long, main roots and secondary roots borne on them permit the uptake of water from depths of up ...
[45]
Flavonoids are involved in salt tolerance through ROS scavenging ...
Dec 21, 2023 · Acting as UV filters, flavonoids protect plants from harmful ultraviolet radiation. They can also scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) to ...
[46]
[PDF] Fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens, Plant Guide
It has excellent drought tolerance and has been planted in highway medians and on road shoulders, ... sandy to coarse gravely soils, plant up to ¾ inch deep.Missing: succulent | Show results with:succulent
[47]
Varied responses of Atriplex canescens to different intensities of ...
Oct 11, 2025 · Irrigating A. canescens with an appropriate amount of brackish water can help improve and sustainably utilize salt-affected lands.
[48]
Atriplex semibaccata Plant Assessment Form
Aug 27, 2004 · Identify dispersal mechanisms: Fruits are dispersed by frugivores: mammals, birds, reptiles, and ants. Seeds dispersed by water, in mud or soil ...
[49]
Potential use of oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) in ...
This paper presents a thorough review of the literature on fodder potential of oldman saltbush and highlights the main constraints and opportunities
[50]
Old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) - Feedipedia
Atriplex nummularia is a perennial, long-lived shrub that reaches 3 m in height and 2.5-3 m in diameter. It is silvery grey in colour. Its habit is variable ...
[51]
A Technique to Simplify Herbivore Diet Analysis
A technique for the analysis of the diet of herbivores has been developed, which is much faster and no less accurate than the traditional method of counting ...
[52]
Coleophora atriplicis [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae] in Leaf and stem ...
Jun 25, 2019 · Seed-feeder and case-bearer: The larva feeds internally at first on seeds and then makes a distinctive 'dirty-looking' case, which is coated with dark granules.Missing: herbivores atriplicella
[53]
[PDF] Arthropod associates of plants at the Nevada Test Site
Oct 15, 2017 · Relative abundance of arthropods associated with Atriplex ... stem- and leaf-dwelling arthropods. Next was the systematic removal of stems.
[54]
Growth response of Atriplex nummularia to inoculation with ...
Chenopods are generally regarded as non-host plants for mycorrhizal fungi and are believed not to benefit from colonization by mycorrhizal fungi.
[55]
Mycorrhizal Atriplex nummularia promote revegetation and shifts in ...
Moreover, the microbial community is influenced by the type of vegetation, which can affect soil structure and physical-chemical properties, microclimate, ...
[56]
The nutritional value of Atriplex spp. as fodder for arid regions
Forage was analysed for crude protein, ash, gross energy, neutral and acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, phosphorous content and dry and organic ...
[57]
[PDF] Nutrient utilization of acacia, haloxylon, and atriplex spe
The chemical composition of the atriplex clippings analyzed (Table 1) had high crude protein (18.5%) yet low crude fiber (23.7%) for a forage, on a dry matter ...
[58]
Characterization of edible biomass of Atriplex halimus L. and its ...
The chemical composition of A. halimus leaves showed its high protein (16.16%) and mineral (23.51%) content, whereas the twigs showed high levels of NDF and ADF ...
[59]
Atriplex nummularia: Highly drought and salt tolerant shrub, well ...
Jun 30, 2017 · This plant is a good choice for sites high in salinity. It will grow in saline environments up to 300 mM and growth will decrease in higher ...
[60]
[PDF] Plant Guide for fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens)
Planting one male plant for every 5 female plants is recommended. Fourwing saltbush is wind pollinated and seed production stands should be designed with the ...<|separator|>
[61]
[PDF] Old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) | Feedipedia - Agritrop
Dec 8, 2016 · Heavy grazing at high stocking rates should be done for 4-6 week periods, at 6-8 months intervals to allow good regrowth.Missing: hybrids | Show results with:hybrids
[62]
[PDF] Effects of Grazing Intensity by Sheep on the Production of Atiplex ...
The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of grazing ATNU at two intensities (moderate and heavy) on subsequent production of ATNU browse, ...
