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Methomyl

Methomyl is a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide, chemically known as S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate, with the molecular formula C₅H₁₀N₂O₂S and a molecular weight of 162.21 g/mol.^[1] It appears as a white crystalline solid with a slight sulfurous odor and is highly soluble in water (approximately 58 g/L at 20°C).^[1] Introduced in 1968 by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, it functions as a systemic anticholinesterase agent that inhibits acetylcholinesterase in insects, leading to their paralysis and death.^[2]^[3] Methomyl is primarily used in agriculture to control foliage- and soil-borne insect pests, including Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera, on a variety of food and feed crops such as lettuce, oranges, celery, peppers, corn, and wheat (with restrictions on the latter).^[4] It is also applied to turf on sod farms and as a non-agricultural fly bait, but residential uses are prohibited.^[4] Due to its rapid breakdown in soil and low environmental persistence (half-life typically 1–7 days under aerobic conditions), it has limited long-term accumulation in ecosystems, though it can pose acute risks to aquatic organisms like fish and invertebrates at low concentrations.^[4]^[5] The compound is extremely toxic to humans via ingestion (oral LD₅₀ approximately 17–24 mg/kg in rats) and moderately toxic via inhalation, acting as a cholinesterase inhibitor that can cause symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory distress, and potentially death in severe exposures.^[4]^[1] It is classified as a restricted-use pesticide in the United States, requiring certified applicators for handling, and has been subject to regulatory actions by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to mitigate risks.^[4] In 2015, the EPA approved voluntary cancellations of methomyl uses on barley, oats, and rye, limited applications on wheat and certain vegetables, and modified fly bait formulations to prevent illegal use on wildlife; ongoing registration reviews address potential impacts on endangered species.^[4]^[6]

Overview

Chemical Identity

Methomyl is classified as a carbamate insecticide and nematocide, belonging to the family of monomethyl carbamates that act primarily through systemic and contact modes on target pests.^[7]^[8] Its IUPAC name is (E,Z)-methyl N-{[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy}ethanimidothioate, also known by the synonymous systematic name S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate.^[1]^[7] Common synonyms include Lannate (a trade name) and metomil.^[9] The CAS Registry Number is 16752-77-5.^[1] The molecular formula of methomyl is C₅H₁₀N₂O₂S, with a molecular weight of 162.21 g/mol.^[1]^[10] The structure features a central oxime ether linkage connecting a thioacetimidate moiety to a methylcarbamate group, which is characteristic of its class. Key functional groups include the carbamate ester (-O-C(=O)-NH-CH₃), responsible for its insecticidal activity; the oxime (-C= N-O-), providing stability and reactivity; and the thioether (-S-CH₃), contributing to the molecule's lipophilicity. The carbon-nitrogen double bond in the oxime exhibits E/Z isomerism.^[7]^[1]

History

Methomyl was developed by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont) and introduced in 1966 as an experimental broad-spectrum insecticide under the code designation Du Pont 1179 and the trademark Lannate.^[1] It was first registered for use in the United States in 1968, targeting a wide range of insect pests including Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera on various crops.^[11] Union Carbide also contributed to early regulatory submissions, providing data supporting methomyl's registration as part of the pesticide review process in the late 1960s and 1970s.^[12] By the 1970s, methomyl saw rapid early adoption for crop protection, particularly in field crops like cotton, soybeans, and vegetables, where it was applied foliarly to control chewing and sucking insects.^[13] Its versatility led to the expansion of formulations, including emulsifiable concentrates (e.g., Lannate L) and wettable powders (e.g., Lannate WP), enabling broader agricultural use and integration into integrated pest management programs during that decade.^[14] This period marked methomyl's establishment as a key carbamate insecticide, with supervised field trials and residue studies conducted internationally to support its global registration.^[15] In 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed the reregistration eligibility decision (RED) for methomyl, determining it eligible for continued use subject to additional mitigation measures to address ecological risks and human exposure concerns.^[16] Due to its high acute oral toxicity (classified as Toxicity Class I), all methomyl products except low-concentration bait formulations were designated as restricted-use pesticides (RUPs), limiting application to certified applicators and prohibiting residential uses.^[17] Post-2015, evolving use patterns have included further restrictions amid growing insecticide resistance issues; for instance, pests like the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) have shown reduced susceptibility due to overuse, prompting shifts toward integrated resistance management strategies.^[18] As part of the ongoing registration review initiated in 2019, the EPA received final biological opinions from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in January 2025 and the National Marine Fisheries Service in February 2024 assessing risks to endangered species, leading to protective actions announced in August 2025.^[6]^[19] These developments reflect ongoing adaptations to balance efficacy with environmental and health safety.^[20]

Properties

Physical Properties

Methomyl appears as a white crystalline solid with a slight sulfur-like odor.^[1]^[7] Its density is 1.2946 g/cm³ at 24 °C.^[1] The melting point of methomyl is 78 °C.^[1]^[7] Methomyl exhibits high solubility in water, approximately 58 g/L at 25 °C, and is also soluble in polar organic solvents such as methanol (1000 g/L), acetone (720 g/L), ethanol (420 g/L), and isopropanol (220 g/L).^[1]^[7] The vapor pressure of methomyl is low, measuring 6.65 mPa at 25 °C.^[7] Methomyl decomposes before reaching its boiling point.^[11] The octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) is approximately 0.09, indicating moderate hydrophilicity and limited bioaccumulation potential.^[1]^[7]

Chemical Properties

Methomyl exhibits stability in neutral and mildly acidic aqueous solutions, with no significant hydrolysis observed over 30 days at pH 5 or pH 7 and 25°C.^[15] In alkaline conditions, however, it undergoes hydrolysis, with a half-life of approximately 36 days at pH 9 and 25°C.^[21] This pH-dependent stability arises from its carbamate ester structure, which is susceptible to nucleophilic attack by hydroxide ions in basic media but resistant under neutral or acidic conditions.^[22] The compound's reactivity includes sensitivity to strong oxidizing agents, which can oxidize its thioether group to sulfoxide or sulfone derivatives, potentially leading to decomposition.^[8] It also undergoes carbamate hydrolysis, particularly accelerated in alkaline environments, producing methomyl oxime (S-methyl N-hydroxythioacetimidate) as the primary degradation product.^[15] Methomyl has a pKa of approximately 13.27 for its carbamate NH group, indicating weak acidity and minimal ionization at typical environmental or formulation pH values (below 10), where it exists predominantly in its neutral form.^[23] In pesticide formulations, methomyl shows good compatibility with common solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and acetone, as well as inert ingredients in soluble liquid (SL), wettable powder (WP), and suspension concentrate (SC) products.^[15] It is incompatible, however, with strong acids, strong bases, and strong oxidizers, which can promote rapid degradation or hazardous reactions during mixing or storage.^[8]

