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CL

In mathematics, the closure operator, often denoted \operatorname{cl}, is a function that maps subsets of a given set to their closures, defined as the smallest closed sets containing those subsets, satisfying monotonicity, extensivity, and idempotence.^[1] These properties ensure that for any subset A, \operatorname{cl}(A) \supseteq A, \operatorname{cl}(\operatorname{cl}(A)) = \operatorname{cl}(A), and if A \subseteq B then \operatorname{cl}(A) \subseteq \operatorname{cl}(B).^[2] Originating in the study of topological spaces where closed sets are complements of open sets, the closure of A consists of A union its limit points, providing a fundamental tool for analyzing convergence and continuity.^[3] Beyond topology, closure operators generalize to algebraic structures, such as span in vector spaces or generated subgroups in groups, capturing the minimal extension under specific operations.^[1] This concept underpins key results like the fact that the closure of the closure equals the closure itself, essential for proofs in metric and topological spaces.^[4]

Science and Mathematics

Chemistry

Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17, placing it in group 17 (halogens) and period 3 of the periodic table.^[5]^[6] Its standard atomic weight is 35.45(1), reflecting the weighted average of its stable isotopes.^[7] Chlorine was first isolated in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele via the reaction of manganese(IV) oxide (MnO₂) with hydrochloric acid (HCl), though initially mistaken for a compound containing oxygen.^[8]^[9] British chemist Humphry Davy recognized it as an element in 1810 and named it after the Greek chlōros, meaning "greenish-yellow," due to its color.^[8] In its standard state at 25°C and 1 atm, chlorine exists as the diatomic molecule Cl₂, a toxic, pale greenish-yellow gas with a density of 3.214 g/L and boiling point of −34.04°C.^[5]^[6] The Cl₂ molecule features a covalent bond with a bond dissociation energy of 243 kJ/mol and exhibits high reactivity as a strong oxidizing agent, readily forming chloride ions (Cl⁻) upon gaining an electron.^[6] Chlorine's electron configuration is [Ne] 3s²3p⁵, with 17 electrons distributed across three shells.^[6] The element has two stable isotopes: ³⁵Cl (mass 34.96885 u, natural abundance 75.77%) and ³⁷Cl (mass 36.96590 u, natural abundance 24.23%), with no long-lived radioactive isotopes in nature.^[10] These isotopes contribute to chlorine's atomic weight variation in geological samples, where ³⁷Cl enrichment occurs in evaporite minerals due to fractionation effects.^[7] Isotopic ratios are used in analytical chemistry for mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of chlorine-containing compounds.^[10] The chloride ion (Cl⁻) is the one-electron reduction product of chlorine, possessing a noble gas configuration [Ar] or [Ne] 3s²3p⁶, making it colorless, diamagnetic, and highly stable in ionic lattices. It forms electrovalent bonds in salts like sodium chloride (NaCl, ionic lattice with Na⁺Cl⁻ formula unit, melting point 801°C, solubility 359 g/L in water at 25°C), potassium chloride (KCl), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂), which exhibit varying solubilities based on lattice energy and hydration effects.^[11] In aqueous solution, Cl⁻ has a hydrated radius of approximately 0.181 nm and serves as a spectator ion in many precipitation reactions, except with Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg₂²⁺ to form insoluble chlorides.

Physics and Biology

The centiliter (cL), equivalent to 10 milliliters or 0.01 liters, serves as a metric unit for volume in precise scientific measurements, including those in physics experiments involving fluid dynamics and biological assays requiring small liquid volumes.^[12] ^[13] This unit facilitates empirical quantification of substances in laboratory settings, such as dosing solutions or sample preparations, where accuracy to the milliliter scale is essential for reproducible results.^[14] In astrophysics, the notation "CL" prefixes designations for galaxy clusters, large gravitationally bound structures comprising hundreds to thousands of galaxies, as observed through empirical surveys like X-ray emissions and weak lensing.^[15] ^[16] Examples include CL 1604 at redshift z=0.9, analyzed for its complex filamentary structure via multi-wavelength data, and CL 0217+70, characterized by elongated X-ray emissions indicating intracluster medium dynamics.^[15] ^[16] These observations rely on causal mechanisms like gravitational collapse and dark matter halos, with cluster masses derived from hydrostatic equilibrium models calibrated against cosmological simulations. In physiology and pharmacokinetics, CL denotes clearance, the volume of blood plasma irreversibly cleared of a substance per unit time, typically measured in milliliters per minute and grounded in empirical plasma concentration-time curves.^[17] ^[18] For instance, total clearance (CL) is calculated as the dose divided by the area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC), reflecting elimination efficiency via organs like the liver and kidneys.^[17] ^[19] In renal physiology, creatinine clearance (CL_CR) estimates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) through timed urine collections and blood samples, providing a causal measure of nephron function based on filtration-reabsorption dynamics, with normal adult values around 90-120 mL/min.^[18] ^[20] This parameter's derivation from observable excretion rates underscores its role in assessing physiological homeostasis without assuming unverified models.^[21]

