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Nitro

Nitro may refer to a variety of concepts and entities across different fields. In chemistry, it denotes the nitro functional group (−NO₂) or compounds containing it, such as nitromethane. See the [[Chemistry]] section for details. In medicine, it relates to medications like nitroglycerin. See the [[Medicine]] section. Other uses include nitrous oxide systems and nitromethane fuels in vehicles, the AWS Nitro System in computing, people such as wrestlers and musicians, places in the United States and elsewhere, and elements in arts and entertainment like fictional characters and music events. See the respective sections for more information.

Chemistry

Nitro functional group

The nitro functional group, denoted as -NO₂, consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and attached to a carbon atom in an organic molecule, typically represented as R-NO₂ where R is an alkyl or aryl group.^[1] In its Lewis structure, the nitrogen forms a single bond with the carbon, a double bond with one oxygen, and a single bond with the other oxygen bearing a formal positive charge on nitrogen and negative on the single-bonded oxygen; however, resonance delocalizes the electrons, resulting in two equivalent contributing structures where both N-O bonds have lengths of approximately 1.22 Å (bond order ≈ 1.5), indicating partial double bond character.^[1] This resonance stabilization contributes to the group's planarity and its characteristic infrared absorption bands at around 1550 cm⁻¹ (asymmetric stretch) and 1375 cm⁻¹ (symmetric stretch).^[1] The nitro group is strongly electron-withdrawing through both inductive and resonance effects, which deplete electron density from the attached carbon and adjacent atoms.^[2] This property deactivates aromatic rings toward further electrophilic substitution when the nitro group is present, directing incoming electrophiles to meta positions in nitroarenes.^[3] In aliphatic compounds like nitroalkanes, the electron-withdrawing nature significantly increases the acidity of alpha hydrogens (pKₐ ≈ 10 for nitromethane), allowing deprotonation to form resonance-stabilized carbanions that are useful in synthetic applications such as Henry reactions. Nitro groups are commonly introduced via nitration reactions, where a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) generates the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) as the electrophile.^[4] For aromatic compounds, this proceeds through electrophilic aromatic substitution, with the nitronium ion attacking the electron-rich ring to form a sigma complex, followed by deprotonation to yield Ar-NO₂.^[3] Aliphatic nitration is less common and typically involves other methods, such as reaction of alkyl halides with silver nitrite (AgNO₂).^[5] A key reactivity of the nitro group is its reduction to an amine (-NH₂), often achieved using tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), which proceeds in multiple steps involving nitroso and hydroxylamine intermediates before yielding the primary amine.^[6] This transformation is valuable in synthesis due to the versatility of amines and the nitro group's role as a masked amino equivalent.^[6] The nitro group's high oxygen content and weak N-O bonds also enable exothermic decomposition, contributing to its use in energetic materials like explosives.^[2]

Nitro compounds

Nitro compounds encompass a diverse class of organic molecules characterized by the presence of one or more nitro groups (-NO₂) attached to carbon atoms, broadly classified into aliphatic, aromatic, and polynitro variants based on their structural features and reactivity. Aliphatic nitro compounds, such as nitromethane (CH₃NO₂), feature the nitro group bonded to a saturated carbon chain and are typically liquids with densities around 1.14 g/cm³. Aromatic nitro compounds, exemplified by nitrobenzene (C₆H₅NO₂), have the nitro group directly attached to an aromatic ring, resulting in densities near 1.20 g/cm³ and enhanced stability due to resonance effects. Polynitro compounds, like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT, C₇H₅N₃O₆), incorporate multiple nitro groups on aromatic systems, often exhibiting higher densities, such as 1.65 g/cm³ for TNT, which contributes to their utility in high-energy applications.^[7]^[8]^[9] Synthesis of nitro compounds primarily involves electrophilic substitution via direct nitration using a mixture of nitric acid (HNO₃) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), a process widely applied to aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene to produce nitrobenzene in industrial settings. For aliphatic nitroalkanes, the Henry reaction (also known as the nitroaldol reaction) provides an alternative route, wherein nitromethane reacts with an aldehyde in the presence of a base catalyst to form β-nitro alcohols, which can be further modified. This method, discovered in 1895, facilitates carbon-carbon bond formation and is particularly useful for synthesizing complex aliphatic structures. Direct nitration of alkanes occurs under high-temperature vapor-phase conditions but is less common due to side reactions.^[10]^[11]^[12] These compounds exhibit distinctive properties, including relatively high densities compared to their hydrocarbon analogs, which enhance their performance in energetic materials. Their explosive potential arises from rapid thermal decomposition, where nitro groups weaken C-N bonds, leading to exothermic breakdown and rapid gas evolution, primarily nitrogen (N₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water vapor, as seen in nitromethane's decomposition heat of approximately 710 kJ/mol. This instability is pronounced in polynitro variants like TNT, which detonates at velocities around 6900 m/s under confinement, making them sensitive to shock or heat. Aromatic nitro compounds are generally more stable than aliphatic ones due to delocalization of the nitro group's electron-withdrawing effects.^[1]^[13] Industrially, nitro compounds serve as key intermediates in dye production, where aromatic variants like nitroaniline are reduced to amines for synthesizing azo dyes used in textiles. In pharmaceuticals, they act as precursors for various drugs through selective reduction or substitution reactions. Their most prominent application is in explosives, with TNT (C₇H₅N₃O₆) being a staple military and mining explosive due to its balance of power and safety, achieving detonation velocities of approximately 6900 m/s at densities of 1.65 g/cm³.^[14]^[15] Nitro compounds pose significant environmental risks as persistent pollutants, particularly aromatic and polynitro types, which contaminate soil and groundwater from nitration process wastes and improper disposal at manufacturing sites. For instance, TNT and its degradation products have been detected in groundwater near former munitions facilities, leading to toxicity concerns for aquatic life and potential human health effects through bioaccumulation. Remediation challenges stem from their chemical stability and low biodegradability in anaerobic conditions.^[15]^[16]

