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Pool

Pool may refer to various concepts, including a , a cue , or uses in and other fields. For the cue sport, also known as pocket billiards, see the "Games and Recreation" section. Pocket billiards is a cue sport played on a rectangular cloth-covered (typically 4.5 by 9 feet for play) with rubber cushions and six pockets, where players use a to strike object balls and a white cue ball (2.25 inches in diameter) to pocket the object balls (15 numbered balls, or 9 in some variants) according to game rules. The sport includes popular variants such as eight-ball, where players pocket all solid (1-7) or striped (9-15) balls before the 8-ball, and nine-ball, a rotation game pocketing balls in order from 1 to 9. Other forms include straight pool (14.1 continuous), accumulating points by pocketing balls sequentially. Originating in 15th-century Northern Europe as an outdoor lawn game akin to croquet, it became indoor by the 16th century, with pockets added in the 18th century. The term "pool" arose in mid-19th-century U.S. betting parlors ("pool rooms") for horse races, where billiards tables were played. Governed internationally by the (), founded in 1987, the sport features professional circuits and world championships in 9-ball and 10-ball. As of 2025, top players include Alexander Kazakis and . Culturally, pool is ubiquitous in bars and homes, popularized by figures like (526 consecutive balls in , 1954; 15 world championships, 1941–1957) and trailblazers like Edward "Chick" Davis, who integrated billiards venues in the early . It emphasizes precision, strategy, and spin (English).

Bodies of Water

Artificial Pools

Artificial pools are man-made, contained bodies of water filled with treated water, primarily designed for , , exercise, , or leisure activities. These structures provide controlled environments that support recreational enjoyment, , and therapeutic benefits such as improved mobility and pain relief through water's and . Various types of artificial pools cater to specific uses, including Olympic-sized pools, which measure 50 meters in length and at least 25 meters in width to meet international competition standards set by (formerly FINA). Infinity pools create an illusion of water extending to the horizon by allowing overflow at one edge, often used in luxury residential or resort settings for aesthetic appeal. Hot tubs and spas serve as smaller, heated variants for relaxation and , typically holding 300 to 500 gallons and featuring jets for . Therapy pools, dedicated to , maintain warmer temperatures (around 92-96°F) and shallower depths to facilitate rehabilitation exercises for conditions like or post-surgery recovery. Construction of artificial pools commonly employs materials such as (gunite or for custom shapes), (pre-molded shells for durability and quick installation), or vinyl liners (affordable panels with replaceable liners). Key features include systems with pumps and or cartridge filters to remove debris and circulate water, heating options like gas, electric, or solar heaters to maintain comfortable temperatures, and underwater for visibility during evening use. Safety elements are integral, encompassing non-slip deck surfaces made from textured or rubberized materials to prevent falls, and stations in public facilities equipped with elevated platforms and emergency equipment for oversight. Maintenance of artificial pools involves regular chemical balancing to ensure and clarity, targeting a pH range of 7.2-7.8 and free levels of 1-3 parts per million () to kill and oxidize contaminants. Circulation pumps operate continuously or on timers to promote even distribution of chemicals and prevent stagnation, while algae prevention relies on brushing walls, vacuuming floors, and applying algaecides alongside treatments to maintain levels above 1 . As of 2025, there are over 17 million residential artificial pools worldwide, with the hosting the largest concentration at approximately 10.4 million residential units. also features significant prevalence, with about 14% of households owning a pool, equating to roughly 1.4 million residential installations based on national household data. Artificial pools exert environmental impacts through substantial usage, as an residential pool holds to gallons, requiring periodic refills due to and splash-out. Heating contributes to , often accounting for up to 70% of operational costs in colder climates, primarily from fuel-based systems. Sustainable alternatives include covers, which reduce by up to 95% and retain heat by trapping , thereby lowering and energy demands.

Natural Pools

Natural pools are shallow depressions in rock or land that fill with water from rainwater, tides, or springs, often forming temporary or seasonal bodies of water. These features occur in various environments, such as coastal intertidal zones where tide pools trap seawater during low tide or inland wetlands where vernal pools emerge in spring. Unlike permanent lakes or rivers, natural pools typically dry up periodically, creating unique conditions that support specialized life forms. Formation of natural pools results from erosion processes driven by waves, rainfall, or glacial activity over thousands of years. In coastal areas, tide pools develop through wave abrasion, where pebbles and sand grind down rock surfaces, creating depressions that retain water at low tide. Vernal pools, found in wetlands and floodplains, form in glacial depressions or low-lying areas where impermeable soils prevent drainage, allowing seasonal filling from precipitation or snowmelt. These processes highlight the pools' dependence on local geology and climate, making them dynamic features vulnerable to environmental shifts. Ecologically, natural pools serve as biodiversity hotspots, fostering communities adapted to fluctuating conditions. Tide pools in coastal regions support marine life such as sea anemones, starfish, mussels, and sea urchins, which thrive in the nutrient-rich, oxygen-variable environment exposed to air and sea alternately. In vernal pools, amphibians like frogs and salamanders use the fish-free waters for breeding, laying eggs that hatch before the pools evaporate, while rare plants and invertebrates also find refuge. These ecosystems enhance overall wetland and marine connectivity, acting as refuges that boost local species diversity. Notable examples include the in , a massive marine approximately 300 meters wide and 125 meters deep, formed by the collapse of an ancient cave system during the last , now filled with seawater and supporting diverse and marine species. At Ireland's , a , hexagonal columns created by ancient volcanic activity enclose tidal pools along the coast, filled by Atlantic tides and hosting intertidal organisms. These sites exemplify how natural pools integrate with larger geological formations to create accessible microhabitats. Natural pools face threats from , which introduces toxins that accumulate in filter-feeding organisms, and , which alters through rising levels and increases rates in seasonal pools, potentially reducing duration and . Conservation efforts protect these areas within marine reserves, such as the Brazilian Atlantic Islands where tidal pools in the are safeguarded as part of ecosystems, emphasizing restricted access and restoration to mitigate human impacts. Recreation in natural pools includes to observe underwater life and to capture tidal dynamics, offering educational insights into marine and ecology. However, participants must heed warnings about sudden that can trap individuals, sharp rocks causing injury, and wildlife hazards like stinging anemones or venomous , with experts recommending buddy systems, charts, and avoiding unsupervised areas. For safer experiences without these risks, artificial pools provide controlled alternatives.

