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DL

Deep learning (DL) is a subset of machine learning that utilizes multilayered artificial neural networks to automatically learn hierarchical representations of data, enabling the modeling of complex nonlinear relationships without explicit feature engineering.^[1]^[2] These networks process inputs through successive layers of interconnected nodes, where each layer transforms the data to capture increasingly abstract features, such as edges in images progressing to full object recognition.^[3] Originally drawing loose inspiration from biological neural structures, DL relies fundamentally on mathematical optimization techniques like backpropagation to minimize prediction errors on large datasets.^[4] DL has driven transformative advances in fields including computer vision, natural language processing, and predictive analytics, achieving superhuman performance in tasks like image classification on benchmarks such as ImageNet and mastering strategic games via systems like AlphaGo.^[5] Breakthroughs include accurate protein structure prediction through models like AlphaFold, which leverages DL to infer atomic configurations from amino acid sequences, accelerating drug discovery and biological research.^[6] These successes stem from scaling network depth, data volume, and computational power, particularly with graphics processing units (GPUs), enabling empirical pattern recognition at scales unattainable by earlier machine learning methods.^[7] Despite its efficacy in interpolative tasks, DL faces inherent limitations, including poor interpretability—often termed the "black box" problem—where internal decision mechanisms remain opaque, complicating trust in high-stakes applications like autonomous driving or medical diagnosis.^[8] Models exhibit brittleness to adversarial perturbations, minor input alterations that cause erroneous outputs, highlighting vulnerabilities in causal understanding and out-of-distribution generalization.^[9] Additionally, DL's dependence on vast, potentially biased training data can perpetuate dataset flaws, such as demographic imbalances, yielding discriminatory outcomes unless rigorously audited, while its resource intensity raises environmental concerns from energy consumption.^[10] These challenges underscore DL's strengths in correlative prediction over robust causal inference, prompting ongoing research into hybrid approaches integrating symbolic reasoning.

Units of measurement

Volume and capacity

The deciliter (symbol: dL or dl), also spelled decilitre in international usage, is a metric unit of volume equal to one-tenth of a liter, or 100 milliliters.^[11]^[12]^[13] It corresponds to 0.1 cubic decimeters (dm³), aligning with the decimal structure of the metric system where prefixes like "deci-" denote a factor of 10^{-1}.^[13] Although the liter itself is a non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI) as equivalent to 1 dm³, the deciliter follows from this as a coherent decimal multiple, with its value fixed by the SI definition of the meter since the system's 1960 establishment.^[13] Originating from the metric system's development in late 18th-century France, the deciliter emerged as part of efforts to create decimal-based measures of capacity derived from the cubic decimeter, formalized during the French Revolution and refined through international agreements like the 1875 Meter Convention.^[14]^[15] By the 19th century, it was integrated into national standards for volume measurement, enabling precise quantification in scientific and commercial contexts without reliance on variable traditional units.^[14] In medical applications, the deciliter is standard for reporting concentrations in blood tests, such as hemoglobin levels in grams per deciliter (g/dL), where normal ranges for adults typically span 12–18 g/dL depending on sex and health status; this unit balances readability for values around 10–20 against the impracticality of liters for small sample volumes or milliliters for aggregated data.^[16]^[17] For instance, electrolyte assays like sodium are expressed in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) but often converted or compared using dL scales for consistency in clinical labs.^[16] Total blood volume in adults averages 4.5–5.7 liters, but deciliters facilitate per-unit plasma or serum analysis, as in centrifugation protocols yielding hematocrit percentages from dL-sampled whole blood.^[18] Culinary and nutritional contexts favor the deciliter for recipe scaling and ingredient dosing, particularly in European standards where 1 dL approximates a practical scoop for dry goods like flour (about 50–60 grams) or liquids, promoting metric uniformity over volume-to-weight approximations.^[19] Nutrition labeling in metric-adopting regions uses dL equivalents for portion volumes, such as in beverage or dairy products, where 1 dL milk provides roughly 50 calories and 3.3 grams of protein, aiding empirical dietary tracking.^[20] Beverage packaging occasionally specifies capacities in deciliters, as in some coffee makers or small-volume containers compliant with metric fill standards, though larger formats default to milliliters or liters for regulatory net contents declarations.^[21]^[22]

Computing and technology

Artificial intelligence and machine learning

Deep learning constitutes a subset of machine learning employing artificial neural networks comprising multiple processing layers to learn representations of data at varying levels of abstraction.^[1] These networks, often termed deep neural networks due to their depth exceeding a few layers, process inputs through interconnected nodes that adjust weights via optimization algorithms to minimize prediction errors on tasks such as classification and regression.^[3] The approach draws from biological neural inspiration but relies fundamentally on mathematical frameworks like gradient descent for training, enabling empirical superiority over shallower models in capturing nonlinear patterns when sufficient data and compute are available.^[2] A pivotal algorithm for training these networks is backpropagation, introduced in 1986 by David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, and Ronald Williams, which propagates errors backward through layers using the chain rule to compute gradients efficiently.^[23] Though conceptualized earlier in automatic differentiation contexts, its application to multilayered networks marked a key milestone, allowing scalable optimization despite challenges like vanishing gradients in very deep architectures.^[24] Progress stagnated in the late 20th century due to computational limits, but revived in the 2010s with graphics processing units (GPUs), which parallelized matrix operations essential for neural network training, reducing computation times from weeks to days for large datasets.^[25]^[26] Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a cornerstone architecture for spatial data, gained prominence with AlexNet in 2012, developed by Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey Hinton, which achieved a top-5 error rate of 15.3% on the ImageNet dataset—surpassing the prior state-of-the-art of 26.2% by leveraging GPU acceleration, ReLU activations, and dropout regularization to handle over 1.2 million training images across 1,000 classes.^[27] This breakthrough demonstrated deep learning's efficacy in computer vision, causal to widespread adoption by enabling feature hierarchies from edges to objects without manual engineering.^[28] In natural language processing, the 2017 transformer architecture, relying on self-attention mechanisms rather than recurrent layers, further advanced sequence modeling by parallelizing computations and scaling to billions of parameters, underpinning models that process context over long dependencies. Empirical evidence from these developments underscores data and compute as primary drivers of performance, with scaling laws quantifying predictable improvements in loss reduction as model size, dataset volume, and training compute increase proportionally.^[29] By 2025, deep learning's trajectory emphasizes empirical validation of scaling hypotheses, where neural scaling laws predict performance gains via power-law relationships between compute budgets and task accuracy, informing efficient resource allocation in training regimes exceeding trillions of parameters.^[29] Architectures like diffusion transformers extend these principles to generative tasks, exhibiting heightened sensitivity to hyperparameters such as learning rates while confirming compute-optimal scaling for video and multimodal synthesis.^[30] Such advancements, grounded in reproducible benchmarks rather than anecdotal claims, highlight deep learning's causal role in surpassing traditional methods in domains requiring hierarchical pattern recognition, though persistent challenges include interpretability and robustness to adversarial inputs.^[6]