Medicine

Nitroglycerin

Nitroglycerin, also known as glyceryl trinitrate, is an organic nitrate compound with the chemical formula C₃H₅N₃O₉. It is a nitrate ester derived from glycerol, featuring three nitrate groups attached to the propane backbone.^[17] This structure enables its rapid metabolism in the body, distinguishing it from other nitro compounds primarily through its vasodilatory properties in clinical settings.^[18] The compound was first synthesized in 1847 by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero through the nitration of glycerol using a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. Its medical application emerged later; in 1878, British physician William Murrell introduced nitroglycerin as a treatment for angina pectoris, building on earlier observations of nitrate effects by Thomas Lauder Brunton with amyl nitrite in 1867. Murrell's work demonstrated its ability to relieve chest pain by dilating blood vessels, leading to its inclusion in pharmacopeias for cardiovascular therapy.^[19]^[20] In medicine, nitroglycerin is primarily used for its potent vasodilatory effects to treat angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and hypertensive emergencies. It promotes vasodilation by releasing nitric oxide (NO), which diffuses into vascular smooth muscle cells and activates guanylate cyclase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), leading to dephosphorylation of myosin light chains and subsequent relaxation of smooth muscle, reducing preload and afterload on the heart.^[21]^[22] Nitroglycerin is available in multiple administration forms to suit acute and chronic needs. For acute angina attacks, sublingual tablets are administered at 0.3–0.6 mg, dissolved under the tongue every 5 minutes for up to three doses. Transdermal patches deliver sustained release at 5–15 mg over 24 hours, typically applied for 12–14 hours daily to prevent tolerance. Intravenous infusions, used in hospital settings for unstable angina or heart failure, start at 5 mcg/min and titrate up to 200 mcg/min based on hemodynamic response.^[21]^[23]^[24] Common side effects include headache due to cerebral vasodilation, hypotension, dizziness, and flushing, often most pronounced with initial use. Orthostatic hypotension can lead to weakness or syncope, particularly in upright positions. Prolonged or continuous administration may induce tolerance through depletion of sulfhydryl groups and reduced NO bioavailability, which can be mitigated by implementing nitrate-free intervals of 10–12 hours daily.^[21]^[25]^[26]

