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STI

Look up [[STI]] in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. '''STI''' most commonly refers to a [[sexually transmitted infection]] (STI). It may also refer to other things; see [[STI (disambiguation)]] for other uses.

Medicine and health

Sexually transmitted infection

A (STI) is an infection primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or , caused by various bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Common examples include infections from , which causes ; , responsible for ; and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can lead to and certain cancers. These pathogens are transmitted via bodily fluids or skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity, though some STIs can also pass from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Globally, STIs represent a major public health challenge, with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating over 1 million new cases daily as of recent data, totaling around 374 million incident infections in 2020 among adults aged 15-49 for four curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis. Recent reports indicate a major increase in syphilis cases, with over 8 million new infections among adults aged 15-49 in 2022. Prevalence remains highest in sub-Saharan Africa, where regional estimates indicate elevated rates of bacterial STIs due to factors like limited access to healthcare and higher HIV co-infection. These infections contribute to significant morbidity, including infertility, chronic pain, and increased HIV transmission risk, underscoring the need for enhanced surveillance and intervention in high-burden areas. The term STI emerged as the preferred nomenclature in the , replacing "sexually transmitted " (STD) to better encompass infections that do not always progress to clinical , a shift formally adopted by the WHO in 1999. Historically, such conditions were known as "venereal diseases" from the early , a term rooted in ancient references to , the Roman goddess of love, but it carried heavy and focused solely on symptomatic cases. This in terminology reflects advances in understanding and aims to reduce barriers to testing and care. Prevention of STIs emphasizes barrier methods like consistent use, which significantly reduces transmission risk for many bacterial and viral pathogens. plays a key role, exemplified by the approved by the U.S. in 2006, which protects against high-risk HPV types responsible for most cervical cancers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updated screening guidelines in 2021, recommending annual testing for and in sexually active women under 25 and targeted screening for other groups based on risk factors, to enable early detection and . For , an incurable STI, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to manage the infection, suppress , and prevent complications.

Other medical terms

In , the systolic time interval (STI), also referred to as electromechanical systole, represents the duration from the opening of the to its closure during ventricular contraction. This interval provides a noninvasive measure of left ventricular systolic and is typically assessed via , which captures valve motion and Doppler flow patterns to delineate phases of the . The STI is calculated using the formula \text{STI} = \text{LVET} + \text{PEP}, where LVET denotes left ventricular ejection time (the duration of blood expulsion into the ) and PEP indicates pre-ejection period (the time from ventricular to aortic valve opening). In healthy adults at rest, normal STI values range from 0.27 to 0.38 seconds, with variations influenced by , age, and sex; prolongation or shortening can signal impaired contractility or hemodynamic changes. Phonocardiography complements by recording to identify systolic phases, such as the first heart sound (mitral closure) and second heart sound (aortic closure), enabling precise interval timing without invasive procedures. Soft tissue infections (STIs) encompass bacterial invasions of the , subcutaneous layers, muscles, or connective tissues, often arising from breaches in integrity or hematogenous . A representative example is , a superficial STI caused by pathogens like , characterized by , warmth, and swelling due to dermal and subcutaneous inflammation. These infections are classified by depth and severity: superficial forms, such as or , remain confined to epidermal and dermal structures, whereas necrotizing STIs, like , involve deeper fascial planes and muscle, resulting in rapid tissue destruction and systemic toxicity. Initial treatment focuses on empirical antibiotics tailored to likely etiologies; for instance, is a cornerstone for suspected methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) cases, administered intravenously to achieve bactericidal concentrations against gram-positive organisms. Diagnostic evaluation often employs MRI protocols, including T1- and T2-weighted sequences with contrast, to detect , formation, and fascial involvement, offering superior contrast resolution over other modalities. In HIV management, structured treatment interruption (STI) denotes a controlled of periodic, supervised pauses in antiretroviral (ART) to monitor kinetics, immune reconstitution, and potential autologous control of . Emerging from early 2000s clinical trials, such as those exploring therapeutic or reversal in multidrug-experienced patients, STI involved cycles of ART resumption and withdrawal—typically lasting weeks to months—to provoke measurable viral rebound while assessing recovery. Despite initial promise for reducing cumulative drug toxicity, STI strategies were largely abandoned by the following evidence of heightened risks, including accelerated emergence of drug-resistant HIV mutants and paradoxical immune activation leading to clinical progression. Current guidelines emphasize continuous ART to maintain viral suppression, rendering STI obsolete except in select research contexts.