Data and software

In computing, a download refers to the process of transferring digital data or files from a remote server to a local device, such as a computer or smartphone, typically over a network.^[31] This operation contrasts with uploading, which sends data from the local device to the server, and has been fundamental to file sharing since the development of protocols like FTP in 1971.^[32] FTP, specified in RFC 114 on April 16, 1971, by Abhay Bhushan, enabled efficient server-to-client transfers in early networks, laying groundwork for broader internet adoption in the 1990s when web browsers integrated download capabilities for hypermedia content.^[33] By the late 1990s, downloads became ubiquitous with the rise of consumer internet, supporting applications from software distribution to media streaming, though security extensions like SFTP emerged to address vulnerabilities in plain FTP.^[34] A digital library is a managed collection of digital objects, including text, images, and multimedia, accessible via electronic means with associated services for search and retrieval.^[35] Project Gutenberg exemplifies this, founded in 1971 by Michael Hart, who digitized the U.S. Declaration of Independence on July 4 using university computing resources, marking the inception of freely available electronic books.^[36] By 2021, the project had amassed over 60,000 e-books, primarily public domain works, demonstrating scalable preservation and distribution without physical media.^[37] Other digital libraries, such as those from scholarly publishers or aggregators, extend this model by curating peer-reviewed content, though access often involves fees or institutional subscriptions to sustain operations.^[38] Deadlock in software denotes a state in concurrent programming where two or more processes hold resources while awaiting others held by peers, preventing progress and potentially halting execution.^[39] Edsger W. Dijkstra introduced the concept in 1965 through the dining philosophers problem, an analogy of five processes (philosophers) competing for shared resources (chopsticks) in a circular arrangement, illustrating conditions like mutual exclusion and circular wait that precipitate deadlock.^[40] This model, originally framed as computers vying for tape drives, underscores first-principles necessities for prevention, such as resource ordering or timeouts, and remains a cornerstone for analyzing synchronization in operating systems and multithreaded applications.^[41] Empirical studies confirm deadlocks occur in real systems without safeguards, as seen in early multiprocessing environments lacking semaphores or locks.^[42]

Networking and telecommunications

In telecommunications, downlink (DL) refers to the unidirectional transmission path from a base station, satellite, or network infrastructure to a user equipment or receiver. This direction contrasts with the uplink, which carries signals from the user device to the network. In cellular standards such as 5G New Radio (NR), defined in 3GPP Release 15 completed in June 2018, the downlink utilizes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with cyclic prefix to mitigate multipath interference and support high data rates exceeding 10 Gbps in ideal conditions.^[43] The *data link* layer, designated as Layer 2 in the OSI reference model established by ISO in 1984, handles reliable node-to-node delivery of data frames across a physical medium, incorporating mechanisms for framing, error detection via cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and medium access control to prevent collisions. IEEE 802 standards, first published in 1980 and revised in IEEE Std 802-2001, partition this layer into the logical link control (LLC) sublayer for protocol multiplexing and the media access control (MAC) sublayer for addressing and channel arbitration, as applied in protocols like Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11).^[44] These sublayers ensure bit-level synchronization and retransmission of erroneous frames, with MAC addresses uniquely identifying devices in local networks per the standard's 48-bit format. Description logics (DL), a family of decidable fragments of first-order logic, underpin semantic web technologies for formal knowledge representation in distributed networking environments. The Web Ontology Language (OWL), recommended by W3C on February 10, 2004, builds on description logic semantics—specifically the SROIQ(D) profile in OWL 2—to define ontologies for concepts, roles, and axioms, facilitating automated reasoning over network metadata such as service descriptions or protocol interoperations.^[45] In telecommunications applications, DL-based ontologies enable inference in resource description frameworks for dynamic service discovery, though adoption remains limited compared to procedural standards due to computational complexity in expressive DL variants.^[46]