Production

Synthesis

Methomyl is typically synthesized in the laboratory via a multi-step process beginning with the preparation of the key intermediate, methomyl oxime (S-methyl N-hydroxythioacetimidate, MHTA), followed by its conversion to the final carbamate product. The oxime is produced by reacting S-methyl thioacetimidate hydrochloride—derived from thioacetic acid S-methyl ester—with a hydroxylamine salt, such as hydroxylamine hydrochloride, in the presence of a base like sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. This reaction occurs in an aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile or toluene at temperatures between 35°C and 45°C, with the pH maintained between 0 and 2 to minimize decomposition of the oxime. The process typically requires about 2.5 hours after base addition, yielding methomyl oxime in 80-85% with purity up to 95%.^[24] In the subsequent step, methomyl oxime is reacted with methyl isocyanate to form the N-methylcarbamate linkage. One common laboratory procedure involves dissolving the oxime in water with a catalytic amount of triethylamine (molar ratio of oxime to isocyanate to catalyst approximately 1:1.3-1.6:0.009-0.015), heating to 50-80°C, and adding the isocyanate dropwise while maintaining the temperature. The mixture is then held at 60-80°C for 50-70 minutes, cooled to below 10°C (ideally -5°C to 0°C), and the resulting methomyl crystals are filtered, washed, and dried, achieving yields exceeding 90%. An alternative variant uses methylene chloride as the solvent at 30-50°C, with controlled gaseous addition of methyl isocyanate to manage the exothermic reaction, followed by solvent evaporation, recovery of unreacted oxime, and recrystallization from toluene for purification.^[25]^[26] Alternative synthetic routes to methomyl avoid direct use of methyl isocyanate, which is highly reactive and toxic. One such method employs methyl chloroformate to first form an O-(methoxycarbonyl) derivative of methomyl oxime, followed by nucleophilic displacement with methylamine to introduce the N-methylcarbamoyl group; this two-step process uses basic conditions (e.g., triethylamine in an organic solvent) at low temperatures (around 0-20°C) to control reactivity and yields comparable to the isocyanate route, though specific laboratory yields are reported around 85-95% overall. Another variant utilizes carbamyl chloride intermediates for the carbamoylation step under similar controlled conditions. These alternatives incorporate phase-transfer catalysts or aqueous media to enhance selectivity and reduce byproducts.^[27] Safety considerations are paramount due to the toxicity of intermediates like methyl isocyanate, a volatile gas that can cause severe respiratory irritation and systemic poisoning even at low concentrations (LC50 ~21 ppm in rats). Laboratory syntheses require fume hoods, precise temperature control to prevent runaway exotherms, and personal protective equipment; the chloroformate and carbamyl chloride routes offer reduced risks by eliminating isocyanate handling, though phosgene-derived chloroformates demand similar precautions against hydrolysis and toxicity. All processes emphasize pH monitoring and inert atmospheres to avoid side reactions leading to hazardous byproducts.^[26]

Commercial Production

Methomyl was originally developed and patented by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company in the 1960s, with key U.S. patents such as No. 3,576,834 covering its synthesis and use as an insecticide, granting DuPont exclusive rights until their expiration around 1988.^[28]^[1] This expiration facilitated the entry of generic manufacturers, expanding production beyond DuPont.^[11]^[26]^[29] Worldwide production was estimated at less than 7,000 tonnes as of 1988.^[26] In 2015, China exported 8,592 tonnes, and in December 2019, Chinese exports reached 990 tonnes.^[30]^[31] Recent expansions include a 2,000 metric tons per year facility by DGW Group in Indonesia, operational from 2023.^[32] Ongoing EPA registration reviews, including 2025 actions to protect endangered species, may impact future production volumes.^[6] Major production facilities are concentrated in the United States, China, and India, with Asia serving as a key supplier. Industrial manufacturing adapts laboratory synthesis—typically a batch reaction of methylthioacetaldoxime with methyl isocyanate—into a continuous, plug-flow adiabatic tubular reactor process operating under pressure in an inert organic solvent at elevated temperatures (30-50°C), followed by stripping, recycling of unreacted materials, solvent exchange to water, crystallization, centrifugation, and drying for higher efficiency and lower costs.^[11]^[26] This scaling enhances yield and minimizes waste compared to small-scale methods, enabling technical-grade methomyl production at 90-98% purity suitable for formulation into insecticides.^[33] The supply chain for methomyl relies on key raw materials such as methylthioacetaldoxime (derived from acetaldoxime and methyl mercaptan) and methyl isocyanate (MIC), which is often produced on-site due to its high toxicity and volatility, as highlighted by safety concerns following the 1984 Bhopal incident involving MIC in pesticide production.^[34]^[35] Sourcing disruptions for MIC, a critical intermediate, can impact costs and availability, with global MIC demand for carbamate pesticides like methomyl exceeding 10,000 tonnes annually in the 1970s and continuing to influence integrated manufacturing strategies today.^[36] Post-patent generics have diversified sourcing, reducing reliance on single suppliers but increasing scrutiny on raw material quality and environmental compliance in the chain.^[29]

Applications

Agricultural Uses

Methomyl is a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide primarily employed in agriculture to control a variety of foliage and soil-borne insect pests through contact and stomach action, providing rapid knockdown effects.^[11]^[37] It targets key pests such as aphids (Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii), beetles, cutworms, armyworms, leafhoppers, thrips, and moths including the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens).^[11]^[38] In crop protection, methomyl is applied to a range of vegetables like tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce, celery, and onions; field crops including cotton, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and tobacco; forage crops such as alfalfa; and fruits like apples.^[11]^[12] On these crops, it effectively suppresses pests like alfalfa weevils in forage.^[11] Typical application rates range from 0.5 to 2 kg active ingredient per hectare, often as foliar sprays timed to coincide with early pest infestation stages for optimal efficacy.^[39]^[40] Against Heliothis virescens, methomyl demonstrates high initial efficacy in cotton and tobacco, reducing larval populations by over 90% in susceptible strains when applied at labeled rates.^[41] However, resistance has developed in some populations due to prolonged use, necessitating integrated resistance management strategies such as rotating with insecticides from different chemical classes (e.g., pyrethroids or organophosphates) to maintain long-term control.^[42]^[43] Beyond crops, methomyl is used on non-agricultural sites including sod farms for turf pest control, ornamental plants to manage aphids and beetles, and livestock premises to target flies and ticks in animal confinement areas.^[12]^[1] These applications follow similar low-volume foliar or directed spray methods to minimize off-target exposure while achieving pest suppression.^[17]