Science and technology

Biology and pharmacology

Signal transduction refers to the biological process by which cells relay extracellular signals, such as hormones or growth factors, into intracellular responses that regulate functions like , , and . This process typically begins with the binding of ligands to cell surface receptors, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which trigger a cascade of events involving G-proteins and second messengers. G-proteins, upon activation, facilitate the production of second messengers like (cAMP), which amplify the signal and modulate enzymatic activities to elicit specific cellular changes. Signal transduction inhibitors (STIs) constitute a class of pharmacological agents designed to block aberrant signaling pathways implicated in diseases like cancer, primarily by interrupting phosphorylation cascades essential for signal propagation. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a key subclass of STIs, achieve this through ATP-competitive binding to the kinase domain of target proteins, thereby preventing autophosphorylation and downstream activation of pathways such as PI3K/AKT or MAPK. This mechanism halts uncontrolled cell growth driven by mutated kinases, offering a precise intervention in dysregulated cellular communication. A seminal example of an STI is (previously designated STI-571), a TKI that selectively targets the BCR-ABL fusion kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Approved by the U.S. (FDA) on May 10, 2001, imatinib demonstrated high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with chronic-phase CML refractory to prior therapies, marking a toward targeted therapies. Unlike traditional , which indiscriminately damages rapidly dividing cells and causes significant off-target toxicity, imatinib's specificity minimizes adverse effects on healthy tissues while effectively inhibiting leukemic cell survival. As of 2025, related advances in immunotherapy, such as PD-1 inhibitors, target inhibitory signal transduction in T cells to bolster anti-tumor responses in oncology. These monoclonal antibodies, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, preventing recruitment of phosphatases like SHP-2 that dampen T-cell receptor signaling and thereby enhancing cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Ongoing clinical trials continue to refine these agents for combination regimens, improving outcomes in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.

Electronics and computing

(STI) is a fundamental technique in () fabrication, employed to electrically isolate transistors and prevent current leakage between active device regions on a substrate. The process commences with to pattern isolation areas on a pad and layer stack, followed by to excavate shallow trenches approximately 250–350 nm deep into the . The trenches are subsequently lined with a thin thermal , filled with high-density plasma or () to ensure void-free deposition, and planarized via () to achieve a flat surface for subsequent device layers. STI provides key advantages over the predecessor local oxidation of silicon () method, notably by minimizing through complete planarization and avoiding bird's beak oxide encroachment, which encroaches into active areas and limits device density. These improvements enable tighter spacing and higher integration densities in integrated circuits, critical for beyond 1 µm feature sizes. Introduced through experimental demonstrations in the by pioneers like , STI saw widespread industrial adoption in the 1990s for sub-micron nodes, supplanting as the standard isolation scheme for technologies at 250 nm and below. In advanced nodes, such as 5 nm processes operational as of 2025, STI trenches support aspect ratios up to 10:1, accommodating deeper relative to narrower widths while maintaining gap-fill integrity amid aggressive scaling. The technique's evolution incorporates (EUV) lithography for precise patterning in 3 nm nodes, where multi-patterning and high-resolution exposure mitigate defects in ultra-fine features below 20 nm. In for systems, software thread integration (STI) denotes a compiler-based to merge multi-threaded segments in real-time embedded applications, interleaving instructions from independent into a single execution stream to reclaim fine-grained idle cycles on general-purpose processors. This approach relies on primitives like mutexes and semaphores to preserve thread semantics and prevent race conditions, thereby improving responsiveness and resource utilization in hard environments without hardware multithreading support. Originating from research in the early , STI has been applied to systems like for sensor networks, demonstrating up to 50% reductions in execution time for concurrent tasks.

