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RC

The Roman Catholic Church, commonly known as the and often abbreviated RC, is the Christian communion in with the of , known as the , whom it regards as the successor of and the visible head of the universal Church. It teaches that it constitutes the one, holy, catholic, and instituted by Jesus Christ to continue his mission through , with doctrines authoritatively interpreted by the comprising the and bishops in union with him. As of 2023, the Church counts approximately 1.406 billion baptized members worldwide, representing steady growth amid a global of over 8 billion, with notable increases in and the . Central to its defining characteristics are core beliefs in the Trinity, the Incarnation and redemptive sacrifice of Jesus Christ, salvation through grace mediated by faith and works, and the seven sacraments as efficacious signs of divine grace, particularly the Eucharist wherein Christ's body and blood are substantially present. The Church's hierarchical structure, tracing episcopal lineage to the apostles, underpins its claim to unbroken continuity from the early Christian community, a contention supported by patristic writings and conciliar decrees despite historical schisms like the East-West split in 1054. Its most significant achievements include pioneering formalized education through medieval universities such as Bologna and Paris, establishing widespread charitable institutions including hospitals and orphanages that shaped modern welfare systems, and fostering scientific inquiry via figures like Copernicus and Mendel who operated within its framework. Notable controversies have centered on internal challenges, such as the clerical crisis revealed in extensive investigations from the early onward, prompting doctrinal clarifications on moral theology and administrative reforms including zero-tolerance policies under Popes Benedict XVI and ; these events, while drawing intense scrutiny from secular media outlets often exhibiting institutional biases against religious authority, have been addressed through tribunals and national episcopal conferences with documented reductions in reported incidents post-reform. The Church's global missionary endeavors, from the evangelization of the Americas in the to contemporary efforts in and , underscore its enduring influence, though they have intersected with geopolitical tensions and cultural adaptations that continue to define its role in international affairs.

Technology and engineering

Electrical and electronics engineering

An RC circuit, also known as a resistor-capacitor circuit, consists of a resistor connected in series or parallel with a capacitor, forming a fundamental building block in electrical and electronics engineering for managing transient responses and signal processing. In direct current (DC) applications, when a voltage source is applied to a series RC circuit, the capacitor charges exponentially, with the voltage across it following V_C(t) = V(1 - e^{-t/\tau}), where \tau = RC is the time constant representing the charging time scale in seconds. Discharging occurs similarly but with V_C(t) = V e^{-t/\tau}, allowing precise control of timing intervals, such as in delay circuits or pulse generation. The time constant \tau = RC quantifies the circuit's response speed, where R is resistance in ohms and C is capacitance in farads; for instance, a 1 kΩ resistor and 1 μF capacitor yield \tau = 1 ms, after which the capacitor reaches approximately 63% of its final voltage. This property underpins applications in timing oscillators, sample-and-hold circuits, and noise suppression, where the resistor limits current to prevent capacitor damage during rapid switching. In () contexts, RC circuits function as passive filters. A series RC low-pass filter, with output across the , attenuates high frequencies above the cutoff f_c = \frac{1}{2\pi RC}, passing low frequencies with a -3 roll-off of 20 /; for example, with R = 1 kΩ and C = 0.1 μF, f_c \approx 1.59 kHz. Conversely, a high-pass configuration, with output across the , blocks low frequencies below f_c, useful for AC coupling in amplifiers to remove offsets. These filters exhibit a shift approaching 90 degrees at high/low frequencies relative to f_c, enabling simple analog signal conditioning without active components. RC networks extend to integrators and differentiators in operational amplifier circuits, where feedback RC configurations approximate V_{out} = -\frac{1}{RC} \int V_{in} dt for integration, vital for analog and modulation circuits since the mid-20th century. In power electronics, RC snubbers protect switches from voltage transients, dissipating inductive kickback energy; a typical design uses C = \frac{I^2 L}{V^2} and R \approx \sqrt{\frac{L}{C}} to match the load's . Despite their simplicity, RC circuits remain to modern designs, including initial stages of switched-mode power supplies and sensor interfaces, due to low cost and minimal component count.