Formulations and Application Methods

Methomyl is commonly formulated as wettable powders, such as 90% soluble powder (SP), for easy mixing with water prior to application.^[15] Soluble liquid concentrates, typically at 225 g/L, provide a ready-to-dilute option for spray applications, while granular formulations, including 1% baits and 5% granules, are used for targeted soil or baiting purposes.^[15]^[44] These formulations enhance handling, dispersion, and efficacy depending on the pest and crop requirements. Application methods for methomyl include foliar sprays delivered via ground boom sprayers, airblast equipment, or aerial application to cover plant surfaces effectively.^[22] Soil drenches involve mixing the product with water and applying it to the root zone for systemic uptake, while bait stations utilize granular or bait formulations placed in areas of high pest activity, such as for fly control.^[45]^[46] Equipment must be calibrated to ensure uniform coverage, with low-pressure nozzles recommended for foliar sprays to optimize droplet size and reduce waste. As of August 2025, all methomyl products except bait formulations are classified as restricted-use pesticides by the U.S. EPA, requiring certified applicators, and include mandatory mitigation measures to protect endangered species, such as enhanced vegetative buffer zones (e.g., 100 feet near water bodies) and spray drift reduction technologies.^[6] Methomyl formulations are generally compatible with many other insecticides, fungicides, and adjuvants, allowing tank mixes to broaden pest control spectra, though a jar compatibility test is advised to check for precipitation or separation before field use.^[47] Formulated methomyl products should be stored in their original, tightly sealed containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and foodstuffs, with a typical shelf life of up to 2 years under these conditions.^[47] To minimize spray drift, applications should occur during low wind speeds (under 10 mph), using drift-reducing nozzles and maintaining buffer zones near sensitive areas; for runoff reduction, avoid application before anticipated rainfall and incorporate vegetative buffers or contour farming to retain the product on-site.^[20]^[48]

Health Effects

Mechanism of Action

Methomyl acts as a carbamate insecticide by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which normally hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses in the nervous system of insects. This inhibition prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation and subsequent overstimulation of the nervous system, resulting in hyperexcitation, paralysis, and death of target pests.^[49] Unlike organophosphates, which form a covalent, irreversible bond with the serine residue in the AChE active site through phosphorylation, methomyl's carbamate structure allows for reversible carbamylation of the enzyme. The carbamylated AChE complex undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis over time, enabling enzyme reactivation without the need for external oximes, typically within hours to days depending on the species and dose. This reversibility contributes to methomyl's lower persistence in biological systems compared to organophosphates.^[50]^[51] According to the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), methomyl is classified in Mode of Action Group 1A, encompassing N-methyl carbamates that target AChE. Compared to other carbamates like carbaryl or propoxur, methomyl demonstrates higher potency in terms of rapid onset, achieving peak AChE inhibition in rat models within 15 minutes versus 45 minutes for most others, while enzyme recovery occurs within 24 hours for the majority of exposed organisms. These kinetic differences influence its use in integrated pest management, balancing efficacy with reduced risk of prolonged residue effects.^[49]^[52]

Human Toxicity and Exposure

Methomyl is classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as Toxicity Category I, indicating high acute toxicity, with an oral LD50 of 17–24 mg/kg in rats.^[13] Acute human poisoning primarily manifests through cholinesterase inhibition, leading to symptoms such as miosis (pupil constriction), excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headache, blurred vision, sweating, muscle tremors, weakness, chest discomfort, and dyspnea (difficulty breathing).^[13] In severe cases, respiratory distress and convulsions may occur, potentially progressing to coma if untreated.^[53] Human exposure to methomyl occurs mainly via dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion, with occupational risks elevated for pesticide applicators during mixing, loading, and application processes.^[26] Dermal absorption is significant, as methomyl penetrates skin rapidly, and inhalation exposure is common in spray applications, while ingestion often results from accidental contamination or suicidal intent. Farm workers face reentry risks post-application, necessitating protective equipment to mitigate absorption through skin and lungs.^[13] Chronic exposure to low levels of methomyl may cause prolonged cholinesterase inhibition, leading to symptoms like fatigue and neurological effects, though the compound is rapidly metabolized in the liver with no bioaccumulation.^[13] The EPA has classified methomyl as Group E, showing evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans based on animal studies.^[54] Recent studies (as of 2025) in animal models have identified additional risks, including developmental and cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish exposed to methomyl, such as improper heart formation and vascular disruptions, as well as oxidative stress in livers and neurotoxicity in developing rat brains. These findings suggest potential broader health concerns from chronic or developmental exposures, though direct human data remain limited.^[55] Documented cases of methomyl poisoning include accidental ingestions, such as a fatal incident where unlabeled methomyl was mistaken for a beverage, resulting in rapid onset of severe symptoms and death.^[58] Occupational exposures have also led to acute poisonings among industrial workers through dermal contact during handling, with symptoms resolving after prompt intervention but highlighting the need for preventive measures.^[59] A foodborne outbreak from contaminated bean sprouts affected multiple individuals, presenting with nausea, dizziness, and cholinergic symptoms due to inadvertent ingestion.^[60] First aid for methomyl poisoning emphasizes immediate decontamination, including removal from exposure, skin washing with soap and water, and gastric lavage or activated charcoal administration for ingestion to prevent further absorption.^[61] Atropine is the primary antidote, administered in titrated doses to counteract muscarinic effects like salivation and bradycardia, with supportive care for respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms; pralidoxime is generally not recommended for carbamate poisonings like methomyl due to potential interference with spontaneous reactivation of cholinesterase.^[62]