[63]
The role of saltbush-based pasture systems for the production of high quality sheep and goat meat
### Summary on Atriplex Saltbush and Omega-3/Fatty Acids in Sheep/Goat Meat
[64]
Meat Quality of Lambs Fed Different Saltbush Hay (Atriplex ...
The effects of saltbush hay levels (30, 40, 50 and 60%) were evaluated based on physical-chemical, nutritional and sensory parameters of Santa Inês lamb meat.
[65]
Utilization of the halophytic shrubs Atriplex nummularia Lindl and ...
Oct 17, 2022 · The perennial halophytic shrubs Atriplex nummularia and Rhagodia preissii are native to Australia and can be planted on saline land to produce sheep and cattle ...
[66]
Sustainable phytoremediation of saline soils using Atriplex hortensis L.
Sep 15, 2025 · A review of the role of salt-tolerant plants in the rehabilitation of saline-degraded land. Arid Soil Res. Rehabil 14, 107–130. doi: 10.1080 ...
[67]
[PDF] production of the forage halophyte atriplex lentiformis on
The majority of the research on Atriplex spp. as a feed supplement have come from Australia, South Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Desert.
[68]
[PDF] sustainable use of marginal lands to improve food security in the ...
Aug 31, 2017 · The species such as. Prosopis, Tamarix and Atriplex, are naturally occurring plants in coastal or inland areas where soils are saline and.
[69]
Factsheet - Creeping saltbush - Lucid key
Sowing/planting rates as single species A seeding rate of 5-7 kg/ha should be sufficient. It is important to use viable seed. Determining the viability of seed ...
[70]
Oldman saltbush helps farm profits and ecosystem health - CSIRO
Oct 30, 2018 · NATIVE Oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) ... It seems to be a better feed than past varieties, and sheep graze it as a first preference.
[71]
[PDF] Adaptation Trials of Atriplex and Maireana Species and ... - DocsDrive
This characteristic was present but less well developed in the hybrid A. amnicola x nummularia. Lateral growth rates of 4.1 m have been measured for individual ...
[72]
Economic impacts assessment of saline agriculture on marginal ...
Aug 6, 2025 · The paper aims to measure how to improve the livelihood of small farmers in the New Valley through disseminating and applying models for ...Missing: Atriplex pastoralism 2020s
[73]
Climate-smart Halophyte: The Role of Atriplex in Future Food Security
Oct 8, 2025 · Saline agriculture may contribute to food production in the face of the declining availability of fresh water and an expanding area of ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[74]
Climate-smart halophyte: the role of atriplex in future food security
Jan 1, 2025 · Atriplex species stand out for their high productivity, wide distribution, and strong environmental tolerance, widely used in livestock feed, ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[75]
Atriplex hortensis (garden orache) | CABI Compendium
Nov 16, 2021 · Orach is often grown as a substitute for spinach in warm climates because flowering is slow and plants tolerate higher temperatures even though ...<|separator|>
[76]
Atriplex hortensis Orach, Garden orache PFAF Plant Database
Atriplex hortensis is a ANNUAL growing to 1.8 m (6ft) by 0.3 m (1ft in) at a fast rate. See above for USDA hardiness. It is hardy to UK zone 6 and is not ...
[77]
Climate-smart Halophyte: The role of Atriplex in future food security
Atriplex species are herbs and moderate-sized shrubs. A. nummularia (Fig. 1B), A. halimus, A. lentiformis and A. canescens are among the tallest Atriplex ...
[78]
Exploring Nutritional potential of Atriplex hortensis - ResearchGate
Apr 4, 2017 · Rinchen and Singh (2015) reported that the iron content of Artiplex hortensis grown in Ladakh (Region of India) was 100 mg/kg, which is similar ...Missing: AC | Show results with:AC
[79]
Betalains isolated from underexploited wild plant Atriplex hortensis ...