Other nitro-based medications

Sodium nitroprusside, a cyanide-containing nitroso compound with the formula Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO], is administered intravenously for the management of hypertensive emergencies and acute heart failure.^[27] It functions as a potent vasodilator by releasing nitric oxide (NO), which induces rapid relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and lowers blood pressure.^[28] Due to its short half-life and need for continuous infusion, it is typically used in controlled hospital settings to achieve precise hemodynamic control.^[29] Isosorbide dinitrate and its active metabolite, isosorbide mononitrate, are oral organic nitrates employed for the prophylaxis of chronic stable angina pectoris.^[30] These agents provide longer-lasting vasodilation compared to sublingual nitroglycerin, allowing for once- or twice-daily dosing to prevent ischemic episodes during physical exertion.^[31] Upon oral administration, isosorbide dinitrate undergoes hepatic and vascular metabolism to isosorbide mononitrate, the primary bioactive form that donates NO to activate guanylate cyclase and promote venous capacitance.^[32] Nitroimidazoles, such as metronidazole, are a class of synthetic antibiotics containing a nitro group (-NO₂). Metronidazole is widely used for treating infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, protozoa (e.g., Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia), and certain microaerophilic bacteria, including bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, amebiasis, and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.^[33] Its mechanism involves reduction of the nitro group by bacterial or protozoal enzymes to form reactive intermediates that damage DNA and proteins, leading to cell death. This selectivity for low-oxygen environments minimizes effects on aerobic human cells.^[34] Nitrofurantoin, a synthetic nitrofuran antibiotic, is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria such as Escherichia coli.^[35] Its bactericidal activity stems from nitro reduction by bacterial enzymes, generating reactive intermediates that damage DNA, induce oxidative stress, and inhibit macromolecular synthesis in the pathogen.^[36] This mechanism concentrates the drug's effects in the urinary tract, minimizing systemic exposure and resistance development.^[37] Clinical guidelines for nitro-based vasodilators, including sodium nitroprusside and isosorbide derivatives, emphasize strict contraindications with phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors such as sildenafil due to the risk of profound, potentially life-threatening hypotension from synergistic NO-mediated vasodilation.^[38] Patients on these nitrates must discontinue therapy for at least 24-48 hours before initiating PDE5 inhibitors, with close monitoring recommended in cardiovascular care protocols.^[39] As of 2025, research continues to explore nitro-derived NO donors for pulmonary hypertension, with studies investigating novel compounds like S-nitrosylated agents and nitric ester derivatives to enhance selective pulmonary vasodilation and mitigate right heart strain. Recent developments include inhalable nitric oxide delivery systems using porous structures for targeted pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment (as of 2024) and investigations into soluble guanylyl cyclase stimulators and activators as promising alternatives to traditional NO donors for chronic management (as of January 2025).^[40]^[41]^[42] These efforts aim to improve upon existing therapies by reducing systemic side effects and targeting endothelial dysfunction in the pulmonary vasculature.^[43]

Vehicles and transportation

Nitrous oxide systems

Nitrous oxide (N₂O), commonly referred to as "nitro" in racing contexts, serves as a chemical oxidizer in automotive performance enhancement systems. It is injected into the engine's intake to supply additional oxygen, enabling more efficient fuel combustion and thereby increasing power output. This temporary boost is achieved without permanent engine modifications, making it popular among enthusiasts seeking on-demand performance gains.^[44] The mechanism relies on the thermal decomposition of N₂O at high engine temperatures, following the reaction N₂O → N₂ + ½O₂ + heat, which releases oxygen and absorbs heat to cool the intake charge. This cooling effect increases the density of the air-fuel mixture, allowing more fuel to be burned per cycle and typically yielding a power increase of 50-100 horsepower in standard setups. The process enhances combustion efficiency but requires precise tuning to maintain safe air-fuel ratios and prevent detonation.^[44]^[45] The use of nitrous oxide in engines traces back to World War II, where it was employed by the German Luftwaffe in aircraft like the Messerschmitt Bf 109 via the GM-1 system to provide emergency power boosts at high altitudes. Post-war, its application shifted to automotive racing in the late 1940s and 1950s, with early adopters like drag racer Dick Flynn experimenting in 1958 to achieve superior acceleration. The technology gained commercial traction in the 1970s, exemplified by the founding of Nitrous Oxide Systems (NOS) in 1978, which popularized kit-based installations for street and track vehicles.^[46]^[47] Modern nitrous systems are categorized as wet or dry based on fuel delivery. Wet systems inject both N₂O and additional fuel through separate solenoids and nozzles, ensuring a balanced mixture suitable for carbureted or older engines; they are favored for their simplicity and reliability in high-power applications. Dry systems deliver only N₂O into the intake, relying on the engine's fuel management—often via electronic control unit adjustments—to enrich the mixture, making them ideal for fuel-injected vehicles but more sensitive to tuning errors. Core components include high-pressure aluminum bottles (typically 10-15 pounds capacity), solenoid valves for controlled release, braided stainless-steel lines, and safety features like burst discs; brands such as NOS and Nitrous Express dominate the market with bolt-on kits rated from 35 to 300 horsepower.^[48]^[49]^[50] In applications like drag racing and street performance cars, nitrous provides short bursts of power for launches or overtakes, often limited to 10-20% of baseline engine output to minimize risks such as piston damage or rod failure from excessive cylinder pressures. Safety protocols emphasize proper installation, including fuel system upgrades and ignition timing retard, to avoid lean conditions that could lead to engine meltdown. Motorsports governing bodies enforce strict regulations; for instance, the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) mandates DOT-1800-rated bottles securely mounted with vented relief valves if in the driver compartment, high-pressure braided hoses, and prohibits external heating methods beyond approved blanket warmers.^[51]^[52]^[53]