Electronics and hardware

Digital logic encompasses the design and implementation of electronic circuits that perform computations using binary signals (0 and 1) and Boolean operations. It relies on logic gates—such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR—constructed from transistors to realize Boolean functions, enabling the arithmetic and control units in microprocessors, memory, and peripheral hardware.^[47] This field traces its theoretical foundation to Boolean algebra, formalized by George Boole in his 1847 publication The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, which provided a mathematical framework for symbolic logic using binary variables.^[48] Practical application to electronics began with Claude Shannon's 1937 master's thesis at MIT, where he showed that Boolean algebra could model switching circuits using relays or vacuum tubes, influencing the development of programmable digital machines.^[49] Transistor-based integrated circuits, introduced in 1958 by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, scaled digital logic to billions of gates per chip, powering contemporary hardware like CPUs with clock speeds exceeding 5 GHz and transistor counts over 100 billion as of 2023.^[47] In storage hardware, DL refers to dual-layer (or double-layer) optical discs, which employ two semi-reflective data layers to double capacity without increasing physical size. A single-layer DVD holds 4.7 GB, while a DL variant achieves 8.5 GB by allowing the laser to read the inner layer through a transparent semi-reflective outer layer, with a slight capacity shortfall due to error correction and layer-switching overhead.^[50] This format, specified in the DVD-9 standard for read-only media, enabled longer video playback—up to 240 minutes of MPEG-2 content—and was commercially deployed in 1997 for film distribution, predating writable DL variants like DVD+R DL demonstrated in 2003.^[51] The technology relies on precise material science in layer coatings and laser optics to minimize crosstalk between layers. Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), leveraging the DL effect, store charge electrostatically at the interface between high-surface-area electrodes (often activated carbon) and electrolyte, yielding capacitances from 0.1 to thousands of farads for pulse power applications in electronics.^[52] Unlike electrolytic capacitors, EDLCs avoid chemical reactions, enabling over 1 million charge-discharge cycles with energy densities up to 10 Wh/kg, suitable for hardware backup in portable devices and regenerative braking systems, though voltage limits (typically 2.5–2.7 V per cell) necessitate series stacking.^[53] Commercial EDLCs emerged in the 1970s, with modern variants integrating hybrid designs for improved performance.^[52]

Other technical applications

In structural engineering, DL designates dead load, the fixed weight exerted by a structure's inherent components, including beams, slabs, walls, and permanent fixtures, calculated from material densities and geometric volumes.^[54] Dead loads typically range from 10 to 50 pounds per square foot for floors and roofs, depending on construction materials like concrete (150 lb/ft³) or steel framing, and serve as a baseline for stability assessments under standards such as ASCE 7-22, where they combine with live loads via factors like 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL to ensure safety margins against failure.^[55]^[56] In atmospheric remote sensing, DL stands for Doppler lidar, an active laser-based instrument that quantifies radial wind velocities and aerosol backscatter through analysis of Doppler-shifted returns from airborne particles.^[57] Operating at wavelengths around 1.5 μm with pulse energies of 1-10 μJ, DL systems achieve vertical resolutions of 30-100 meters up to 2-10 km altitude, supporting geophysical applications in wind profiling for boundary layer dynamics and aerosol transport studies within networks like the U.S. Department of Energy's ARM program, operational since the early 1990s.^[57] In optics, DL describes diffraction-limited performance, the theoretical resolution boundary set by light wave diffraction, where the Airy disk radius approximates 1.22 λ / D, with λ as wavelength and D as aperture diameter, essential for designing aberration-free lenses in precision instruments like spectrometers and solar telescopes.^[58] This criterion underpins instruments such as the Diffraction-Limited Near-Infrared Spectropolarimeter (DL-NIRSP), deployed on the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope in 2021, enabling sub-arcsecond magnetic field mappings in solar atmospheres.^[59]

Transportation

Automotive and vehicles

In automotive nomenclature, "DL" frequently denotes "De Luxe," a trim level signifying upgraded features such as enhanced upholstery, instrumentation, and convenience options over base models. For instance, Volvo Cars applied the DL designation to its 240 series sedans, wagons, and coupes produced from 1974 to 1993, where DL variants included standard features like power-assisted brakes, improved seating, and optional overdrive transmissions, contributing to the model's reputation for durability with over 2.8 million units sold globally.^[60]^[61] The Volvo 240 DL underwent rigorous safety testing, incorporating crumple zones and reinforced passenger compartments that influenced later federal standards, with independent evaluations confirming low injury rates in frontal impacts compared to contemporaries.^[62] Dodge also utilized "DL" for its early 1930s series, succeeding the DH line with the 1932 Dodge DL Six, a side-valve inline-six-powered vehicle offered in sedan, coupe, and convertible body styles, emphasizing mechanical simplicity and affordability during the Great Depression era. Approximately 22,000 DL units were produced in 1932, featuring hydraulic brakes—a novelty for the price class—and a 195.5 cubic-inch engine delivering 75 horsepower, which provided reliable performance for urban and highway use based on period road tests.^[63]^[64] Later, Dodge applied DL to imported models like the 1989 Colt DL wagon, a rebadged Mitsubishi Lancer with full-time four-wheel drive and a 1.5-liter engine producing 81 horsepower, targeted at compact utility segments with a five-speed manual option for improved fuel efficiency averaging 25-30 mpg in EPA tests.^[65] In vehicle engineering, "DL" abbreviates "driveline," referring to the assembly transmitting rotational power from the engine through the transmission, driveshafts, universal joints, and differentials to the wheels, where torque multiplication and speed reduction occur via gear ratios to optimize traction and efficiency. Driveline design minimizes angular misalignment-induced vibrations through precise balancing, as unbalanced shafts can generate forces exceeding 1000 rpm thresholds, leading to premature wear; specialized machinery like dynamic balancers corrects this by adding or removing weight to achieve residual unbalance below 0.1 oz-in per Hines Industries standards. Empirical data from fleet testing shows properly balanced drivelines reduce noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) by up to 50%, enhancing longevity in rear-wheel-drive configurations common in trucks and performance sedans.^[66]^[67]