Environmental Impact

Fate and Persistence

Methomyl degrades in soil primarily through microbial activity, with an aerobic half-life of approximately 14 days under typical field conditions, though values can range from 3 to 11 days depending on soil type, temperature, and moisture.^[15] Anaerobic degradation in soil typically has half-lives of 10-14 days, but under specific conditions in some subsoils (e.g., presence of ferrous ions), half-lives can be as short as less than 5 hours to 7 hours.^[15] In aqueous environments, methomyl exhibits a half-life of about 6 days in surface water due to hydrolysis and microbial processes, while it persists much longer in groundwater, with a half-life exceeding 25 weeks under sterile or low-oxygen conditions.^[13] Photodegradation under sunlight is rapid, with half-lives ranging from 1 to 5 days on soil surfaces or in aqueous solutions exposed to UV or natural light, producing degradates such as acetonitrile.^[26]^[15] During water chlorination processes, methomyl degrades to oxygenated metabolites that retain toxicity to aquatic organisms even after the parent compound is fully broken down.^[63] Methomyl's high water solubility, approximately 57 g/L at 25°C, contributes to its potential for leaching into groundwater, particularly in sandy soils where up to 52% may appear in leachate.^[13] However, its soil organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) of around 72 indicates moderate adsorption to soil organic matter, limiting mobility in clay-rich or organic soils to depths typically below 30 cm.^[64] Bioaccumulation of methomyl is low, with a bioconcentration factor (BCF) estimated at less than 10 in aquatic organisms, reflecting its rapid metabolism and excretion in plants and animals.^[1]^[15] No significant accumulation has been observed in fish tissues after depuration periods.^[26]

Ecotoxicity

Methomyl poses substantial risks to non-target organisms due to its mode of action as a cholinesterase inhibitor, which disrupts nervous system function across various taxa.^[5] In avian species, methomyl is highly toxic, with acute oral LD50 values of 24 mg/kg in bobwhite quail and 28 mg/kg in hens.^[13] Sublethal exposures to carbamates like methomyl can impair bird behavior, including reduced feeding efficiency and increased susceptibility to predation through cholinesterase inhibition.^[65] Aquatic organisms face acute threats from methomyl, which is moderately to highly toxic to fish, exhibiting 96-hour LC50 values of approximately 0.79 mg/L in rainbow trout.^[13] It demonstrates very high toxicity to aquatic invertebrates, with 48-hour EC50 values around 0.0076 mg/L in species such as daphnids.^[66] Recent studies (as of 2025) have shown that methomyl induces developmental and cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish embryos at low concentrations, highlighting risks to early-life stages of aquatic vertebrates.^[55] Pollinators and beneficial insects are particularly vulnerable to methomyl's acute contact and oral toxicity. For honey bees, the oral LD50 is 0.28 µg/bee, and the contact LD50 is 0.16 µg/bee, classifying it as highly toxic and capable of causing rapid mortality during foraging on treated crops.^[67] Such exposures contribute to colony declines by eliminating foraging adults and disrupting hive dynamics.^[68] Terrestrial wildlife experiences impacts from methomyl primarily through direct ingestion or secondary poisoning via contaminated prey. Mammals show high sensitivity, with acute oral LD50 values of approximately 17 mg/kg in rats, leading to symptoms like tremors and respiratory distress.^[2] Reptiles lack extensive toxicity data, but ecological risk assessments indicate potential hazards similar to those for birds and amphibians due to comparable physiology and exposure pathways.^[69] Field studies and incident reports highlight methomyl's real-world ecotoxic effects, including multiple documented bird kills from deliberate or accidental exposure. For instance, in 2010, several hundred pigeons died in a Colombian city park after consuming methomyl-treated corn kernels, confirmed by cholinesterase inhibition in tissues.^[70] Similar incidents occurred in Australia, where high methomyl concentrations were detected in deceased corellas and cockatoos in 2021 and 2024, respectively.^[71]^[72] Aquatic contamination from agricultural runoff has led to localized impacts, with potential for fish and invertebrate mortality in affected water bodies, though specific methomyl-attributed fish kills are less frequently reported compared to avian events.^[26]

Regulations

Regulatory Status

Methomyl was first registered as a pesticide by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1968 for use as a carbamate insecticide on various crops.^[73] Due to its high acute toxicity to humans and non-target organisms, all methomyl products except 1% bait formulations have been classified as restricted-use pesticides (RUPs), limiting application to certified applicators only.^[17] The EPA reregistered methomyl in 1998, imposing label amendments to mitigate risks, including enhanced worker protection standards and use restrictions on certain crops.^[74] In the European Union, EU-wide approval under Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 expired following withdrawal from the market in 2007, with limited national authorizations remaining in select member states such as Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Portugal, and Romania as of November 2025.^[11] Prior to full phase-out, strict conditions applied, including limitations on application rates and timing to protect pollinators like bees, contributing to restrictions in parts of the EU for bee protection purposes.^[11] Globally, methomyl's regulatory status varies, with bans in multiple countries due to its high hazard profile; for instance, it was prohibited in Chile in 2022, Thailand in June 2025, while remaining permitted in others like Australia despite international concerns.^[75]^[76] The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies methomyl as Class Ib, indicating it is highly hazardous based on acute oral toxicity (LD50 of 17-24 mg/kg in rats).^[7] As part of its ongoing registration review initiated in 2019, the EPA issued proposed interim decisions in 2020 addressing ecological risks and, in August 2025, approved label amendments to protect endangered species, including measures to reduce runoff, spray drift, and habitat impacts under the Endangered Species Act, such as buffer zones near aquatic habitats and no-spray zones along streams.^[17]^[6] No major post-2020 regulatory changes related to pest resistance were implemented, though tolerance assessments continued without altering overall approval status.^[77] Labeling requirements for methomyl products emphasize its restricted-use classification, mandating warnings such as "DANGER - Poison" and specifying personal protective equipment (PPE) including chemical-resistant gloves, protective clothing, eyewear, and respirators during mixing, loading, and application to prevent acute exposure.^[17]^[4]