Historical and Cultural Pools

The earliest known artificial pools emerged in the Indus Valley Civilization around 2500 BCE, where structures like the at served as large public water tanks for ritual bathing and purification ceremonies, emphasizing hygiene and communal cleanliness in urban settings. This monumental brick-lined basin, measuring approximately 12 meters by 7 meters and up to 2.4 meters deep, featured steps for entry and drainage systems, reflecting advanced early engineering for water management in a arid region. In and , pools evolved into integral components of public bathhouses, known as , which combined hygiene with social and recreational functions from the BCE onward. influences laid the groundwork with communal facilities, but Romans expanded these into vast complexes fed by aqueducts, incorporating specialized pools such as the heated for hot immersion and the unheated for cooling dips to promote health and relaxation. These bathhouses, like the Baths of , accommodated thousands daily, serving as egalitarian spaces where citizens across classes gathered for exercise, conversation, and intellectual pursuits, underscoring pools' role in fostering community cohesion. During the medieval period, Islamic societies adapted designs into hammams, steam-filled bathhouses that proliferated from the under the Umayyads, functioning as annexes to mosques for ablutions and social interaction without immersion pools to align with purity laws. In parallel, during the in from the , estate ponds transitioned from utilitarian medieval into ornate formal garden features, inspired by and Islamic layouts, with symmetrical rectangular basins and canals enhancing architectural harmony in palaces like those at Versailles. Pools held profound cultural and spiritual importance in various civilizations; among the Maya, cenotes—natural sinkholes filled with groundwater—were revered as sacred portals to the underworld Xibalba, sites for ceremonies including human sacrifices to the rain god Chaac as early as 1000 CE at Chichen Itza's Sacred Cenote. In Japan, onsen hot springs integrated into Shinto practices as misogi purification rituals, where immersion cleansed body and spirit near shrines, a tradition dating back centuries and viewing water as a divine element for renewal. The marked a shift toward public pools driven by industrial and reforms, with municipal facilities in and the emerging post-1850 to combat urban sanitation crises and promote amid rapid . In the United States, the played a pivotal role in popularizing indoor pools from the , installing the first at its branch in 1885 as part of initiatives to provide affordable and moral upliftment for working-class . Architectural innovations in historical pools included intricate mosaic tiling in Roman bathhouses, where tessellated floors and walls depicted mythological scenes for aesthetic and non-slip functionality, and sophisticated via aqueducts that delivered millions of gallons daily through gravity-fed channels, arches, and reservoirs to sustain urban bathing complexes. These advancements influenced the design of modern artificial pools, adapting ancient principles of water flow and decoration for contemporary use.

Games and Recreation

Cue Sports

, commonly referred to as pool, encompass a family of games played on a cloth-covered with raised cushioned rails, using a to strike balls into pockets. These games evolved from , an outdoor lawn activity similar to that originated in 14th- or 15th-century and transitioned indoors by the as an alternative played on enclosed tables. Modern pool emerged as an American adaptation of in the , incorporating pockets to distinguish it from pocketless carom variants, with the term "pool" deriving from 19th-century betting parlors where tables were installed for patrons awaiting horse race results. Standard equipment for professional pool includes a 9-foot (2.74-meter) slate-bed table measuring 4.5 by 9 feet playing surface, with six pockets (one at each corner and one midway along each long rail) and a height of 29.25 to 31 inches from the floor. The game uses 15 object balls numbered 1 through 15, typically made of phenolic resin and measuring 2.25 inches in diameter, plus a white cue ball of the same size; balls are racked in a triangle for most variants. Cues are wooden sticks weighing 19 to 21 ounces, with a leather tip for imparting spin, and must be at least 40 inches long per World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) specifications to ensure fair play. Among the most popular variants, involves two players or teams dividing the 15 balls into solids (1-7) and stripes (9-15) after the break, with the winner being the first to pocket their assigned group and then the black 8-ball in a called . requires pocketing balls in numerical order from 1 to 9, racked in a formation, where the lowest-numbered ball on the must be hit first, and the player who legally pockets the 9-ball wins; this format emphasizes break-and-run strategies. , also known as 14.1 continuous, is a call-shot where players nominate any ball to pocket for one point each, continuing until reaching an agreed total (often 150), with the re-racked as needed after 14 balls are cleared, leaving one out; it rewards precision and long runs. Core rules across variants mandate calling shots in formal play, with fouls such as scratching (cue ball pocketed), hitting the wrong ball first, or failing to drive a ball to a rail resulting in penalties like ball-in-hand for the opponent or loss of turn. The , founded in 1987 as the international governing body for pool, standardizes these rules and equipment to promote uniformity in competitions worldwide. The professional scene features high-stakes tournaments sanctioned by the and the (BCA), including the annual BCA National Championships, which draw top players for events in , , and other disciplines. Filipino legend Efren "Bata" Reyes, often called the greatest pool player of all time, has secured over 70 international titles, including the in 1999 and the in 2004, along with U.S. Open victories. Recent successes include Carlo Biado's victory in the 2025 . The Hall of Fame, established in 1966, honors such contributors through annual inductions, recognizing achievements that elevate the sport's competitive integrity. Culturally, pool gained prominence in 19th-century saloons as a social and activity, where wagers on games supplemented incomes amid the era's betting culture. Efforts to include in the Olympics have persisted, with the World Confederation of Billiards Sports submitting bids, such as for the 2024 Games, highlighting pool's global reach and structured competition, though it remains absent from the program as of 2025.