Computing and Technology

Programming and Software

Common Lisp, often abbreviated as CL, is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language that extends the Lisp family with object-oriented, imperative, and functional features.^[22] It originated from efforts in the early 1980s to standardize disparate Lisp implementations, culminating in the 1984 publication of Common Lisp: The Language by Guy L. Steele Jr., which defined a core specification without ANSI oversight.^[22] The American National Standards Institute formalized it as ANSI X3.226-1994 (later INCITS 226-1994), approved for publication in January 1994, establishing a portable dialect with dynamic typing, garbage collection, and extensive support for metaprogramming via macros that enable compile-time code transformation.^[23] This standardization addressed fragmentation in earlier Lisps, tracing back to John McCarthy's 1958 definition of Lisp as a list-processing language for symbolic AI, though Common Lisp incorporates conditionals, lexical scoping, and packages for modularity absent in original Lisp.^[24] Common Lisp's implementation history emphasizes extensibility and performance, with implementations like SBCL (Steel Bank Common Lisp) optimizing via native compilation and type inference since its 1999 fork from CMUCL.^[25] It has been applied in domains requiring rapid prototyping and domain-specific languages, such as AI systems (e.g., early expert systems) and financial modeling, due to its REPL-driven development and condition system for robust error handling.^[26] No revisions to the core standard have occurred since 1994, preserving backward compatibility but limiting adoption amid competition from more modern languages.^[27] OpenCL (Open Computing Language), abbreviated CL, is a framework for parallel programming on heterogeneous computing systems, including CPUs, GPUs, DSPs, and FPGAs.^[28] Developed as an open, royalty-free standard by the Khronos Group, it was initially proposed by Apple Inc. and first specified in OpenCL 1.0, released on December 8, 2008, to enable portable, vendor-agnostic code execution across accelerators.^[29] The API supports C-like kernels for data-parallel tasks, with host-side control via C/C++ bindings, facilitating GPGPU computing by abstracting hardware differences through a unified memory model and command queues.^[30] Subsequent versions, such as OpenCL 1.2 ratified on November 15, 2011, added features like device fission and improved image support, while OpenCL 3.0 (provisional, announced April 27, 2020) deprecated sub-2.0 profiles for forward compatibility.^[29]^[31] Its history reflects a shift from proprietary GPU APIs, promoting cross-vendor interoperability but facing challenges from competitors like CUDA due to NVIDIA's ecosystem lock-in. Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) extends traditional logic programming by incorporating constraint solvers over domains like reals, integers, or finite sets, enabling declarative modeling of combinatorial optimization and scheduling problems.^[32] Emerging in the mid-1980s as a fusion of Prolog-style unification with numeric/symbolic constraint propagation, it replaces rigid unification with lazy constraint evaluation to avoid search explosion in NP-hard domains.^[33] Pioneering systems include CHIP (1987, for finite domains), Prolog III (1988, integrating constraints natively), and CLP(R) (1987, from IBM's Joxan Jaffar and team, supporting real arithmetic via simplex methods).^[34]^[35] CLP's development addressed logic programming's limitations in handling quantitative constraints, influencing modern solvers like Gecode and OR-Tools for applications in rostering, routing, and verification, with backtracking augmented by arc consistency and branching heuristics.^[36] Theoretical foundations, formalized in Jaffar and Lassez's 1987 framework, ensure soundness via fixpoint semantics over Herbrand universes extended with constraint stores.^[37]

Hardware and Systems

CAS latency (CL), or Column Address Strobe latency, measures the number of clock cycles required for a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) module to access and deliver data from a specified column after receiving the CAS signal. This parameter is integral to DRAM timing specifications, directly influencing memory read performance in hardware systems such as personal computers and servers. Lower CL values enable quicker data retrieval, but achieving them often requires higher operating voltages or advanced fabrication processes to maintain signal integrity and error rates below thresholds like 1 in 10^15 bit errors.^[38] For example, DDR4 modules typically range from CL14 to CL22 at frequencies up to 3200 MT/s, while DDR5 implementations as of 2025 commonly feature CL30 to CL40 at 6000 MT/s or higher, where absolute latency in nanoseconds (calculated as CL divided by clock frequency in GHz) remains competitive despite nominal increases in cycle count.^[39] CL timings originated with the standardization of synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) in the mid-1990s, marking a shift from asynchronous memory to clock-synchronized operations that aligned with processor cycles for improved bandwidth.^[40] Early PC-era modules, such as PC100 SDRAM, operated at CL2 or CL3, setting precedents for subsequent double data rate (DDR) generations where CL interacts with other timings like tRCD (row-to-column delay) and tRP (row precharge) to determine overall system responsiveness. In hardware engineering trade-offs, optimizing CL involves balancing power consumption—typically 1.2V for DDR4 versus 1.1V for DDR5—with thermal limits and motherboard compatibility, as excessive tightening can lead to instability without enhanced cooling or error-correcting code (ECC) support.^[41] In processor cache hierarchies, CL may refer to cache line (CL) structures, where fixed-size blocks (commonly 64 bytes in x86 architectures) are fetched as atomic units to minimize latency penalties from main memory accesses.^[42] These CL units in L1 caches (often 32 KB per core with 1-4 cycle access) and larger L2/L3 shared pools (up to 30 MB in recent Intel Core or AMD Ryzen designs) exploit spatial locality, reducing average access times from hundreds of cycles in DRAM to under 10 cycles. Hardware implementations prioritize CL alignment in load/store operations to avoid partial line evictions, impacting metrics like instructions per cycle (IPC) in workloads with irregular access patterns.^[43] Control logic units in chip design encompass the combinatorial and sequential circuitry that orchestrates timing signals, decode instructions, and manage state transitions within CPUs, GPUs, and memory controllers. These units, often implemented in hardwired or microprogrammed forms, ensure causal sequencing of operations, such as pipeline stalls or branch predictions, with latencies measured in gate delays (e.g., 10-20 ps per stage in 5nm processes). In configurable variants like Silicon Labs' CLUs, dedicated hardware logic blocks allow custom finite state machines without CPU intervention, enhancing real-time responsiveness in embedded systems at costs below 1% area overhead.^[44] Trade-offs include increased design complexity versus flexibility, as denser control logic can elevate power draw by 5-10% under high-frequency operation.^[45]