Civil and materials engineering

(RC) is a material comprising reinforced with embedded tensile elements, primarily deformed bars (), to enhance overall structural performance. excels in with typical strengths of 20-40 but exhibits tensile strength only about 10-15% of its compressive capacity, necessitating to resist cracking and failure under tensile or flexural loads. The , bonded to the via surface deformations, transfers tensile forces while the surrounding shields it from environmental exposure. The development of traces to the mid-19th century, with early experiments in embedding iron within concrete for tensile reinforcement. French horticulturist Joseph Monier patented elements, such as iron-mesh tubs and pipes, in 1867, marking a practical advancement over unreinforced concrete's limitations. Commercial structural application accelerated after François Hennebique's 1892 patent for a beam-and-slab system using stirrups and longitudinal bars, enabling multi-story buildings and bridges by the early . In materials engineering, RC's composition centers on concrete—a mixture of cement (typically 10-15% by volume), fine and coarse aggregates (60-75%), and water (15-20%)—achieving workability and strength through hydration. Reinforcement consists mainly of carbon steel rebar, produced by hot-rolling billets into bars with ribbed surfaces for improved anchorage; common grades under ASTM A615 offer yield strengths of 420 MPa (Grade 60). Advanced variants incorporate epoxy-coated or stainless steel rebar for corrosion resistance, or supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash to enhance durability and reduce permeability. Fiber reinforcements, such as steel or polymer additives, further mitigate micro-cracking in high-performance mixes. Civil engineering applications of RC dominate modern , including beams, columns, slabs, and shear walls in buildings for load-bearing and seismic resistance; foundations and retaining walls for ; and prestressed elements in bridges and highways, where spans exceed 50 meters in many designs. Dams and reservoirs leverage RC's impermeability and mass for water retention, as seen in structures like the Hoover Dam's outlet works. In materials contexts, RC enables hybrid systems, such as with ultra-high-performance concrete achieving 150 MPa for slender, durable components. RC offers advantages including economic scalability for large-scale projects, inherent fire resistance ( protects up to 1,000°C for 1-4 hours depending on thickness), and versatility in molding complex shapes on-site or precast. It provides long-term in aggressive environments when properly detailed, with service lives exceeding 50-100 years. However, disadvantages include vulnerability to from ingress or , potentially causing expansive cracking and spalling if is inadequate (minimum 40-75 mm required in exposed conditions); its high self-weight demands robust foundations, increasing seismic demands; and extended curing times (28 days for full strength) delay construction compared to framing.

Control systems and hobbies

Radio control (RC) systems enable hobbyists to operate scale models of , cars, boats, and other vehicles remotely via signals, typically in the 2.4 GHz band using for interference resistance and secure links. These systems originated in the 1930s with vacuum tube-based single-channel setups for , evolving to multichannel audio-modulated reed systems by 1949 and proportional electro-mechanical controls by 1960, which allowed smoother, analog-like response over discrete steps. Core components include a handheld transmitter that encodes user inputs—such as stick movements for , , , and —into pulse-width modulated (PWM) signals at 50 Hz repetition rate, with pulse durations of 1–2 milliseconds dictating servo positions from 0° to 90°. The onboard demodulates these signals and distributes power and control s via a 3-pin connector (signal, voltage, ground) to servos or electronic speed controllers (ESCs); servos, compact DC motors with internal gearing and potentiometer feedback, achieve precise positioning by comparing input pulses to actual shaft angle. In hobby applications, these systems support diverse pursuits like aeromodeling, where enthusiasts construct and fly fixed-wing or rotary models under rules from bodies such as the Academy of Model Aeronautics, emphasizing safe operation and skill progression from basic trainers to aerobatic designs. RC surface vehicles, including off-road buggies and on-road racers, utilize similar setups with ESCs for brushless motor speed regulation, enabling competitive events on scaled tracks with speeds exceeding 100 mph in modified classes. Aquatic models employ waterproof receivers and corrosion-resistant servos for propulsion and steering in pond racing or scale nautical simulations. The hobby's appeal lies in integrating , , and piloting, with participants often customizing systems for feedback on battery voltage or signal strength in modern 2.4 GHz setups from manufacturers like Spektrum. Global market valuation of approximately $6.2 billion in underscores sustained interest, driven by accessible kits and communities fostering innovation despite regulatory constraints on frequencies and power output.