Residue Limits and Safety Guidelines

Methomyl residues in food are regulated through maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by international and national authorities to ensure consumer safety. In the European Union, a default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg applies to fruits and vegetables where methomyl is not specifically listed, reflecting the general limit for unapproved substances under Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.^[78] In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets tolerances under 40 CFR 180.253, which vary by commodity; for example, the tolerance is 0.1 ppm for cotton undelinted seed, 0.2 ppm for potatoes, 1 ppm for apples, and 1 ppm for tomatoes.^[79] These limits are derived from toxicological data and exposure assessments to protect vulnerable populations like children. Pre-harvest intervals (PHI) specify the minimum time between the last methomyl application and crop harvest to allow residue dissipation below MRLs. For most crops, PHIs range from 7 to 14 days, though this varies by formulation and crop; for instance, a 7-day PHI applies to many vegetable applications, while longer intervals like 30 days may be required for certain field uses. Safety guidelines emphasize personal protective equipment (PPE) during handling and application, including chemical-resistant gloves, long-sleeved shirts, pants, and socks plus shoes; respirators are recommended for mixing, loading, or aerial applications to prevent inhalation exposure.^[17] Restricted entry intervals (REI) typically last 48 hours post-application, during which workers must not enter treated areas without appropriate PPE to avoid dermal or inhalation risks.^[81] Residue monitoring and enforcement involve standardized testing methods to detect methomyl in food and water. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) employs multiresidue methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), for routine screening of domestic and imported commodities, enabling detection at parts-per-billion levels.^[82] Similar LC-MS/MS techniques are used by the EPA for environmental water samples to assess compliance with aquatic life benchmarks.^[83] Risk mitigation measures focus on preventing environmental contamination, particularly in water bodies. Applicators must maintain buffer zones near aquatic habitats, such as 60 feet for ground applications and up to 450 feet for ultra-low volume sprays, to minimize runoff and drift.^[84] These guidelines, aligned with EPA endangered species protections, also include no-spray zones along streams to protect sensitive ecosystems.^[85]

Commercial Aspects

Trade Names

Methomyl is commercially available under numerous trade names globally, reflecting its use as an insecticide in various formulations such as sprays, dusts, and baits.^[1] One of the most prominent brands is Lannate, originally developed and introduced by DuPont in 1966 as a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide, with early development codes including Dupont 1179 and Insecticide 1179.^[1] Following corporate mergers, including DuPont's integration into Corteva Agriscience, Lannate remains a key brand, often formulated as Lannate LV (liquid) or Lannate SP (soluble powder) for agricultural applications.^[1] Other major trade names include Nudrin, historically associated with BASF and used for foliar insect control, and Methomex from Makhteshim-Agan (now ADAMA), commonly applied in crop protection.^[86] For fly control baits, Golden Malrin—containing 1% methomyl and muscalure as an attractant—has been widely used in the United States since its introduction, particularly in livestock and food processing facilities, though some variants like Golden Malrin Fly Bait have been discontinued in certain markets.^[1]^[86] Additional brands such as Mesomile and Lanox 90/216 have appeared in various insecticide products.^[1] Generic equivalents are prevalent, especially in regions with regulatory approvals, such as Methomyl 225 SL (225 g/L methomyl soluble concentrate), which in Australia replaced the branded Lannate-L under Nufarm while maintaining the same formulation.^[87] Similar generics include Electra 225 and Nudrin 225, often in 225 g/L concentrations for spray applications.^[88] Regional variations highlight market-specific branding. In the United States, Lannate and Nudrin dominate agricultural uses, alongside Golden Malrin for baits.^[9] In Europe, methomyl's approval expired in 2019 without renewal, following non-inclusion considerations in 2007; as of 2025, it is not approved for use. Prior to expiry, it was marketed under names like Lannate, Lanox, and Metofan by companies including Bayer CropScience.^[89]^[11] In Asia, particularly China, brands such as Mieduowei (from Shenzhen Jiangshan) and Kuik (Rotam) are common, with additional names like Agrinate (Vapco) and Arizona (Rocca) used in select markets.^[86] Historically, earlier brands included Halvard from Shell, which has been discontinued, reflecting shifts in production following mergers and regulatory changes in the pesticide industry.^[86] Some mixture products, like Methofan (methomyl + endosulfan), have also been phased out due to restrictions on companion active ingredients.^[86]

Manufacturers

Corteva Agriscience, the successor to DuPont Crop Protection, is a primary manufacturer of methomyl-based products such as Lannate insecticide, with production historically at facilities in the United States, including the La Porte, Texas site. The carbamate unit there was permanently closed in 2016 following a 2014 methyl mercaptan release incident that killed four workers.^[90] Nufarm Limited also serves as a key producer, offering methomyl formulations like Methomyl 225 for agricultural use, with manufacturing operations supported in Australia and distributed globally.^[87] In the global market, Chinese generic manufacturers dominated production volumes until the 2024 ban, exemplified by companies such as Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Co., Ltd., which contributed to the supply of technical-grade methomyl alongside numerous other firms in provinces like Hebei and Jiangsu. Production facilities for these generics are primarily located in China, with additional sites in India, such as those operated by Star Bio Science in West Bengal and other regional agrochemical plants.^[91] In the U.S., branded products like Lannate hold significant market share, while generics have proliferated globally since the early 2000s following patent expirations and increased competition from Asian producers.^[92]^[93] Supply disruptions for methomyl have arisen from regulatory changes and raw material challenges, including the 2008 explosion at a Bayer CropScience facility in Institute, West Virginia, which involved methyl isocyanate (MIC)—a key intermediate in methomyl synthesis—and led to the permanent closure of the methomyl unit, prompting reliance on external sourcing.^[94] Further issues include MIC supply constraints due to safety regulations post-incident and the ban in China prohibiting methomyl production starting June 1, 2024, which has impacted global availability by constraining generic supply; as of November 2025, production has shifted more toward Indian and other non-Chinese manufacturers, maintaining market stability amid ongoing regulatory pressures.^[95]^[96]^[97] Major methomyl manufacturers adhere to international quality and safety standards, including ISO 9001 for quality management and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines tailored for agrochemical production to ensure product consistency and environmental compliance.^[33]^[98]