Jul 15, 2023 · The presence of 12 betacyanins in the extracts was strongly correlated with high antioxidant activity measured by ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC assays.Missing: flavonoids | Show results with:flavonoids
[80]
[PDF] Anti-inflammatory and hemostatic Activities of Methanolic Extract ...
As a result, scientists have explored the possibility that Atriplex halimus has an anti-diabetic effect and is hypolipidemic. (Mirsky and Nitsa, 2001). Page 5 ...Missing: wounds antimicrobial<|separator|>
[81]
Atriplex halimus: Phytochemical Insights, Traditional Applications ...
Nov 19, 2024 · From the flavonoids detected in A. halimus: catechin, rutin, myricetin, and quercetin (Figure 3B) [15]. These identified flavonoids in our plant ...5 Ethnobotanical Uses · 7.1 Antioxidant Capacity · 7.5 Cytotoxicity Of A...<|separator|>
[82]
Antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Atriplex halimus L ...
These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of A. halimus has beneficial effects in reducing the elevated blood glucose level and hepatic levels in ...
[83]
[PDF] Polyphenols profiles and wound healing activity of Atriplex Halimus ...
ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing effect of cream based on extract of Atriplex halimus collected from the Southwestern Algeria in rat ...
[84]
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of ...
Several salt-marsh species (Atriplex L.) have traditionally been used for medical aims, such as A. vestita (Thunb.) Aellen, A. hortensis L., A. halimus L., A.2. Materials And Methods · 3. Results And Discussion · 3.3. Antibacterial Activity
[85]
[PDF] INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has ...
and Atriplex spp.. are grown for oil and fodder production. LANDSCAPING OF DROUGHT AND SALT STRESSED ENVIRONMENTS. Since saline environments predominate arid ...
[86]
Shallow To Gravel (SwGr) Big Horn Basin Core
Mar 26, 2025 · Ornamental Species: The forbs commonly found as well as the shrub component of these communities have been used in landscaping and xeriscaping.
[87]
Effect of pretreatment strategies on halophyte Atriplex crassifolia to ...
Feb 20, 2023 · The current research was aimed at exploring the best pre-treatment method for the bioconversion of halophyte Atriplex crassifolia into saccharides using three ...
[88]
Co-production of biohydrogen and biomethane utilizing halophytic ...
Jul 6, 2023 · The present study assessed the co-production of biohydrogen (H 2 ) and biomethane (CH 4 ) by utilizing a less explored halophyte Atriplexcrassifolia.
[89]
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1135424/full
[90]
Phytoremediation of mine tailings with Atriplex halimus and organic ...
Atriplex halimus L. is a shrub belonging to Amaranthaceae family, tolerates high concentration of salts and metals in soils (Clemente et al., 2012; Pardo et al.
[91]
Potential of halophytic plant Atriplex hortensis for phytoremediation ...
Mar 5, 2023 · The results obtained in our study show that A. hortensis can grow in environments heavily polluted by metals, such as zinc, lead, and cadmium.
[92]
Accumulation of Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in the halophyte plant Atriplex ...
Sep 20, 2011 · Phytoremediation is a promising method for reclamation of soils contaminated with toxic metals using hyperaccumulator plants.1, 2 Heavy metal ...
[93]
Restoration of North American Salt Deserts: A Look at the Past and ...
Sep 1, 2018 · North American salt deserts are typically characterized by slow-growing Atriplex shrubs and perennial grasses with biological soil crusts ...
[94]
Reclamation of Saline Soil under Association between Atriplex ...
Jul 29, 2022 · Phytoremediation is an efficient technique for the reclamation of salt-affected soils by growing plants. The present study aims to evaluate ...
[95]
Chapter VI. Rehabilitation of saline environment
Revegetation of bare salt-affected soils using these shrubs may provide forage or fuel, reduce run-off, erosion and groundwater levels and improve the aesthetic ...
[96]
Potential Use of Halophytes to Remediate Saline Soils - PMC - NIH
Several halophyte species including grasses, shrubs, and trees can remove the salt from different kinds of salt-affected problematic soils.