Other technology uses

In battery technology, denotes reserve capacity, a standardized rating that measures the duration in minutes a fully charged 12-volt lead-acid can deliver a continuous 25-ampere load at 26.7 °C (80 °F) before its terminal voltage falls to 10.5 volts. This metric, established by organizations such as the Battery Council International, assesses a battery's ability to support critical loads during alternator failure in vehicles or in uninterruptible power supplies, with typical automotive batteries rated between 80 and 160 minutes. Higher RC values indicate greater endurance under discharge, influencing selections for , RV, and storage applications where sustained output without recharging is essential. In photographic printing technology, refers to resin-coated paper, a substrate where traditional paper fibers are encapsulated between two layers of resin, enhancing dimensional stability, water resistance, and processing efficiency over fiber-based alternatives. Developed in the by companies like , RC papers reduced darkroom washing times from over an hour to under 10 minutes by minimizing swelling and contaminant absorption, enabling higher-volume production in analog workflows. Today, RC variants support both traditional emulsions and modern inkjet receptors, with microporous coatings optimizing ink absorption for archival digital prints, though they exhibit slightly lower longevity in high-humidity environments compared to baryta-coated fibers. In fabrication, RC delay describes the propagation latency in interconnect wiring, arising from the product of resistance (R) in metal lines and (C) to adjacent structures, which limits clock speeds and scaling in advanced nodes below 10 nm. As feature sizes shrink, this parasitic effect—quantifiable as τ = RC—necessitates materials like low-k dielectrics and to mitigate issues, with delays contributing up to 50% of total path timing in high-performance chips as of 2016. Engineers address it through techniques such as wire widening and insertion, though physical limits persist without paradigm shifts like optical interconnects.

Computing and software

Software development processes

A (RC) denotes a pre-release version of software intended for final validation before general availability, featuring all planned functionality with minimal expected changes unless critical defects emerge. This stage follows testing, where the build undergoes rigorous internal and limited external scrutiny to confirm , , and across environments. Developers typically designate RCs sequentially, such as RC1 for the initial candidate and RC2 if regressions necessitate iteration, adhering to versioning conventions like appending "-rc1" to the target version number. In the software release lifecycle, RC integration occurs post-feature completion and beta feedback incorporation, emphasizing defect detection over new development to mitigate risks in production deployment. Unlike alpha or beta phases, which tolerate incomplete features for early user input, RC prioritizes regression testing, security audits, and documentation finalization, often involving stakeholders for sign-off. Automated tools in continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines facilitate RC generation, enabling rapid builds from version control systems like , though human oversight remains essential for approval. The RC process enhances reliability by isolating late-stage issues, with data indicating that unresolved bugs at this juncture can elevate post-release failure rates by up to 20% in complex systems, per industry benchmarks from release management analyses. Adoption spans methodologies: in waterfall models, RC aligns with sequential gates; in agile, it supports sprint-hardened increments for quarterly or bi-annual releases. If no blockers arise within a predefined window—often 2-4 weeks—the RC transitions to the stable "gold" or general availability version, distributed via channels like app stores or repositories. Failure to validate adequately at RC can result in costly hotfixes, underscoring its causal role in balancing speed and quality in development workflows.