Rail transport

The Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad (reporting mark DL) is a shortline railroad operating approximately 88 miles (142 km) of trackage in northeastern Pennsylvania, primarily serving Lackawanna, Wayne, Northampton, and Monroe counties around the Scranton area.^[68] Established as the designated operator for lines owned by the Pennsylvania Northeast Regional Railroad Authority (PNRRA), it commenced freight services in August 1993, focusing on switching and local freight movements that connect to larger Class I carriers.^[69] The railroad maintains a fleet including vintage Alco diesel locomotives, which support operations on routes handling commodities such as chemicals, plastics, lumber, and intermodal traffic.^[70] DL's operations emphasize efficient short-haul freight transport, with documented growth in carload volumes reflecting improved regional logistics. In 2019, the railroad achieved a record 9,690 freight carloads, surpassing prior benchmarks amid national rail trends.^[71] Subsequent years showed further expansion, including a 27% increase in freight traffic across its three main routes in 2022, followed by an additional 18% rise in carloads, driven by partnerships enhancing manifest and unit train services.^[72] These gains have been attributed to infrastructure investments and reliable connectivity, reducing truck dependency and lowering emissions per ton-mile compared to highway alternatives, though specific efficiency metrics vary by commodity and route density.^[73] Economically, DL contributes to local freight efficiency by enabling cost-effective supply chain access for manufacturers and distributors, with operations supporting job retention in rail-adjacent sectors.^[70] The railroad employs around 30 personnel, prioritizing operational cost controls that align with broader shortline economics, where labor productivity gains from localized dispatching and maintenance yield lower per-car handling expenses than long-haul networks.^[74] In recognition of these factors, DL has received accolades such as Short Line Railroad of the Year, underscoring its role in sustaining regional economic vitality through targeted freight enhancements rather than expansive mergers.^[73]

Business and organizations

Companies and corporations

The Dial Corporation was an American manufacturer of consumer goods, established in 1948 as part of Armour and Company to produce the first deodorant soap under the Dial brand. The company expanded into bar soaps, liquid hand soaps, body washes, air fresheners, and household cleaners, achieving annual sales of $1.3 billion by 2002. In December 2003, German firm Henkel AG & Co. KGaA agreed to acquire Dial for $2.9 billion in cash, a deal completed in 2004 that integrated Dial's brands into Henkel's portfolio and represented Henkel's largest purchase to that point.^[75]^[76]^[77] DL Holdings Group Limited, listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (1709.HK), operates as an investment holding company focused on financial services including securities trading, wealth management, and investment banking for high-net-worth clients across Asia. Headquartered in Hong Kong with offices in Shanghai, San Francisco, Singapore, and Tokyo, it emphasizes aligned interests with clients through tailored solutions. As of October 24, 2025, its shares traded at HK$2.57, up 2.39% for the day amid a market capitalization of approximately HK$4.90 billion.^[78]^[79]^[80] In South Korea, DL Holdings Co., Ltd. (KRX: 000210), formerly Daelim Industrial Co., Ltd., functions as a holding company managing subsidiaries in petrochemicals, construction, and engineering. Established through restructuring of predecessor entities, it reported total assets exceeding 1 trillion KRW in recent filings. Shares closed at 39,000 KRW on October 25, 2025, with a market capitalization around 732 million USD as of June 2025, reflecting steady performance in industrial sectors despite cyclical volatility.^[81]^[82]^[83]

Economic terms

In telegraphy, "DL" denotes a day letter, a deferred same-day telegram service introduced by companies like Western Union in the early 20th century to provide cost-effective communication for non-urgent business matters.^[84] Unlike full-rate telegrams requiring immediate transmission, day letters were transmitted during off-peak hours and delivered the same day at rates approximately half those of standard telegrams, making them suitable for routine commercial correspondence such as orders, confirmations, or financial updates.^[85] This service, marked "DL" in message headers, facilitated efficient resource allocation by telegraph operators, who prioritized urgent traffic while handling deferred messages at lower costs, thereby supporting expanded business use of wired communication amid growing economic activity post-1900. By 1915, day letters were a standard option in North American telegraph operations, with rates structured to encourage volume usage in trade and finance sectors where speed was secondary to affordability. The format allowed for longer messages—up to 50 words or more at reduced per-word fees—reducing overall transmission expenses for enterprises reliant on inter-city coordination, such as manufacturers coordinating shipments or banks exchanging account summaries.^[86] Economic analyses of telegraphy highlight how such tiered pricing models democratized access to rapid information flow, contributing to productivity gains in pre-electronic commerce by minimizing idle line capacity during business hours.^[84] In accounting and cost management, "DL" also refers to direct labor, the wages and associated costs for workers directly engaged in producing goods or services, distinct from indirect overheads.^[87] This term, central to absorption costing methodologies, captures variable expenses tied to output volume, enabling firms to allocate production costs accurately for pricing, inventory valuation, and profitability analysis under standards like those from the Financial Accounting Standards Board.^[87] For instance, in manufacturing, DL includes assembly line operator pay but excludes supervisory salaries, providing a causal link between labor input and economic output measurable via time studies or activity-based costing.^[87] Empirical data from industrial economics underscores DL's role in break-even calculations, where fluctuations in these costs directly influence marginal profitability and firm competitiveness.^[88]

Geography and places

Locations and regions

The DL postcode area in the United Kingdom covers 17 postcode districts primarily in northern England, encompassing parts of County Durham and North Yorkshire, with a total population of 360,975 residents across an area of approximately 1,200 square miles.^[89] This region includes post towns such as Darlington (districts DL1 to DL5), Barnard Castle (DL12), Bishop Auckland (DL13 and DL14), and Richmond (DL10 and DL11), centered around the town of Darlington at coordinates 54.5225°N 1.5581°W.^[90]^[91] In India, DL serves as the district code prefix for vehicle registration plates in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, subdivided into sub-codes DL-01 through DL-14 corresponding to specific regional transport offices, such as DL-01 for North Delhi and DL-02 for New Delhi.^[92] Delhi spans an area of 1,484 square kilometers at coordinates 28.7041°N 77.1025°E, with a decennial census population of 16,787,941 recorded in 2011.^[93]