[97]
Saltbush | Australian native plants - NSW National Parks
Atriplex nummularia has semi-succulent, diamond shaped leaves and slender branches. This hardy desert plant flowers between December to April. The fruit of the ...
[98]
Saltbush Information and Facts - Specialty Produce
Saltbush has been used by the native Aborigines of Australia for centuries for both culinary and medicinal purposes. The indigenous people collected the seeds ...
[99]
(PDF) Oxalate and Tannins Assessment in Atriplex halimus L. and A ...
Aug 10, 2025 · Atriplex halimus contained higher levels of oxalate (7.00%) compared with A. nummularia plants (6.20%) (P < 0.001). Oxalate levels averaged 8.29 ...
[100]
Mucosal Injury From Calcium Oxalate Crystals Resembling ...
Sep 24, 2018 · Upon mucosal contact, injury can cause extreme pain, soft-tissue swelling, salivation, dysphagia, and even aphonia. This presentation can resemble angioedema ...Missing: Atriplex | Show results with:Atriplex
[101]
Salinity and Nitrogen Availability Affect Growth, Oxalate Metabolism ...
Oxalate helps plants cope with salinity stress but can cause health issues in humans. ... Nitrate may negatively affect human health, and because leafy ...
[102]
[PDF] An Annotated Checklist of Poisonous or Injurious Plants of New ...
In addition to direct losses by death, there are those due to weight loss, poor reproductive performance, and poor health.Missing: risks | Show results with:risks
[103]
[PDF] Plants Poisonous to Livestock in Montana and Wyoming
The risk of plant poisoning increases when animals are bedded down in the same area for several nights. High-use areas are subject to overgrazing of palatable.
[104]
Expression Analysis of Oxalate Metabolic Pathway Genes Reveals ...
For human beings, oxalate is an anti-nutrient and an excessive consumption ... health hazards to humans. During the past decades, the genetic variation of ...
[105]
[PDF] Nitrate and Oxalate Poisoning
Within a few hours of poisoning, animals develop muscle tremors, tetany (calcium deficiency), weakness and recumbency (inability to stand upright without ...Missing: Atriplex health risks humans
[106]
[PDF] Optimising establishment and utilisation of saltbush-based forage ...
However, salt limiting intake reduces risk of these toxicities as animals need to dilute the shrub diet with other feeds. Be aware of the nitrate toxicity risk ...
[107]
Effect of different cooking methods on vegetable oxalate content
Boiling markedly reduced soluble oxalate content by 30-87% and was more effective than steaming (5-53%) and baking (used only for potatoes, no oxalate loss).
[108]
Commercial Cultivation of Edible Halophytes: The Issue of Oxalates ...
Jan 24, 2024 · 6. Genetic Engineering to Reduce Oxalates. Advanced genomic techniques, such as RNAi, gene editing, gene over-expression, and genomics-assisted ...Missing: livestock | Show results with:livestock
[109]
[PDF] Oxalate Accumulation in Forage Plants - Semantic Scholar
Abu-Zanat et al. (2003) also observed that seedlings of Atriplex nummularia contained more oxalate than old plants (9.65% and 7.63%), whereas old shrubs of ...
[110]
Ch18 - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
A few small beginnings indicate that halophytes will give profitable production on land incapable of supporting other plants. Rehabilitation of saline ...
[111]
Testing for Nitrates in Your Forages - UGA
Mar 16, 2021 · 6500-9000 ppm should be limited to one half of the ration, regardless of the class of animal. If your forage has over 9000 ppm of nitrates, ...
[112]
[PDF] Forage Nitrate Analysis: What Method to Use - Agriculture
Methods include Nitrate QuikTest (qualitative), Nitrate Strip Test (qualitative, requires drying/grinding), and Commercial Laboratory Analysis (quantitative).
[113]
Management Strategies for the Anti-nutrient Oxalic Acid in Foods
Jan 8, 2025 · This thorough review aims to analyze the various aspects of oxalate content in foods, including its occurrence, biosynthesis, metabolism, and ...