Industry and Engineering

Manufacturing and Standards

The chlor-alkali process represents a cornerstone of industrial chlorine (Cl) manufacturing, involving the electrolysis of sodium chloride brine to produce chlorine gas, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen. This electrolytic method was developed in 1892 and achieved commercial scale by the late 1800s, enabling large-volume production for applications in disinfectants, plastics like PVC, and water treatment chemicals.^[46]^[47] Modern variants, including membrane cell technology adopted widely since the 1970s, prioritize energy efficiency and reduced mercury emissions compared to earlier diaphragm or mercury cells, with global capacity exceeding 80 million metric tons annually as of recent industry assessments.^[48] In chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing, the centiliter (cl), defined as 0.01 liter or 10 milliliters, functions as a standardized metric volume unit for packaging and intermediate dosing of liquids, facilitating precise handling in processes requiring volumes between milliliters and liters. This unit aligns with SI-derived measurements endorsed by bodies like the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), supporting compliance in bulk liquid transfer and formulation where scalability from lab to production scales demands consistent metric notation.^[12] Quality control protocols in manufacturing employ "CL" to denote the centerline in statistical process control (SPC) charts, which plot process variables against time to detect deviations from expected performance. The CL, calculated as the grand mean of subgroup averages, serves as the reference axis between upper (UCL) and lower (LCL) control limits, typically set at ±3 standard deviations, enabling real-time monitoring of variables like dimensions or defect rates in assembly lines.^[49] This notation underpins ISO 7870 standards for control charts, promoting process stability in sectors such as automotive and electronics.^[50] Engineering standards for contamination-sensitive manufacturing define cleanliness levels (CL) to quantify allowable particulate matter on surfaces, as specified in IEST-STD-CC1246D, which categorizes levels like CL 400 based on particle size and density per unit area. These protocols are integral to cleanroom operations in semiconductor and aerospace fabrication, where exceeding CL thresholds risks yield losses, with verification involving standardized sampling and optical microscopy.^[51] Such classifications ensure causal links between environmental controls and product reliability, overriding less rigorous historical methods.

Materials and Processes

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a chlorine-containing polymer constituting about 57% chlorine by weight, derives its mechanical durability and chemical resistance from the stable carbon-chlorine bonds in its backbone, which resist hydrolysis, oxidation, and microbial attack, enabling long-term performance in harsh environments like piping and construction profiles with service lives exceeding 50 years.^[52] The chlorine atoms also confer flame retardancy by liberating hydrogen chloride gas upon heating, diluting flammable vapors and inhibiting radical chain reactions in combustion.^[53] These attributes result from chlorine's electronegativity, which polarizes the polymer chain and strengthens intermolecular forces without relying on additives for basic stability. Environmental critiques of PVC center on lifecycle emissions tied to its chlorine content: the chlor-alkali electrolysis for precursor vinyl chloride consumes 25-30% of global chlorine production and generates mercury-contaminated byproducts if not mitigated, while thermal degradation or incineration at incomplete combustion temperatures (below 850°C) yields polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, bioaccumulative toxins detected in emissions at parts-per-trillion levels.^[54] Flexible formulations leach phthalates, with studies quantifying indoor phthalate concentrations up to 10 μg/m³ from PVC flooring, correlating with elevated human exposure via dust ingestion.^[55] Proponents counter that PVC's extended durability—reducing replacement frequency by factors of 2-5 over alternatives like wood or metal—lowers net resource extraction and energy use across 100-year building cycles, though dechlorination recycling via pyrolysis recovers only 70-80% monomer yield due to side reactions.^[52] Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), produced by free-radical chlorination of high-density polyethylene to 25-45% chlorine substitution, exhibits enhanced low-temperature flexibility (glass transition down to -40°C at lower Cl levels) and oil impermeability from increased chain polarity, which boosts van der Waals interactions and diffusion barriers.^[56] Higher chlorine fractions (35-45%) amplify flame retardancy and tensile modulus up to 20 MPa, suiting applications in impact-modified roofing and belting where causal resistance to UV-induced cracking stems from chlorine's scavenging of free radicals. Process control maintains uniform chlorination via gas-phase reactors at 50-100°C, yielding elastomers with elongation at break over 500% versus unchlorinated polyethylene's brittleness. In fuel engineering, catalytic liquefaction (CL) processes convert coal or biomass into synthetic crude by dispersing catalysts like MoS₂ (1-5 wt%) in feedstocks under 15-20 MPa H₂ and 400-450°C, where hydrogenolysis cleaves C-C and C-O bonds, with material linings (e.g., Hastelloy C-276) selected for pitting resistance exceeding 1000 hours in H₂S/Cl⁻ simulants.^[57] Yields reach 60-70% liquids from sub-bituminous coals, driven by catalyst dispersion enhancing mass transfer, though chlorine impurities in feedstocks (<0.1 wt%) accelerate corrosion via HCl formation, necessitating alloyed reactor steels with >20% Cr for passive film stability.^[58]