Government and politics

Political entities and roles

In the United States, particularly in New York State, "DL" commonly denotes the role of District Leader within political party organizations. This position is an elected, unpaid volunteer office required by state law for all formal political parties, with at least one District Leader per Assembly District to represent local constituencies in party governance.^[94] District Leaders are selected through primary elections, such as those held in June for Democratic and Republican parties, where they organize precinct-level activities, endorse candidates for higher offices, and influence party platforms without appearing on general election ballots.^[95] District Leaders in the Democratic Party, for instance, recruit and vet candidates, mobilize voters, and serve on county committees to shape local policy priorities, often focusing on grassroots engagement in urban areas like Manhattan or Brooklyn.^[96] In Republican structures, the role mirrors these responsibilities, emphasizing local organization and candidate support within the same electoral framework, though party-specific priorities may differ based on ideological alignments.^[94] These positions enable direct community input into party decisions, with District Leaders acting as intermediaries between voters and higher party leadership, as evidenced by their involvement in endorsement processes for state assembly races.^[97] Historically, "DL" has also referred to the Democratic Left, a socialist political party formed in 1992 in Ireland and Northern Ireland after splitting from the Workers' Party over ideological disputes. The party participated in elections, securing seats in the Irish Dáil Éireann, but merged into the Labour Party in 1999 amid declining support and strategic realignments.^[98] This entity's brief tenure highlighted tensions within left-wing politics, with its platform advocating workers' rights and social reforms, though electoral data showed limited national impact compared to established parties.^[98]

Sports

Team sports positions and rules

In American football, the defensive line (DL) comprises the frontline players positioned along the line of scrimmage on defense, primarily tasked with stopping opposing runs, disrupting passes by pressuring the quarterback, and occupying blockers to free linebackers. The unit typically includes defensive ends (DE), who align on the outer edges to pursue edge rushers or contain runs, and defensive tackles (DT), who occupy interior gaps to clog running lanes and generate interior pressure.^[99] In some schemes, a nose tackle (NT) supplements the DTs in the center, emphasizing run defense in 3-4 alignments.^[100] Defensive linemen must adhere to strict alignment rules under NFL regulations, lining up no farther than one yard behind the neutral zone to avoid encroachment penalties, which result in a five-yard penalty and an automatic first down if committed during a passing play. Offside infractions occur if any part of a DL player's body is beyond the ball's forward point at the snap, incurring a five-yard penalty and replay of the down. Defensive holding, such as grabbing an eligible receiver beyond the line of scrimmage, draws a 10-yard penalty and automatic first down, though incidental contact in the rush is permitted if not grasping or pulling.^[101] Common formations dictate DL numbers: the 4-3 defense deploys four linemen with three linebackers for balanced pass rush, while the 3-4 uses three linemen and four linebackers to maximize blitz potential and confuse protections.^[100] Empirical metrics underscore DL impact; in the 2024 NFL regular season, sacks—a key DL-generated statistic measuring quarterback takedowns—were led by Cincinnati Bengals DE Trey Hendrickson with 17.5, followed by Cleveland Browns DE Myles Garrett (14.0) and Denver Broncos DE Nik Bonitto (13.5), reflecting elite edge-rushing efficacy in halting offenses.^[102] Tackles for loss, another DL staple for run disruption, saw Minnesota Vikings LB Andrew Van Ginkel (often rushing from DL alignments) top charts with 11.5 alongside 50 total tackles, highlighting multifaceted contributions.^[103] Beyond American football, DL lacks standardized positional designation in other major team sports like basketball, rugby, or soccer, where defensive roles emphasize fluid positioning without a fixed "line" abbreviation; for instance, basketball's low-post defenders operate "down low" near the rim but are classified as centers or power forwards rather than DL.^[104] In rugby, forward packs include props and locks analogous to linemen for scrummaging, but terminology centers on "forwards" without DL usage.^[105]

Player status and regulations

In Major League Baseball (MLB), "DL" traditionally refers to the disabled list, a roster mechanism allowing teams to temporarily remove injured or ill players while adding replacements, with the term officially renamed to "injured list" (IL) prior to the 2019 season to avoid conflation with broader disability connotations, though usage rules remained unchanged.^[106]^[107] The system originated in the National League on July 12, 1915, as a 10-day provision to address roster constraints from injuries, evolving from informal earlier practices in the early 1900s.^[108]^[109] Current regulations include the 10-day IL for most players, requiring a minimum stay before activation and eligibility for retroactive placement up to three days prior; pitchers and two-way players use a 15-day IL, reintroduced in 2022 after prior variations.^[107]^[110] The 60-day IL accommodates longer-term absences without counting against the active 26-man roster (expanded to 28 during September), while a 7-day concussion IL applies to position players.^[111] Placement requires a president's list certification by a physician, confirming inability to play, with teams unable to reactivate players before the minimum period or without clearance; repeated or questionable placements can trigger league review.^[107] Roster impacts are direct: a player's IL placement opens a spot for a call-up or trade acquisition, maintaining the 40-man roster limit, but teams cannot option IL players to minors without activation, limiting flexibility during recoveries.^[112] Usage data from 1988–1998 showed an average of 640.6 disabled list days per team per season, with upper extremity injuries—prevalent in pitchers—accounting for nearly 50% of placements and over 460,000 total days lost annually across MLB.^[113] Recovery varies by injury, but rule changes like the 2017 reduction from 15 to 10 days correlated with decreased overall time lost and team costs without increased underreporting.^[114]