Betting and Wagering

Betting and wagering involving pools refers to a collective form of where participants contribute stakes to a shared fund, known as a "pool," which is distributed among winners based on the results of an event such as a sports contest or race. This system contrasts with by dynamically adjusting payouts according to the total wagers placed. The practice traces its origins to 18th-century , where informal betting pools emerged during events, allowing groups of bettors to pool resources and share risks rather than wagering individually against bookmakers. A prominent type is pari-mutuel betting, widely used in and , in which all wagers on a specific outcome—such as a winning—form a dedicated pool, with determined post-closure via tote boards displaying real-time betting totals. Informal variants include office pools, such as squares, where participants purchase grid positions predicting the final score digits, dividing the pot among those matching the outcome at key intervals like halftime and end of game. Another example is March Madness brackets for the NCAA , where entrants pay fees to submit tournament predictions, with prizes allocated to the most accurate forecasts. In terms of , bettors contribute to a central , from which the deducts a house take—typically ranging from 10% to 25% to cover costs and profit—before distributing the remainder. Payout formulas vary: winner-take-all structures award the entire net pool to sole correct predictors in small-scale setups, while proportional distributions in larger pools divide funds based on the number of winners and the relative size of their wagers, ensuring fair shares reflective of the betting volume on each outcome. , such as professional pool tournaments, commonly host such pools, with wagers placed on match winners or frame-by-frame results. Legally, the formalized in 1923 through the establishment of the Pools Company (later Pools), which organized nationwide betting on match outcomes and helped legitimize the activity amid growing popularity among working-class participants. In the United States, a post-1930s wave of legalization began with New Hampshire's 1964 state lottery, the first government-run since the , initially tied to and inspiring similar systems elsewhere to generate revenue without raising taxes. Modern integrations appear in platforms like , where users enter paid contests forming massive prize pools based on virtual team performances in real events, blending skill and chance under regulated frameworks. These wagering systems carry risks, including gambling addiction, which prompts regulatory oversight; for instance, the UK Gambling Commission enforces protections like stake limits on high-risk products and a statutory levy on operators to fund treatment and research into harm prevention. Tax implications apply to winnings: In the UK, gambling winnings are tax-free for individuals, while in the US, federal reporting and taxation occur on prizes exceeding $600, with states varying on additional levies.

Other Recreational Activities

Carpooling represents a social form of vehicle sharing where commuters organize rides to work or other destinations, thereby reducing and environmental impact. High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, introduced in the , incentivize this practice by providing dedicated highway access for vehicles with multiple occupants, such as carpools and vanpools, to promote efficient roadway use and lower fuel consumption. These lanes have been shown to decrease emissions and travel times by moving more people per vehicle. Modern apps facilitate casual carpooling; for instance, Carpool, launched on June 6, 2017, in and later expanded nationwide, connects drivers with nearby riders heading in similar directions to access HOV benefits without prior arrangements. Pool parties serve as popular social gatherings centered around swimming pools, often featuring themed decorations, music, and group activities to foster relaxation and community bonding. These events emphasize safety measures, including constant adult supervision to prevent drownings, prohibitions on running or diving in shallow areas (typically under 9 feet deep), and limits on alcohol consumption to avoid impaired judgment near water. Organizers commonly enforce rules like no glass containers and clear communication of pool depths to minimize accidents during play. Dead pools are informal prediction games where participants select lists of celebrities or public figures they anticipate will die within a set period, often a year, with points awarded based on accuracy and timing. The modern iteration traces back to organized pools in , such as a 1934 newspaper contest involving bets on 100 notables, but gained wider cultural traction in the through media portrayals like Clint Eastwood's 1988 film , which depicted a similar morbid contest. Early newsletters and publications in the late and disseminated updates on standings and deaths, evolving the game from private wagers to structured leagues. Online variants emerged in the mid-, with sites like DeadPool.com hosting annual contests where users submit rosters of 20 predictions for leaderboard rankings, sans monetary prizes in many cases to sidestep legal issues. These games, sometimes viewed as a gamified extension of betting pools, thrive on but raise ethical concerns over speculating on real-life tragedies. Water-based activities in pools offer notable health benefits through low-impact exercises like , which involve rhythmic movements in shallow or deep water to enhance while minimizing joint stress. Studies indicate aquatic aerobics significantly improves outcomes, including reduced anxiety and symptoms, alongside physical gains like better balance and muscle strength for older adults or those with . Therapeutic floating, often incorporated in sessions, promotes relaxation by leveraging water's to alleviate pressure on the and muscles, aiding management and overall well-being. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention note that such pool exercises support chronic condition control, like and heart disease, by improving endurance without high gravitational load. Public pool programs strengthen community ties by offering accessible recreational and educational opportunities, such as summer camps integrating with games and crafts for development. These initiatives often include structured swim lessons from infancy through adulthood, taught via progressive curricula emphasizing , basic strokes, and rescue techniques to build confidence and prevent accidents. Organizations like the provide family-oriented open swims and aqua fitness classes, fostering social interaction and lifelong healthy habits in inclusive environments. Local recreation districts host themed camps combining pool time with outdoor activities, promoting and peer bonding during vacation periods.