Organizations and Institutions

Companies and Brands

Colgate-Palmolive Company, traded under the NYSE ticker symbol CL, is a multinational consumer goods corporation specializing in oral care, personal care, home care, and pet nutrition products. Founded in 1806 by William Colgate in New York City as a starch, soap, and candle manufacturing business, it expanded through innovations like the first Colgate toothpaste in 1873 and merged with Palmolive-Peet in 1928 to form the modern entity.^[59]^[60] By 2023, the company reported global net sales of approximately $19.5 billion, with leading brands including Colgate toothpaste, which holds significant market share in oral care worldwide due to its emphasis on fluoride formulations backed by dental research.^[61] Clarks, a British footwear manufacturer and retailer formally known as C. & J. Clark, originated in 1825 when brothers Cyrus and James Clark began producing sheepskin slippers in Street, Somerset, leveraging local tannery resources. The brand gained prominence in the mid-20th century with innovations such as the 1957 Desert Boot, blending casual style with orthopedic comfort features like crepe soles, and expanded internationally through over 1,000 stores by the 2010s.^[62]^[63] In fiscal year 2023, Clarks achieved revenues exceeding £1.5 billion, maintaining market influence in casual and comfort footwear segments despite retail challenges, with production shifting from UK factories to global suppliers for cost efficiency.^[64] CL by Laundry is a women's footwear sub-brand under the Laundry Club portfolio, offering affordable heels, sandals, wedges, and boots targeted at trend-conscious consumers. Emerging from Chinese Laundry, founded in 1971 by Robert and Carol Goldman in Los Angeles as an importer of fashion footwear, CL by Laundry was developed as an accessible extension focusing on versatile, everyday styles with synthetic materials and moderate pricing under $100 per pair.^[65]^[66] Distributed through major retailers like DSW and Famous Footwear, it contributes to the parent company's growth in the competitive U.S. women's shoe market, emphasizing seasonal trends and wide sizing options.^[67] Companhia das Lezírias (CL), Portugal's largest agribusiness and forestry holding, was established in 1836 in the Lezíria region between the Tagus and Sorraia rivers, initially for land reclamation and rice production. Spanning 18,000 hectares, it diversifies into cattle breeding (notably Lusitano horses), wine, cork, and olive oil, with annual rice output exceeding 20,000 tons and vineyards covering 130 hectares yielding premium varietals.^[68]^[69] The company's sustainable practices, including flood-irrigated paddies and certified forestry, support Portugal's export-oriented agricultural sector, generating economic impact through direct sales and tourism via its CL Shop.^[70]

Non-Commercial Entities

The Citizens League is a nonpartisan nonprofit think tank headquartered in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area of Minnesota, established in 1952 to promote effective governance and civic participation.^[71] It advances policy solutions by facilitating public dialogue, research, and advocacy on issues such as public service reform and inclusive decision-making, relying on member support rather than government funding.^[72] The organization maintains operating committees to guide its nonpartisan efforts in empowering residents to influence state-level policy.^[73] Community leagues operate as local non-profit associations across the United States, often formed to foster neighborhood improvement, philanthropy, and resident welfare without commercial aims. For example, Community League Inc., based in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, channels gifts and grants toward enhancing village, state, and national quality of life initiatives.^[74] Similarly, the Community League of the Heights in New York serves low-income communities in Washington Heights by providing multi-service support to address poverty cycles, established as a community-based entity focused on empowerment programs.^[75] These groups typically form through grassroots efforts, with structures emphasizing volunteer leadership and targeted local grants, dating back decades in some cases to sustain community-driven projects.^[76] In educational contexts, academic leagues function as student-led non-commercial groups within universities, particularly in regions like Brazil, where they promote specialized training in fields such as nursing and oncology without profit motives. These entities, often university-affiliated, emerged in the early 21st century to supplement curricula through extracurricular health education and research, involving undergraduate participants in practical simulations and interdisciplinary collaboration.^[77] Establishment typically occurs via institutional approval, with ongoing roles in bridging theoretical learning and real-world application, as seen in leagues for urgency and emergency care formed around 2020.^[78]