Nitromethane fuels

Nitromethane (CH₃NO₂), a simple nitroalkane, serves as a high-performance fuel in motorsports due to its unique chemical properties. It contains approximately 52% oxygen by weight, enabling combustion with significantly less atmospheric air compared to hydrocarbon fuels like gasoline—this allows for richer fuel-air mixtures and more efficient energy release within the engine cylinder. Although its energy density is lower than gasoline (about 5,000 BTU/lb versus 18,400 BTU/lb), the self-contained oxygen facilitates complete combustion, resulting in higher power output per volume of intake air, often yielding up to 2.3 times more power than gasoline under similar conditions.^[54]^[55]^[56] In professional drag racing, particularly Top Fuel classes, nitromethane is blended with methanol to optimize performance, typically at a 90% nitromethane to 10% methanol ratio. This mixture powers supercharged engines producing up to 11,000 horsepower, with the fuel's laminar flame speed of approximately 40–50 cm/s contributing to controlled, high-intensity combustion. The methanol component aids in ignition reliability and cooling, preventing pre-ignition in the extreme heat generated (up to 7,050°F at the flame front). Nitromethane is produced industrially via gas-phase nitration of propane with nitric acid at 350–450 °C, yielding a mixture of nitroalkanes from which it is separated, a process that requires precise control to maximize yield.^[57]^[58] Handling nitromethane demands strict safety protocols owing to its hazards: it is toxic upon inhalation or ingestion, potentially damaging the kidneys, nervous system, and liver with prolonged exposure, and it carries an explosion risk as a flammable liquid with an autoignition temperature of 418°C. In performance applications, these blends enable Top Fuel dragsters to accelerate from 0 to over 300 mph in under 4 seconds during quarter-mile runs, with tuning focused on methanol ratios to enhance cooling and maintain engine integrity under extreme loads.^[59]^[60] Environmental considerations and regulations shape nitromethane's use in racing, as its combustion produces nitrogen oxides (NOx) alongside carbon monoxide and dioxide. Methanol additives in fuel blends help mitigate some emissions by promoting cleaner burning and reducing unburnt hydrocarbons, aligning with efforts to control trackside pollution. However, due to safety risks and environmental impacts, nitromethane is banned in many amateur and entry-level racing classes, such as certain NHRA sportsman categories and some regional drag events, restricting it primarily to professional series.^[61]

Computing and technology

AWS Nitro System

The AWS Nitro System is a collection of dedicated hardware and software innovations that underpins next-generation Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instances, enabling high performance, availability, and security in cloud computing. It achieves this by offloading key virtualization tasks—such as networking, storage, and security functions—from the host operating system to specialized silicon components, utilizing a lightweight hypervisor based on the Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM). This architecture replaces traditional monolithic virtualization software with a microservices-like model, minimizing overhead and allowing AWS to iterate rapidly on infrastructure. Introduced in 2017 alongside the launch of C5 compute-optimized instances, the Nitro System has evolved to support a wide range of workloads by delivering nearly all of the host's compute and memory resources directly to customer instances.^[62]^[63]^[64] Central to the Nitro System are its primary components, which distribute responsibilities across hardware for efficiency and isolation. Nitro Cards serve as purpose-built processors that handle input/output (I/O) operations, including virtual private cloud (VPC) networking, Elastic Block Store (EBS) storage, and instance metadata, while offloading data encryption to reduce latency and enhance security. The Nitro Hypervisor, a minimal KVM derivative, manages CPU and memory partitioning with support for single root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV), ensuring bare metal-like performance without a full networking stack on the host. Complementing these is the Nitro Security Chip, which establishes a hardware root of trust by verifying firmware and controlling boot processes, and Nitro Enclaves, which create highly isolated virtual machines for confidential computing with no persistent storage or external network access. These elements collectively form a locked-down environment where AWS operators have no administrative access, further bolstering isolation.^[65]^[66] The Nitro System delivers significant benefits in performance and security for EC2 users. By eliminating virtualization overhead through hardware offloading, it provides up to 25% better price/performance in early implementations like C5 instances compared to prior generations such as C4, with subsequent advancements yielding bare metal-equivalent compute efficiency and up to 4x improvements in networking throughput for optimized instances. Security is enhanced via a reduced attack surface, cryptographic attestation for components, and a chain of trust rooted in dedicated hardware, enabling features like continuous monitoring without compromising instance integrity. This design supports high availability by allowing independent updates to Nitro Cards via signed firmware, minimizing downtime risks.^[64]^[67]^[62] In practice, the Nitro System powers a broad array of EC2 instance families, including compute-optimized C5 and C5n series for high-performance workloads like analytics and high-performance computing (HPC), as well as general-purpose M5 instances for balanced applications. It integrates seamlessly with AWS Graviton processors, AWS's custom Arm-based chips, enabling Nitro Enclaves on Graviton2 and Graviton3 instances since 2022 to process sensitive data with up to 25% higher compute efficiency in cryptographic tasks compared to earlier Graviton versions. As of 2025, key developments emphasize confidential computing for emerging use cases, such as multi-party computation (MPC) for secure collaboration across encrypted datasets and AI workloads including large language model (LLM) inference on protected health information (PHI) or personally identifiable information (PII), all within attested, isolated enclaves.^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]