References

[1]
Methomyl | C5H10N2O2S | CID 4109 - PubChem - NIH
It is characterized as a highly toxic, white crystalline solid with a slight sulfurous odor, and exposure occurs by inhalation, ingestion, or contact.
[2]
Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Methomyl - ResearchGate
Aug 7, 2025 · The insecticide methomyl (S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate; CAS 16752-77-5; Fig. 1) was first introduced by EI du Pont de Nemours in 1968.
[3]
Methomyl - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide discovered in the late 1960s and licensed for use on various crops. It is a systemic anticholinesterase pesticide with a ...
[4]
Methomyl | Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products - US EPA
Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide used to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests on food and feed crops, mainly in agriculture.
[5]
Environmental fate and toxicology of methomyl - PubMed
The insecticide methomyl, an oxime carbamate, was first introduced in 1968 for broad spectrum control of several insect classes, including Lepidoptera, ...Missing: history discovery
[6]
EPA Announces Action to Protect Endangered Species from ...
Aug 12, 2025 · Methomyl is an insecticide used on a variety of crops, including field vegetables and orchard crops. EPA's March 2021 biological evaluation for ...
[7]
Methomyl (HSG 97, 1995) - INCHEM
PRODUCT IDENTITY AND USES 1.1 Identity 1.1.1 Primary constituent Common name (ISO): methomyl Chemical structure: O " " CH3-C=N-O-C-NH-CH3 ' ' S - CH3 Molecular ...
[8]
METHOMYL - CAMEO Chemicals - NOAA
Chemical Formula: C5H10N2O2S. Flash Point: data unavailable. Lower ... Molecular Weight: 162.23 (EPA, 1998). Water Solubility: 6 % at 77°F (NIOSH ...
[9]
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Methomyl - CDC
Synonyms & Trade Names. Lannate®, Methyl N-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioate, S-Methyl-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate ; CAS No. 16752-77-5.Missing: IUPAC | Show results with:IUPAC
[10]
https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C16752775
[11]
Methomyl (Ref: OMS 1196) - AERU - University of Hertfordshire
Oct 24, 2025 · Methomyl is an oxime carbamate insecticide. It is highly soluble in water but has a low volatility and would not normally be expected to ...Missing: nematocide | Show results with:nematocide
[12]
[PDF] Methomyl RISK CHARACTERIZATION DOCUMENT
Aug 17, 2015 · These submissions were by Shell and Union Carbide, respectively. The “final report” was later submitted as Document/ Record Nos. 253-167 ...
[13]
METHOMYL - EXTOXNET PIP
Methomyl is a highly toxic compound in EPA toxicity class I. It is classified as Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) by EPA because of its high acute toxicity to ...Missing: nematocide | Show results with:nematocide
[14]
[PDF] Pesticide Exposure and Risk Assessment - OEHHA
Commonly-used methomyl formulations are currently registered under the trade names Lannate®, Nudrin™, Corrida™, Annihilate™, and M1™. All but the fly bait ...
[15]
[PDF] methomyl - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
A residue review for methomyl was conducted in 1975 and supervised field trial data for various crops and related data were considered in 1976-1978, 1987, 1988, ...
[16]
Fact Sheet Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Methomyl
The purpose of the Agency's review is to reassess the potential hazards arising from the currently registered uses of the pesticide; to determine the need for ...
[17]
Methomyl | US EPA
Aug 28, 2025 · Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide used to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests on a variety of food and feed crops.
[18]
High-efficiency degradation of methomyl by the novel bacterial ...
Jun 15, 2023 · Methomyl has caused pest resistance and serious pollution problems due to its abuse. Insects such as Bemisia tabaci, cotton bollworm ...
[19]
[PDF] Proposed-Revision-Methomyl-PID-Final.pdf - EPA
Sep 29, 2022 · EPA compared the average 1-in-15 year daily average EECs in surface water with the methomyl toxicity endpoints specific to salmon species.
[20]
A kinetics study of the methomyl electrochemical degradation in the ...
Methomyl is relatively stable to hydrolysis under neutral and acidic conditions. It has a hydrolysis DT50 value of 36 days at pH 9.0 and temperature of 25 °C. ...
[21]
Fact Sheet Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Methomyl
When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA explains the basis for its decision in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document. This fact ...
[22]
Methomyl CAS#: 16752-77-5 - ChemicalBook
Melting point, 78°C. Boiling point, 144°C. Density, d424 1.2946. vapor pressure, 0Pa at 20℃. refractive index, 1.6430 (estimate). storage temp. 0-6°C.
[23]
US4683322A - Process for the production of methomyl oxime
The reaction is effected by contacting a hydroxylamine salt and an S-alkyl thiolimidic ester salt in a suitable solvent in the presence of an ammonium, alkali ...
[24]
Synthetic method of methomyl - CN102924354A - Google Patents
The method comprises the step of synthesizing the methomyl at 50 to 80 DEG C under catalyst action by using methomyl-oxime and methyl isocyanate as raw ...
[25]
Methomyl (EHC 178, 1996) - INCHEM
The hydrolysis of methomyl was studied at pH 5, 7 and 9, at concentrations ... Methomyl degraded rapidly in slightly alkaline solution (pH 8.85) with a chlorine/ ...Missing: pKa | Show results with:pKa
[26]
CN111377843A - Preparation method of methomyl - Google Patents
The invention discloses a preparation method of methomyl, which comprises the steps of taking methylthio acetaldoxime as a raw material, reacting the ...
[27]
EI Du Pont De Nemours v. Shell Oil Co. - Justia Law
By 1967, it was apparent that DuPont had obtained the dominant patent position for methomyl in the United States, while Shell had obtained such position in ...
[28]
Methomyl Market Report 2025 (Global Edition)
Methomyl Companies such as Dupont, Bitrad, Nufarm, ADAMA, Nulandis, Arysta Lifesciences, Villa Crop Protection, Hanfubio, Jining Shengcheng are part of the ...Missing: producers | Show results with:producers
[29]
Methomyl Market Dynamics: Drivers and Barriers to Growth 2025-2033
Rating 4.8 (1,980) Jul 10, 2025 · Key companies in the market include Dupont, Bitrad, Nufarm, ADAMA, Nulandis, Arysta Lifesciences, Villa Crop Protection, Hanfubio, Jining ...
[30]
[PDF] FAO SPECIFICATIONS AND EVALUATIONS
US EPA, 1998. Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document (RED), Methomyl.
[31]
3 Industrial Production and Use of MIC at Bayer CropScience
By August 28, methomyl production had begun, although the residue treater had not yet been brought online. There were multiple issues with the production ...Missing: adaptations | Show results with:adaptations
[32]
[PDF] The Use and Storage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) at Bayer ...