Geography and Places

Country and Regional Designations

The designation "CL" serves as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, a sovereign nation in western South America bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, Argentina to the east, Bolivia to the northeast, and Peru to the north.^[79] This code is standardized for international use in contexts such as trade, telecommunications, and data interchange, with Chile's alpha-3 code being CHL and numeric code 152.^[79] The country encompasses a territorial area of approximately 756,102 square kilometers, including insular possessions like Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands, and maintains full independence status under international law.^[79] Chile declared its independence from Spain on February 12, 1818, following a protracted war that began with initial separatist actions in 1810, culminating in decisive victories at the battles of Chacabuco and Maipú.^[80] Geopolitically, it functions as a unitary presidential republic with a population exceeding 19 million as of recent estimates, characterized by a geography dominated by the Andes mountain range, the Atacama Desert in the north, and a temperate central valley supporting agriculture.^[81] Economically, Chile ranks as the world's leading producer of copper, with mining activities—predominantly copper extraction—contributing about 13.6% to gross domestic product and accounting for 58% of total exports in 2023.^[81] Beyond the national level, "CL" prefixes regional subdivisions within Chile under the ISO 3166-2 standard, such as CL-AN for Antofagasta Region or CL-RM for the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which delineate administrative divisions for purposes like governance and resource management without implying separate sovereignty.^[82] No other sovereign countries utilize "CL" as their primary ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code, though the abbreviation appears in ancillary systems like UN/LOCODE for Chilean ports and locales (e.g., CL-SCL for Santiago).^[83] These usages reinforce Chile's designation without overlap from conflicting territorial claims.

Specific Locations

In Italian administrative nomenclature, the province of Caltanissetta in Sicily is abbreviated as CL, particularly in contexts such as vehicle license plates and regional codes. Centered on the city of Caltanissetta at coordinates 37°28′55″N 14°03′13″E, the province spans 2,125 square kilometers and had a population of 219,204 as of the 2022 census. The area features historical sites including Neolithic remains and Roman-era settlements, reflecting its long habitation since prehistoric times. In astronomy, the prefix "CL" designates specific galaxy clusters cataloged by their equatorial coordinates, providing precise sky positions for these gravitationally bound aggregates of hundreds to thousands of galaxies. For instance, CL J1226.9+3332, located at right ascension 12ʰ26ᵐ42ˢ and declination +33°32′ (J2000), resides at a redshift of z ≈ 0.97, corresponding to a look-back time of about 10 billion years; multi-wavelength observations have profiled its hydrostatic mass at approximately 7.8 × 10¹⁴ solar masses and turbulent intracluster medium.^[84] Similarly, CL 0048-2942 at z ≈ 0.64 (right ascension 00ʰ48ᵐ, declination -29°42′) exhibits a core radius of 0.28 Mpc and velocity dispersion of 950 km/s, with photometric studies revealing 54 member galaxies dominated by early-type morphologies.^[85] Another example, CL J1001+0220 at z = 2.16 (right ascension 10ʰ01ᵐ, declination +02°20′), represents one of the most distant known clusters, confirmed via Lyman-alpha emission and spanning a physical size of about 1 Mpc.^[86] These CL-designated sites enable targeted observations of cluster evolution, dark matter distribution, and cosmic large-scale structure.

Transportation

Vehicles and Models

The Mercedes-Benz CL-Class comprised a series of luxury grand touring coupes produced from 1992 to 2014, derived from the S-Class platform with emphasis on high-speed stability, advanced suspension systems like Active Body Control, and powerful engines for long-distance performance.^[87] Early models in the C140 generation (1992–1999) featured V12 engines such as the 6.0-liter M120 producing 402 horsepower, while later C216 variants (2006–2014) included a 4.7-liter twin-turbo V8 (M278) delivering 429 horsepower at 5,250 rpm and 516 lb-ft of torque.^[88] Production emphasized aluminum construction in body panels for reduced weight and improved handling, with top speeds electronically limited to around 155 mph in standard configurations. In aviation, the Canadair CL-41 Tutor served as a primary jet trainer for the Royal Canadian Air Force, with the prototype first flying on January 13, 1960, and production spanning the early 1960s.^[89] Powered by a single General Electric J85-CAN-40 turbojet producing 2,950 pounds of thrust, the side-by-side two-seat aircraft achieved a maximum speed of 486 mph, a service ceiling of 44,500 feet, and a range of 944 miles.^[90] Approximately 190 units were built for Canada as the CT-114, with an additional 20 CL-41G Tebuan variants delivered to Malaysia featuring underwing hardpoints for light attack roles.^[89] Naval vessels designated with the "CL" prefix in the U.S. Navy hull classification system indicate light cruisers, typically armed with 6-inch main guns and designed for anti-aircraft and surface combat roles. The Cleveland-class, spanning hull numbers CL-55 to CL-85, represented a major World War II production series with 27 completed ships, each displacing 14,131 long tons at full load, measuring 610 feet in length, and mounting twelve 6-inch/47-caliber guns in four triple turrets.^[91] Propulsion via four steam turbines generated speeds up to 32.5 knots, supporting escort and gunfire support missions. Earlier examples include the Brooklyn-class USS Philadelphia (CL-41), commissioned on February 18, 1937, with similar specifications adapted for interwar scouting duties.^[92]