Software applications

Nitro PDF is a comprehensive document management suite designed for creating, editing, signing, and converting PDF files across Windows, Mac, and iOS platforms. Key features include advanced editing tools for text and images, secure eSignature capabilities compliant with eIDAS and UETA standards, and conversion options to formats such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. The software also supports optical character recognition (OCR) for scanned documents and batch processing for handling multiple files efficiently. Founded in 2005 in Melbourne, Australia, Nitro PDF has grown to serve millions of users, emphasizing workflow automation and digital transformation.^[72] Discord Nitro, launched in late 2016 as a premium subscription service, enhances the user experience on the Discord platform with exclusive perks for $9.99 per month or $99.99 annually. Subscribers gain access to custom emojis and animated avatars usable across all servers, increased file upload limits up to 500 MB, HD streaming up to 4K resolution, and the ability to join up to 200 servers. Additional benefits include two free server boosts per subscription, which unlock enhanced audio quality, custom server banners, and more emoji slots for communities, along with a 30% discount on additional boosts. As of 2025, the service offers three friend passes allowing non-subscribers to temporarily access select Nitro features, and Nitro Basic provides a lower-tier option at $2.99 monthly with 50 MB uploads and one boost. Discord maintains compliance with GDPR through updated privacy policies that outline data collection, user controls for editing or deleting personal information, and secure data processing practices.^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77] Other notable software applications incorporating "Nitro" include Nitro Type, a free online multiplayer typing game where players race virtual cars by typing passages as quickly and accurately as possible, fostering skill improvement through global competitions. Nitro Pro, the flagship product within the Nitro PDF suite, extends eSignature functionalities with audit trails and integration for secure document workflows. Regarding security and privacy, Nitro PDF employs industry-leading 256-bit AES encryption for documents in transit and at rest, along with end-to-end encryption for eSigning processes to protect sensitive information.^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81]

People

Wrestlers

John Randall Hennigan, born October 3, 1979, is an American professional wrestler best known for his tenure in WWE under the ring name Johnny Nitro from 2002 to 2007, where he performed across the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands.^[82] As part of the tag team MNM alongside Joey Mercury and valet Melina, Nitro captured multiple WWE Tag Team Championships and adopted an arrogant, Hollywood elite persona that highlighted his athleticism and showmanship.^[83] In ECW, he transitioned to the ring name John Morrison in 2007, drawing inspiration from The Doors' Jim Morrison, and developed the "Hollywood Rockstar" character, emphasizing high-flying maneuvers like the Moonlight Drive corkscrew moonsault and pursuits of world titles, including a successful reign as ECW World Champion in 2007.^[84] Morrison later competed in Lucha Underground as Johnny Mundo from 2014 to 2019, where he won the Lucha Underground Championship and Gift of the Gods Championship, showcasing his versatility in singles and tag competition.^[85] He has also ventured into musical side projects, blending his rockstar gimmick with performances alongside his wife, Taya Valkyrie.^[86] In Mexico, Nitro (real name unrevealed under lucha libre traditions) has been a prominent rudo since his debut in 1984, rising to mid-card status in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) during the 2000s as a high-flying technician known for agile dives such as the tope suicida and flying splash.^[87] As a core member and occasional leader of the Los Guerreros Tuareg stable—formed in 2007 from the remnants of Pandilla Guerrera—Nitro embodied the group's desert warrior theme, engaging in intense faction warfare that emphasized rudo aggression and aerial assaults.^[88] His career highlights include winning the Mexican National Trios Championship in 2006 with stablemates Dr. X and Sangre Azteca, as well as key victories in luchas de apuestas, such as unmasking Loco Max in 2010 and Skándalo in 2011, solidifying his role in CMLL's masked division feuds against teams like Los Ángeles Alados and Los Métales.^[89] These rivalries often featured multi-man tags and high-stakes stipulation matches that showcased his powerbomb finishers and submission holds like the medio cangrejo.^[87] As of November 2025, John Morrison continues wrestling on the independent circuit and is signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name Johnny TV, recently teaming with Taya Valkyrie in mixed tag matches.^[85] CMLL's Nitro remains active in ongoing storylines, including recent tag team bouts against rising técnicos like Atral and Eléctrico, maintaining his status as a veteran rudo in Arena México events.^[90]