Culture, arts, and entertainment

Media and fiction

Dexter's Laboratory is an American animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky that originally aired on Cartoon Network from April 28, 1996, to November 20, 2003, spanning four seasons and 156 episodes.^[115] The plot revolves around Dexter, a diminutive boy genius with a hidden laboratory in his suburban home, where he conducts scientific experiments; his oblivious and destructive older sister Dee Dee frequently invades the lab, leading to chaotic mishaps, while their parents remain unaware of Dexter's activities.^[115] A recurring rival character, Mandark, competes with Dexter in intellectual pursuits.^[115] Dragon's Lair is a 1983 American arcade game developed by Advanced Microcomputer Systems and published by Cinematronics, utilizing full-motion video animation directed by Don Bluth.^[116] Players control Dirk the Daring, who navigates a castle to rescue Princess Daphne from an evil dragon by making quick-time decisions to avoid traps and enemies in pre-animated sequences stored on laserdisc.^[117] The game spawned sequels including Dragon's Lair II: Time Warp in 1993 and ports to home consoles.^[117]

Performing arts

The Drama League (DL), founded in 1916 in New York City as part of the broader Drama League of America movement originating in Chicago in 1910, serves as a professional association advancing theater directors' careers through fellowships, residencies, and resources for projects in theater, film, television, and live performance.^[118]^[119] It established the Directors Project in 1982 to offer training and mentorship, supporting mid-career and emerging artists via partnerships with institutions like Berkeley Repertory Theatre and Lincoln Center Theater.^[120]^[121] The organization administers the Drama League Awards, the oldest honors for theatrical achievements in North America, first presented informally in 1922 and formalized in 1935 to recognize outstanding Broadway and Off-Broadway productions, performances, and contributions.^[122] Nominations for the 91st annual awards were announced on April 22, 2025, with winners including Oh, Mary! for Outstanding Production of a Play.^[123]^[124] In theater production, DL commonly abbreviates "down left," a stage direction indicating the downstage left position from the actor's perspective (audience's right), used in blocking notation alongside terms like DR (down right) and UL (up left) to guide performer movement relative to the proscenium.^[125] This convention appears in prompt books and scripts to denote precise spatial cues, such as "Enter DL" for an actor's entrance from that area.^[126] Dance League (DL), a U.S.-based convention series since at least 2019, organizes workshops, competitions, and training events for dancers in genres like jazz and hip-hop, emphasizing boutique-style sessions with limited attendance for focused instruction, as seen in events in Lafayette, Orlando, and Dallas.^[127]^[128] Separate from this, the International Dance League, launched in June 2025 as a professional competitive dance entity blending street, club, and stage elements, features events like hip-hop battles but operates primarily under IDL branding.^[129]^[130]

Language, slang, and society

Colloquial and internet slang

In African-American Vernacular English, "DL" abbreviates "down low," denoting secrecy or discretion in conduct or information to evade notice. This usage originated within Black communities in the United States during the 1990s, reflecting a cultural emphasis on maintaining confidentiality amid social scrutiny.^[131]^[132] The term "on the down low" parallels earlier idiomatic expressions for subdued or hidden actions, but its popularization in AAVE tied it to everyday interpersonal dynamics requiring circumspection, without implying validation of evasion. Empirical traces appear in linguistic records from hip-hop and urban dialogue of the era, predating broader mainstream adoption.^[133] In post-2000s internet chat and texting, "DL" acquired an additional meaning as "don't laugh," employed in online forums, SMS, and early social media to preface potentially amusing or embarrassing anecdotes, signaling humility or preemptive deflection of mockery. This abbreviation proliferated with the expansion of digital communication, as documented in slang compilations tracking chat acronyms.^[134]^[135] Social media platforms like TikTok have sustained "DL" for "down low" in contexts of personal discretion, with viral examples from the 2020s illustrating spikes in hashtag usage tied to lifestyle confidentiality, though quantitative analyses of trends remain limited to platform analytics rather than peer-reviewed corpora.^[136] In social and cultural contexts, "DL" or "down low" denotes African American men who publicly present as heterosexual, often in committed relationships with women, while covertly engaging in sexual activities with other men, a pattern rooted in cultural pressures against same-sex behavior. This usage emerged within African American vernacular in the 1990s, initially describing general secretive conduct before focusing on concealed bisexuality or homosexuality, as documented in early literary explorations of double lives among Black men.^[136] Public health scrutiny intensified in the early 2000s amid HIV epidemiology, with data showing Black men who have sex with men (MSM) accounting for the primary transmission mode to Black women, exacerbated by non-disclosure, unprotected anal intercourse, and network effects in dense urban communities.^[137] ^[138] Epidemiological studies reveal that men on the down low report high rates of unprotected sex—up to 75% with male partners in some samples—contributing to bidirectional HIV spread, though seroprevalence among non-disclosing Black MSM mirrors broader MSM rates at around 20-30% in high-risk cohorts, without evidence of uniquely elevated transmission to female partners compared to openly bisexual men.^[139] ^[140] Awareness campaigns leveraging the DL concept advanced targeted testing and condom promotion in Black communities, reducing incident infections by highlighting causal pathways from concealed behaviors to heterosexual transmission chains, as evidenced by declines in new diagnoses post-2004 interventions.^[141] However, critiques from researchers contend that media amplification of the DL narrative—often sourced from anecdotal reports rather than randomized data—overstates its causal role, fostering stigma that discourages disclosure and testing without addressing upstream factors like poverty-driven partner concurrency or biological transmission efficiencies (receptive anal sex carrying 18-fold higher HIV risk than vaginal).^[142] ^[143] ^[144] Separately, "DL" identifies "diaper lovers," a self-designated subset of the adult baby diaper lover (ABDL) fetish community, where individuals derive sexual arousal from wearing, using, or fantasizing about diapers, decoupled from age regression elements associated with "adult babies" (AB).^[145] This paraphilia, termed "diaperism," manifests in private or online-shared behaviors, with surveys of ABDL participants indicating DL-specific interests in tactile and wetting sensations for gratification, often beginning in adolescence and persisting as a core erotic fixation in 60-70% of cases without comorbid psychiatric disorders.^[145] Community normalization via forums has expanded visibility since the 2000s, enabling consensual adult expression, though limited longitudinal data show no elevated infectious disease risks but potential associations with isolation or dependency patterns if ritualized excessively, prompting calls for destigmatized therapy access over pathologization.^[146] Empirical outcomes emphasize harm reduction through safe sourcing of materials, contrasting with unsubstantiated claims of inherent dysfunction, as self-reports align with other non-harmful paraphilias in prevalence (estimated 1-3% of adults).^[145]