Infrastructure and Codes

In railway freight systems, "CL" designates "carload" shipments, referring to cargo volumes sufficient to fill an entire rail car, typically requiring a minimum weight threshold set by carriers to qualify for dedicated loading and lower per-unit rates compared to less-than-carload (LCL) services. This classification governs routing priorities, terminal handling protocols, and tariff structures within North American and international rail networks, optimizing infrastructure utilization by minimizing intermixing of smaller consignments.^[93]^[94] The International Air Transport Association (IATA) assigns "CL" as the two-letter airline designator for Lufthansa CityLine GmbH, a regional subsidiary of Deutsche Lufthansa AG operating short-haul flights primarily from hubs like Munich and Frankfurt. This code integrates into global aviation infrastructure for flight numbering (e.g., CL followed by a numeric identifier), ticketing, baggage tracking, and air traffic management systems, ensuring standardized data exchange across IATA's multilateral frameworks established since the 1940s.^[95] In global logistics documentation, "CL" functions as the country prefix in the United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (UN/LOCODE), specifically for Chile, where it prefixes alphanumeric identifiers for ports, airports, rail terminals, and road facilities (e.g., CLSCL for Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport in Santiago). Maintained by the UN Economic Commission for Europe since 1981, this system standardizes location references in electronic data interchange (EDI) for multimodal transport, reducing errors in customs declarations, bills of lading, and supply chain routing across international trade corridors.^[96]

Sports

Teams and Competitions

The Carolina League (CL) is a Single-A classification minor league in Major League Baseball's farm system, founded in 1945 as an eight-team circuit serving North Carolina and southern Virginia communities. The league has operated continuously since its inception, except for the 2020 season cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and expanded to ten teams after MLB's 2021 minor league reorganization, which elevated it from High-A to Single-A with enhanced player development standards. Notable achievements include developing talents such as Max Scherzer and Ryan Zimmerman, who progressed from CL affiliates to MLB stardom, with the league maintaining a reputation for competitive balance evidenced by 78 seasons of operation through 2023.^[97]^[98] The California League (CL), another Single-A minor league, traces its modern form to 1941 when it launched as an eight-team Class C operation amid pre-World War II expansion in Central California cities like Fresno and Bakersfield. Operations paused from 1943 to 1945 due to wartime resource shortages but resumed in 1946, evolving through classifications to its current Single-A alignment post-2021 restructuring with six teams focused on regional rivalries and talent pipelines to MLB clubs. The league has hosted franchises with sustained success, such as the Modesto Nuts, which have competed in 82 of the CL's seasons since 1941, contributing to a legacy of producing MLB players including Buster Posey.^[99]^[100] Historical iterations of the Central League (CL) in U.S. minor league baseball operated intermittently from the late 19th century, with a prominent Class A version active from 1948 to 1951 across Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and West Virginia before folding amid financial challenges common to postwar regional circuits. These defunct leagues featured short-term teams with modest attendance but served as developmental grounds, though lacking the longevity of contemporary CL affiliates.^[101]

Terminology and Rules

In baseball, CL commonly abbreviates "closer," referring to a relief pitcher specialized in securing the final outs of a game, typically in the ninth inning or later when the team holds a slim lead. This role emerged prominently in the late 1980s, with managers deploying high-velocity, high-strikeout pitchers like Dennis Eckersley to maximize save opportunities under Major League Baseball (MLB) Rule 9.19, which defines a save as finishing a game with a lead of no more than three runs, pitching at least one inning, or entering with the potential tying run on base. Closers' performance is tracked via statistics such as saves (SV), earned run average (ERA) in high-leverage situations, and holds (HLD), emphasizing their causal role in preventing comebacks through precise pitch sequencing and enforcement of umpire-called strikes or balls.^[102] In lacrosse, CL denotes "clears" in official statistics, measuring a team's or player's successful advancement of the ball from the defensive end (behind the goal line) to the offensive end (crossing the midfield line) after events like goals scored against them, turnovers, or penalties. Governed by NCAA and international rules requiring possession restarts without stalling violations, clears enforce transitional play and defensive efficiency, with unsuccessful attempts (e.g., failed passes or shots) resulting in turnovers that trigger opponent fast breaks. Performance data focuses on clear attempts, successful clears, and clearing percentage (CL%), where elite teams maintain rates above 85% to sustain offensive opportunities; for instance, in men's NCAA Division I games, top programs average 20-25 clears per game with minimal failures due to disciplined passing under pressure.^[103]^[104]