by chloroformate process (phosgene + 1-naphthol → 1- naphthol chloroformate; naphthol chloroformate + methylamine → carbaryl) (None of the intermediates.<|separator|>
[33]
[PDF] osha-54.pdf - Methyl Isocyanate (MIC)
MIC is used in the synthesis of several common pesticides including carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, and aldicarb. In 1975, over 27 million pounds of MIC ...
[34]
Current Approaches to and Future Perspectives on Methomyl ...
Feb 8, 2020 · However, the use of methomyl has exceeded its natural degradation rate, leading to a cumulative effect on ecosystems and organisms [34].
[35]
Effect of methomyl and oxamyl soil applications on early control of ...
Mar 24, 2011 · Methomyl soil applications were highly effective on several insects including Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Aphis gossypii (Glover), Frankliniella ...
[36]
[PDF] 1 WASHINGTON D.C., 20460 June 6, 2006 MEMORANDUM ...
Methomyl is a systemic carbamate pesticide used on grapes to control several insects including leafhoppers, the omnivorous leafroller, the grape berry moth, ...
[37]
Methomyl: Pesticide Registration Standard - epa nepis
Methomyl is a carbonate insecticide used to control a broad spectrum of insect pests in agricultural and ornamental crops.<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
[DOC] Methomyl Target Pests - Regulations.gov
In comparison, methomyl is applied to less than two percent of the acres treated for the target pests.
[39]
[PDF] Comparative Efficacy of Some Insecticides Against Helicoverpa ...
A field study for comparative efficacy of three insecticides, viz. indoxacarb 150SC, methomyl 40SP and chlorpyriphos 40EC.
[40]
Resistance to insecticides in Heliothine Lepidoptera: a global view
The status of resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, cyclodiene and pyrethroid insecticides in the heliothine Lepidoptera is reviewed.
[41]
CARBAMATE RESISTANCE INHELICOVERPA ...
Methomyl resistance has been reported in a related species, Heliothis virescens. (F.) in the United States, where insecticides are extensively used on cotton ( ...
[42]
[PDF] Material Safety Data Sheet Methomyl 5G Granules - Amazon S3
Sep 7, 2010 · Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents, bases and acids. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Under fire conditions, may produce gases ...Missing: oxidizers | Show results with:oxidizers
[43]
Effect of methomyl and oxamyl soil applications on early control of ...
Methomyl was about 5–9-fold more potent on M. persicae and A. gossypii when applied via soil drench as opposed to foliar spray. Potency on Bemisia tabaci ...Missing: bait | Show results with:bait
[44]
Pesticide Poisoning: Methomyl Toxicity
Methomyl is a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide sold as a restricted-use, crop insecticide or as a non-crop, “fly bait” insecticide for residential use.Missing: types | Show results with:types<|control11|><|separator|>
[45]
Methomyl 90% SP Insecticide - POMAIS Agriculture
Methomyl 90% SP is a powerful carbamate insecticide formulated to control a wide range of chewing and sucking pests in crops like cotton, tobacco, vegetables, ...Missing: nematocide | Show results with:nematocide
[46]
[PDF] Controlling Offsite Movement of Agricultural Chemical Residues
Spray drift can be mitigated by management practices that reduce off-target drift. Application practices that take weather and other site conditions into ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
[PDF] MODE OF ACTION CLASSIFICATION SCHEME - IRAC
Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb, ... AChE is the enzyme that terminates the action of the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine at nerve synapses.
[48]
[PDF] Methomyl (Lannate) - OSHA
Methomyl is sampled using OVS-2 tubes with XAD-2 adsorbent, desorbed with acetonitrile, and analyzed by HPLC with a UV detector. The target concentration is 2. ...
[49]
[PDF] Methomyl Proposed AEGL Document
31. 32. Methomyl is manufactured commercially by the reaction of methyl thiomethyl oxime. 33 with methyl isocyanate (HSDB 2009). An estimated 2.5 to 3.5 ...
[50]
Methomyl - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Following soil treatment, plants take up methomyl through their roots and move it throughout the plant by a process called 'translocation.' When methomyl is ...
[51]
Time-Course, Dose-Response, and Age Comparative Sensitivity of ...
Almost all carbamates showed maximal ChE inhibition at a 45-min time point; only methomyl showed an earlier peak effect (15 min). At 24 h, most inhibition had ...
[52]
Methomyl - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Both aldicarb and methomyl contain thio (—S—) groups which are more vulnerable to oxidation. Thio groups can be oxidized to sulfoxide (—SO—) or sulfone (—SO2—), ...Missing: formulations | Show results with:formulations
[53]
Federal Register, Volume 62 Issue 163 (Friday, August 22, 1997)
Aug 22, 1997 · Sufficient data are available to assess the chronic toxicity and carcinogenic potential of methomyl ... methomyl is a Group E carcinogen (no ...
[54]
A fatal episode of accidental methomyl poisoning - PubMed
Three fatalities from the accidental ingestion of methomyl, a carbamate pesticide, are reported. The methomyl had been stored in an unlabeled tin can.Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
[55]
[PDF] Methomyl-Induced Acute Poisoning in Industrial Workers: Five Case ...
Jul 31, 2017 · In the past, methomyl poisoning occurred in the context of attempted suicide, accidental ingestion, and rarely occurred during the ...
[56]
An Outbreak of Food Borne Illness Due to Methomyl Pesticide ...
The initial symptoms of methanol intoxication included central nervous system depression, headache, dizziness, nausea, lack of coordination, confusion, and with ...
[57]
Management of methomyl poisoning - PubMed
The treatment applied was: (1) gastric lavage or washing the skin; (2) the administration of activated charcoal; (3) small doses of atropine according to ...
[58]
Carbamate Toxicity - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
After a stabilizing dose of atropine is reached, treatment response is maintained by a constant infusion of atropine that is usually 10% to 20% of the bolus ...
[59]
[PDF] US EPA-Methomyl (Pc Code 090301)
Methomyl is a broad-spectrum insecticide registered for use on a variety of ... ID#: 000352-00370 DU PONT LANNATE L METHOMYL INSECTICIDE. COMPANY: 000352 E. I. ...
[60]
Synthetic Chemical Pesticides and Their Effects on Birds
Alteration of feeding behavior, compromised immune system and increased predation further reduces the ability of these birds to maintain healthy populations. As ...
[61]
Pesticide Details - lilab-ecust.cn
methomyl. Identification (Source:EPA,EU). ID, 1360. Name, methomyl. CAS, 16752-77-5. IUPAC ... Formula, C5H10N2O2S. SMILES, C/C(=N\OC(=O)NC)SC. Status, Approved ...Missing: identity | Show results with:identity
[62]
[PDF] methomyl 90 sp safety data sheet - Villa Crop Protection