Other computing terms

In Unix-like operating systems, files with the ".rc" extension, such as .bashrc or .vimrc, serve as configuration files that execute commands upon program startup, with "rc" deriving from "runcom," a command-script feature originating in the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) around 1965 and adopted in early Unix for shell initialization scripts. These files typically contain environment variables, aliases, and functions to customize user sessions or application behavior, processed sequentially during login or invocation to apply settings without recompiling the software. In Windows development, .rc files are text-based resource definition scripts compiled by the Resource Compiler (rc.exe) into binary .res files embedded in executables, defining elements like dialogs, icons, menus, and strings for graphical applications. Introduced with early Windows SDKs, this process enables localization and resource management separate from code, supporting single-byte, double-byte, or characters, and remains integral to tools like for building user interfaces as of 2019 updates. RCFile, or Record Columnar File, is a flat, binary storage format optimized for Hadoop ecosystems, partitioning data first by rows into splits and then by columns within each split to enhance query performance on large relational tables while supporting via codecs like . Developed for and integrated into by 2011, RCFile balances row-oriented access for updates with columnar efficiency for analytics, though it has been largely superseded by formats like for better and evolution in modern workflows. Reconfigurable computing (RC) denotes a hardware-software leveraging field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or similar devices to dynamically rewire circuits at , combining hardware's parallelism and speed with software's flexibility to accelerate specific algorithms beyond fixed or general-purpose processors. Emerging in the for high-performance applications like and , RC mitigates data movement overheads in multi-chip systems and supports customization for domains such as embedded systems, with ongoing advancements in tools like enabling broader adoption as of 2025.

Religion and institutions

Religious denominations

The abbreviation "RC" most commonly denotes the Roman Catholic Church in religious contexts, referring to the largest Christian denomination, which reported 1.406 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2023. The Church maintains doctrines including the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist via transubstantiation, seven sacraments, papal infallibility on matters of faith and morals when speaking ex cathedra, and a hierarchical structure led by the Pope as the successor of Saint Peter. It traces its institutional origins to the early Christian communities in Rome, with formalized structure emerging by the 4th century following the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, which legalized Christianity under Emperor Constantine. In some Christian databases, "RC" also abbreviates Reformed Church, encompassing Protestant denominations rooted in the 16th-century Reformation, particularly the Calvinist tradition emphasizing God's sovereignty, predestination, and the authority of Scripture alone (sola scriptura). These churches originated in Switzerland and southern Germany around 1519–1530, influenced by theologians like Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, and spread to the Netherlands, Scotland, and North America. Key examples include the Reformed Church in America, established in 1628 as the North American extension of the Dutch Reformed Church with about 82,865 members today, and the Christian Reformed Church in North America, formed in 1857 via a split from Dutch immigrant congregations over issues like Masonic membership, now with roughly 268,000 members. Reformed denominations typically reject papal authority, transubstantiation, and invocation of saints, instead adhering to confessional standards such as the Heidelberg Catechism (1563) and Belgic Confession (1561). Less commonly, "RC" may refer to movements within Catholicism, such as , a lay association founded on January 3, 1959, by in , focused on personal sanctification and evangelization but not constituting a separate . These usages highlight "RC" as a versatile in Christian , though Roman Catholic predominates in general reference.

Governmental and military bodies

In the context of the , "RC" most commonly denotes the Reserve Component, which comprises the reserve elements of the military services that operate alongside the Active Component to provide surge capacity, specialized skills, and strategic depth. The Reserve Component includes seven distinct entities: the , , Army Reserve, Navy Reserve, Air Force Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve, and Reserve. These bodies are governed by federal statutes under Title 10 of the for federal reserves and Title 32 for elements when in state status, enabling dual federal-state missions particularly for the Guard components. Reserve Component forces consist primarily of part-time service members who maintain civilian careers while fulfilling military obligations, typically involving one weekend of training per month and two weeks of annual training, though selected reservists may serve full-time in active status. As of 2023, the totals approximately 762,000 personnel across these components, representing about 38% of the total U.S. military end strength. Mobilization authorities, such as sections 12301-12304 of Title 10, allow the President to activate units for up to 365 days in support of contingency operations, as demonstrated in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom where over 500,000 unique members were mobilized between 2001 and 2010. Governmental oversight of the RC falls under the Department of Defense, with each service secretary managing their respective reserves through commands like the and . These bodies integrate with active forces via the Total Force Policy established in the 1970s, emphasizing seamless interoperability, though challenges persist in readiness metrics, equipment modernization, and retention amid varying budget allocations—RC funding constituted about 12% of the defense budget in FY2023 despite its personnel proportion. In international contexts, analogous structures exist, such as the United Kingdom's Reserve Forces under the , but "RC" less uniformly denotes them.