Computing and Technology

Resource Management Pools

In computing, resource management pools consist of pre-allocated sets of reusable resources, such as threads or , to minimize the overhead of dynamic resource creation and destruction while optimizing system performance. These pools enable efficient handling of concurrent operations by maintaining a ready supply of that can be quickly assigned to tasks, reducing and in multi-user environments. Thread pools represent a core example, functioning as fixed-size queues of worker threads dedicated to executing concurrent tasks without the need to spawn new threads for each operation. In Java, this is implemented via the ExecutorService interface, part of the java.util.concurrent package introduced in JDK 5 in , which provides factories like Executors.newFixedThreadPool() for creating managed pools that reuse threads for Runnable or Callable tasks. By limiting the number of active threads, thread pools prevent resource exhaustion and ensure predictable behavior under load, such as in server applications processing multiple requests simultaneously. Connection pools similarly manage reusable database or connections to avoid the high cost of repeated establishment and teardown, enhancing application in scenarios with frequent access patterns. The DBCP library, for instance, implements JDBC connection pooling by maintaining a of open connections that applications can borrow and return, supporting high-concurrency environments like web services where only a fraction of users need active links at any time. This approach reduces latency and database server load, allowing systems to scale to thousands of users without proportional increases in resource usage. A common is in web servers, where process incoming HTTP requests; for example, configures its connector with a minimum of 10 spare threads to handle bursts and a maximum of 200 threads to cap resource consumption during peak loads. incorporate algorithms for worker management, typically using a BlockingQueue to buffer tasks when all threads are busy, with idle timeouts—such as 60 seconds for excess threads—to reclaim unused workers and prevent memory bloat. When both the pool and reach capacity, rejection policies determine task handling, including options like AbortPolicy (throwing a RejectedExecutionException), CallerRunsPolicy (executing in the submitting thread), or DiscardPolicy (silently dropping the task). Benchmarks indicate that thread pools can yield substantial throughput improvements by mitigating thread creation overhead and enabling better CPU utilization. Related concepts, like pools, apply similar principles to static allocation for reduced fragmentation.

Data and Memory Pools

and pools refer to pre-allocated contiguous blocks of memory designed for efficient allocation of objects of similar sizes in programming, thereby avoiding the overhead associated with general-purpose dynamic memory functions like malloc and . These pools mitigate issues such as memory fragmentation by providing a structured way to manage memory lifecycles, particularly in applications with predictable allocation patterns. Memory pools come in fixed-size and variable-size variants. Fixed-size pools allocate uniform blocks, such as 64-byte chunks for small objects, which are ideal for or systems where predictability is crucial. Variable-size pools, often employing systems that split and merge power-of-two sized blocks, offer flexibility for differing allocation needs while still reducing fragmentation. Implementation typically involves custom allocators in languages like C++, where developers override standard allocation behaviors, or libraries such as the Portable Runtime (APR) pools. In APR, the lifecycle begins with creation using apr_pool_create to initialize a pool, followed by allocation via apr_palloc for requests from that pool; clearing with apr_pool_clear resets the pool for by destroying subpools and running cleanup functions, and destruction via apr_pool_destroy fully frees the memory. This hierarchical structure, with subpools inheriting from parents, ensures scoped management. The primary benefits include reduced memory fragmentation and faster allocation times—achieving O(1) complexity—thus improving overall program performance. In practice, memory pools are employed in game engines like , where object pools manage actors by pre-spawning and reusing instances to avoid repeated allocation during , and in systems for devices, such as those using the RTOS, to ensure deterministic memory use in resource-constrained environments. Despite these advantages, memory pools can lead to internal waste if object sizes vary significantly from the fixed block allocations, and they pose challenges, including harder detection of leaks due to the opaque nature of pool , particularly when integrating with third-party libraries incompatible with pool-based deallocation. Thread pools may be used alongside memory pools to handle concurrent access safely.