Musicians

Nitro was an American glam metal band formed in Hollywood, California, in 1988, featuring vocalist Jim Gillette, guitarist Michael Angelo Batio, bassist T.J. Racer, and drummer Bobby Rock. Known for their high-pitched vocals, rapid guitar work, and over-the-top stage antics, the group epitomized the excesses of the late 1980s hair metal scene. Their debut album, O.F.R. (Out-F*cking-Rageous), released in 1989 on Rampage Records, peaked at number 140 on the Billboard 200 and included singles like "Freight Train" and "Long Way From Home." The band's second and final studio album, Nitro II: H.W.D.W.S. (Hot, Wet, Drippin' with Sweat), arrived in 1992 with a revamped lineup including bassist Ralph Carter and drummer Johnny Thunder, featuring tracks such as "Long Way Down." Nitro disbanded in 1993 amid the grunge shift that diminished glam metal's popularity, but original members Gillette and Batio reunited sporadically, including a 2016 lineup with Lamb of God drummer Chris Adler and bassist Victor Wooten that produced the single "It Won't Die" in 2017 before dissolving again. Their contribution to glam metal lay in amplifying the genre's theatricality and technical flair, influencing perceptions of hair metal as both spectacle and parody. Johnny Nitro (born John Newton; September 2, 1951 – February 19, 2011) was a San Francisco-based blues guitarist and singer, distinct from his wrestling namesake, who became a fixture in the Bay Area blues community during the 1970s and beyond. After moving from his Sacramento hometown to North Beach in the early 1970s, he performed regularly at venues like the Saloon on Grant Avenue, where his raspy voice and rhythmic guitar style drew comparisons to traditional Chicago blues. Nitro led the band Johnny Nitro and the Door Slammers, releasing albums including Car Fixin' Blues in 1993 on Saloon Recordings and Drinkin' Triples 'Till You're Seeing Double in 1994, alongside contributions to compilations like S.F. Blues Guitar Summit Volume III (1993). He toured regionally, collaborating with luminaries such as Albert Collins—who covered Nitro's song "Dirty Dishes"—and Albert King, and later taught at the Blue Bear School of Music. Nitro collapsed onstage from health issues in December 2010 but resumed performing until his death from heart disease and diabetes at age 59. The name "Nitro" has appeared in song titles by notable artists across genres, such as surf rock pioneer Dick Dale's instrumental "Nitro" from his 1993 album Tribal Thunder, which showcased his signature tremolo guitar technique,^[91] and punk rock band The Offspring's energetic "Nitro (Youth Energy)" from their 1994 album Smash, evoking themes of adrenaline-fueled living.^[92]

Places

United States

Nitro, West Virginia, is a city straddling Kanawha and Putnam counties along the Kanawha River, approximately 12 miles west of Charleston.^[93] Established in 1917 as a World War I boomtown, it was constructed by the U.S. government to house workers at a massive nitrocellulose production facility aimed at manufacturing smokeless gunpowder for the war effort.^[94] The site's rapid development included over 2,000 buildings, utilities, schools, and a population that peaked at nearly 25,000 by 1918, making it one of the largest temporary industrial cities in the U.S. at the time.^[95] After the war, the federal reservation was sold in 1922, transitioning the area into a permanent municipality incorporated in 1932, with the local chemical industry sustaining economic growth through pesticide and herbicide production into the late 20th century.^[94] The city's population stood at 6,618 as of the 2020 U.S. Census, reflecting a decline from its wartime heights amid shifts in the regional chemical sector. Notable landmarks preserve its industrial heritage, including the Nitro World War I Museum, which houses artifacts from the gunpowder plant and exhibits on the town's founding, and the adjacent Nitro World War I Memorial, a 10-foot granite obelisk dedicated in 1930.^[96] Mardi Gras Casino & Resort, located within city limits, represents modern economic diversification, offering gaming, lodging, and entertainment while drawing visitors to the area.^[97] The Kanawha Valley's chemical legacy continues to influence Nitro's economy, though environmental remediation efforts have addressed historical contamination from plant operations.^[94] In California, the original settlement known as Nitro—later renamed Giant—emerged in 1892 as a company town in what is now Richmond, Contra Costa County, built by the Giant Powder Company to support its dynamite and explosives manufacturing operations.^[98] Situated near Point Pinole, the town housed workers at the factory, which produced blasting powder essential for mining, construction, and later wartime needs, including expansions during the 1940s for World War II munitions.^[99] Operations ceased in the 1960s, leaving behind abandoned structures and bunkers that evolved into the Point Pinole Regional Shoreline, a public park preserving the site's ruins as a ghost town remnant amid eucalyptus groves planted to mitigate explosion risks. This location underscores early American explosives innovation, as the Giant Powder Company held the first U.S. license from Alfred Nobel for dynamite production.^[98]