Organizations and nonprofits

Humanitarian organizations

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, commonly abbreviated as in humanitarian contexts, constitutes the world's largest humanitarian network, comprising the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), and 192 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies as of 2023. This structure enables coordinated responses to armed conflicts, natural disasters, and emergencies, with activities including medical aid, food distribution, water sanitation, and protection of vulnerable populations such as prisoners of and displaced civilians. The movement's —a red cross or on a white background—serves as a protective symbol under , signaling neutrality to facilitate access in hostile environments. Originating from the efforts of Swiss businessman , who witnessed unchecked suffering at the on June 24, 1859, the ICRC was formally established on February 9, 1863, in Geneva, Switzerland, initially as the International for Relief to the Wounded. Dunant's advocacy culminated in the of 1864, which codified protections for wounded soldiers and medical personnel, laying the foundation for modern . The IFRC, formed in 1919 amid the , extended the movement's scope to peacetime disasters and global coordination, while national societies handle localized responses, such as the American Red Cross's mobilization of over 1.2 million volunteers for disaster relief in the United States alone during 2023. Guided by seven Fundamental Principles adopted in 1965—humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity, and universality—the movement prioritizes aid without discrimination based on nationality, race, religion, or politics, while maintaining operational autonomy from governments and refraining from interference in conflicts. These principles, rooted in 19th-century practices but formalized post-World War II, ensure credibility and access; for instance, neutrality allows the ICRC to negotiate prisoner visits in over 100 ongoing armed conflicts as of 2024, visiting 1.2 million detainees annually. Independence is maintained through diverse funding, including voluntary contributions and national society dues, though reliance on state donors has occasionally raised concerns about influence, as noted in independent audits emphasizing adherence to core mandates.

Other organizations

The Rural Community Assistance Corporation (RCAC), founded in 1978, is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) that delivers assistance, , and low-interest loans to rural and communities for developing sustainable , wastewater, and solid waste systems, serving over 2,000 communities annually across 12 western states. The International Certification and Reciprocity Consortium (IC&RC), established as a , sets international standards for credentialing professionals in prevention, treatment, recovery, and related fields, with over 50 member boards in the U.S. and abroad offering IC&RC-aligned certifications such as the and Counselor (ADC) to more than 100,000 individuals. Re-evaluation Counseling (RC), a peer-support methodology originated by Harvey Jackins in 1952 for discharging emotional distress through co-counseling sessions, is facilitated by the , a 501(c)(3) based in , which supports RC communities worldwide in promoting personal growth and challenging patterns of .

Businesses and brands

Food and beverage companies

Royal Crown Cola, known as , traces its origins to 1905, when pharmacist developed the beverage in , initially bottling it for sale in his family's grocery store following a dispute with a syrup supplier that restricted sales to non-competing grocers. Originally formulated as a cola syrup under the Union Bottling Works, Hatcher acquired the operation and expanded it into a full line of soft drinks, renaming the company , Inc., in 1924 after launching the popular fruit-flavored soda. By 1951, the firm rebranded as the Royal Crown Cola Company, with emerging as its flagship product. The company pioneered several industry firsts, including the national distribution of canned soft drinks in 1954, the introduction of the 16-ounce bottle in 1958, and , the first commercially successful diet cola, also in 1958. Additional innovations encompassed 100, a caffeine-free variant launched in 1995; Royal Crown Draft, made with cane sugar in 2000; and more recent offerings like RC Neo, featuring natural ingredients and reduced calories, introduced in 2023. The product lineup has historically included sodas and expanded internationally in the , with variants such as the 2025 RC Flavor Collection encompassing vanilla, lime, apple, coffee, marshmallow, and winter spice flavors. In the United States, ownership of resides with , acquired through Cadbury Schweppes' purchase of the brand in October 2000, followed by the 2008 spin-off forming and the 2018 merger creating . Internationally, RC Global Beverages, Inc., holds rights, having acquired them in 2019, with further acquisition by Macay Holdings, Inc., in January 2023 for $21.4 million. The brand maintains a niche presence, with U.S. hovering around 2% as of recent analyses, reflecting from dominant players like and . Despite its innovations, RC Cola's growth has been constrained by limited marketing budgets and distribution challenges compared to larger rivals.