Networking and Protocol Pools

Networking and protocol pools refer to reserved collections of network identifiers, such as IP addresses or ports, configured for dynamic allocation to hosts, applications, or connections within a TCP/IP network. These pools enable efficient management of scarce resources like IPv4 addresses, facilitating automated assignment without manual intervention. A primary example is the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) pool, where a server maintains one or more ranges of addresses to lease to clients on a subnet, ensuring temporary use and reuse to support network scalability. IP address pools typically define contiguous ranges within a , such as 192.168.1.100 through 192.168.1.200, which routers or DHCP servers administer to assign unique identifiers to devices joining the network. This mechanism prevents address conflicts and optimizes utilization in environments with limited total addresses. For deployments, pools operate on much larger scopes, often /64 prefixes, to leverage the protocol's expansive ; servers manage these pools while coexisting with stateless address autoconfiguration, allowing flexible allocation for enterprise or mobile networks. Port pools primarily involve ephemeral ports, which operating systems allocate dynamically as temporary source ports for client-initiated or sessions, with ranges varying by implementation (e.g., 49152-65535 recommended by IANA). This supports multiple outbound connections from a single host to remote services, with ports released upon connection closure. In -enabled firewalls, ephemeral ports aid traversal by enabling the device to create unique mappings for internal traffic, preserving session state and allowing bidirectional communication despite address translation. Supporting protocols include DHCP, which governs IP pool assignments with configurable lease durations to balance stability and resource turnover; clients typically renew at 50% of the lease time via DHCPREQUEST messages. DNS contributes to pool resolution by mapping domain names to available IPs within a pool, often using techniques for even distribution in load-balanced setups. Load balancers like configure backend server pools to route traffic across multiple IP endpoints, enhancing reliability by health-checking and among pool members. Security practices for these pools emphasize subnet isolation, which confines ARP traffic to specific segments, thereby mitigating by preventing forged replies from reaching unintended hosts outside the local . Monitoring for exhaustion is critical, with systems issuing alerts at thresholds like 80% utilization to avert outages from depleted addresses or ports, often integrated into or DHCP management tools. In enterprise settings, cloud platforms such as AWS provide Elastic IP pools, drawing from Amazon's public IPv4 inventory or user-brought ranges, to support scalable assignments for hundreds or thousands of EC2 instances; these enable remapping without interruption, ideal for auto-scaling groups handling variable workloads.

Arts and Entertainment

Music

In music, "Pool" has inspired various songs, tracks, and artists across genres, often evoking themes of immersion, reflection, or leisure. Paramore's "Pool," released as a promotional from their fifth studio After Laughter on May 12, 2017, blends energy with influences, exploring in a tumultuous through like "I dove in again 'cause I'm not into giving up." The track, written primarily by guitarist with contributions from vocalist , marked a shift toward brighter, 1980s-inspired production while retaining the band's emotional depth. After Laughter, produced by York, debuted at number two on the , underscoring Paramore's evolution from their roots. Several artists and bands have adopted "Pool" as a moniker, contributing to and scenes. Pool, a project led by musician Pool (real name undisclosed), released the EP in 2012, featuring the track "Don't Call My Name," which mixes with introspective vocals and gained attention through its official directed by . The project has since issued albums like (2022) and singles such as Your Moment (2021) and Sirens (2025), emphasizing melodic compositions suitable for relaxed listening. Similarly, Poolside, an nu-disco and duo formed in 2011 by Jeffrey Paradise and Filip Nikolic in , embodies a laid-back "poolside" aesthetic with their self-titled debut in 2012 and follow-ups like Blame It All On Love (2023), which includes sun-soaked tracks such as "Float Away" that fuse grooves with modern elements. Their music, often evoking summer leisure, has influenced 's emphasis on nostalgic, watery soundscapes. In the synth wave era, The Pool— for producer Patrick Keel—released minimalist albums Pool 1 (1981) and Pool 2 (1982), blending funk-infused synths with experimental structures, later reissued for their cult influence on retro revival. Thematically, "pool" imagery appears in ambient and genres, symbolizing fluidity and tranquility. , a pioneer of , incorporated water-evoking elements in tracks like "Deep Blue Day" from the 1983 album Apollo: Atmospheres and Soundtracks, a collaboration with and featuring slow, submerged guitar tones that mimic oceanic depths and have been used in underwater scenes for their immersive quality. Eno's approach, as detailed in his 1979 essay on as "as ignorable as it is interesting," prioritizes environmental soundscapes that parallel the reflective calm of a pool. In , poolside s capture this vibe through curated chillout selections; notable examples include the 2015 Pool Party by various artists on , featuring 50 tracks blending soul, disco, and house like Moloko's "" and Groove Armada's remixes, designed for relaxed summer settings. These collections, often drawing from Balearic influences, highlight poolside lounge's role in evoking leisure and escape, with critical reception praising their atmospheric cohesion for social gatherings.

