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Corylus colurna

Corylus colurna, commonly known as the Turkish hazel or Turkish filbert, is a deciduous tree in the birch family (Betulaceae), native to southeastern Europe and western Asia.^[1] It grows slowly to a height of 40–80 feet (12–24 m) with a spread of 25–50 feet (7.6–15 m), forming a dense, symmetrical pyramidal to oval canopy supported by horizontal branches and a short trunk.^[2]^[3] The tree features thick, mottled gray-brown bark that peels in flaky strips to reveal orange-brown inner layers, alternate ovate to obovate leaves 3–6 inches (7.6–15 cm) long with double-serrated margins that turn pale yellow or purplish in fall, showy yellow male catkins in spring, and clusters of edible nuts 0.5–0.6 inches (12–16 mm) across enclosed in elongated, leafy husks 1.6–2 inches (4–5 cm) long.^[1]^[3]^[2] Ecologically versatile, C. colurna inhabits a wide range of sites including shallow, dry limestone soils as well as clay, loamy, or humid sandy substrates with pH 5.5–8, occurring at altitudes of 100–1,700 m (primarily 300–800 m) in mixed forests and woodland edges.^[4] It tolerates annual temperatures of 5–10°C, precipitation of 570–850 mm, extreme cold down to -38.2°C, heat up to +40°C, drought, and flooding for up to three months, with semi-shade tolerance and resistance to frost (USDA hardiness zones 4–7).^[4]^[1] Native to the Balkan Peninsula (including Romania, Bulgaria, and the former Yugoslavia), northern Turkey, the Caucasus, northern Iran, and Afghanistan, its populations have become small and isolated due to historical overexploitation for timber, though it is listed as Least Concern (IUCN, 2014).^[4] The species holds significant economic and horticultural value: its dense, fine-grained wood is prized for high-quality furniture and decorative items, fetching prices of €300–650 per cubic meter, while the nuts—containing 18–58% kernel—are edible and commercially harvested for food.^[4] In cultivation, it serves as a durable street tree, shade provider, and urban specimen due to its pollution tolerance, low maintenance needs, and symmetrical form, though it is susceptible to Japanese beetles and challenging to transplant.^[2]^[1] Its nuts also support wildlife, attracting squirrels and small mammals, and it aids in soil stabilization and erosion control in agroforestry systems.^[4]^[1]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Scientific classification

Corylus colurna is a species in the genus Corylus within the birch family Betulaceae.^[5] The binomial name Corylus colurna L. was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum, volume 2, page 999.^[6] The scientific classification of Corylus colurna follows the standard hierarchy in plant taxonomy:

Taxonomic Rank	Name
Kingdom	Plantae
Phylum	Tracheophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida
Order	Fagales
Family	Betulaceae
Genus	Corylus
Species	Corylus colurna

Phylogenetically, Corylus colurna belongs to the Betulaceae family and is closely related to other species in the genus Corylus, such as C. avellana.^[7] A 2023 genetic study using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers analyzed 689 trees from 25 populations across its range, revealing distinct genetic clusters in the Balkans, Turkey, and Georgia, with medium to high genetic diversity (mean observed heterozygosity Ho = 0.677, expected heterozygosity He = 0.649).^[7] This analysis confirmed C. colurna as a relict species with close relatedness to five Chinese and Himalayan Corylus species based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data, while showing its distinct lineage from European species like C. avellana.^[7] No natural hybrids with C. avellana were observed, indicating low natural hybridization potential, though artificial crosses are feasible and C. colurna serves as a rootstock for C. avellana cultivars.^[7] Synonyms for Corylus colurna are not commonly used in modern taxonomy, but historical variants include Corylus abchasica Kem.-Nath., Corylus arborescens Münchh., Corylus bizantina Desf., Corylus cervorum Petrov, Corylus eggrissiensis Kem.-Nath., Corylus glomerata (Aiton) Nois., Corylus iberica Wittm. ex Kem.-Nath., Corylus kachetuca Kem.-Nath., Corylus macedonica V. Cordus & Gesner ex Strelin, and Corylus nana Tourette & Rozier.^[8]

Etymology

The genus name Corylus derives from the ancient Greek korys, meaning "helmet," in reference to the shape and hardness of the nut husks, a usage adopted into classical Latin as corylus for hazel trees.^[9] This nomenclature dates back to ancient Roman literature, where Pliny the Elder referenced hazel species under similar terms in his Naturalis Historia, highlighting their cultural significance in the Mediterranean region.^[10] The specific epithet colurna originates from the classical Latin colurnus, denoting a type of hazel valued for its durable wood rather than its nuts, as described by ancient authors like Pliny; Linnaeus adopted this in 1753 to distinguish the species based on its form and utility.^[8] Common names for Corylus colurna include Turkish hazel and Turkish filbert, reflecting its prominence in southeastern Europe and western Asia; "filbert" stems from the feast day of the French saint Philibert on August 22, coinciding with the ripening of hazelnuts in medieval Europe.^[11] In Turkish, it is known as Türk fındığı (Turkish hazelnut).^[12]