Policy and information science

Science, technology, and (STI) policies form a critical framework for national governments to promote (R&D), fostering economic competitiveness and societal progress. These policies, as analyzed in the 's biennial Science, Technology and Outlook reports, emphasize coordinated strategies to address global challenges such as and . Key components include substantial investments in education to build a skilled , robust intellectual property (IP) protection to incentivize , and standardized metrics to track progress, such as gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP. For instance, the average for this metric stood at approximately 2.7% in 2023, reflecting sustained but moderated growth amid economic pressures. A vital aspect of STI policy implementation involves the management and dissemination of scientific and technical information (STI) to ensure research outputs are accessible and reusable. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), established in 1947 as the Technical Information Division of the Atomic Energy Commission, plays a central role in collecting, preserving, and distributing DOE-funded research products, including journal articles, datasets, and technical reports. This program expanded digitally with the launch of the SciTech Connect platform in March 2013, which consolidates access to over 4 million records of publicly available R&D results, enhancing collaboration among researchers and policymakers. STI policies have demonstrated significant impacts on by channeling investments into high-potential areas, thereby spurring and job creation. For example, the European Union's program, running from 2021 to 2027 with a of €95.5 billion (including €5.4 billion from the NextGenerationEU recovery instrument), supports collaborative R&D projects that drive in sectors like and technologies, contributing to long-term GDP gains across member states. Such initiatives exemplify how targeted STI funding can amplify economic returns, with studies indicating that every euro invested in R&D yields broader societal benefits through knowledge spillovers. As of 2025, STI policies increasingly integrate ethical considerations for , particularly (AI), in line with guidelines. The UNCTAD Technology and Innovation Report 2025 highlights the need for inclusive AI governance within STI frameworks, promoting policies that address biases, ensure data equity, and align with standards to maximize developmental benefits while mitigating risks. This evolution reflects a global push, as seen in the UN's 2025 STI Forum, for norms that embed ethical AI practices into national innovation strategies.

Business, finance, and organizations

Educational institutions

The STI Education Services Group (), a prominent Philippine-based network of private colleges and senior high schools, was founded on August 21, 1983, initially as a computer training center to meet the growing demand for education in the country. It has since expanded into a diversified institution offering programs in , , hospitality management, , , and arts and sciences, emphasizing practical skills and industry relevance. As of 2025, STI ESG operates 63 campuses across key cities in the , with a total student capacity exceeding 146,000 and enrollment reaching record highs surpassing 100,000 students amid sustained growth in demand. STI ESG's development has been supported by key regulatory milestones, including a 1995 permit from the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) to establish colleges and introduce four-year degree programs, which facilitated its transition from vocational training to comprehensive higher education offerings. This accreditation enabled expansions in the late 1990s and 2000s, aligning with national efforts to enhance technical and vocational education. To integrate digital skills into its curriculum, STI ESG formed a partnership with Microsoft in 2015, providing students and faculty access to specialized modules on technologies like Windows 8, Microsoft Azure, and mobile app development, along with the Microsoft Student Partner program for certifications and training. Beyond the Philippines, STI acronyms denote various academic and training organizations focused on , , and . For instance, Srimati Techno Institute (STI) in , , established in 1989, specializes in job-oriented vocational training in fields such as electrical, , fitter, and automobile technologies, equipping students with hands-on skills for industrial employment. Similarly, the St. Thomas Institute for Science and Technology in Trivandrum, , offers undergraduate programs in civil, , electrical, and disciplines, promoting through accredited curricula. These institutions reflect broader ties to , , and policies by embedding practical training that supports regional and skill-building initiatives.

Companies and brands

Subaru Tecnica International Inc. (STI), a wholly owned subsidiary of , was established on April 2, 1988, as the motorsports and performance division of the company, then known as Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. Headquartered in , with research and development facilities in , STI specializes in developing high-performance vehicles and parts, particularly for rally racing and road-going applications. A flagship product of STI is the Impreza WRX STI, first launched in 1994 as a rally-homologated version of the Impreza, featuring a turbocharged 2.0-liter EJ20 flat-four engine that delivered 280 PS (approximately 276 horsepower) in its initial Japanese-market specification. The model evolved through multiple versions, incorporating advanced all-wheel-drive systems and aerodynamic enhancements derived from motorsport, establishing STI's reputation for durable, high-performance engineering. STI's brand achieved significant motorsport success, securing three consecutive (WRC) manufacturers' titles from 1995 to 1997 and three drivers' championships in 1995, 2001, and 2003, alongside 47 overall WRC event victories between 1993 and 2008, when Subaru withdrew from the series. This era solidified STI's influence in rally heritage, with models like the Impreza WRX STI becoming icons of Subaru's performance lineup. As of 2025, STI is shifting focus toward , unveiling the Performance-E STI concept—a fully electric, all-wheel-drive performance vehicle—at the , aligning with Subaru Corporation's broader roadmap for sustainable high-performance mobility. While the automotive STI dominates the acronym's association in performance contexts, another entity, Semiconductor Technologies Inc. (STI), based in , , focuses on chip design and manufacturing, producing high-voltage N-channel MOSFETs, power transistors, and related components since its founding in 1968. However, the primary emphasis for STI in remains the automotive sector led by .