Arts and Entertainment

Media and Performances

CL, the stage name of South Korean rapper and singer Lee Chae-rin (born February 26, 1991), debuted as a solo artist with the single "The Baddest Female" on May 28, 2013, which featured production by Teddy and peaked at number one on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart.^[105] Her follow-up solo track "MTBD (Money Talks, Bad Bitches Do)" was released on February 18, 2014, as part of the 2NE1 compilation album Crush.^[106] In 2019, CL issued her debut extended play In the Name of Love on December 17, marking her first major release after leaving YG Entertainment, with tracks blending hip-hop and pop elements.^[107] Her first studio album, +ALPHA+, followed on October 20, 2021, independently via Very Cherry and Schoolboy Records; it received acclaim for its bold production and lyrical introspection, with NME praising it as an "incandescent return" that showcased her artistic prime after industry setbacks.^[108] NPR noted the album's determined confidence, highlighting tracks like "Hwa" and "5 Star" co-written by Tablo.^[109] CL made her acting debut in the 2018 action thriller film Mile 22, directed by Peter Berg and released on August 17, portraying the assassin character Queen alongside Mark Wahlberg; the role marked her entry into Hollywood cinema following her music career.^[110] Live performances include CL's 2016 Hello Bitches Tour, her first headlining concert series spanning nine cities across the United States and Canada, promoting singles like "Hello Bitches" and drawing on her 2NE1-era fanbase.^[111] She has also appeared on international broadcasts, such as performing on The Late Late Show with James Corden on October 28, 2020, where she debuted material from +ALPHA+.^[112]

Creative Works

Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r] is a 2018 update to the 2016 fighting game Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late, developed by French Bread and published by Arc System Works, featuring enhanced mechanics, new characters like Londrekia, and visual novel-style story segments set in a supernatural urban night world.^[113] The title's "[cl-r]" denotes the specific iteration, released initially for PlayStation 4 and PC on August 20, 2018, with ports to Nintendo Switch in 2020 adding rollback netcode for online play.^[114] Code Lyoko novels, abbreviated as "CL" novels, are a series of tie-in books expanding the fictional universe of the French animated property, with the first volume published in 2003 by Éditions Dupuis and written by various authors including Sophie Chevilley.^[115] These young adult adventures focus on protagonists Jeremy, Yumi, Ulrich, Odd, and Aelita navigating virtual worlds and real-world threats from the AI XANA, emphasizing themes of digital peril and teamwork across approximately 20 volumes through 2011.^[115] The CL Psychiatrist is a graphic medicine series launched in 2021, authored by Omar Mirza with illustrations by Beezzz Studio, presenting consultation-liaison psychiatry concepts through comic narratives, such as the volume on decisional capacity exploring autonomy versus beneficence in patient care.^[116] Aimed at healthcare providers, the first installment uses sequential art to depict clinical scenarios, including ethical dilemmas in assessing patient competency, with 72 pages in full color.^[117] CL Graphic Novel: Vol I - Rhinoceros, released in 2023 by the band Calva Louise, is a 104-page, full-color square-format (21x21 cm) self-published work blending music-inspired visuals and narrative elements centered on rhinoceros themes, available directly from the creators.^[118] This independent production integrates artistic experimentation with storytelling, reflecting the band's creative output beyond music.^[119]

Other Uses

Medical and General Terms

In pharmacokinetics, clearance (CL) refers to the volume of plasma from which a drug is completely removed per unit time through biotransformation and excretion processes.^[120] This parameter, expressed in units such as liters per hour, quantifies the efficiency of drug elimination and is calculated as the ratio of elimination rate to plasma concentration.^[121] CL influences dosing intervals and bioavailability, with hepatic and renal clearances being primary contributors; for instance, low CL in hepatic impairment necessitates dose adjustments to prevent toxicity.^[19] Total body clearance integrates organ-specific rates, remaining relatively constant across concentrations for drugs following linear kinetics.^[21] In clinical laboratory testing, Cl symbolizes chloride, the predominant extracellular anion essential for maintaining osmotic pressure, fluid balance, and acid-base homeostasis.^[122] Serum chloride levels, typically measured via blood tests as part of electrolyte panels, range from 96 to 106 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) in adults.^[123] Elevated levels (hyperchloremia), above 106 mEq/L, may signal dehydration, renal tubular acidosis, or excessive intravenous saline administration, while depressed levels (hypochloremia), below 96 mEq/L, often associate with prolonged vomiting, diuretic therapy, or metabolic alkalosis.^[124] Abnormalities frequently correlate with sodium imbalances, as chloride tracks sodium movement, and testing aids diagnosis of conditions like Addison's disease or chronic kidney dysfunction.^[125]

Miscellaneous Abbreviations

In radiotelegraphy, particularly within Morse code procedures, CL serves as a prosign abbreviation for "clear," signaling that the transmitting station is closing down and ending operations.^[126] This usage is documented in standard amateur radio and maritime communication protocols, where it precedes the sign-off to inform listeners of the frequency's impending vacancy.^[127]^[128] In software engineering, CL denotes "changelist," a discrete bundle of code modifications submitted to a version control system for review and integration, as commonly implemented in tools like Perforce or Gerrit.^[129] This term facilitates atomic commits and peer scrutiny in collaborative development workflows.^[130] CL is also an informal shorthand for Craigslist, the online classifieds platform founded in 1995, often used in digital forums and listings to reference postings or the service itself.^[131]