Description

Overall morphology

Corylus colurna is a deciduous tree that typically reaches heights of 12 to 15 meters (40 to 50 feet) at maturity, occasionally up to 24 meters (80 feet), with a stout trunk that can attain diameters up to 1.5 meters. The tree develops a pyramidal to oval-shaped crown when young, which transitions to a broad and rounded form as it ages, often spanning 7.6 to 15 meters (25 to 50 feet) in width.^[2]^[3] This architecture is supported by a central leader and dense branching, contributing to its symmetrical and durable structure suitable for urban landscapes.^[1] The growth rate of C. colurna is medium during its establishment phase, allowing it to achieve substantial size over decades.^[13] Its lifespan extends beyond 100 years, with some specimens exceeding 200 years in native conditions, reflecting its longevity and resilience. The tree exhibits a non-suckering habit, maintaining a single trunk without basal shoots, which enhances its ornamental value.^[14] Bark on young trees is smooth and gray-brown, providing a clean appearance, while on mature trunks it becomes fissured and peels in thin plates, revealing striking orange inner bark.^[1]^[15] Branching is characteristically dense and horizontal, with limbs emerging at near right angles from the trunk, creating a layered effect that supports the tree's overall stability.^[2]^[13] This morphology underscores C. colurna's adaptation as a large, shade-providing species in its natural and cultivated ranges.

Leaves, bark, and growth habit

The leaves of Corylus colurna are alternate, simple, and ovate to obovate in shape, often with a cordate base and acuminate tip, measuring 6-15 cm in length.^[3] They feature double-serrate or crenate-serrate margins and are dark green and glabrous above with pubescence along the veins below, giving a lighter appearance on the underside.^[3] In autumn, the foliage turns yellow, providing seasonal interest.^[15] The bark of young saplings is smooth and shiny, transitioning in maturity to a mottled tan to gray exterior that becomes corky and exfoliates in thin scales, revealing an attractive orange-brown inner layer and offering visual appeal during winter.^[15] This flaking texture develops on the short trunk and branches, contributing to the tree's ornamental value.^[16] Corylus colurna exhibits an upright pyramidal growth habit in its early years, gradually broadening into a symmetrical, oval form with age, supported by dense, horizontal branching that starts low on the trunk.^[3] Mature trees typically reach heights of 12-15 m (40-50 ft), occasionally up to 24 m (80 ft), with a spread of 7.6-15 m (25-50 ft).^[15] The species is tolerant of pruning to maintain shape and structure, and its flexible branches enhance wind resistance.^[2]^[17]

Flowers, fruits, and reproduction

Corylus colurna is monoecious, producing separate male and female flowers on the same plant.^[18] The male flowers form pendulous yellow catkins, typically 5-8 cm long, that develop in clusters of two or three and emerge in late winter to early spring before leaf expansion.^[15]^[18] These catkins are fully formed by autumn of the previous year and release pollen upon opening.^[18] Female flowers are tiny and inconspicuous, consisting of red styles protruding from bud scales, also appearing in early spring.^[18]^[1] Pollination is anemophilous, with wind carrying pollen from male to female flowers, a characteristic trait of the Betulaceae family.^[19] The fruits of Corylus colurna are small ovoid nuts, approximately 1-2 cm in diameter, enclosed within spiny, leafy involucres that form distinctive spiky clusters measuring 3-5 cm across.^[15]^[16] These involucres feature deeply incised bracts tipped with glandular bristles, providing protection and aiding in dispersal.^[18] Nuts typically occur in clusters of three to six and mature from September to October, turning brown with a hard shell.^[20]^[18] They are edible, possessing a mild flavor, though smaller and less commercially viable than those of cultivated hazel species.^[1] Reproduction in Corylus colurna occurs primarily through sexual means via seeds, with nuts serving as the dispersal unit.^[21] Dispersal is achieved mainly by gravity, allowing fruits to drop from the tree, and by animals such as squirrels that consume or cache the nuts.^[15] Seed germination requires cold stratification to break dormancy, typically involving 120 days at low temperatures to achieve high viability rates, often exceeding 60% under optimal conditions.^[21]^[22] The species is self-fertile, enabling reproduction without cross-pollination from other individuals.^[23]

Root system

The root system of Corylus colurna is deep, featuring a strong taproot with few stiff lateral roots that provide extensive anchorage.^[24]^[2] This structure supports strong mechanical stability without aggressive vertical penetration in upper layers, allowing the tree to anchor effectively in various soil profiles.^[4] The roots exhibit notable adaptations for environmental resilience, including tolerance to compacted soils, though the system thrives in well-drained conditions to prevent waterlogging.^[25]^[26] These roots facilitate drought resistance primarily through absorption from the extensive network, enabling efficient uptake of moisture during dry periods.^[24]^[27] In comparison to clonal hazel species such as Corylus avellana, which produce aggressive rhizomes leading to prolific suckering, C. colurna features a non-invasive root system with minimal to no suckering, enhancing its suitability as a rootstock for grafting in commercial orchards.^[24]^[28] This trait reduces management challenges and promotes stable, single-trunk growth without unwanted basal shoots.^[26]

Distribution and ecology

Native range

Corylus colurna is native to southeastern Europe, particularly the Balkan Peninsula including Bulgaria, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, and Romania, as well as southwestern Asia encompassing Turkey, the Caucasus region (Georgia and Armenia), Afghanistan, and historically northern Iran, where it occurs at elevations ranging from 100 to 1,700 m, primarily between 300 and 800 m.^[29]^[30] The species' modern distribution is stable yet fragmented in certain areas, largely due to extensive wood exploitation between the 16th and 19th centuries that reduced its original extent, particularly in karst landscapes.^[29] Fossil records of the genus Corylus indicate a broader Pleistocene distribution across much of Europe and western Asia, implying that C. colurna persists as a relict of this more extensive historical range.^[31] Beyond its native areas, Corylus colurna has been widely introduced and cultivated in North America, suitable for USDA hardiness zones 4 to 7, as well as in central and western Europe (such as Italy, Austria, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, and Hungary) outside its natural limits, and in select parts of Asia for forestry, timber, and ornamental uses.^[1]^[3]^[29]