Other commercial entities

RC Willey Home Furnishings operates as a chain of retail stores selling furniture, appliances, electronics, and mattresses across the , with locations in , , , and . The company traces its origins to 1932, when founder Rufus Call Willey began peddling Hotpoint-brand appliances door-to-door from the back of his in rural Syracuse, . This initial venture evolved into the opening of the firm's first permanent showroom—a 600-square-foot building—in Syracuse in 1949 or 1950, marking the shift from mobile sales to fixed operations. In 1954, William E. Child purchased the business from Willey, initiating a period of steady expansion that included new stores in (1969), and further outlets in the state during the 1970s and 1980s. Under Child's leadership, RC Willey adopted a no-commission model to prioritize over high-pressure tactics, a strategy that contributed to its regional dominance in home furnishings. acquired the company in 1995, providing capital for out-of-state growth: the first Idaho store opened in in 1999, followed by Nevada sites in Henderson (2001) and Summerlin (2003), and later California expansion. By 2022, RC Willey had grown to approximately 12 stores and employed over 2,500 people, maintaining a focus on in-house financing and delivery services tailored to its markets. The retailer earned recognition as a top home furnishings provider in 2024 for its selection of quality items at competitive prices, though it has faced typical retail challenges like supply chain disruptions. RC Willey's model emphasizes physical showrooms over heavy e-commerce reliance, distinguishing it from broader national competitors.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional works and characters

In the Toy Story franchise produced by Pixar Animation Studios, RC refers to a remote-controlled 1:55 scale race car owned by the human protagonist Andy Davis. Introduced in the 1995 feature film Toy Story, RC is portrayed as a non-verbal toy with a red-and-yellow color scheme and black racing stripes, capable of high speeds but dependent on a human operator for control due to lacking independent agency like the other sentient toys. Voiced by Paul Dooley in Toy Story, the character requires rescue from the toys during a flood in the film's climax and reappears briefly in Toy Story 2 (1999) before being donated, with a cameo in Toy Story 4 (2019). In the Star Wars (now Legends continuity), RC designates Republic Commandos, specialized clone trooper units trained for covert operations during the era depicted in the prequel films. These commandos bear numerical designations prefixed by "RC," such as RC-1138 (), the sergeant and playable protagonist of Delta Squad in the 2005 Star Wars: Republic Commando developed by LucasArts; RC-1140 ("Fixer"), the squad's demolitions and slicing expert; RC-1207 ("Sev"), the sniper; and RC-1262 ("Scorch"), the breacher and explosives specialist. The squad undertakes high-risk missions against Separatist forces, emphasizing squad-based tactics and psychological tolls of warfare. This concept originates in the 2004 novel Republic Commando: Hard Contact by , which details commando training and operations, followed by three sequels exploring post- survival amid Order 66. RC also appears as shorthand for characters in niche media, such as , a protocol droid in the Star Wars novel (2005) by James Luceno, assisting during the prelude to the Battle of . However, such instances are less central than the aforementioned examples.)

Music and

RC & The Gritz is an music ensemble founded in 2004 by RC Williams, a native and who earned a Grammy Award as part of the gospel group from . The band features a rotating lineup of musicians and performs across genres including R&B, , , , and , with Williams emphasizing collaborative jam sessions through his long-running Jam Sessions initiative. They have served as the backing band for artists such as , , , and Mos Def, and released the album The Feel in 2015, praised for its accessible groove-oriented sound. RC Music Group denotes the professional output of saxophonist, producer, and educator Randy Corinthian, who has contributed to , R&B, and related recordings over more than a decade. In , RC Performing Arts operates a in Portlethen, , , offering classes in , , , and to students of various ages, with vocational training up to Advanced 2 level for dedicated participants.