Financial terms and indices

The Index (STI) is Singapore's primary benchmark , representing the performance of the 30 largest and most liquid companies listed on the (SGX). Originally tracing its roots to the Industrial Index established in 1966, the modern STI was launched on August 31, 1998, as a and expansion to 55 constituents, later streamlined to 30 stocks following a major revamp in 2008 in partnership with . The index is calculated as a free-float market capitalization-weighted measure, where each constituent's weight reflects its free-float adjusted market cap, subject to a 10% cap per to ensure diversification. The aggregates the product of each 's price, shares in issue, free-float factor, and rate (if applicable), divided by a adjusted for corporate actions and periodic rebalancing. The current iteration, launched on January 10, 2008, uses a base value of 3,344.53 set on , 2008, providing continuity from prior versions while incorporating enhanced liquidity and investability criteria. Key components include major financial and telecommunications firms such as DBS Group Holdings (the largest by weight) and , alongside sectors like , , and consumer goods, collectively covering about 80% of SGX's total . Volatility in the STI is often assessed through derived from options trading on the or historical standard deviation metrics, serving as a for in Singapore's equity landscape. As an economic barometer, the STI reflects the vitality of Singapore's market and influences investor sentiment across the region, given the city-state's role as a regional financial hub. Following the 2008 global financial crisis, during which the index plummeted over 60% from its 2007 peak of around 3,878 points, it staged a robust recovery in the following years, surpassing pre-crisis levels in February 2025 and achieving new all-time highs above 4,000 points starting in March 2025 amid global economic rebound and local sector growth. The index reached an all-time high close of 4,575.91 on November 13, 2025. As of November 17, 2025, the STI closed at 4,544 points, buoyed by advancements in and sectors. The index's constituents overlap with prominent Singapore-based organizations, underscoring its relevance to the corporate . Periodic reviews, conducted semi-annually in and with quarterly liquidity checks, ensure ongoing alignment with market dynamics.

Transportation and geography

Airports

, with the IATA code STI, is the primary airport serving , the second-largest city in the , and the surrounding region. Located approximately 15 kilometers southeast of the city center, it functions as a vital gateway for in northern . The airport opened on 18, 2002, replacing the older Santiago Municipal Airport to accommodate growing . The facility features a single runway designated 11/29, measuring 2,620 meters in length and 45 meters in width, capable of handling a range of commercial aircraft including 737s and A320s. It is operated by Aeropuertos Dominicanos (Aerodom), a subsidiary of , under a concession from the Dominican government. Key airlines operating from STI include , which provides multiple daily flights to major U.S. cities, and , offering service to , particularly . The airport handles international flights primarily to the (such as New York-JFK, Orlando, and Fort Lauderdale) and , supporting and business travel. In recent years, STI has served over 2.2 million passengers annually, with December 2024 alone recording more than 180,000 passengers, reflecting steady growth in traffic. As the third-busiest in the country, it plays a significant role as a hub for northern Dominican Republic , facilitating access to cultural sites, beaches, and agricultural areas in the Valley. Expansions in the enhanced cargo capabilities, with the dedicated cargo terminal handling increased freight volumes to the U.S. and other markets, contributing to regional through exports like and . Ongoing projects include a $300 million terminal expansion initiated in December 2021, expected to be completed by mid-2026 and boost capacity to 2.6 million passengers per year, further strengthening its economic impact. The airport's geographic coordinates are 19°24′22″N 70°36′17″W, at an elevation of 174 meters above . It integrates with local transportation networks via major highways, providing efficient ground access from and nearby provinces.

Railway stations

The St. Ignace station, designated by the Amtrak code STI, is located at the Transportation Center in , USA. Originally constructed in 1881 by the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette Railroad, it facilitated rail connections across the Straits of Mackinac via car ferry to Mackinaw City, linking Michigan's Upper and Lower Peninsulas. Passenger rail service at the station formed part of Michigan's broader network, with incorporating connections through the route, which began operations in 1975 and provides daily service to via and other stops. Train service to St. Ignace ended with the 1984 discontinuation of the Mackinac car ferry operations, after which the line was largely abandoned. Today, STI functions as an unstaffed bus stop, offering daily connections to trains for travel to , approximately 522 km from along the route. The facility features an enclosed waiting area open limited hours, wheelchair accessibility, and parking, but lacks staffed services, baggage handling, or vending. It integrates with regional transportation as a key hub for ferry services to and bus routes to Sault Sainte Marie, including stops at Mackinaw City.

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