Habitat preferences

_Corylus colurna thrives in temperate to continental climates characterized by cold winters with minimum temperatures reaching -20°C and warm summers, with mean annual vegetation period temperatures ranging from 12°C to 15°C. It exhibits tolerance to mesoxerothermic conditions and is drought-resistant once established, requiring annual precipitation between 500 and 1,000 mm, though it can endure lower amounts in suitable microhabitats. In its native range across southeastern Europe to northern Iran, such as in mountainous regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Turkey, average annual temperatures vary from 6.9°C to 11°C, with precipitation typically 477 to 952 mm.^[4]^[30]^[32] The species prefers well-drained loamy soils, including rendzinas and brown soils developed over limestone substrates, with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5 and tolerance for alkaline conditions up to pH 8.0. It avoids waterlogged or excessively compacted areas, favoring shallow, dry pockets in karstified terrains where drainage is optimal. This adaptability to calcareous and nutrient-poor soils supports its presence in challenging edaphic environments without heavy reliance on rich fertility.^[8]^[30]^[4] Regarding light and topography, C. colurna grows in full sun to partial shade, showing shade tolerance on fertile sites but demanding more light on rocky or nutrient-deficient substrates. It commonly inhabits mixed woodlands, forest edges, gorges, canyons, steep slopes, and plateaux in submontane zones, at elevations from 250 m to 1,700 m. These preferences align with its occurrence in rocky, limestone-dominated landscapes across its native distribution.^[8]^[30]

Ecological interactions

_Corylus colurna plays a significant role in supporting wildlife within its native ecosystems, primarily through its nuts, which serve as a key food source for various animals. The edible nuts are consumed and dispersed by rodents such as squirrels, birds including corvids, and other small mammals, contributing to seed propagation across forests and woodlands.^[1]^[2]^[4] Young trees are browsed by herbivores like rabbits and roe deer, which can impact regeneration but also influence population dynamics.^[4] The pendulous catkins, emerging in early spring, provide pollen that attracts early-season insect pollinators, supplementing the tree's primarily wind-pollinated reproduction.^[4] Leaves host minor herbivorous insects, though the species exhibits low susceptibility to significant defoliation.^[14] The tree forms important symbiotic relationships that enhance ecosystem functions. Its roots associate with mycorrhizal fungi, which improve nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus, in nutrient-poor soils.^[4]^[33] These associations contribute to soil stabilization, especially on slopes, where the robust root system prevents erosion and improves soil structure through organic matter accumulation from leaf litter.^[4] In forest ecosystems, Corylus colurna acts as a pioneer species capable of regenerating on disturbed or vegetation-free sites, facilitating the restoration of mixed deciduous forests alongside species like beech and oak.^[34]^[4] It stabilizes mixed stands by providing wind protection and supporting biodiversity through habitat creation. A 2025 review highlights its resilience to climate change, including tolerance to drought and temperature extremes, which enables it to aid biodiversity recovery in degraded areas.^[35] Genetic diversity studies using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, conducted in 2023, reveal substantial variation across its range, supporting adaptive potential to environmental shifts and informing conservation strategies.^[7]

Conservation status

Global assessment

Corylus colurna is globally assessed as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List, owing to its extensive distribution across southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, coupled with the absence of major threats that could elevate its risk category. This status was determined in 2014 and remains unchanged, indicating stable population trends with no evidence of decline reported through 2025. The species maintains abundant populations in core areas such as Turkey, where numerous natural stands occur, albeit often in relatively small patches averaging around 200 hectares each.^[32] A 2023 genetic study analyzing 689 individuals from 25 populations across its range revealed high genetic diversity and distinct clustering patterns, suggestive of multiple historical refugia that bolster resilience and minimize extinction risks. Within Europe, C. colurna is similarly categorized as Least Concern in the 2019 European Red List of Trees, underscoring its non-threatened position with 79% of European tree species, including C. colurna, occurring in at least one protected area as well as ex situ collections numbering 175 specimens.^[36] Future monitoring efforts may incorporate emerging climate data for potential reassessment, though present evaluations affirm overall population stability.^[36]

Regional threats and protection

In the Balkans, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, Corylus colurna faces habitat fragmentation due to small, isolated populations confined to karstified limestone areas, limiting natural spread and increasing vulnerability to local disturbances. Past overexploitation through logging has further reduced population sizes and commercial timber availability in these regions. A 2025 study highlights climate change impacts, noting that while the species shows drought resistance, early-season water deficits can impair growth, particularly on nutrient-poor, shallow soils, leading to overall reduced productivity in affected stands.^[30] In Turkey, overharvesting for valuable wood—historically exported in large quantities from the 16th to 19th centuries for furniture—has drastically fragmented natural ranges, converting vast areas to barren karst landscapes and confining remaining populations to isolated patches. These localized threats contribute to the species' global IUCN Least Concern status but underscore regional pressures beyond the worldwide assessment. In Montenegro specifically, excessive logging endangers wild fruit tree populations, including C. colurna, exacerbating genetic erosion in montane forests.^[29]^[37] Protection efforts include ex situ conservation through seed stock centers and genetic orchards in Turkey, preserving diverse genotypes for sustainable use. The species occurs in protected areas such as Bentler Nature Park near Istanbul, where it contributes to mixed forest ecosystems under state management. Breeding programs, such as a 2025 pre-selection initiative in Bolu province evaluating 50 genotypes for superior nut traits like high kernel yield and thin shells, aim to develop resilient varieties for restoration and climate adaptation. In contrast, populations in northern Iran remain relatively stable, supported by traditional agroforestry practices that integrate the tree into mixed woodlands for nut production and soil stabilization.^[38]^[39]^[40]