Sports and recreation

Motorsports and racing

Radio-controlled (RC) car racing encompasses competitive events featuring scale-model vehicles powered by electric motors or nitro engines, controlled via radio transmitters over frequencies such as 2.4 GHz. These races occur on dirt tracks for off-road classes or asphalt for on-road, with vehicles typically scaled at 1:10 or 1:8, emphasizing speed, handling, and durability under high-g conditions. Events demand precise throttle, steering, and braking inputs, with lap times in top classes often under 30 seconds for 1:10 buggies on short tracks. The sport's origins trace to the mid-20th century, with organized competition emerging in the 1970s. The first documented RC car race occurred in 1974 in , , using rudimentary electric and gas-powered models on makeshift tracks. By the , advancements in four-wheel-drive systems and brushed motors enabled faster, more reliable vehicles, leading to dedicated tracks and national series. The Remotely Operated Auto Racers (ROAR), established in , serves as the primary sanctioning body , overseeing rules for motors, batteries, and chassis to ensure fairness. Internationally, the International Federation of Model Auto Racing (IFMAR), founded to standardize global competition, governs world championships since the . Common racing classes divide by , power source, and . Off-road categories include 1/10- 2WD and 4WD electric buggies, which dominate and events due to their accessibility and lower maintenance compared to nitro variants; 4WD buggies, for instance, feature and differential locking for jumps and . 1/8- nitro buggies and truggies (short-wheelbase trucks) prioritize raw power from .21 engines, achieving speeds over 60 . On-road classes feature touring cars on or , often limited to 17.5-turn brushless motors for parity, while racing uses pan cars on high-banked dirt tracks. Electric classes have surged in popularity since the with LiPo batteries and brushless systems, reducing noise and enabling indoor . Major events include ROAR's annual National Championships, held since the across multiple classes, drawing hundreds of entrants; for example, the 2025 1/8 Off-Road Nationals are scheduled for March with a 450-entry limit per class. IFMAR World Championships rotate hosts globally, such as the 2025 1/10 Electric Off-Road in and 1/8 E-Buggy in , crowning elite drivers after multi-day qualifiers and mains. These championships enforce homologated parts lists, with winners like Ryan Maifield holding multiple ROAR titles in electric off-road. racers often compete for manufacturer support from like Team Associated or , with prize funds and sponsorships sustaining a competitive ecosystem. Despite growth, the sport faces challenges from high entry costs—around $500–$1,000 for competitive setups—and reliance on local clubs for grassroots participation.

Other sports contexts

In , RC abbreviates "red card," a sanction issued by the for offenses warranting immediate ejection, such as violent conduct or denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity; the player is suspended for the remainder of the and often subsequent games. This notation appears in match reports, statistics, and official records across FIFA-sanctioned competitions. Similar usage occurs in other field sports like and , where RC signals player dismissal under disciplinary protocols. In baseball, RC stands for "runs created," a sabermetric formula devised by in the 1970s to estimate a hitter's offensive value by approximating runs generated independent of teammates or context; the basic model calculates RC as (hits + walks) × total bases / (at bats + walks). Advanced variants, like RC27 (runs created per 27 outs), adjust for ballpark and era effects to enable cross-player comparisons. In sports memorabilia and trading cards, RC designates a "rookie card," the inaugural professionally printed card featuring a player from their debut season, prized for scarcity and collectible value; for instance, post-2006 cards may include an RC logo even if not the absolute first issuance. Authentication bodies like Beckett distinguish true RCs from reprints or later variants to verify provenance.

People and education

Notable individuals

Russell Crowe (born April 7, 1964), an Australian-New Zealand actor, gained international acclaim for portraying Decimus Meridius in (2000), earning the , and has starred in films such as (2001) and (2012). Ray Charles (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004), born Ray Charles Robinson, was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist who pioneered the fusion of blues, gospel, and jazz into , achieving 17 and hits including "What'd I Say" (1959) and "Georgia on My Mind" (1960), the latter designated as Georgia's state song in 1979. Robert Carlyle (born April 14, 1961), a Scottish , is recognized for roles like Begbie in (1996), Hamish Macbeth in the eponymous television series (1995–1997), and Rumplestiltskin in (2011–2018), earning a British Academy Television Award for for (1994). Ronnie Coleman (born May 13, 1964), an American , secured the IFBB title eight times consecutively from 1998 to 2005, amassing 26 major wins and influencing modern aesthetics despite later health challenges from intense training. (February 13, 1939 – December 14, 2017), born Robert Charles Sproul, was an American Reformed theologian and pastor who founded in 1971 to promote Reformed theology through teaching and resources, authoring over 100 books including The Holiness of God (1985) and serving as a key figure in evangelical .