Conditions to avoid: Extreme heat or exposure to flames. Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizers, strong bases, strong reducing agents. Corrosive to iron.
[63]
Methomyl | Xerces Society
Methomyl ; Chemical Group. Carbamate ; Adult Bee Toxicity. 0.28 Oral LD50 in µg/bee ; Adult Bee Toxicity. 0.28 ; Adult Bee Toxicity Group. High ; Larval Bee Toxicity.
[64]
[PDF] Biological and Conference Opinion on the Registration of Methomyl ...
The study exposed ten different crop species to formulated methomyl for 21 days, tracking survival, plant height, and plant weight. The tested species ...
[65]
Plasma and brain cholinesterase in methomyl-intoxicated ... - PubMed
A mortality event caused by exposure to the carbamate insecticide methomyl was diagnosed in several hundred pigeons fed treated corn kernels in a city park.
[66]
2021 Feb: Robinvale (Victoria) bird killing most likely deliberate ...
Feb 25, 2021 · “High concentrations of methomyl – an active ingredient found in various insecticides – was, however, identified in toxicology tests performed ...Missing: field studies aquatic
[67]
EPA seeking information about poisoned cockatoos
Oct 5, 2024 · “The results found high levels of methomyl in their systems. Methomyl is an insecticide used for agriculture crops which is toxic to birds ,” Mr ...
[68]
Pesticide Section - Methomyl Overview - Indiana State Chemist
Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide, toxic via mouth, eyes, or inhalation. It is a restricted use pesticide in Indiana, with sales and use restricted to ...Missing: nematocide | Show results with:nematocide
[69]
[PDF] Classifying All Methomyl-Containing Pesticides as Restricted Use
Dec 1, 2011 · The 1998 EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Methomyl classified products with greater than 1% active ingredient labeled for crop ...
[70]
Chile bans the use of 31 pesticides that exist in its market - FreshPlaza
Oct 14, 2022 · The country had banned the use and marketing of all pesticides containing chlorpyrifos-ethyl, chlorpyrifos-methyl, paraquat dichloride, and methomyl because of ...
[71]
Database of Notifications of Final Regulatory Action
Formaldehyde, Pesticide, Banned, June 2025. Thailand, Methomyl, Pesticide, Banned, June 2025. Kenya, Terbufos, Pesticide, Banned, December 2025. Saudi Arabia ...
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Mexico announced a ban on 35 pesticides, including 2,4-D ... - Tridge
Sep 10, 2025 · The Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development explained that the 35 banned substances are listed in international conventions that Mexico ...
[73]
Pesticide Registration Review; Proposed Interim Decisions for ...
Oct 23, 2020 · This notice announces the availability of EPA's proposed interim registration review decisions and opens a 60-day public comment period on the ...
[74]
EU legislation on MRLs - Food Safety - European Commission
A general default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg applies where a pesticide is not specifically mentioned. The safety of all consumer groups is covered e.g. babies, children ...
[75]
40 CFR 180.253 -- Methomyl; tolerances for residues. - eCFR
Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide methomyl, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on the commodities in the table in this ...Missing: 2020-2025 | Show results with:2020-2025
[76]
Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, Harvest ... - UC IPM
Preharvest interval (PHI) is the number of days from treatment until the orchard can be harvested. In some cases, the REI exceeds the PHI; the longer of ...
[77]
[PDF] RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE - Greenbook.net
Wear the personal protective equipment as defined in the PPE section of the label for cleaners and repairers of application equipment when making adjustments ...
[78]
Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM) - FDA
Mar 5, 2024 · Contains multiresidue methods (MRMs) that are used by FDA on a routine basis, because of their efficiency and broad applicability, especially ...
[79]
[PDF] US EPA-Methomyl (Pc Code 090301) | US EPA ARCHIVE ...
ppm, the established tolerance level for residues of methomyl on lettuce and endive (40 CFR 180.253). The maximum labeled use rate described by DuPont is ...
[80]
[PDF] Best Management Practices to Protect Water and Fish - METHOMYL ...
Increase the buffer zone to 450 feet from the above aquatic areas when ultra low volume application is made. Applications of methomyl are subject to a 2014 ...
[81]
U.S. EPA Reinstates No-Spray Buffer Zones
The streamside no-spray buffer zones are 20 yards (60 feet) for ground pesticide applications and 100 yards (300 feet) for aerial pesticide applications.Missing: water | Show results with:water<|separator|>
[82]
Methomyl 90%SP, 40%SP, 20%EC, Insecticide
NOMENCLATURE Common name methomyl (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO, ANSI, ESA, JMAF) IUPAC name S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate. Chemical Abstracts name ...
[83]
Nufarm Methomyl 225 Insecticide
Nufarm Methomyl 225 Insecticide is the same formulation you know and trust, formerly called Lannate-L. You can still use remaining branded Lannate-L product ...Missing: SL | Show results with:SL
[84]
Methomyl 225 Insecticide - Imtrade CropScience
Methomyl 225 Insecticide · Comparative Product. Lannate, Nudrin 225, Electra 225 · Packaging. 1L – 1000L · Spray Rate · Witholding Period. HARVEST COTTON, DUBIOSIA, ...Missing: brand | Show results with:brand
[85]
CSB Issues Report on 2008 Bayer CropScience Explosion: Finds ...
Jan 20, 2011 · The accident occurred during the startup of the methomyl unit, following a lengthy period of maintenance. The CSB found the startup was begun ...
[86]
Methomyl 50% SC - Star Bio Science
STAR BIO SCIENCE, We are professional Manufacturer,Supplier and Wholesaler of Methomyl 50% SC based in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Methomyl Market Size, Trends, Scope & Forecast
Methomyl Market size is projected to reach USD 1250 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2026 to 2032.
[88]
Methomyl Market Report | Global Forecast From 2025 To 2033
The global methomyl market size is poised to achieve robust growth over the forecast period, with an estimated value of USD 1.8 billion in 2023, ...Missing: volume | Show results with:volume
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https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/active-substances/details/218
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China MARA Officially Bans 4 Highly Toxic Pesticides - CIRS Group
Dec 28, 2023 · China banned Omethoate, Carbofuran, Methomyl, and Aldicarb. Production of formulations will be banned from June 1, 2024, and sales/use from ...
[91]
8-K - SEC.gov
Mar 31, 2016 · The DuPont Crop Protection business has identified alternative sources for the supply of methomyl, the active ingredient in Lannate ® in order ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/methomyl-market/