Film and Television

The Pool (2018), a Thai survival horror film directed by Ping Lumpraploeng, follows a father and his pregnant wife who become trapped in an abandoned six-meter-deep water park pool, where they must evade a massive saltwater crocodile that enters the enclosure. Starring Theeradej Wongpuapan and Ratnamon Ratchiratham, the film builds tension through the characters' desperate attempts to escape using limited resources, culminating in a claustrophobic confrontation with the predator. Critics praised its suspenseful pacing and practical effects, though some noted the creature design's occasional artificiality, with Rotten Tomatoes audience scores reaching 96% for its thrilling execution despite narrative implausibilities. In television, swimming pools often symbolize emotional turmoil and vulnerability. The second-season episode "Down" of Breaking Bad (2009), directed by , features recurring imagery of a family pool contaminated by wreckage from a mid-air collision, including a charred pink teddy bear, serving as a visual for protagonist 's accelerating moral descent and the of his secret life. This motif underscores the episode's themes of and , with the pool's serene suburban setting contrasting the chaos it harbors. The Sopranos frequently employs pool scenes to explore psychological depth within contexts. In the pilot episode (1999), Tony Soprano's panic over a family of ducks departing his backyard pool triggers his initial consultation with psychiatrist Dr. , representing his fears of family disintegration and emotional exposure. Later seasons revisit aquatic motifs, such as AJ Soprano's suicidal submersion in the pool during a depressive episode in season six (2007), which prompts further therapeutic intervention and highlights generational struggles. Documentaries have examined pools' societal dimensions, as in the reality series Insane Pools: Off the Deep End (2015–present), where designer Lucas Congdon transforms ordinary backyards into elaborate aquatic retreats, illustrating pools' roles in , bonding, and architectural across American suburbs. The series emphasizes and pools' evolution from functional spaces to status symbols, often navigating logistical hurdles like terrain integration and water flow dynamics. Broader cinematic themes portray pools as sites of peril in aquatic environments, blending isolation with imminent threat, as seen in The Pool's confined terror compared to similar films like Crawl (2019), where floodwaters trap survivors with alligators, amplifying primal survival instincts. Producing pool-centric scenes involves significant technical challenges, including maintaining water clarity for visibility, ensuring actor buoyancy and breath-holding safety during submerged shots, and combating light refraction that distorts colors underwater. Directors often use controlled tanks to simulate natural bodies of water, mitigating risks like equipment corrosion and performer fatigue, as evidenced in The Pool's use of a drained Olympic-sized facility for authenticity. These elements contribute to pools' enduring appeal in visual media, fostering suspense through the familiar turned treacherous.

Video Games and Literature

In literature, water imagery related to pools evokes themes of vulnerability and transformation, as in Sylvia Plath's Crossing the Water (1971), where dark, still waters represent existential loss, isolation, and the threshold between , metaphorically akin to in overwhelming . These literary works use aquatic symbols to probe introspective depths.

Places

United Kingdom

In the , several locations bear the name "Pool," often reflecting historical associations with bodies of water or enclosures in rural landscapes. These sites span , contributing to the country's diverse geography of villages, estates, and settlements shaped by industry, agriculture, and . Pool in is a village situated in the Carn Brea in west , approximately midway between the towns of and , within the historic mining heartlands of the region. The area is renowned for its 19th-century operations, particularly at East Pool Mine, which transitioned from in the 1830s to significant tin production by the late 1800s, employing hundreds of workers and driving local economic growth until its closure in 1945. According to the 2021 census, the population of Pool (including adjacent Illogan areas) stands at 8,580 residents, reflecting steady urban expansion from its industrial roots. Further north, Pool-in-Wharfedale is a riverside settlement in , nestled along the Wharfe Valley within the metropolitan borough. Established as a rural community, it experienced significant development in the mid-19th century due to the arrival of the railway; the line connecting to opened in 1846, with Pool-in-Wharfedale station commencing operations in 1865, facilitating commuter access and local trade until its closure in 1965 as part of the . The village retains a population of 1,992 as per the and features traditional amenities such as historic pubs, including the longstanding , which serve as social hubs amid its scenic countryside setting. In , Pool Park (also known as Pool Parc) is a historic located near in , , originally developed as a deer park attached to from the . The property features landscape elements including ponds and water features dating to its 18th-century landscaping phase, with the main house rebuilt in Elizabethan style around 1828 by the Bagot family, who owned it for over three centuries until 1932; it later served institutional purposes before reverting to private ownership in recent years. The 's 26-acre grounds, now privately managed, preserve elements of its Georgian-era architecture and natural features. These Pool locations played supporting roles in broader historical events, including the Second World War, when rural UK villages like those in Cornwall and Yorkshire hosted evacuees from urban areas under Operation Pied Piper, which relocated over 1.5 million people, including children, to safer countryside sites starting in September 1939. Today, the demographics of these areas remain predominantly rural, with economies centered on agriculture and small-scale services; for instance, Pool-in-Wharfedale and Pool in Cornwall exhibit low population densities of around 3,113 and 2,161 per square kilometer, respectively, supporting farming and heritage-based activities. Post-2020, eco-tourism has seen notable growth across UK rural sites, with the national ecotourism market expanding at a compound annual growth rate of 8.2% from 2020 to 2024, driven by increased demand for walking trails and natural heritage experiences in areas like the Wharfe Valley and Cornish mining landscapes, contributing to an overall sector value of USD 12.5 billion by 2025.

United States

Pool, West Virginia, is a small unincorporated community located in southwestern Nicholas County, along County Route 41-7 east of Route 41. The area, which has a population of approximately 179 residents, developed in the early 1900s amid the region's boom, as Nicholas County became a key producer of to support industrial growth in . Local mining operations contributed to the community's economy and infrastructure, though the population has remained under 300 due to the decline of the coal industry post-mid-20th century. In , the thermal pools of represent one of the most iconic natural features named for their pool-like formations, drawing visitors for their geothermal waters since prehistoric times. Native American tribes, including the and , utilized the springs for bathing and healing rituals for thousands of years prior to European settlement, viewing them as sacred sites. The U.S. government established the Hot Springs Reservation in 1832 through federal legislation to preserve the 47 hot springs and prevent private exploitation, marking it as the first such in the nation and predating Yellowstone by nearly 40 years. Today, the park's bathhouses and trails support a thriving spa industry, attracting over 2 million visitors annually who contribute significantly to local economies through retreats and historical tours. Public swimming pools in the United States played a pivotal role in the during the 1960s, serving as flashpoints for desegregation battles under the , which prohibited in public facilities. In many Southern cities, white officials responded to orders by closing municipal pools entirely rather than allowing swimmers access, effectively denying equitable recreation to communities of color. For instance, in 1962, a federal court mandated the desegregation of , Alabama's eight public pools, prompting city leaders to shut them all down and lease one to a private club, a tactic repeated in , and elsewhere to maintain . These closures exacerbated racial disparities in access and safety, contributing to higher rates among Americans that persist today. Modern suburban developments in highlight the integration of community pools as central amenities, fostering social and recreational hubs in planned neighborhoods across the state. These gated communities often include resort-style pools to attract families, aligning with 's warm climate and emphasis on outdoor living. The broader industry in generates over $12 billion in annual economic activity, supporting more than 200,000 jobs in , , and related services, while boosting values and . This sector's growth underscores pools' role in enhancing and economic vitality in urban and suburban American settings.