Cultivation

History and selection

Corylus colurna, native to Anatolia and surrounding regions, has been valued for its edible nuts and durable wood for centuries, with historical records indicating its use in local communities for food and crafting materials. The nuts, though smaller and harder-shelled than those of related species, were consumed raw or roasted, while the wood's strength and fine grain made it suitable for tools, furniture, and construction in traditional Anatolian practices.^[41]^[42] The species was introduced to European cultivation in the late 16th century, with records showing its presence in British gardens by 1582, initially through botanical explorations and exchanges from its native southeastern Europe and western Asia. By the 19th century, C. colurna gained popularity as an ornamental tree in the United Kingdom and the United States due to its pyramidal form, attractive flaky bark, and tolerance to urban conditions, leading to selections for landscape plantings in parks and estates.^[43]^[44]^[15] In the 20th century, breeding efforts focused on its utility as a rootstock for grafting Corylus avellana cultivars, beginning with USDA research in the 1940s–1970s in Oregon, where non-suckering seedlings were selected and clonal lines like 'Dundee' and 'Newberg' were released in the 1970s. This development addressed suckering issues in commercial hazelnut orchards, with further evaluations in Serbia from 1983 and Spain from 1989 enhancing its adoption in Europe.^[45] Recent selection programs in Turkey, such as a 2025 pre-selection study in Bolu province, have targeted fruit traits including larger nut weights (up to 2.38 g) and thinner shells (as low as 1.00 mm) among 50 genotypes, identifying promising candidates like MR31 for breeding improved varieties. Complementing this, 2023 genetic research across the species' range used microsatellite markers to delineate genetic clusters and conservation units, supporting the development of climate-adapted varieties through assisted migration strategies to address shifting environmental conditions.^[39]^[46]

Environmental requirements

Corylus colurna thrives in temperate climates and is hardy in USDA zones 4 to 7, where it can withstand cold winters down to approximately -34°C (zone 4 minimum) when dormant and tolerate hot summers effectively.^[47]^[25] It performs best in full sun, though it can adapt to partial shade, and shows resilience to moderate frost and urban heat stress.^[15]^[2] For soil and site conditions, the tree prefers moist, well-drained loamy soils with a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0, encompassing neutral to alkaline preferences, and it tolerates clay or sandy textures without amendment.^[48]^[2] It demonstrates strong urban adaptability, enduring air pollution, soil compaction, and occasional poor drainage once established.^[25]^[14] In cultivation, space trees 6 to 10 meters apart to accommodate their mature pyramidal form reaching 20 meters in height and 10 to 12 meters in spread.^[49] Regarding water and maintenance, young plants require consistent moisture for establishment, but mature specimens are drought-resistant and need minimal supplemental watering in temperate regions.^[15]^[2] Applying a layer of organic mulch around the base helps retain soil moisture and suppress weeds, enhancing overall vigor.^[50] Its reliable performance in diverse conditions earned the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993.^[3] These requirements align closely with its native habitat preferences for well-drained, upland sites.^[1]

Propagation methods

Corylus colurna is primarily propagated through seeds or vegetative means such as grafting, with the latter preferred in commercial settings for maintaining desirable traits and uniformity. Seed propagation begins with collection of mature nuts in the fall, typically from September to October, when they naturally drop or are harvested from the tree.^[21] For optimal germination, seeds require pretreatment and stratification to overcome dormancy. Seeds should be soaked in water for 4-5 days, with daily changes, or treated with gibberellic acid (GA₃) at concentrations of 50-75 ppm to enhance viability. Cold stratification follows at 4°C in moist peat for 120 days, mimicking natural winter conditions; shorter durations of 100-110 days yield no germination. Alternatively, direct field planting in November achieves similar results without controlled stratification. Spring sowing after stratification is recommended, with germination rates ranging from 60-92% when using GA₃ treatments, though untreated stratified seeds may only reach 14%. Seedlings grow slowly, taking 5-7 years to reach fruiting age.^[51]^[22]^[52] Vegetative propagation via grafting is the most reliable method, particularly for producing uniform rootstocks. Seedlings of C. colurna serve as rootstocks for scions of C. avellana cultivars, using the whip-and-tongue technique applied in late March to April on two-year-old rootstocks. Success rates average 75-85%, with superior results for certain clones like AD17 (85.5%). This approach ensures earlier fruiting and reduces variability compared to seed-grown plants. Layering and softwood cuttings are less commonly employed due to variable rooting success, often below 50% without specialized hormone treatments, making them impractical for large-scale production.^[53]^[54] In commercial practices, tissue culture is an emerging technique for propagating elite clones of C. colurna. Micropropagation uses Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium modified with 0.1 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.01 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and gibberellic acid (GA₃) at 1.0 mg/L, achieving proliferation of 4-5 cm shoots with 7-8 nodes in 4-5 weeks. Rooting occurs on kinetin-free MS with 0.8 mg/L IBA, yielding roots up to 9 cm in 6 weeks. Recent studies emphasize pre-selecting seed sources for breeding programs to improve genetic uniformity in propagated stock.^[55]