Educational institutions

Several educational institutions incorporate "RC" as an abbreviation in their names or programs, often denoting specific colleges or networks affiliated with religious or historical traditions. Robert College (RC), located in , , is an independent K-12 preparatory school founded in 1863 by American philanthropist Christopher Robert. It emphasizes rigorous academics, in English and Turkish, and has a history of sending graduates to leading universities worldwide, with over 5,000 alumni as of recent records. Roanoke College (RC), a private liberal arts institution in , , was established in 1842 by the . It enrolls approximately 2,000 students and offers bachelor's degrees in over 30 majors, focusing on and small class sizes averaging 15 students. The Residential College (RC) at the , Ann Arbor, operates as a four-year liberal arts program within the College of Literature, , and the , founded in 1960 to foster interdisciplinary studies and community living for about 300 students. It integrates arts, humanities, and social sciences with language immersion options in , , , , and . Regnum Christi (RC) schools form an international network of over 140 Catholic educational institutions across 19 countries, operated under the Regnum Christi Movement, a branch of the founded in 1941. These schools, spanning preschool to high school, emphasize integral formation combining academics, faith, and development, with enrollment exceeding 50,000 students globally as of 2023; the network has faced scrutiny due to past controversies involving the Legionaries' leadership, including financial and abuse allegations resolved through oversight in 2014. Richmond College (RC) at the , , serves as a residential and academic unit for undergraduate men since 1913, housing around 1,400 students and coordinating programs in liberal arts, business, and leadership within the university's 3,000-student body.

Miscellaneous uses

Gaming and slang

In video gaming, "RC" frequently abbreviates "radio controlled," referring to simulated or featured remote-operated vehicles such as cars, boats, and aircraft in titles like the RC Revenge series or simulations within broader , where players control scale models using transmitters. This usage extends from physical hobbyist RC models, which involve competitive gaming elements like timed laps and obstacle courses in organized events. In fighting games, particularly the Guilty Gear franchise, "RC" stands for Roman Cancel, a resource-consuming mechanic introduced in 1998 that interrupts ongoing animations to enable advanced and tactics, often requiring 50% of a player's tension gauge and visualized by a surrounding light effect. Similarly, "RC" denotes Roll Cancel in action games like , a technique exploiting input buffering to shorten recovery frames during dodges, enhancing player mobility and evasion. As gaming slang, "RC" can signify Release Candidate in pipelines for titles, describing beta builds nearing final stability for public testing, as seen in patches for MMORPGs like . In multiplayer contexts, it may abbreviate Ready Check, a command in group content to assess participant preparedness before engaging challenges. Less formally, "RC" has been used in communities for context-specific shorthand, such as route choices in Kingdom Hearts streams, though meanings vary by title.

Regional and linguistic variants

In , "" commonly denotes the Registration Certificate for motor vehicles, an official document issued by Regional Transport Offices (RTOs) under the Ministry of and Highways, certifying , registration details, and compliance with emission and safety standards. This certificate, mandatory for legal vehicle operation on public roads since the of 1988, includes the vehicle's and numbers, type, and , with validity typically lasting 15 years for new private vehicles before renewal. Failure to possess a valid RC can result in fines up to ₹5,000 under Section 177 of the Act. In French-speaking Canada, particularly , "RC" abbreviates Radio-Canada, the French-language service operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation () since its inception in , providing radio and television content in French across the country. This usage distinguishes it from the English-language , reflecting linguistic duality in Canadian media. In and other Francophone regions, "RC" signifies rez-de-chaussée, the ground or street-level floor in buildings, a convention used in , elevators, and since the to differentiate from upper stories (étages). This term appears in property listings and documents, where it denotes accessibility and commercial utility. In Italian contexts, "RC" serves as the vehicular province code and shorthand for , a metropolitan city in southern Italy's region, established as such in 2015 under Law No. 56, encompassing 97 municipalities and over 550,000 residents as of data. It is used in license plates, administrative references, and local governance.

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