Africa and Other Regions

The Pool Department is an administrative division of the , situated in the southeastern part of the country and bordering the departments of Bouenza, Lékoumou, and Plateaux. Established as part of the nation's departmental structure in the late , it spans approximately 33,955 km² with its capital at Kinkala. As of the 2023 census, the department has a population of 394,532. The local economy centers on oil extraction and , contributing to national resource outputs amid the Congo Basin's broader forestry sector. The , a widened, lake-like section of the straddling the border between the and the , has long served as a vital natural and economic feature in . This expanse, historically known as a pre-colonial nexus, facilitated and settlement from at least the first millennium BCE and became a key hub during the 15th-century , where -speaking peoples established hierarchical systems for resource exchange. In the surrounding areas, communities incorporate cultural practices into fishing, including collective pond methods during dry seasons that involve communal scooping and elements tied to local beliefs, reflecting enduring traditions in . The region grapples with environmental pressures, notably driven by and , resulting in approximately 190 kha of tree cover loss from 2001 to 2024, with notable declines between 2010 and 2020 equating to over 10% of forested area in some assessments. Infrastructure initiatives, such as the 2006 reconstruction of the 62-km Brazzaville-Kinkala road, have enhanced and supported post-conflict by reducing travel times and bolstering access to markets. Beyond , the name "Pool" appears in locales like Poolesville in , , represents a small-town outlier with agricultural roots, though distinct from tropical contexts.

Other Uses

Biology and Genetics

In , a represents the total genetic diversity available within a reproducing or species, encompassing all genes and their alleles that can be passed to the next generation. This concept is central to , where the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool determine the population's evolutionary potential. Under ideal conditions of no selection, mutation, migration, or —known as Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium—the allele frequencies remain stable across generations, described by the equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, where p is the frequency of one allele and q = 1 - p is the frequency of the alternative allele. This principle, independently formulated by and Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908, provides a null model for detecting evolutionary forces by comparing observed versus expected frequencies. Allele frequencies within a can be calculated from data using the Hardy-Weinberg proportions, allowing researchers to quantify and predict changes under evolutionary pressures. bottlenecks, sudden reductions in size, drastically shrink the by increasing and reducing diversity; for instance, the (Acinonyx jubatus) experienced a severe approximately 10,000–12,000 years ago, leading to extremely low across loci such as MHC genes and allozymes, which has heightened vulnerability to diseases and environmental stresses. Such events amplify the loss of rare , potentially fixing deleterious ones and limiting adaptive capacity. In , managing is critical for , often through to preserve diversity and prevent . The (Canis rufus), declared by 1980, benefited from a program initiated in the late that selected founders based on morphological and genetic traits to maintain the ' ; this effort culminated in the 1987 reintroduction of pairs to , marking the first successful wild releases and ongoing population augmentation. These programs monitor coefficients and introduce controlled to sustain viability. Microbial gene pools, particularly in bacteriophages (viruses infecting ), exhibit dynamic diversity driven by high replication rates and (HGT). The phage comprises modular genetic elements exchanged among viral populations, facilitating rapid adaptation; HGT via , where phages package and transfer bacterial DNA, occurs at global rates estimated up to $2 \times 10^{16} events per second, significantly contributing to bacterial evolution by disseminating traits like antibiotic resistance. Small gene pools heighten risks of inbreeding depression, where increased homozygosity exposes recessive deleterious alleles, reducing through lower survival, fertility, and adaptability in populations like island endemics or fragmented habitats. Conversely, —termed —introduces alleles from external populations, counteracting drift and boosting diversity; even low levels of immigration can prevent local fixation of harmful variants and enhance overall evolutionary . Modern tools like Pool-seq, or pooled DNA sequencing, enable efficient genotyping of entire gene pools by sequencing DNA from multiple individuals together, estimating allele frequencies at low per-sample costs. Developed for population genomics, Pool-seq reduces expenses compared to individual sequencing, with effective costs falling to approximately $10-20 per sample in large-scale studies during the 2020s due to advances in next-generation sequencing platforms and high-throughput multiplexing. By 2025, Pool-seq has been increasingly integrated with for enhanced allele frequency estimation in non-model organisms and complex ecosystems. This method has revolutionized studies of bottlenecks and selection, providing genome-wide insights into without the need for separate library preparations per individual.