Other uses

Miscellaneous abbreviations

DL is an abbreviation for the Dalai Lama, the title given to the foremost spiritual leader of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism and regarded as a manifestation of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. The 14th and current Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, was born on July 6, 1935, recognized as the incarnation in 1937, and enthroned in 1940, remaining in the position as of October 2025 with no successor declared. He has advocated for the preservation of Tibetan culture and autonomy within China, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 for his nonviolent efforts. In the lore of the Warcraft video game franchise developed by Blizzard Entertainment, DL denotes a Dreadlord, a type of Nathrezim demon serving as manipulative lieutenants of the Burning Legion, known for their shape-shifting abilities and espionage roles. First appearing in Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos (released 2002), Dreadlords feature prominently as antagonists, with canonical examples including leaders like Archimonde and Tichondrius during events such as the Third War circa 20 years before the main timeline. Their depiction emphasizes psychological warfare over direct combat, aligning with Nathrezim physiology documented in in-game lore and supplemental materials.

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Drive Shaft Balancing Machine (DL). The Hines Industries Model DL500 balancing machine is a computer based, dynamic, multi plane, manual load, single station, ...
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DL: An abbreviation for deluxe which is usually applied to a series of vehicles which is one step up from custom. DLC: Abbreviation for Data Link Connector (OBD).
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DL began service in August 1993 and is the designated operator for 88 miles (142 kilometres) of trackage in Lackawanna, Wayne, Northampton, and Monroe Counties.
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Jan 30, 2023 · The Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad (DL) is a short line railroad that operates in northeast Pennsylvania. The line is owned by the Pennsylvania Northeast ...
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DL Holdings Group - Home
DL Holdings Group is a one-stop financial services group headquartered in Hong Kong with offices in Shanghai, San Francisco, Singapore and Tokyo. Our core philosophy is to align our interests with the clients to provide tailored wealth management and investment banking solutions.About Us · DL Holdings Group ( 1709.HK ) · DL Securities · DL Family Office
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[PDF] TELEGRAM R.W. M¢FALL - TAMU-CC Repository
in Roman letters. DAY LETTER (DL) 4-1 f' 9. 4,. LETTER TELEGRAM (LT). A deferped same-day service, at low r~te». '" *-,4 '54. For overnight plain language ...Missing: business | Show results with:business
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DL - Darlington 4 Digit Postcode District Map
Postcode, Post town, Postcode, Post town. DL1, DARLINGTON, DL11, RICHMOND. DL2, DARLINGTON, DL12, BARNARD CASTLE. DL3, DARLINGTON, DL13, BISHOP AUCKLAND.
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DL postcodes - Doogal
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District Leaders - Manhattan Democratic Party
All formal parties in New York State are required to have at least one District Leader (DL) per Assembly District (AD). These positions are subject to primary ...
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This vote happens at the Democratic Primary Election in June. If you're wondering why you don't remember voting for your DL, it's because they don't appear ...
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History. After the 2018 season, the 7-day disabled list (or "DL"), 10-day disabled list and 60-day disabled list were renamed, becoming the 7-day injured list, ...
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Baseball had a 10-day injured list at various points through its history before it was dropped in 1984. MLB brought back the 15-day IL for pitchers and two-way ...
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History. After the 2018 season, the 7-day disabled list (or "DL"), 10-day disabled list and 60-day disabled list were renamed, becoming the 7-day injured list ...
[112]
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Impact of the 7-Day Disabled List Rule Change on Economics and ...
The minimum 7-day DL change has not had a negative impact on reporting; instead, it has demonstrated decreased time on the DL and lower associated team costs.
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Rating 7.8/10 (57,005) Dexter's Laboratory is one of the funniest cartoons on the Cartoon Network. Everyday Dexter is always working in his laboratory and he every time when he is ...Full cast & crew · Episode list · The Powerpuff Girls · Johnny Bravo
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Dragon's Lair
Dragon's Lair was released in June 1983, but it was a full six years in the making. It was created by Rick Dyer of Advanced Microcomputer Systems (AMS), ...
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Dragon's Lair on Steam
Rating 3.5 (629) Dragon's Lair is a fully animated classic arcade game from legendary animator Don Bluth. You'll make your way through the castle and caverns below.
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The Drama League opens doors for exceptional stage directors by providing time, resources, and space to work without restriction, while augmenting skills.
[119]
Drama League of New York Inc - Great Nonprofits
The Drama League, founded in 1916, is dedicated to forming connections between audiences and artists of the American Theatre, and to transform, educate, and ...
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Who We Are - The Drama League
Since 1982, The Drama League has supported directors' careers. Our fellowships and residencies have developed numerous artists.
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Drama League announces new enhancements of Directors Project ...
Sep 16, 2025 · Applications are now open for the 2026-2027 Directors Project, which supports emerging and established stage directors. The Drama League's Stage ...
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Drama League Awards
First presented in 1922 and formalized in 1935, The Drama League Awards are the oldest theatrical honors in America. They are the only major theatrical ...