Pests, diseases, and management

Corylus colurna is generally tolerant to most insect pests in cultivated settings, requiring minimal insecticide applications. Common minor pests include aphids such as the filbert aphid (Myzocallis coryli), which feed on sap and may cause sooty mold but rarely lead to significant damage.^[56] The eastern filbertworm (Cydia coryli) and hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum) can occasionally infest nuts, though their impact on C. colurna is low compared to other Corylus species due to the tree's robust structure and hard shells.^[56]^[57] Diseases affecting cultivated C. colurna are infrequent, with the tree showing notable resistance to many common afflictions. Eastern filbert blight, caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala, is rare in C. colurna due to its inherent genetic resistance, unlike more susceptible Corylus species.^[58]^[59] Powdery mildew, primarily from Erysiphe corylacearum, occurs occasionally, manifesting as white fungal growth on leaves in humid conditions but typically causing only minor defoliation.^[60] Root rot can develop in poorly drained, wet soils, leading to decline if waterlogging persists, though this is preventable with proper site preparation.^[61] Management of pests and diseases in cultivated C. colurna emphasizes cultural practices such as regular pruning to improve air circulation and sanitation by removing and destroying infected debris to reduce pathogen spread.^[62] Monitoring is essential in urban plantings, where early detection of minor infestations like aphids can be addressed through natural predators or targeted, low-toxicity sprays if thresholds are exceeded.^[56] Recent genetic studies highlight the species' diverse populations, supporting the selection of resistant cultivars for enhanced tolerance in breeding programs.^[7] Overall, the tree's low susceptibility allows for sustainable management with limited chemical interventions.^[2]

Uses

Ornamental applications

Corylus colurna, commonly known as Turkish hazel, is prized in ornamental horticulture for its distinctive pyramidal to conical form and attractive features that provide year-round interest. In cultivation, it typically reaches heights of 10 to 20 meters with a symmetrical crown, making it suitable as a specimen tree in parks and large gardens. The tree's pale grey bark develops into small corky plates that exfoliate with age, revealing an inner orange-brown layer, adding textural appeal especially in winter landscapes.^[8]^[15]^[2] Seasonal highlights enhance its ornamental value; pendulous yellow male catkins, up to 8 cm long, emerge in late winter to early spring, providing early color before the broad, dark green leaves appear. In autumn, the foliage turns shades of yellow, though not dramatically showy, contributing subtle fall interest. The combination of these traits positions C. colurna as a reliable choice for structured plantings where consistent form is desired.^[63]^[8]^[14] As a pollution-tolerant species, Corylus colurna excels in urban environments, serving effectively as a street tree, shade provider in lawns, or screen in buffer strips along highways and parking areas. Its dense, horizontal branching supports use in formal avenues or as a windbreak, while its adaptability to dry and compacted soils allows integration into challenging sites without excessive maintenance. In landscape design, it offers a formal, narrow profile ideal for confined spaces like sidewalk cutouts or medium-sized parking lot islands.^[1]^[8]^[2] The Royal Horticultural Society has awarded Corylus colurna the Award of Garden Merit for its reliability and ornamental merit. It has been cultivated in European gardens since the late 16th century and gained popularity in North American landscapes during the 19th and 20th centuries, valued for its hardiness in USDA zones 4 to 8.^[8]^[63]^[15]

Culinary and nutritional value

The nuts of Corylus colurna, known as Turkish hazelnuts, are small, typically weighing 0.81 to 2.38 g, and are fully enclosed in thick, spiny, bristly husks measuring about 3 cm in diameter that form clusters of 3 to 8 nuts. These nuts mature in September and are edible raw or roasted, offering a sweet flavor similar to common hazelnuts (C. avellana) but milder and less intense than wild varieties. Due to their diminutive size, hard shells, and lower kernel yield compared to commercial species, they hold limited appeal for large-scale food processing. Nutritionally, C. colurna kernels are rich in fats, comprising 59.85% to 64.07% of dry weight, predominantly monounsaturated oleic acid (around 79%) and polyunsaturated linoleic acid (about 12%), which contribute to their high energy value and potential cardiovascular benefits. Protein content ranges from 14.80% to 18.34%, providing a moderate source for dietary needs. A 2025 study evaluating 50 genotypes in Bolu, Turkey, found kernel yields averaging 36.31% (ranging 27.88% to 55.85%), while oil content across various analyses varies from 55% to 65%, supporting their role as a nutrient-dense food. The nuts also contain notable levels of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and B vitamins (including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and folate), along with antioxidants such as phenolic compounds that enhance oxidative stability. In culinary applications, C. colurna nuts are primarily consumed locally in Turkey, where they are roasted for snacks, incorporated into breads, cakes, biscuits, pies, or sweets, though their small size restricts broader use in confectionery or spreads. Unlike C. avellana, which dominates global markets, C. colurna remains a minor crop, valued more for subsistence and potential niche products rather than industrial-scale production.