Other locations

Outside the United States, no permanent settlements or municipalities are named Nitro.^[100] Historical references to "Nitro" in international contexts are limited to temporary industrial or military sites related to explosives production. For instance, during World War II, Australia hosted several munitions facilities involved in nitro-based explosives manufacturing, such as the Deer Park Explosives Factory near Melbourne, which produced nitro-glycerine-based products but was not formally named Nitro.^[101] Similar temporary depots existed in other Allied countries for wartime nitrocellulose and propellant production, though none retained the name post-war.

Arts and entertainment

Fictional characters

In Marvel Comics, Nitro is the alias of Robert Hunter, an electrical engineer from Scranton, Pennsylvania, who gained the ability to transform his body into explosive gas after being subjected to genetic experiments by the Kree Lunatic Legion, which also induced insanity.^[102] Debuting in Captain Marvel #34 (September 1975), created by Jim Starlin and Steve Englehart, Nitro was tasked with stealing experimental nerve gas but clashed with the Kree superhero Mar-Vell, whom he later exposed to a deadly toxin contributing to Mar-Vell's death.^[102] His powers allow him to combust and reform unharmed, enabling targeted explosive attacks via punches or kicks, though he must fully reform before detonating again.^[102] Nitro became infamous for triggering the Stamford disaster in the 2006 Civil War storyline, where his massive explosion during a confrontation with the New Warriors in Stamford, Connecticut, killed over 600 people, including most of the team and numerous civilians, sparking the Superhuman Registration Act.^[102] In DC Comics, "Nitro" Nelson is a one-time villain and foe of the Earth-Two Batman, introduced as an explosives expert and criminal operative in Batman #58 (April 1950).^[103] Allied with gang leader Black Diamond and other thugs like "Bulls-Eye" Kendall and the Barracuda Brothers, Nelson used his demolition skills in a plot involving rigged explosives at Gotham's regatta, but Batman and Robin swiftly defeated him and his accomplices.^[103] This Golden Age appearance marks his sole comic book role, with no superhuman speed or other enhanced abilities depicted.^[103] The Marvel Comics version of Nitro has appeared in video games, including as a boss enemy in Marvel: Avengers Alliance (2012-2016) and a playable character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 (2009), voiced by Steve Blum, where his explosive abilities factor into gameplay mechanics.^[104]

Music

In the realm of music, "Nitro" has been used as a title for various albums, soundtracks, and songs, often evoking themes of high energy, speed, and intensity across rock and electronic genres.^[105] These works span decades, from 1960s country instrumentals to modern electronic productions and Vocaloid tracks, reflecting the term's association with explosive power and adrenaline.^[106] Predominantly featured in rock and electronic music, selections like The Offspring's punk-infused track highlight fast-paced rhythms, while electronic entries incorporate synth-driven beats and hip-hop influences. Notable albums and soundtracks bearing the "Nitro" title include the 2009 video game soundtrack for Need for Speed: Nitro, a compilation blending electronic, hip-hop, and rock tracks from artists such as The Crystal Method, Major Lazer, and Taking Back Sunday, designed to complement high-speed racing gameplay.^[107] Another example is Nitro Praise II (1995), a Christian contemporary worship album featuring covers of hymns and praise songs performed by various artists, emphasizing uplifting melodies and choral arrangements.^[108] In rock, Brian Setzer's instrumental album Nitro Burnin' Funny Daddy (2003) showcases hot rod-themed guitar work inspired by 1950s rockabilly, capturing the thrill of drag racing with fiery solos.^[105] More recently, Tyze Nitro's self-titled debut album (2025) explores experimental industrial tones across 23 minutes, building on the artist's prior electronic releases.^[109] Songs titled "Nitro" are diverse, with rock examples like The Offspring's "Nitro (Youth Energy)" (1994) from their breakthrough album Smash, which sold over 11 million copies worldwide and peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard 200, delivering punk rock energy through rapid guitar riffs and anthemic choruses. In hip-hop, LL Cool J's "Nitro" (1989) from Walking with a Panther—produced by Public Enemy's Bomb Squad—features aggressive rhymes over sampled funk breaks from James Brown and Funkadelic, contributing to the album's platinum certification and number 6 peak on the Billboard 200. Electronic tracks include Jan Driver's "Nitro" (2005), a house single with pulsating synths and club-ready builds released on Toolroom Records.^[106] A contemporary Vocaloid entry is Akali's "Nitro" (2025), featuring Hatsune Miku's synthesized vocals over intense electronic production, blending J-pop elements with dark, rhythmic lyrics./Akali) Earlier, country artist Red Simpson's "Nitro Express" (1965) instrumental evokes locomotive power with twangy guitar and driving percussion, appearing on his Capitol Records compilation. These tracks underscore "Nitro"'s recurring motif of velocity and force in music.