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2025 Drama League Awards
Tune in to our 91st Annual Drama League Awards Nominations Announcement on Tuesday, April 22, 2025 at 11am on BroadwayWorld.com!
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Winners of the 2025 Drama League Awards for Broadway and Off ...
May 16, 2025 · And the winners of the 2025 Drama League Awards are: Outstanding Production of a Play – Oh, Mary!, Lyceum Theatre, written by Cole Escola;.<|control11|><|separator|>
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DOWN LEFT | AACT - American Association of Community Theatre
A stage position, left (audience's right) and downstage. Also a stage direction, as in "Mary, move down left." Sometimes abbreviated as D.L. or DL.
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[PDF] Stage Directions - WordPress.com
DL – Downstage Left. UL – Upstage Left. DR – Downstage Right. UR – Upstage ... EntDL = Enter Down Left. ExUR = Exit Up Right. Kn = Kneel. Lie = Lie Down. R ...
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Come see what DL has to offer in 2019! Check out our mission at ...
Create a better dancer. Things Dance League has innovated. Dance League is a boutique convention experience. It allows for dancers to have room to train. Being ...
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[PDF] DL Lafayette 2020 Friday Competition Updated jan-29
Dance League Competition Lafayette. Friday, January 31st, 2020 - 5:00pm. #. Title. Age. Category. Name/Studio. 1. The Wire. Teen. Jazz Group. Labelle Performing ...
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Introducing the International Dance League - Fox 5 San Diego
Jun 24, 2025 · The International Dance League (IDL) is the first professional sports league dedicated entirely to dance. Founded by the creators of STEEZY, IDL ...
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Chanel vs Paradox | SEMI FINAL Hiphop | S22 E02 - YouTube
Jul 12, 2022 · Chanel vs Paradox | SEMI FINAL Hiphop | S22 E02 | International Dance League.
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On the down-low | Ask AC - Slang City
Aug 19, 2004 · Dear AC,. What is the origin of “on the down low “ - purportedly a slang phrase that originated among African-Americans.
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What is the meaning of the phrase 'keep it on the down low ... - Quora
Aug 25, 2016 · On the down-low, or on the DL, refers to information that's kept quiet or under wraps. It emerges in Black slang by the 1990s. Both down and low ...In English language slang, what does it mean to keep it on the 'down ...For gays, what's the difference between being 'discreet' or 'DL' and ...More results from www.quora.com
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The lowdown on the down low - USF Oracle
Sep 22, 2006 · I remember when “keep it on the down low” was a term used to keep things – whether it was cheating on a significant other or classified ...
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What does DL Stand For in texting? 26 meanings of DL
Download · — Down Low · — Diaper Lover · — Don't Look · — Doing Laundry · — Don't Laugh · — Disneyland · — Demi Lovato.
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What does DL stand for? - Abbreviations.com
Looking for the definition of DL? Find out what is the full meaning of DL on Abbreviations.com! 'DownLoad' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's ...
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DL Meaning: TikTok, Twitter, Dating Apps, and More - wikiHow
“DL” stands for “down low.” Generally, the term means “in secret.” [1] X Research source To keep something “on the down low” means to hide it or keep it from ...
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Heterosexual Risk for HIV Among Black Men in the United States - NIH
This article presents epidemiologic data documenting that heterosexual risk for HIV among Black men is a major concern for Black communities.
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A critical analysis of terminology guiding HIV prevention efforts for ...
Male-to-male sexual contact serves as the primary mode of HIV transmission among African American men, whereas African American women are primarily infected by ...
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[PDF] Men on the down Low - AIDS Action Baltimore
While the term “on the down low” (also known as “the DL”) may be a relatively new way to describe these men, the concept is not. A 2008 Archives of Sexual ...Missing: epidemiology | Show results with:epidemiology
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Black Men Who Have Sex With Men and the Association of Down ...
Black men ''on the down low'' have been considered prime agents of HIV transmission in the Black community despite little empirical evidence.
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Differences in Sexual Identity, Risk Practices, and Sex Partners ...
These labels include bisexual (40%), “down low” (14%), and “just mess around on other team” (8%). Of MSMW categorizing themselves under one of these labels, ...
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Groundbreaking HIV/AIDS Study Investigates Dangers of “Down ...
Groundbreaking HIV/AIDS Study Investigates Dangers of “Down Low” Label. Black Men on the Down Low Spread HIV/AIDS at Same Rate as Non-Down Low Men.
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Focusing "down low": bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual ...
However, black MSM who do not disclose their homosexual or bisexual activities engage in a lower prevalence of HIV risks than black MSM who do disclose; and ...
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African-American men 'on the down low': a stigmatising and counter ...
Jan 21, 2009 · In the United States, HIV infection rates are seven times higher among African-American men than they are for white men, and twenty times higher ...
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An Exploratory Study of Adult Baby-Diaper Lovers' Characteristics in ...
Feb 20, 2020 · In the first group, ABDL behaviours seem to have a sexual nature and this condition has been named as “Diaperism” or “Diaper Lovers” (DL) [3].
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HIV acquisition and transmission among men who have sex with ...
The purpose of this paper is to summarize existing data and discuss strategies to reduce HIV acquisition and transmission among MSMW.

DL