Industrial and ecological uses

The wood of Corylus colurna is firm, durable, and moderately hard, making it suitable for local applications such as furniture, carpentry, and turnery.^[64]^[35] Its straight-grained nature supports these uses, though the relatively small bole diameter—typically up to 60 cm—limits large-scale commercial timber production.^[65] In industrial contexts, C. colurna serves as a valuable non-suckering rootstock for grafting hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus avellana cultivars), a practice established in Serbia since the 1970s and trialed in Italy, Spain, and the United States.^[24] This rootstock promotes deeper rooting, enhances scion vigor, increases nut yield and size, and improves drought and frost tolerance, though seed germination and seedling growth can take over two years, complicating nursery production.^[24] Additionally, the husks from its nuts show promise for biomass conversion into bioenergy via anaerobic digestion or direct combustion, contributing to renewable energy sources in regions with hazelnut production.^[66]^[67] Pruning residues also provide a supplementary biomass source for energy.^[68] Pollen from C. colurna is included in broader research on Corylus allergens, which are implicated in seasonal respiratory allergies due to cross-reactivity with birch pollen proteins like Bet v 1 homologs.^[69]^[70] Studies on airborne Corylus pollen seasons, including from C. colurna, monitor its phenology and concentration to assess allergy risks in urban and rural settings, though specific clinical data on this species remain limited.^[71]^[70] Ecologically, C. colurna supports reforestation efforts on degraded karst landscapes in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, where a 2025 review highlights its adaptation to rocky, nutrient-poor soils and mesoxerothermic conditions for restoring mixed mountain forests.^[35] Its drought resistance, shade tolerance on fertile sites, and ability to improve soil through leaf litter make it ideal for afforestation with 1+0 or 2+0 seedlings in mixed stands, enhancing overall forest resilience.^[35] The species contributes to carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems, with studies estimating its storage potential in non-native and mixed stands, particularly on marginal lands like abandoned mines.^[7]^[72] In agroforestry systems, C. colurna enhances wildlife habitat by providing nuts dispersed by animals and supporting biodiversity in mixed plantings across elevations from 100 to 1,300 m.^[7] Its role in stabilizing slopes and preventing erosion further bolsters habitat quality in temperate forest edges and restoration projects.^[7]