Transportation and Sharing

Carpooling involves multiple passengers traveling together in a single vehicle to reach a common or similar destination, thereby optimizing vehicle occupancy and reducing the number of cars on the road. This practice gained prominence in the 1970s amid global oil crises, particularly the 1973 embargo, which prompted governments to promote ridesharing to conserve fuel and mitigate shortages; in the United States, carpooling peaked at a 20.4% commute mode share in 1970 before declining due to cheaper fuel in later decades. Environmentally, carpooling significantly lowers emissions, with studies indicating potential reductions of 22-28% in CO2 for round-trip commutes when employees share rides, as it decreases per-passenger fuel consumption based on higher occupancy rates. Ride-sharing extends carpooling through technology-enabled platforms that connect drivers and passengers in for shared trips. UberPool, launched in 2014 in as a service, exemplifies this by allowing up to four passengers to share a ride with that adjusts based on demand, making it up to 50% cheaper than solo UberX trips. Vanpools, a related form, involve organized groups of 8-15 commuters using a dedicated for fixed routes, often employer-sponsored to facilitate daily work travel and further consolidate trips. Key benefits of transportation pooling include substantial cost reductions and alleviation. For instance, shared rides can lower per-mile expenses to approximately half of solo driving costs—around $0.30-0.50 per passenger versus $0.60+ for individuals—through divided , , and expenses. In , high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes provide incentives like faster travel times for carpools with two or more occupants, contributing to reduction by encouraging mode shifts and easing on over 1,100 miles of dedicated lanes, though recent changes in 2025 ended solo clean-air vehicle access to prioritize multi-occupant use. Despite these advantages, challenges persist in coordination and safety. Apps like , a leading platform founded in 2006, facilitate matching with over 25 million users across 22 countries as of 2023, but require robust coordination tools for scheduling and payments. protocols, including mandatory background checks for drivers and real-time tracking, are essential to build trust, as implemented by major providers to verify identities and driving records before permitting rides. Global adoption varies by region, reflecting infrastructure and cultural factors. In , pioneered widespread carpooling promotion post-1970s oil shocks through incentives like dedicated lanes and tax benefits for covoiturage, evolving into modern apps that now serve millions annually. In , Ola Share, launched by , enables affordable intra-city ride pooling with dynamic matching, catering to high-density urban commutes and integrating with public transit for broader accessibility. Looking ahead, autonomous vehicle pools promise to transform sharing by enabling fully driverless fleets. , Alphabet's self-driving unit, projects capturing up to 10% of the U.S. rideshare market by 2030 through expanded services in multiple cities, potentially reducing costs further via 24/7 operation and optimized routing for shared rides. This shift could amplify pooling's efficiency, with analysts forecasting an $7 billion autonomous rideshare segment by 2030, emphasizing fleet sharing over personal ownership.

Business and Miscellaneous

In business and , the term "pool" often refers to collaborative arrangements where resources, risks, or participants are aggregated to achieve shared objectives, such as risk mitigation or capital efficiency. One prominent example is insurance pools, which enable multiple insurers to collectively underwrite high-risk policies that individual firms might avoid due to potential catastrophic losses. A key instance is the nuclear insurance pool established in the United States following the , which encouraged involvement in atomic energy by limiting government liability; in response, industry pools like the Nuclear Energy Liability Insurance Association (NELIA) formed in 1956 to provide liability coverage, later formalized under the Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act of 1957 that caps operator liability and supplements it with federal backing up to $16 billion per incident as of recent assessments. Office pools represent informal betting syndicates among coworkers, typically on events like sports tournaments or lotteries, pooling small contributions for a shared prize pot to foster camaraderie while distributing risk. These arrangements are legal in approximately 40 U.S. states, provided they remain non-commercial and do not involve professional operators, though restrictions apply in places like , , and where even casual wagering can violate state laws; federal prohibitions also bar such activities on government property or during work hours. Broader economic concepts incorporate "pools" to describe aggregated or financial resources. Labor pools denote reservoirs of available workers, particularly the unemployed actively seeking , serving as a buffer for economic fluctuations and a source for filling vacancies; this aligns with the labor force definition, where represents about 4-6% of the pool in stable economies, influencing dynamics and responses like job programs. Venture capital pools, meanwhile, aggregate investor funds into large-scale vehicles to finance high-growth startups, with U.S. venture capital reaching $209 billion in 2024—a 30% increase from —concentrated in tech sectors like , where mega-funds exceeding $1 billion each enable outsized bets on . Miscellaneous applications of pooling extend to organizational efficiencies in historical and modern contexts. Typing pools, prevalent from the through the , consisted of centralized groups of female secretaries handling transcription tasks in large offices, streamlining administrative workflows but often limiting career advancement; these became obsolete with the advent of personal computers in the late , shifting roles toward individual administrative assistants. Carpool lanes, designated for high-occupancy vehicles, enhance business efficiency by reducing commute times and congestion costs—estimated at $88 billion annually in the U.S. in 2019—allowing employees to arrive fresher and more productive, while yielding broader economic savings through lower fuel use and emissions. Legal frameworks have long scrutinized pooling for antitrust risks, particularly when used for price-fixing agreements that stifle competition. The of 1890 explicitly prohibited such "pools"—informal cartels among competitors to set prices or divide markets—as illegal restraints of trade, leading to landmark cases like the dissolution of in 1911 and ongoing enforcement against modern equivalents, with penalties up to $100 million for corporations. In contemporary finance, liquidity pools in (DeFi) exemplify innovative resource aggregation, where users deposit cryptocurrency pairs into smart contracts to facilitate automated trading and earn fees. Platforms like , a leading automated , hosted liquidity pools with a total value locked (TVL) exceeding $5 billion in 2023, enabling seamless swaps across ERC-20 tokens and democratizing access to markets previously dominated by centralized exchanges.

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