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CL – 'ALPHA' review: an incandescent return well worth the wait - NME
Rating 4.0 (1) Oct 20, 2021 · After years of setbacks and soul-searching in pursuit of artistic independence, CL finally finds herself in her prime with her debut album.<|separator|>
[109]
On 'ALPHA,' CL finishes what she started - NPR
Oct 27, 2021 · On ALPHA, her debut album, K-pop artist CL sounds determined and confident despite years of industry setbacks.
[110]
CL Makes Hollywood Debut in MILE 22, to be Released on August 17
CL, a former member of girl band 2NE1, is going to make her Hollywood debut. She will be playing a killer named Queen in Mile 22.
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CL Concert Tickets - 2025 Tour Dates. - Songkick
Unfortunately there are no concert dates for CL scheduled in 2025. Songkick is the first to know of new tour announcements and concert information, so if your ...
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CL | Kpop Wiki - Fandom
Mini albums. 1st Mini Album • 2nd Mini Album ; Digital singles. "Fire" • "I Don't Care (Reggae Remix)" • "I Don't Care (Baek Kyoung Remix)" • "Try to Follow Me" ...
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UNDER NIGHT IN-BIRTH Exe:Late[cl-r] on Steam
Rating 4.5 (2,103) Title: UNDER NIGHT IN-BIRTH Exe:Late[cl-r] Genre: Action. Developer: FRENCH-BREAD. Publisher: Arc System Works. Release Date: Aug 20, 2018. READ MORE. Is this ...
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Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r] Review (Switch) | Nintendo Life
Rating 9/10 · Review by PJ O'ReillyMar 8, 2020 · Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r] is the third iteration of the indie visual novel/2D-Fighter from developer French Bread which was first ...
[115]
Have you ever read the CL novels? I bought the first one and I'm ...
Jun 5, 2023 · Have you ever read the CL novels? I bought the first one and I'm about to give it a go. Looks pretty interesting.
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The CL Psychiatrist: Decisional Capacity: Autonomy vs. Beneficence
The CL Psychiatrist is a new graphic medicine series designed to teach health care providers general concepts in consultation liaison psychiatry.
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The CL Psychiatrist - Decisional Capacity Autonomy vs. Beneficence
The CL Psychiatrist – Decisional Capacity Autonomy vs. Beneficence. Author: Omar Mirza, DO with art by Beezzz Studio, penciler JC Fabul, colors Santosh Rath.
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CL • GRAPHIC NOVEL: VOL I - Calva Louise - Bandcamp
£20.00 Free deliveryfrom Calva Louise. Book/Magazine. CL • GRAPHIC NOVEL: VOL I main photo. 104 pages, full colour, 21x21cm
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https://calvalouise.myshopify.com/en-us/products/cl-graphic-novel-vol-i
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Drug Clearance - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Drug clearance (CL) refers to the volume of plasma in the vascular tissues cleared of drug per unit time by the processes of biotransformation and excretion.
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What Does Clearance Mean? - Certara
Jun 13, 2010 · Clearance (CL) is a proportionality factor that relates the concentration of drug measured in the body to the rate of elimination.
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Medical Definition of Cl (chloride) - RxList
Cl is the chemical symbol for chloride, the major anion found in the fluid outside of cells and in blood.
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Chloride Blood Test: What It Is, Purpose, Procedure & Results
If your chloride blood test results reveal that you have high or low levels of chloride, it doesn't necessarily mean that you have a medical condition. Many ...
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What Is Hyperchloremia (High Chloride Levels)? - Healthline
Nov 25, 2024 · Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte imbalance that occurs when there's too much chloride in the blood. It can develop from excessive diarrhea, kidney disease, ...Metabolic Acidosis · Respiratory Alkalosis · Sodium Bicarbonate
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Chloride: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels
Aug 26, 2025 · Hyperchloremia indicates high levels of serum chloride and hypochloremia indicates low levels of serum chloride. ... Chloride usually reflects ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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CL - Definition by AcronymFinder
What does CL stand for? ; CL, Clear (Morse Code abbreviation) ; CL · Chile (country code, top level domain) ; CL, CAS (Column Address Strobe) Latency ; CL · Claim.Missing: miscellaneous | Show results with:miscellaneous
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Morse code abbreviations - LittleCamels.com
Morse code abbreviations ; CL, Clear (I am closing my station), SAE, Self-addressed envelope ; CLG, Calling, SASE, Self-addressed, stamped envelope ; CQ, Calling ...
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prosigns for morse code - KENT Morse Keys
CL ----- Going off the air (clear) CQ ----- Calling any amateur radio station. K ------ Go, invite any station to transmit. KN ----- Go only, invite a ...
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What does "CL" mean in a commit message? What does it stand for?
Sep 8, 2014 · CL: Stands for “changelist,” which means one self-contained change that has been submitted to version control or which is undergoing code review.Missing: color | Show results with:color
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CL command abbreviations - IBM
CL command abbreviations ; CPIC, common programming interface for communications ; CPP, C++ language ; CPR, compress ; CPT, component.
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CL - Slang/Internet Slang - Acronym Finder
What does CL stand for? ; CL, Clear (Morse Code abbreviation) ; CL · Closer (baseball pitcher) ; CL · Craig's List (online community).