References

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Synonyms · Corylus abchasica Kem.-Nath. · Corylus arborescens Münchh. · Corylus bizantina Desf. · Corylus cervorum Petrov · Corylus eggrissiensis Kem.-Nath. · Corylus ...
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Nov 5, 2020 · Corylus is the source of hazelnuts and filberts. Commercial filberts (C. colurna Linnaeus and C. maxima Miller) are cultivated in various parts of the world.
[10]
[PDF] a critical taxonomic checklist of the genus Corylus (Betulaceae)
Feb 28, 2018 · Corylus colurna L. ... – Note: the authors just gave description and the species' origin, but do not refer to any earlier publication.<|separator|>
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Corylus colurna | landscape architect's pages - WordPress.com
Sep 12, 2011 · The etymological root of the binomial name Corylus is derived from the Greek word krylos means 'Hazelnut'. Colurna is a Latinised form of the ...
[12]
FILBERT Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The feast day of a French saint named Philibert was celebrated during the time that people picked these nuts. ... Middle English filbert "filbert," from philber, ...
[13]
TÜRK FINDIĞI (Corylus Colurna)
Corylus colurna L.): Sinonimi; Ayı fındığı, Bolu fındığı, Ağaç fındığı'dır. Ağaç formunda gelişme gösteren fındık türlerindendir.
[14]
Corylus colurna - Wikipedia
Corylus colurna, the Turkish hazel or Turkish filbert, is a deciduous tree native to Eurasia. Corylus colurna. Turkish hazel leaves and nuts.
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Filbert, Turkish or Turkish Hazel Corylus colurna Betulaceae - Birch
Medium growth rate, medium-sized tree. Tolerates a wide variety of conditions including high soil pH, and moderate drought, and fairly cold temperatures.Missing: lifespan | Show results with:lifespan
[16]
Turkish hazelnut | Corylus colurna | The Morton Arboretum
Turkish hazelnut is an excellent hardy tree for lawns, street plantings, and urban conditions. Its heavy textured, dark green foliage is free of insects and ...Missing: Pliny Elder
[17]
Corylus colurna - Plant Finder - Missouri Botanical Garden
Corylus colurna, commonly called Turkish hazel or Turkish filbert, is native from southeastern Europe to western Asia. It is a pyramidal deciduous tree that ...
[18]
Turkish hazel - Virginia Tech Dendrology Fact Sheet
Turkish hazel Betulaceae Corylus colurna L. ... Leaf: Alternate, simple, with a doubly serrated margin, broadly oval to almost round with a heart-shaped or ...Missing: Tracheophyta Magnoliopsida Fagales
[19]
CORYLUS COLURNA – FILBERT, TURKISH | Woodlawn Cemetery
CORYLUS COLURNA – FILBERT, TURKISH ... They are reportedly very difficult to transplant but once established they then become quite drought-tolerant and adaptable ...
[20]
[PDF] Corylus colurna Common Name: Turkish filbert, Turkish hazelnut Fam
General Description: Corylus colurna is a tall stately tree with flaky bark and a medium to fine textured silhouette.
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Corylus colurna - Turkish Hazel - Balkan Ecology Project
The species is monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and is pollinated by Wind. The plant is ...
[22]
Corylus colurna, Turkish Filbert, Turkish Hazel - Plant Database
Corylus colurna. Turkish Filbert, Turkish Hazel. Betulaceae.
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Turkish hazel - focus on seed and propagation - Waldwissen.net
Oct 10, 2024 · Turkish hazel seeds should be kept moist, autumn sowing is recommended, or if not, cold stratification for at least 120 days is needed. If ...
[24]
Effect of some pretreatments on seed germination of Turkish hazel ...
Aug 5, 2025 · Seeds of Turkish hazel take a long time to germinate under natural conditions. However, fast and uniform germination is desirable, especially in ...Missing: reproduction | Show results with:reproduction
[25]
corylus colurna - L. - PFAF.org
... flowers emerge. Most Corylus species are not self-fertile and require cross-pollination from another variety to produce nuts. Corylus colurna is self-fertile.
[26]
Advances in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Rootstocks Worldwide
Aug 26, 2021 · The tree produces a strong tap root with a few stiff, lateral roots. This makes digging, handling, shipping, and transplanting difficult. This ...Advances In Hazelnut... · 2.1. Corylus Colurna L... · 2.3. Corylus Avellana L...
[27]
Corylus colurna - Nursery Management
May 18, 2011 · It's a good choice for urban plantings because it is tolerant of drought, heat, pollution, compacted soils and a variety of pH levels. Dark ...Missing: system | Show results with:system<|separator|>
[28]
[PDF] Hazelnut production - NSW Department of Primary Industries
Hazelnuts require a well-drained soil about 1.8 m deep. The tree has a mainly fibrous root system, but deeper soils allow for greater exploitation of soil.
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Discover the Best Drought-Tolerant Trees for Your Landscape
The Corylus colurna is a versatile and drought-tolerant tree, thanks to its strong and fibrous root system. This adaptability enables it to thrive in both dry ...
[30]
(PDF) Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) offspring variability as a foundation for grafting rootstock production
### Root System Details of Corylus colurna
[31]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666708
[32]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311139153_Status_of_natural_Turkish_hazel_Corylus_colurna_L_populations_in_Turkey
[33]
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Corylus (Betulaceae) - jstor
Based on these fossil records, the range of probable divergence times was estimated at 45 mya (mid-Eocene) to 35 mya (early Oligocene) for the most distantly ...
[34]
Status of natural Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) populations in ...
Autecology: The Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro occupies limestone areas, often highly karstified, with soil found ...
[35]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393280719_TURKISH_HAZEL_Corylus_Colurna_L_IN_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA_AND_MONTENEGRO_A_REVIEW_OF_DISTRIBUTION_AUTECOLOGY_PRODUCTIVITY_SILVICULTURE_AND_RESPONSE_TO_CLIMATE_CHANGE
[36]
Suitability of 53 tree species for regenerating Central European forests
Among the species ranked as highly suitable or suitable for regenerating forests after large-scale disturbance (score > 3), Betula pendula, Corylus colurna, ...
[37]
(PDF) TURKISH HAZEL (Corylus Colurna L.) IN BOSNIA AND ...
Jul 2, 2025 · Türk Fındığı (Corylus colurna L.) Türkiye'de doğal olarak yayılış gösteren ağaç türlerimizdendir. Tek gövdeli ve kalın çap yapma (30-35 m ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
https://www.fao.org/4/i3825e/i3825e71.pdf
[39]
(PDF) Wild Fruit Tree Species of Montenegrin Forests - ResearchGate
Feb 23, 2019 · Their gene pool is threatened due to excessive logging, management activities mainly aimed at economic gain, climate change and other impacts, ...
[40]
[PDF] The State of the World's Forest Genetic Resources
Seed orchards, clone parks, progeny trials, provenance trials, genetic orchards and seed stock centers are ex situ genetic conservation areas in Turkey.
[41]
Bentler Nature Park - Wikipedia