Live performances and events

Nitro Circus, an extreme sports and stunt entertainment production, was founded in 2003 by professional motocross and rallycross athlete Travis Pastrana as a platform for high-risk action sports performances involving his group of friends and fellow athletes.^[110] The company organizes live tours featuring motocross freestyle (FMX), BMX tricks, skateboarding, and innovative stunts such as backflips on motorcycles and scooter jumps over obstacles, performed in arenas and stadiums worldwide.^[111] These events emphasize a blend of athletic prowess, comedy, and controlled chaos, drawing crowds through spectacular feats like quadruple backflips and vehicle launches.^[112] The Good, Bad & Rad tour, a signature Nitro Circus production, exemplifies their live show format with segments showcasing successful tricks alongside humorous fails and experimental contraptions, such as modified vehicles for aerial maneuvers.^[113] This tour has run in various iterations, including stops in North America during 2024, performing at outdoor venues like CHS Field in St. Paul, Minnesota, where athletes execute rampside jumps and ramp-to-ramp transfers amid pyrotechnics and audience interaction.^[114] Performances typically last two hours, incorporating over 20 athletes and evolving set pieces to keep the spectacle fresh across dozens of cities annually.^[115] Beyond extreme sports, Nitro-branded live events include dance parties hosted by DJ Nitro, which feature high-energy electronic music sets in club and legion hall settings, such as the July 2025 event at Royal Canadian Legion Lachine Branch in Montreal.^[116] These gatherings attract dance enthusiasts for themed nights emphasizing upbeat tracks and social interaction, though they remain smaller-scale compared to stadium spectacles.^[117] Nitro Circus events have influenced broader media through adaptations like the 2012 television series Nitro Circus Live, which documented tour preparations, rehearsals, and performances across Australia and New Zealand, highlighting the logistical challenges of global staging.^[118] In terms of safety, the organization has pioneered advancements such as air bag systems and protective gear refinements to mitigate injury risks during high-impact stunts, contributing to a track record of over 360 shows in more than 30 countries with minimized serious incidents.^[112] Notable innovations include the integration of lawnmower-based racing and jumping apparatus, where athletes perform flips on motorized mowers, pushing boundaries while incorporating crash-prevention protocols.

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get custom emojis, animated avatars, larger file uploads, HD screensharing, and more.
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Nitro subscribers get 2 server boosts that they can apply to any server, plus a 30% discount on any future Boost purchases. Nitro Classic subscribers also get ...How to Maintain your Nitro and... · Server Boosting · Server Invite Background
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FUN! Conscious, Abstract Hip-Hop · Rye Rye, Hardcore Girls, Electro House · Major Lazer, Hold The Line (feat. Mr. Lexx and Santigold), Dancehall, ...
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Free deliveryTyze Nitro's self titled and second album follows up his debut album Nitro Euphoria* with a 23 minute album with a way more experimental and industrial tone.
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Nitro Circus: Good, Bad & Rad is a new tour built from the core, driven by unbelievable content, new athletes, and crazy contraptions like a flying lawnmower ...
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Nitro Circus Live features first tricks, fails, and comedy, with new athletes, crazy contraptions, and a 'Fun Box' for entertainment.
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Jun 25, 2024 · Tour Launches with 21 Outdoor Shows Kicking Off June 2 with More Stops to be Announced. Tickets On Sale Starting March 9.
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https://www.chsfield.com/events/detail/nitro-circus
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DJ Nitro Dance Party Meetup
DJ Nitro Dance Party Meetup · What we're about · Past events · Group links · Organizers · Members · Find us also at · Related topics · Organizers.
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Nitro Circus Live (TV Series 2012-2014) - TMDB
Rating 8/10 (2) Nitro Circus Live is a Reality television show. It follows Travis Pastrana and the Nitro Circus Crew as they perform live in Australia and New Zealand.Missing: Nitrocir. | Show results with:Nitrocir.