The protected area is named after the historic dams, the Topuzlu Dam ... Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna) are found in the park. Shrubs of the nature ...
[42]
https://www.seefor.eu/vol-10-no-1-seho-et-al-a-review-on-turkish-hazel-corylus-colurna.html
[43]
(PDF) Preliminary results of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus colurna L ...
Sep 1, 2018 · PDF | Ovaj rad ima za cilj da identifikuje karakteristike lešnika četiri različite populacije (Agli-Tunuslar, Agli-Musellimler, Arac-Guzluk ...
[44]
https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/plants400/Profiles/CD/Corylus
[45]
Šeho et al - A Review on Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna ... - SEEFOR
The annual height growth during a southern German cultivation trial in a productive site (i.e. vineyard area on fine clay soil) was between 75 and 87 cm (max.
[46]
Corylus colurna - Friends of Belfast Botanic Gardens
The Turkish hazel is native to SE Europe and Asia Minor and was introduced into cultivation in 1582. It is a much larger tree than our native hazel.
[47]
Corylus colurna - Oxford University Plants 400
Introduced to Britain in the mid-sixteenth century, Turkish hazel is native to south-east Europe and Asia Minor, but it was cultivated over a much wider ...
[48]
https://www.canr.msu.edu/home_gardening/uploads/files/TurkishHazel-AltTrees.pdf
[49]
https://davisla.wordpress.com/2011/09/12/plant-of-the-week-corylus-colurna/
[50]
Corylus colurna [Turkish Filbert] - Purdue Arboretum
Green (Attractive dark-green leathery foliage in summer); Yellow (Usually poor yellow-green fall color) ... Corylus colurna - Foliage. Foliage. Corylus colurna - ...Missing: autumn | Show results with:autumn<|control11|><|separator|>
[51]
[PDF] Turkish Hazel - Michigan State University
pH: 5.0 - 8.0. Other: Tolerates urban conditions, heat, pollution, dry soils and variable pH levels. Shape: Pyramidal. Foliage: Semi-glossy, bright green ...
[52]
https://permies.com/t/69019/Amazing-Hazel-Essential-Guide-Hazels
[53]
CORYLUS COLURNA Turkish hazel - VILMORIN Tree Seeds
Seeds preparation advices : Soak seeds during 4 to 5 days while changing water every day (using mild water), then stratify at +3°/+5°C for 5 to 6 months.Missing: propagation temperature germination rate
[54]
The Essential Guide to Everything you need to know about Hazels
Aug 1, 2017 · Corylus colurna - Turkish hazel is often used as a rootstock providing non-suckering cultivars and a deeper rooting habit. Cultivars on Corylus ...
[55]
Advances in Nursery Production of Hazelnut Plants in Serbia
colurna generative rootstocks (seedlings) were grafted by the whip and tongue method. At the beginning of September, the grafted plants were counted, and after ...Missing: stratification | Show results with:stratification
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Determination of Rooting Rates of Rootstock Hazelnut (Corylus ...
Jun 15, 2025 · Two-thirds of the IBA-treated cuttings were then buried in pans containing a perlite, and rooting was induced. The traits of the survival rate ...
[57]
(PDF) Micropropagation of Corylus colurna L. - ResearchGate
Aug 5, 2025 · Corylus colurna L. micropropagation results are shown. The basal nutrient medium of Murashige and Skoog, which enabled rapid formation of new spears and roots ...
[58]
Growing Hazelnuts in the Pacific Northwest: Integrated Pest ...
Several insect pests infest hazelnut orchards. The most significant are filbertworm, aphids, and leafrollers. Management of these pests involves monitoring pest ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Curculio nucum (hazelnut weevil) | CABI Compendium
Nov 23, 2022 · Curculio nucum (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) is a weevil native to Europe and west Asia. It is a serious pest of the common hazel (Corylus ...
[60]
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana)-Eastern Filbert Blight
See: Hazelnut Cultivar Susceptibility Cause Anisogramma anomala , a fungus that has infected hazelnut orchards throughout the Pacific Northwest.
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Filberts & Hazels | Portland Nursery
An easy to grow shade tree with decorative yellow catkins in late winter and nuts in summer. An excellent choice for wildlife habitat.
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First report of Erysiphe corylacearum on Corylus avellana and C ...
Nov 7, 2020 · In September 2020, prominent powdery mildew disease symptoms were seen on leaves of Corylus avellana (hazelnut) and C. colurna (Turkish hazelnut) at several ...
[63]
Introduction to Variegated Turkish Hazel - Greg
Feb 5, 2025 · Root Rot: If you find dark, mushy roots, your plant is suffering from root rot. The solution is to improve drainage and cut back on watering.
[64]
Eastern Filbert Blight - Wisconsin Horticulture
Feb 29, 2024 · Turkish filbert (Corylus colurna) also appears to be highly susceptible. ... pruning would require removing part of the trunk, or when ...Missing: tolerant | Show results with:tolerant
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Corylus colurna|Turkish hazel/RHS Gardening
A medium-sized deciduous tree of symmetrical, conical habit, with slightly lobed broadly-ovate leaves. Pendulous yellow catkins to 8cm in length.
[66]
Corylus colurna - L. - PFAF
Corylus species are considered medium to fast-growing, reaching a height of about 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) within 5 to 10 years, depending on the specific ...Missing: crown lifespan<|control11|><|separator|>
[67]
Corylus colurna - Useful Temperate Plants
Pollinators, Wind. Self-fertile, Yes. Cultivation Status, Cultivated, Ornamental, Wild. Cultivation Details. Corylus colurna is a very cold-hardy plant, being ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[68]
Anaerobic digestion of hazelnut (Corylus colurna) husks after ...
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) presents a promising feedstock for carbon management due to enormous potential for achieving carbon neutrality and delivering ...
[69]
Anaerobic digestion of hazelnut (Corylus colurna) husks after ...
Aug 10, 2025 · These biomass produced can be burnt off directly to generate energy or processed with different conversion methods to generate biofuels like ...
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MECHANICAL HAZELNUT PRUNING AND ENERGETIC ...
After two years of investigations, it was observed that manual pruning produces a higher quantity of biomass as compared to the mechanical method, although, ...
[71]
Comprehensive Study on Key Pollen Allergens
The current studies offer a glimpse into some of the intensely reactive pollens that are responsible for hypersensitivity within individuals. Recent ...
[72]
A regulation-oriented approach for allergenicity categorization of ...
Corylus colurna is a common tree in less-polluted urban areas. Surprisingly, no clinical evidence is available on this species, even though it is often referred ...
[73]
The patterns of Corylus and Alnus pollen seasons and pollination ...
On the other hand, a delay in the timing of pollination was observed in quite sunny but very windy sites. ... However, Corylus colurna (Turkish hazel) is widely ...
[74]
Predicted means of carbon storage and sequestration for non‐native ...
This study aimed to evaluate the initial growth of Castanea sativa, Platanus acerifolia, and Corylus colurna under three soil treatments on abandoned ...